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Appendix B: Supplemental Data Tabulations

Table B1 - Personal Characteristics of Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - NSAF Early Reform Period (from Table 3)
  1997 1999 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 24.0 2.30 20.2 - 27.7 25.8 3.22 20.5 - 31.1 1.9
25-34 44.1 2.35 40.2 - 48.0 44.7 3.58 38.8 - 50.6 0.6
35+ 32.0 2.71 27.5 - 36.4 29.5 3.71 23.4 - 35.6 -2.5
Mean (in years) 31.3 0.49 30.5 - 32.1 30.8 0.60 29.8 - 31.8 -0.4
Education (%) <12th grade 39.8 2.52 35.6 - 43.9 46.1 3.63 40.1 - 52.1 6.4
12th, HS dip, GED 36.9 2.08 33.5 - 40.3 31.8 3.46 26.1 - 37.5 -5.2
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 20.7 1.68 17.9 - 23.4 17.7 2.81 13.1 - 22.3 -3.0
4 year college or more 2.2 0.64 1.1 - 3.3 2.9 1.15 1.0 - 4.8 0.7
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic 43.5 2.70 39.0 - 47.9 N/A     N/A
Black Non-Hispanic 32.3 2.16 28.7 - 35.8 N/A     N/A
Hispanic 24.3 2.13 20.8 - 27.8 N/A     N/A
Gender (%) Male 4.5 1.05 2.7 - 6.2 6.3 1.63 3.6- 9.0 1.9
Female 95.6 1.05 93.8 - 97.3 93.7 1.63 91.0- 96.4 -1.8
Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B2 - Personal Characteristics of Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - SIPP Early Reform Period (from Table 3)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 22.7 0.97 21.1 - 24.3 21.3 1.53 18.8 - 23.8 -1.4
25-34 38.0 1.24 36.0 - 40.1 32.8 2.06 29.4 - 36.2 -5.2 *
35+ 39.3 1.35 37.1 - 41.5 45.9 2.14 42.4 - 49.4 6.6 *
Mean (in years) 33.4 0.31 32.9 - 33.9 35.0 0.52 34.1 - 35.8 1.6 *
Education (%) <12th grade 38.9 1.35 36.6 - 41.1 43.3 2.22 39.6 - 46.9 4.4 *
12th, HS dip, GED 37.6 1.36 35.4 - 39.8 32.2 1.85 29.2 - 35.3 -5.4 *
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 21.3 1.15 19.4 - 23.2 21.7 1.71 18.9 - 24.5 0.5
4 year college or more 2.3 0.40 1.6 - 2.9 2.7 0.62 1.7 - 3.8 0.5
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic 44.5 1.37 42.3 - 46.8 41.9 1.72 39.0 - 44.7 -2.7
Black Non-Hispanic 35.1 1.00 33.5 - 36.8 32.1 1.67 29.4 - 34.8 -3.0
Hispanic 20.4 1.10 18.6 - 22.2 26.0 1.70 23.2 - 28.8 5.7 *
Gender (%) Male 3.9 0.41 3.2 - 4.5 4.8 0.87 3.4 - 6.3 1.0
Female 96.1 0.41 95.5 - 96.8 95.2 0.87 93.7 - 96.6 -1.0
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B3 - Personal Characteristics of Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - NSAF Late Reform Period (from Table 3)
  1999 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 25.8 3.22 20.5 - 31.1 28.4 2.87 23.7 - 33.2 2.6
25-34 44.7 3.58 38.8 - 50.6 36.1 3.20 30.8 - 41.3 -8.6 *
35+ 29.5 3.71 23.4 - 35.6 35.5 3.07 30.5 - 40.5 6.0
Mean (in years) 30.8 0.60 29.8 - 31.8 30.9 0.56 30.0 - 31.8 0.0
Education (%) <12th grade 46.1 3.63 40.1 - 52.1 41.5 3.50 35.7 - 47.2 -4.7
12th, HS dip, GED 31.8 3.46 26.1 - 37.5 39.2 3.54 33.4 - 45.0 7.4
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 17.7 2.81 13.1 - 22.3 15.8 2.62 11.5 - 20.1 -1.9
4 year college or more 2.9 1.15 1.0 - 4.8 2.9 1.11 1.1 - 4.8 0.1
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic N/A     33.8 3.62 27.9 - 39.8 N/A
Black Non-Hispanic N/A     35.4 3.12 30.3 - 40.5 N/A
Hispanic N/A     30.8 3.30 25.4 - 36.2 N/A
Gender (%) Male 6.3 1.63 3.6 - 9.0 6.9 3.98 0.3 - 13.4 0.6
Female 93.7 1.63 91.0 - 96.4 93.1 3.98 86.6 - 99.7 -0.6
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B4 - Personal Characteristics of Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - SIPP Late Reform Period
  1999 2003 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 17.8 1.68 15.0 - 20.5 19.8 1.87 16.7 - 22.9 2.1
25-34 33.2 2.23 29.6 - 36.9 34.8 2.27 31.1 - 38.6 1.6
35+ 49.0 2.08 45.6 - 52.4 45.3 2.60 41.1 - 49.6 -3.7
Mean (in years) 35.8 0.48 35.0 - 36.6 35.4 0.62 34.4 - 36.4 -0.4
Education (%) <12th grade 42.0 2.06 38.6 - 45.4 40.5 2.25 36.8 - 44.2 -1.5
12th, HS dip, GED 37.2 1.83 34.2 - 40.2 33.2 2.15 29.7 - 36.8 -3.9
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 18.7 1.48 16.3 - 21.2 24.0 2.04 20.7 - 27.4 5.3 *
4 year college or more 2.1 0.59 1.1 - 3.1 2.2 0.66 1.1 - 3.3 0.1
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic 35.5 1.87 32.5 - 38.6 42.1 2.67 37.7 - 46.5 6.6 *
Black Non-Hispanic 36.5 2.34 32.6 - 40.3 32.2 2.30 28.4 - 36.0 -4.3
Hispanic 28.0 1.87 24.9 - 31.0 25.7 1.98 22.4 - 29.0 -2.3
Gender (%) Male 4.1 0.74 2.8 - 5.3 4.4 0.90 2.9 - 5.9 0.3
Female 95.9 0.74 94.7 - 97.2 95.6 0.90 94.1 - 97.1 -0.3
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B5 - Personal Characteristics of Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - CPS Late Reform Period (from Table 3)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 27.2 2.62 22.9 - 31.6 24.9 2.67 20.5 - 29.3 -2.4
25-34 34.4 2.05 31.1 - 37.8 32.5 2.01 29.2 - 35.8 -1.9
35+ 38.3 4.05 31.6 - 45.0 42.6 4.28 35.6 - 49.7 4.3
Mean (in years) 33.1 0.48 32.3 - 33.9 34.3 0.53 33.4 - 35.2 1.2 *
Education (%) <12th grade 40.6 2.12 37.1 - 44.1 41.3 2.13 37.8 - 44.8 0.7
12th, HS dip, GED 40.3 2.15 36.8 - 43.9 35.4 2.07 32.0 - 38.8 -5.0 *
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 19.0 1.75 16.2 - 21.9 23.0 1.87 19.9 - 26.1 4.0
4 year college or more 0.0 0.00 0.0 - 0.0 0.3 0.17 0.0 - 0.6 0.3 *
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic 39.7 2.16 36.2 - 43.3 43.3 2.14 39.8 - 46.8 3.6
Black Non-Hispanic 36.0 2.16 32.4 - 39.5 30.3 2.03 27.0 - 33.7 -5.6
Hispanic 24.3 1.62 21.6 - 27.0 26.4 1.92 23.2 - 29.5 2.1
Gender (%) Male 4.0 0.83 2.7 - 5.4 6.0 1.03 4.3 - 7.7 2.0
Female 96.0 0.83 94.6 - 97.3 94.0 1.03 92.3 - 95.7 -2.0
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B6 - Family Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Early Reform Period (from Table 4)
  1997 1999 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Family Type (%) Married 14.6 1.76 11.7 - 17.5 12.0 2.28 8.3 - 15.8 -2.6
Single, no other adults 54.5 3.09 49.4 - 59.6 48.2 3.70 42.1 - 54.3 -6.3
Single, living with other adults 30.6 3.26 25.3 - 36.0 39.8 3.95 33.3 - 46.3 9.1 *
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 23.0 1.97 19.7 - 26.2 26.6 2.99 21.7 - 31.5 3.6
2 34.8 2.76 30.2 - 39.3 28.7 2.77 24.1 - 33.2 -6.1
3+ 42.3 2.38 38.4 - 46.2 44.7 2.54 40.5 - 48.9 2.5
Mean Number of Children 2.6 0.08 2.4 - 2.7 2.6 0.08 2.4 - 2.7 0.0
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 15.8 2.17 12.3 - 19.4 17.5 2.99 12.6 - 22.4 1.6
1-5^ 50.6 3.35 45.1 - 56.1 48.3 3.55 42.5 - 54.2 -2.3
6-11^ 22.2 2.62 17.9 - 26.5 28.7 3.93 22.2 - 35.1 6.5
12+ 11.4 2.39 7.5 - 15.3 5.6 1.59 2.9 - 8.2 -5.8 *
Mean (in years) 4.7 0.25 4.3 - 5.1 4.4 0.30 3.9 - 4.9 -0.3
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.
^ For the NSAF, the age categories are 1-4 and 5-11.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B7 - Family Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Early Reform Period (from Table 4)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Family Type (%) Married 20.1 1.01 18.5 - 21.8 20.8 1.50 18.3 - 23.3 0.7
Single, no other adults 56.0 1.24 53.9 - 58.0 55.2 1.96 52.0 - 58.4 -0.8
Single, living with other adults 23.9 1.08 22.1 - 25.7 24.0 1.67 21.2 - 26.7 0.1
Family Size 4.0 0.05 3.9 - 4.1 4.0 0.07 3.9 - 4.2 0.0
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 32.0 1.22 30.0 - 34.0 32.0 2.00 28.7 - 35.3 -0.1
2 31.1 1.17 29.2 - 33.0 30.2 1.76 27.3 - 33.1 -0.9
3+ 36.9 1.28 34.8 - 39.0 37.9 2.18 34.3 - 41.5 1.0
Mean Number of Children 2.3 0.04 2.3 - 2.4 2.3 0.06 2.2 - 2.4 0.0
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 13.9 0.74 12.7 - 15.1 14.9 1.30 12.7 - 17.0 1.0
1-5 49.0 1.38 46.7 - 51.2 42.4 1.64 39.7 - 45.1 -6.6 *
6-11 24.5 1.01 22.8 - 26.1 28.3 1.54 25.8 - 30.8 3.8 *
12+ 12.7 0.79 11.4 - 14.0 14.4 1.53 11.9 - 17.0 1.8
Mean (in years) 5.1 0.12 4.9 - 5.3 5.5 0.22 5.2 - 5.9 0.4
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B8 - Family Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Late Reform Period (from Table 4)
  1999 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Family Type (%) Married 12.0 2.28 8.3 - 15.8 11.8 2.76 7.3 - 16.4 -0.2
Single, no other adults 48.2 3.70 42.1 - 54.3 46.3 3.36 40.7 - 51.8 -1.9
Single, living with other adults 39.8 3.95 33.3 - 46.3 41.9 3.31 36.5 - 47.4 2.2
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 26.6 2.99 21.7 - 31.5 25.9 2.82 21.3 - 30.6 -0.7
2 28.7 2.77 24.1 - 33.2 28.4 3.15 23.3 - 33.6 -0.3
3+ 44.7 2.54 40.5 - 48.9 45.7 3.31 40.2 - 51.1 0.9
Mean Number of Children 2.6 0.08 2.4 - 2.7 2.6 0.10 2.4 - 2.7 0.0
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 17.5 2.99 12.6 - 22.4 18.3 3.12 13.2 - 23.4 0.8
1-5^ 48.3 3.55 42.5 - 54.2 48.0 3.63 42.1 - 54.0 -0.3
6-11^ 28.7 3.93 22.2 - 35.1 21.2 2.71 16.7 - 25.6 -7.5 *
12+ 5.6 1.59 2.9 - 8.2 12.5 3.46 6.8 - 18.2 6.9 *
Mean (in years) 4.4 0.30 3.9 - 4.9 4.8 0.33 4.2 - 5.3 0.4
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.
^ For the NSAF, the age categories are 1-4 and 5-11.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B9 - Family Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Late Reform Period (from Table 4)
  1999 2003 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90%CI Mean
Family Type Married 17.4 1.59 14.7 - 20.0 23.1 1.85 20.0 - 26.1 5.7 *
Single, no other adults 52.3 1.99 49.0 - 55.6 48.8 2.37 44.9 - 52.7 -3.5
Single, living with other adults 30.4 1.96 27.1 - 33.6 28.2 2.08 24.7 - 31.6 -2.2
Family Size 4.2 0.08 4.0 - 4.3 4.2 0.08 4.0 - 4.3 0.0
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 32.1 2.03 28.7 - 35.4 31.9 2.37 28.0 - 35.8 -0.2
2 29.2 2.01 25.9 - 32.5 31.1 2.19 27.5 - 34.6 1.8
3+ 38.7 2.24 35.0 - 42.4 37.1 2.09 33.6 - 40.5 -1.6
Mean Number of Children 2.4 0.06 2.3 - 2.5 2.4 0.06 2.3 - 2.4 -0.1
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 9.5 0.94 8.0 - 11.1 12.2 1.29 10.1 - 14.3 2.7 *
1-5 41.1 1.95 37.9 - 44.3 43.9 2.74 39.4 - 48.4 2.8
6-11 31.7 2.13 28.2 - 35.2 28.8 2.27 25.0 - 32.5 -3.0
12+ 17.6 1.47 15.2 - 20.0 15.1 1.77 12.2 - 18.0 -2.5
Mean (in years) 6.1 0.18 5.9 - 6.4 5.7 0.26 5.2 - 6.1 -0.5
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B10 - Family Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - CPS Late Reform Period (from Table 4)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Family Type (%) Married 20.4 1.72 17.5- 23.2 17.5 1.59 14.8 - 20.1 -2.9
Single, no other adults 60.1 2.10 56.7- 63.6 59.0 2.11 55.5 - 62.5 -1.1
Single, living with other adults 19.5 1.66 16.8- 22.2 23.6 1.79 20.6 - 26.5 4.1 *
Family Size 3.9 0.07 3.8- 4.1 3.8 0.06 3.7 - 3.9 -0.1
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 32.3 2.08 28.9- 35.8 32.9 2.05 29.5 - 36.3 0.6
2 31.3 2.02 28.0- 34.7 31.4 2.02 28.0 - 34.7 0.0
3+ 36.3 2.06 32.9- 39.7 35.7 2.06 32.3 - 39.1 -0.6
Mean Number of Children 2.3 0.06 2.3- 2.4 2.2 0.05 2.2 - 2.3 -0.1
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 16.7 1.65 14.0- 19.4 17.8 1.75 14.9 - 20.7 1.1
1-5 44.9 2.17 41.3- 48.4 41.4 2.14 37.9 - 44.9 -3.4
6-11 24.9 1.86 21.9- 28.0 24.4 1.86 21.3 - 27.4 -0.6
12+ 13.5 1.51 11.0- 16.0 16.4 1.52 13.9 - 18.9 2.9
Mean (in years) 5.1 0.21 4.7- 5.4 5.4 0.21 5.1 - 5.8 0.4
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B11 - Personal Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - NSAF (from Table 5)
  1997 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 27.6 3.30 22.2 - 33.1 26.4 2.90 21.6 - 31.1 -1.3
25-34 45.0 3.25 39.6 - 50.3 45.0 3.72 38.8 - 51.1 0.0
35+ 27.4 3.41 21.8 - 33.0 28.7 3.73 22.6 - 34.8 1.3
Mean (in years) 29.8 0.49 29.0 - 30.6 30.6 0.52 29.7 - 31.4 0.8
Education (%) <12th grade 30.1 3.61 24.1 - 36.0 33.5 3.85 27.2 - 39.8 3.5
12th, HS dip, GED 39.3 2.66 34.9 - 43.7 41.8 3.43 36.2 - 47.5 2.5
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 23.9 2.81 19.2 - 28.5 22.6 2.92 17.8 - 27.4 -1.3
4 year college or more 6.1 2.59 1.9 - 10.4 1.2 0.67 0.1 - 2.3 -4.9 *
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic 54.5 3.68 48.4 - 60.5 49.4 3.45 43.7 - 55.1 -5.1
Black Non-Hispanic 28.6 3.31 23.2 - 34.1 35.5 3.56 29.7 - 41.4 6.9
Hispanic 16.9 2.75 12.4 - 21.4 15.1 3.10 10.0 - 20.2 -1.8
Gender (%) Male 5.3 2.39 1.3 - 9.2 9.1 2.42 5.2 - 13.1 3.9
Female 94.7 2.39 90.8 - 98.7 90.9 2.42 86.9 - 94.8 -3.9
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B12 - Personal Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - SIPP (from Table 5)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 23.1 2.24 19.5 - 26.8 27.5 3.03 22.5 - 32.4 4.3
25-34 38.3 2.44 34.3 - 42.4 31.6 2.84 26.9 - 36.2 -6.8 *
35+ 38.5 2.62 34.2 - 42.8 41.0 3.39 35.4 - 46.5 2.4
Mean (in years) 33.2 0.62 32.1- 34.2 33.5 0.84 32.1 - 34.8 0.3
Education (%) <12th grade 33.5 2.40 29.5 - 37.4 30.4 3.01 25.4 - 35.3 -3.1
12th, HS dip, GED 39.3 2.72 34.8 - 43.7 39.1 2.94 34.3 - 44.0 -0.1
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 24.6 2.23 20.9 - 28.3 27.8 2.39 23.8 - 31.7 3.2
4 year college or more 2.7 0.78 1.4 - 3.9 2.7 1.02 1.1 - 4.4 0.1
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic 55.0 2.76 50.4 - 59.5 48.4 3.47 42.6 - 54.1 -6.6
Black Non-Hispanic 29.1 2.38 25.2 - 33.0 32.1 3.07 27.0 - 37.1 2.9
Hispanic 15.9 2.02 12.6 - 19.2 19.6 2.62 15.3 - 23.9 3.7
Gender (%) Male 7.7 1.48 5.2 - 10.1 6.6 1.48 4.2 - 9.1 -1.0
Female 92.3 1.48 89.9 - 94.8 93.4 1.48 90.9 - 95.8 1.0
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B13 - Personal Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients (Family Head) - CPS (from Table 5)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Age (%) <25 23.3 2.32 19.5 - 27.1 25.8 2.14 22.3 - 29.3 2.5
25-34 34.8 2.50 30.7 - 39.0 34.3 2.20 30.7 - 38.0 -0.5
35+ 41.9 2.59 37.6 - 46.1 39.9 2.26 36.2 - 43.6 -1.9
Mean (in years) 33.3 0.58 32.3 - 34.2 33.3 0.53 32.5 - 34.2 0.1
Education (%) <12th grade 35.1 2.51 30.9 - 39.2 33.5 2.26 29.8 - 37.2 -1.6
12th, HS dip, GED 39.4 2.58 35.1 - 43.6 37.3 2.23 33.7 - 41.0 -2.0
Some college, AA, Voc Tech 25.1 2.30 21.3 - 28.9 28.2 2.08 24.8 - 31.7 3.2
4 year college or more 0.5 0.29 0.0 - 1.0 1.0 0.43 0.3 - 1.7 0.5
Race/Ethnicity (%) White, other Non-Hispanic 45.3 2.64 41.0 - 49.7 44.5 2.29 40.7 - 48.3 -0.8
Black Non-Hispanic 32.4 2.62 28.1 - 36.7 36.7 2.35 32.8 - 40.6 4.3
Hispanic 22.3 1.85 19.2 - 25.3 18.8 1.78 15.9 - 21.7 -3.5
Gender (%) Male 3.8 0.94 2.3 - 5.4 3.5 0.82 2.1 - 4.8 -0.3
Female 96.2 0.94 94.6 - 97.7 96.5 0.82 95.2 - 97.9 0.3
Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B14 - Family Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients - NSAF (from Table 6)
  1997 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Family Type (%) Married 28.4 2.91 23.6 - 33.2 26.6 3.03 21.6 - 31.6 -1.8
Single, no other adults 41.9 3.54 36.1 - 47.7 43.9 3.55 38.0 - 49.7 2.0
Single, living with other adults 29.7 3.47 24.0 - 35.4 29.5 2.67 25.1 - 33.9 -0.2
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 27.8 2.95 23.0 - 32.7 26.8 3.18 21.5 - 32.0 -1.1
2 37.1 3.28 31.7 - 42.5 33.3 3.44 27.6 - 38.9 -3.9
3+ 35.1 3.49 29.3 - 40.8 40.0 3.39 34.4 - 45.6 4.9
Mean Number of Children 2.3 0.07 2.1 - 2.4 2.5 0.12 2.3 - 2.7 0.2
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 11.1 2.20 7.5 - 14.8 14.4 3.53 8.6 - 20.2 3.3
1-5^ 59.3 2.96 54.4 - 64.2 54.3 3.82 48.0 - 60.6 -5.0
6-11^ 21.6 3.37 16.1 - 27.2 21.7 2.77 17.1 - 26.2 0.0
12+ 7.9 2.09 4.4 - 11.3 9.6 2.58 5.3 - 13.8 1.7
Mean (in years) 4.5 0.28 4.0 - 4.9 4.4 0.30 3.9 - 4.9 -0.1
^ For the NSAF, the age categories are 1-4 and 5-11.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B15 - Family Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients - SIPP (from Table 6)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Family Type (%) Married 31.8 2.71 27.3 - 36.3 25.5 2.74 21.0 - 30.0 -6.3 *
Single, no other adults 50.3 2.65 45.9 - 54.6 49.9 3.18 44.7 - 55.1 -0.4
Single, living with other adults 17.9 2.00 14.6 - 21.2 24.6 2.95 19.8 - 29.5 6.7 *
Family size 3.9 0.09 3.7 - 4.0 4.0 0.13 3.7 - 4.2 0.1
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 35.2 2.29 31.4 - 39.0 33.9 3.45 28.2 - 39.6 -1.3
2 30.9 2.13 27.4- 34.4 31.5 3.18 26.3 - 36.8 0.6
3+ 31.5 2.45 27.5 - 35.5 32.1 3.01 27.2 - 37.0 0.6
Mean Number of Children 2.1 0.06 2.0 - 2.2 2.2 0.09 2.0 - 2.3 0.1
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 13.7 1.67 10.9 - 16.4 12.5 2.16 8.9 - 16.0 -1.2
1-5^ 42.3 2.24 38.7 - 46.0 45.1 3.29 39.7 - 50.5 2.7
6-11^ 25.4 2.18 21.8 - 28.9 24.7 3.18 19.5 - 29.9 -0.7
12+ 18.6 1.94 15.4 - 21.8 17.9 2.81 13.2 - 22.5 -0.8
Mean (in years) 6.3 0.30 5.8 - 6.8 5.8 0.38 5.2 - 6.4 -0.5
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.
^ For the NSAF, the age categories are 1-4 and 5-11.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B16 - Family Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients - CPS (from Table 6)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Family Type (%) Married 25.2 2.23 21.5 - 28.8 24.5 1.94 21.4 - 27.7 -0.6
Single, no other adults 54.0 2.62 49.6 - 58.3 53.7 2.32 49.9 - 57.5 -0.2
Single, living with other adults 20.9 2.15 17.3 - 24.4 21.7 1.92 18.6 - 24.9 0.9
Family size 3.9 0.09 3.8 - 4.1 3.8 0.08 3.7 - 4.0 -0.1
Number of Children Under 18 (%) 1 36.1 2.57 31.9 - 40.3 34.6 2.22 31.0 - 38.3 -1.5
2 31.1 2.44 27.1 - 35.1 32.1 2.17 28.5 - 35.7 1.0
3+ 32.8 2.44 28.8 - 36.8 33.3 2.21 29.6 - 36.9 0.4
Mean Number of Children 2.2 0.07 2.1 - 2.3 2.2 0.06 2.1 - 2.3 0.0
Age of Youngest Person (%) <1 13.8 1.90 10.6 - 16.9 14.1 1.72 11.2 - 16.9 0.3
1-5^ 36.9 2.53 32.8 - 41.1 45.0 2.33 41.2 - 48.8 8.1 *
6-11^ 31.8 2.46 27.8 - 35.9 23.6 1.94 20.4 - 26.8 -8.2 *
12+ 17.5 2.00 14.2 - 20.7 17.4 1.71 14.6 - 20.2 -0.1
Mean (in years) 6.1 0.26 5.6 - 6.5 5.6 0.24 5.2 - 6.0 -0.5
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B17 - Barriers to Work of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Early Reform Period (from Table 8)
  1997 1999 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 39.8 2.52 35.7 - 43.9 46.1 3.63 40.1 - 52.1 6.3
Child under Age 1 (%) 15.8 2.17 12.2 - 19.4 17.5 2.99 12.6 - 22.4 1.7
Child on SSI (%) 7.9 1.93 4.7 - 11.1 5.9 1.98 2.6 - 9.2 -2.0
Health condition limits work (%) 22.7 2.50 18.6 - 26.8 30.4 3.71 24.3 - 36.5 7.7 *
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B18 - Barriers to Work of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Early Reform Period (from Table 8)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 38.9 1.35 36.6 - 41.1 43.3 2.22 39.6 - 46.9 4.4 *
Child under Age 1 (%) 13.9 0.74 12.7 - 15.1 14.9 1.30 12.7 - 17.0 1.0
Child on SSI (%) 7.7 0.62 6.7 - 8.7 6.2 1.01 4.6 - 7.9 -1.5
Health condition limits work (%) 21.3 1.05 19.6 - 23.1 29.2 1.78 26.3 - 32.2 7.9 *
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B19 - Barriers to Work of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Late Reform Period (from Table 8)
  1999 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 46.1 3.63 40.1 - 52.1 41.4 3.50 35.6 - 47.2 -4.7
Child under Age 1 (%) 17.5 2.99 12.6 - 22.4 18.3 3.12 13.2 - 23.4 0.8
Child on SSI (%) 5.9 1.98 2.6 - 9.2 7.6 1.57 5.0 - 10.2 1.7
Health condition limits work (%) 30.4 3.71 24.3 - 36.5 25.2 3.77 19.0 - 31.4 -5.2
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B20 - Barriers to Work of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Late Reform Period (from Table 8)
  1999 2003 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 42.0 2.06 38.6 - 45.4 40.5 2.25 36.8 - 44.2 -1.5
Child under Age 1 (%) 9.5 0.94 8.0 - 11.1 12.2 1.29 10.1 - 14.3 2.7 *
Child on SSI (%) 8.0 1.06 6.3 - 9.8 5.2 0.98 3.6 - 6.8 -2.9 *
Health condition limits work (%) 27.5 1.99 24.2 - 30.7 26.6 1.77 23.7 - 29.5 -0.9
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B21 - Barriers to Work of Welfare Recipients - CPS Late Reform Period (from Table 8)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 40.6 2.12 37.1 - 44.1 41.3 2.13 37.8 - 44.8 0.7
Child under Age 1 (%) 16.7 1.65 14.0 - 19.4 17.8 1.75 14.9 - 20.7 1.1
Child on SSI (%) N/A     4.1 0.84 2.7 - 5.5 N/A
Health condition limits work (%) 22.1 1.77 19.2 - 25.0 24.7 1.81 21.8 - 27.7 2.6
Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B22 - Barriers to Work of Former Welfare Recipients - NSAF (from Table 9)
  1997 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 30.1 3.61 24.2 - 36.0 33.5 3.85 27.2 - 39.8 3.4
Child under Age 1 (%) 11.1 2.20 7.5 - 14.7 14.4 3.53 8.6 - 20.2 3.3
Child on SSI (%) 5.5 1.58 2.9 - 8.1 5.2 1.85 2.2 - 8.2 -0.3
Health condition limits work (%) 8.8 1.41 6.5 - 11.1 18.7 3.20 13.4 - 24.0 9.9 *
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.
Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

Table B23 - Barriers to Work of Former Welfare Recipients - SIPP (from Table 9)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 33.5 2.40 29.5 - 37.4 30.4 3.01 25.4 - 35.3 -3.1
Child under Age 1 (%) 13.7 1.67 10.9 - 16.4 12.4 2.16 8.8 - 15.9 -1.3
Child on SSI (%) 6.5 1.23 4.5 - 8.5 3.1 1.08 1.4 - 4.9 -3.4 *
Health condition limits work (%) 16.1 1.78 13.2 - 19.1 19.8 2.90 15.1 - 24.6 3.7
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B24 - Barriers to Work of Former Welfare Recipients - CPS (from Table 9)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Less than HS degree (%) 35.1 2.51 30.9 - 39.2 33.5 2.26 29.8 - 37.2 -1.6
Child under Age 1 (%) 13.8 1.90 10.6 - 16.9 14.1 1.72 11.2 - 16.9 0.3
Child on SSI (%) N/A     1.6 0.52 0.8 - 2.5 N/A
Health condition limits work (%) 13.1 1.77 10.2 - 16.0 15.9 1.62 13.2 - 18.6 2.8
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.
Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

Table B25 - Employment Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Early Reform Period (from Table 10)
  1997 1999 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 20.9 1.77 18.0 - 23.8 31.5 3.12 26.4 - 36.6 10.6 *
Currently Employed (single families %) 20.3 2.26 16.6 - 24.0 30.9 3.83 24.6 - 37.2 10.6 *
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 35.8 4.54 28.3 - 43.2 22.2 5.89 12.5 - 31.9 -13.6 *
20-34 24.1 4.22 17.1 - 31.0 21.7 5.52 12.6 - 30.8 -2.4
35+ 40.2 4.85 32.2 - 48.2 56.1 4.98 47.9 - 64.3 15.9 *
Mean (in hours) 28.3 1.07 26.5 - 30.0 33.1 1.14 31.3 - 35.0 4.9
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $6.69     $7.62     $0.93
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 4.3 2.52 0.2 - 8.5 5.1 4.37 -2.1 - 12.3 0.8
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below

NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the NSAF were computed using standard errors developed through bootstrapping techniques. Only the results of the significance tests, not the actual standard errors were available to the authors, so standard errors of medians for NSAF are not reported here.

Table B26 - Employment Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Early Reform Period (from Table 10)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 22.8 1.03 21.1 - 24.4 27.8 1.69 25.0 - 30.5 5.0 *
Not Working but Looking 13.1 0.53 12.3 - 14.0 13.3 0.99 11.7 - 15.0 0.2
Not Working or Looking but in School 8.4 0.56 7.5 - 9.3 5.6 0.86 4.2 - 7.1 -2.8 *
Not Working, Looking or in School 55.7 1.14 53.8 - 57.6 53.3 1.73 50.4 - 56.1 -2.4
Currently Employed (single families %) 21.3 1.24 19.2 - 23.3 26.1 2.02 22.7 - 29.4 4.8 *
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 24.2 1.80 21.3 - 27.2 20.6 2.58 16.4 - 24.9 -3.6
20-34 30.0 1.87 27.0 - 33.1 21.5 2.25 17.8 - 25.2 -8.6 *
35+ 45.7 2.06 42.3 - 49.1 57.9 2.64 53.6 - 62.3 12.2 *
Mean (in hours) 30.3 0.78 29.0 - 31.6 34.3 1.17 32.4 - 36.3 4.0 *
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $5.84 $0.14 $5.61 - $6.07 $6.71 $0.23 $6.34 - $7.09 $0.88 *
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 15.0 1.47 12.6 - 17.4 17.1 2.52 12.9 - 21.2 2.0
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below

SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the SIPP are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B27 - Employment Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Late Reform Period (from Table 10)
  1999 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 31.5 3.12 26.4 - 36.6 29.2 2.71 24.8 - 33.7 -2.3
Currently Employed (single families %) 30.9 3.83 24.6 - 37.2 33.3 3.71 27.2 - 39.4 2.4
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 22.2 5.89 12.5 - 31.9 13.4 5.71 4.0 - 22.8 -8.8
20-34 21.7 5.52 12.6 - 30.8 29.9 5.61 20.7 - 39.2 8.3
35+ 56.1 4.98 47.9 - 64.3 56.7 5.45 47.7 - 65.7 0.6
Mean (in hours) 33.1 1.14 31.3 - 35.0 34.1 1.16 32.2 - 36.0 0.9
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $7.62     $7.60     -$0.02
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 5.1 4.37 -2.1 - 12.3 9.9 6.56 -0.9 - 20.7 4.8
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below

NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the NSAF were computed using standard errors developed through bootstrapping techniques. Only the results of the significance tests, not the actual standard errors were available to the authors, so standard errors of medians for NSAF are not reported here.

Table B28 - Employment Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Late Reform Period (from Table 10)
  1999 2003 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 28.2 1.75 25.3 - 31.1 24.9 1.84 21.8 - 27.9 -3.4
Not Working but Looking 10.2 1.06 8.4 - 11.9 12.3 1.41 10.0 - 14.6 2.1
Not Working or Looking but in School 6.3 0.78 5.0 - 7.6 7.3 1.05 5.6 - 9.0 1.0
Not Working, Looking or in School 55.3 1.88 52.2 - 58.4 55.5 2.22 51.9 - 59.2 0.2
Currently Employed (single families %) 28.1 2.05 24.8 - 31.5 21.2 2.22 17.6 - 24.9 -6.9 *
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 16.0 2.37 12.1 - 19.9 19.6 3.35 14.1 - 25.1 3.6
20-34 32.4 3.21 27.1 - 37.7 23.9 3.22 18.6 - 29.2 -8.5 *
35+ 51.6 3.26 46.2 - 57.0 56.5 4.08 49.8 - 63.2 4.9
Mean (in hours) 31.7 1.11 29.8 - 33.5 32.1 1.40 29.8 - 34.4 0.4
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $6.99 $0.19 $6.68 - $7.30 $7.52 $0.44 $6.80 - $8.24 $0.53
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 18.5 2.75 14.0 - 23.0 19.1 2.83 14.4 - 23.7 0.6
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below

SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the SIPP are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B29 - Employment Characteristics of Welfare Recipients - CPS Late Reform Period (from Table 10)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 31.0 2.54 26.9 - 35.2 24.5 2.44 20.5 - 28.5 -6.5 *
Not Working but Looking 12.6 1.98 9.3 - 15.9 15.0 1.78 12.1 - 18.0 2.4
Not Working or Looking but in School 56.4 2.17 52.8 - 59.9 60.4 2.13 56.9 - 63.9 4.0
Currently Employed (single families %) 32.2 2.53 28.0 - 36.3 23.1 2.29 19.3 - 26.8 -9.1 *
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 6.8 1.52 4.3 - 9.3 10.1 2.01 6.8 - 13.4 3.3
20-34 26.2 2.79 21.6 - 30.8 29.4 3.04 24.4 - 34.4 3.2
35+ 67.0 2.96 62.1 - 71.9 60.5 3.30 55.1 - 65.9 -6.5
Mean (in hours) 34.8 0.70 33.7 - 36.0 33.3 0.75 32.0 - 34.5 -1.5
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $6.74 1.13 4.88 - 8.60 7.75 4.94 -0.37 - 15.88 $1.01
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 13.4 2.05 10.0 - 16.8 14.6 2.22 10.9 - 18.2 1.2
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below

CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the CPS are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B30 - Employment Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients - NSAF (from Table 11)
  1997 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 63.4 3.09 58.4 - 68.5 59.4 3.18 54.1 - 64.6 -4.1
Any adult in family employed (%) 88.2 4.93 80.1 - 96.3 81.0 6.34 70.5 - 91.4 -7.2
Currently Employed (single families %) 71.2 4.06 64.5 - 77.9 66.0 3.84 59.6 - 72.3 -5.3
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 10.6 2.50 6.5 - 14.7 8.4 2.54 4.2 - 12.6 -2.2
20-34 20.7 4.47 13.3 - 28.0 25.6 3.76 19.4 - 31.8 4.9
35+ 68.7 3.85 62.4 - 75.1 66.0 3.16 60.8 - 71.2 -2.7
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $7.01     $7.75     $0.74 *
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 17.5 3.88 11.1 - 23.9 23.5 3.95 16.9 - 30.0 6.0
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the NSAF were computed using standard errors developed through bootstrapping techniques. Only the results of the significance tests, not the actual standard errors were available to the authors, so standard errors of medians for NSAF are not reported here.

Table B31 - Employment Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients - SIPP (from Table 11)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 56.7 2.12 53.2 - 60.2 49.3 3.47 43.6 - 55.1 -7.3 *
Not Working but Looking 8.4 1.33 6.2 - 10.6 7.9 1.71 5.1 - 10.7 -0.5
Not Working or Looking 2.1 0.65 1.0 - 3.1 3.2 1.15 1.3 - 5.0 1.1
Not Working, Looking or In School 32.9 2.43 28.9 - 36.9 39.6 3.60 33.7 - 45.5 6.8
Any adult in family employed (%) 74.8 2.19 71.2 - 78.4 64.7 3.37 59.1 - 70.2 -10.1 *
Currently Employed (single families %)              
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 13.9 2.36 10.0 - 17.8 16.4 3.65 10.4 - 22.4 2.5
20-34 17.8 2.39 13.9 - 21.7 19.8 4.05 13.1 - 26.5 2.0
35+ 68.3 3.09 63.2 - 73.4 63.8 4.92 55.7 - 71.9 -4.5
Mean (in hours) 36.1 1.18 34.2 - 38.1 37.5 2.03 34.2 - 40.8 1.4
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $7.05 0.44 6.33 - 7.76 7.58 0.73 6.39 - 8.78 $0.53
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 23.3 2.51 19.2 - 27.4 21.7 4.58 14.2 - 29.2 -1.6
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below

SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the SIPP are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B32 - Employment Characteristics of Former Welfare Recipients - CPS (from Table 11)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Current Status (all families %) Employed 54.5 3.36 48.9 - 60.0 39.3 2.92 34.5 - 44.1 -15.2 *
Not Working but Looking 8.3 1.79 5.3 - 11.2 14.3 2.33 10.5 - 18.1 6.0 *
Not Working or Looking 37.3 2.54 33.1 - 41.4 46.4 2.32 42.6 - 50.2 9.1 *
Any adult in family employed (%) 69.5 2.45 65.5 - 73.5 57.6 2.33 53.8 - 61.5 -11.8 *
Currently Employed (single families %) 54.5 3.27 49.1 - 59.9 38.6 2.85 33.9 - 43.2 -15.9 *
Usual weekly hours (head %) <20 9.5 1.99 6.3 - 12.8 9.2 1.72 6.4 - 12.0 -0.4
20-34 22.8 2.76 18.3 - 27.4 35.6 3.06 30.6 - 40.7 12.8 *
35+ 67.6 3.10 62.5 - 72.7 55.2 3.15 50.0 - 60.3 -12.4 *
Mean (in hours) 34.6 0.72 33.4 - 35.8 33.2 0.70 32.1 - 34.4 -1.4
Median hourly wage ($2005)1 $7.89 0.57 6.95 - 8.83 8.11 1.44 5.74 - 10.48 $0.22
Has own-employer health insurance (%) 26.3 2.98 21.4 - 31.2 21.8 2.66 17.5 - 26.2 -4.5
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the CPS are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B33 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Early Reform Period (from Table 12)
  1997 1999 Change
Mean SE 90%CI Mean SE 90%CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $10,568 $92 $10,416 - $10,719 $12,763 $57 $12,669 - $12,857 $2,196 *
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $7,629     $9,936     $2,307 *
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 60.5 2.91 55.7 - 65.3 49.5 3.53 43.7 - 55.3 -11.0 *
50-100% poverty 27.5 2.63 23.1 - 31.8 25.9 3.13 20.8 - 31.0 -1.6
100-150% poverty 8.5 1.30 6.4 - 10.7 18.7 2.86 14.0 - 23.4 10.2 *
150%+ poverty 3.5 1.77 0.6 - 6.4 5.9 3.01 0.9 - 10.9 2.4
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the NSAF were computed using standard errors developed through bootstrapping techniques. Only the results of the significance tests, not the actual standard errors were available to the authors, so standard errors of medians for NSAF are not reported here.

Table B34 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Early Reform Period (from Table 12)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $20,469 $619 $19,450 - $21,488 $21,583 $925 $20,062 - $23,103 $1,113
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $11,876 $619 $10,857 - $12,895 $12,593 $925 $11,072 - $14,114 $716
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 35.5 1.03 33.8 - 37.2 37.3 1.75 34.4 - 40.2 1.8
50-100% poverty 34.3 0.91 32.8 - 35.8 28.8 1.22 26.8 - 30.8 -5.6 *
100-150% poverty 13.0 0.57 12.1 - 14.0 13.6 0.86 12.2 - 15.0 0.5
150%+ poverty 17.1 0.80 15.8 - 18.4 20.3 1.36 18.1 - 22.6 3.2 *
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the SIPP are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B35 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Welfare Recipients - NSAF Late Reform Period (from Table 12)
  1999 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $12,763 $57 $12,669 - $12,857 $14,846 $296 $14,359 - $15,333 $2,083 *
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $9,936     $11,790     $1,854
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 49.5 3.53 43.7 - 55.3 44.1 3.37 38.6 - 49.6 -5.4
50-100% poverty 25.9 3.13 20.8 - 31.0 29.0 2.56 24.8 - 33.2 3.1
100-150% poverty 18.7 2.86 14.0 - 23.4 17.5 2.40 13.5 - 21.4 -1.3
150%+ poverty 5.9 3.01 0.9 - 10.9 9.4 4.81 1.5 - 17.3 3.5
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the NSAF were computed using standard errors developed through bootstrapping techniques. Only the results of the significance tests, not the actual standard errors were available to the authors, so standard errors of medians for NSAF are not reported here.

Table B36 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Welfare Recipients - SIPP Late Reform Period (from Table 12)
  1999 2003 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $23,366 $876 $21,925 - $24,808 $24,495 $1,259 $22,424 - $26,567 $1,129
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $14,334 $876 $12,893 - $15,776 $14,662 $1,259 $12,590 - $16,733 $327
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 31.6 1.71 28.8 - 34.4 35.0 2.03 31.6 - 38.3 3.3
50-100% poverty 33.5 1.70 30.7 - 36.3 28.2 1.87 25.1 - 31.3 -5.4 *
100-150% poverty 13.9 0.97 12.3 - 15.5 13.8 1.17 11.9 - 15.7 -0.1
150%+ poverty 20.9 1.45 18.5 - 23.3 23.0 1.74 20.2 - 25.9 2.1
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the SIPP are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B37 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Welfare Recipients - CPS Late Reform Period (From Table 12)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $17,820 $807 $16,493 - $19,147 $17,535 $782 $16,248 - $18,821 -$285
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $11,957 $807 $10,630 - $13,284 $12,407 $782 $11,120 - $13,693 $449
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 33.3 2.06 29.9 - 36.7 36.8 2.12 33.3 - 40.3 3.5
50-100% poverty 36.7 2.11 33.3 - 40.2 30.2 1.98 27.0 - 33.5 -6.5 *
100-150% poverty 16.4 1.60 13.7 - 19.0 16.2 1.53 13.7 - 18.8 -0.1
150%+ poverty 13.6 1.44 11.2 - 16.0 16.7 1.62 14.0 - 19.4 3.1
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below

CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the CPS are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B38 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Former Welfare Recipients - NSAF (from Table 13)
  1997 2002 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $16,528 $184 $16,226 - $16,830 $16,593 $342 $16,030 - $17,156 $65
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $15,476     $15,006     -$470
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 27.9 3.60 21.9 - 33.8 31.3 4.29 24.3 - 38.4 3.5
50-100% poverty 35.7 3.05 30.7 - 40.7 30.1 3.41 24.5 - 35.7 -5.6
100-150% poverty 22.8 3.11 17.7 - 27.9 23.8 2.90 19.0 - 28.6 1.0
150%+ poverty 13.6 6.96 2.2 - 25.1 14.8 7.53 2.4 - 27.1 1.1
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
NSAF - children and adults living together related by blood, marriage, or romantic attachment (includes cohabiting partners). Adult most knowledgeable about the child is considered head.

1 Significance tests on medians from the NSAF were computed using standard errors developed through bootstrapping techniques. Only the results of the significance tests, not the actual standard errors were available to the authors, so standard errors of medians for NSAF are not reported here.

Table B39 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Former Welfare Recipients - SIPP (from Table 13)
  1996 2001 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $26,189 $1,659 $23,459 - $28,918 $22,904 $2,163 $19,346 - $26,461 -$3,285
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $18,686 $1,659 $15,957 - $21,415 $13,835 $2,163 $10,277 - $17,392 -$4,851 *
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 24.4 2.15 20.9 - 28.0 33.3 3.27 27.9 - 38.6 8.8 *
50-100% poverty 25.4 2.18 21.8 - 29.0 27.0 2.87 22.3- 31.7 1.6
100-150% poverty 19.6 1.90 16.4 - 22.7 12.9 2.07 9.5 - 16.3 -6.7 *
150%+ poverty 30.6 2.12 27.1 - 34.1 26.9 3.06 21.8 - 31.9 -3.7
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
SIPP - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the SIPP are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.

Table B40 - Income, Earnings, and Benefits of Former Welfare Recipients - CPS (from Table 13)
  2000 2005 Change
Mean SE 90% CI Mean SE 90% CI Mean
Mean TANF Family income ($2005) $25,528 $1,485 $23,085 - $27,971 $22,733 $1,156 $20,831 - $24,636 -$2,795
Median TANF Family income ($2005)1 $16,904 $1,485 $14,462 - $19,347 $15,405 $1,156 $13,503 - $17,307 -$1,499
TANF Family Income Relative to Poverty (%) <50% poverty 25.3 2.33 21.4 - 29.1 31.6 2.25 27.9 - 35.3 6.3 *
50-100% poverty 31.2 2.47 27.2 - 35.3 27.6 2.05 24.2 - 31.0 -3.6
100-150% poverty 16.6 1.89 13.5 - 19.8 16.8 1.70 14.0 - 19.5 0.1
150%+ poverty 26.9 2.33 23.0 - 30.7 24.1 1.96 20.9 - 27.3 -2.8
* indicates change is significant at the 90 percent confidence level.

Notes:
Unit of Analysis -- "TANF Family" as defined below
CPS - all persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption; excludes cohabitors. Head is designated parent or guardian of at least one of the children receiving welfare. In married couple families, head is mother; in multiple generation families youngest parent/guardian is head.
1 Significance tests on medians from the CPS are computed using standard errors around the mean as a proxy for the median standard errors.


 

 

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