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Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) Project Publications

Vaccine Safety

Barlow WE, Davis RL, Glasser JW, Rhodes PH, Thompson RS, Mullooly JP, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Ward JI, Marcy SM, DeStefano F, Chen RT, Immanuel V, Pearson JA, Vadheim CM, Rebolledo V, Christakis D, Benson PJ, Lewis N. The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.* New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(9):656–661.

Black S, Shinefield H, Ray P, Lewis E, Chen R, Glasser J, Hadler S, Hardy J, Rhodes P, Swint E, Davis R, Thompson R, Mullooly J, Marcy M, Vadheim C, Ward J, Rastogi S, Wise R. Risk of hospitalization because of aseptic meningitis after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in one- to two-year-old children: an analysis of the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) Project. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16(5):500–503.

Bohlke K, Davis RL, Marcy SM, Braun MM, DeStefano F, Black SB, Mullooly JP, Thompson RS. Risk of anaphylaxis after vaccination of children and adolescents.* Pediatrics 2003;112(4):815–820.

Chang EJ, Zangwill KM, Lee H, Ward JI. Lack of association between rotavirus infection and intussusception: implications for use of attenuated rotavirus vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21:97–102.

Davis RL, Bohlke K. Measles vaccination and inflammatory bowel disease: controversy laid to rest? Drug Safety 2001;24(13):939–946.

Davis RL, Kramarz P, Bohlke K, Thompson RS, Mullooly J, Black S, Shinefield H, Ward J, Marcy M, Eriksen E, Lewis N, DeStefano F, Chen R. Measles-Mumps-Rubella and Other Measles-Containing Vaccines Do Not Increase the Risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control Study from the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2001;155(3):354–359.

Davis RL, Kolczak M, Lewis E, Nordin J, Goodman M, Shay DK, Platt R, Black S, Shinefield H, Chen RT. Active surveillance of vaccine safety: a system to detect early signs of adverse events. Epidemiology 2005;16(3): 336–341.

Davis RL, Marcuse E, Black S, Shinefield H, Givens B, Schwalbe J, Ray P, Thompson RS, Chen R. MMR2 immunization at 4 to 5 years and 10 to 12 years of age: a comparison of adverse clinical events after immunization in the Vaccine Safety Datalink project.* Pediatrics 1997;100:767–771.

DeStefano F, Chen RT. Negative association between MMR and autism. [Commentary] Lancet 1999;353(9169):1987–1988.

DeStefano F, Gu D, Kramarz P, Truman BI, Iademarco MF, Mullooly JP, Jackson LA, Davis RL, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Marcy SM, Ward JI, Chen RT. Childhood vaccinations and risk of asthma. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(6):498–504.

DeStefano F, Mullooly JP, Okoro CA, Chen RT, Marcy SM, Ward JI, Vadheim CM, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Davis RL, Bohlke K. Childhood vaccinations, vaccination timing, and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.* Pediatrics 2001;108(6):112–113.

DeStefano F, Verstraeten T, Jackson LA, Okoro CA, Benson P, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Mullooly JP, Likosky W, Chen RT. Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults.* Archives of Neurology 2003;60(4):504–509.

DeStefano F, Weintraub ES, Chen RT. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of multiple sclerosis [letter]. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2007;16(6):705–707.

DeStefano F, Weintraub ES, Chen RT. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. [letter] Neurology 2005;64:1317.

Eriksen EM, Perlman JA, Miller A, Marcy SM, Lee H, Vadheim C, Zangwill KM, Chen RT, DeStefano F, Lewis E, Black S, Shinefield H, Ward JI. Lack of association between hepatitis B birth immunization and neonatal death: a population-based study from the Vaccine Safety Datalink project. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004;23(7):656–662.

France EK, Glanz JM, Xu S, Davis RL, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Zangwill KM, Marcy SM, Mullooly JP, Jackson LA, Chen R. Safety of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among children: a population-based study.* Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(11):1031–1036.

France EK, Glanz JM, Xu S, Hambidge S, Yamasaki K, Black SB, Marcy M, Mullooly J, Jackson L, Nordin J, Belongia E, Hohman K, Chen RT, Davis R. Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e687–e692.

France EK, Smith-Ray R, McClure D, Hambidge S, Xu S, Yamasaki K, Shay D, Weintraub E, Fry AM, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Mullooly JP, Jackson LA. Impact of maternal influenza vaccination during pregnancy on the incidence of acute respiratory illness visits among infants.* Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2006;160(12):1277–1283.

Hambidge SJ, Glanz JM, France EK, McClure D, Xu S, Yamasaki K, Jackson L, Mullooly JP, Zangwill KM, Marcy SM, Black SB, Lewis EM, Shinefield HR, Belongia E, Nordin J, Chen RT, Shay DK, Davis RL, DeStefano F; Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 6 to 23 months old. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006;296(16):1990–1997.

Jackson LA, Austin G, Chen RT, Stout R, DeStefano F, Gorse GJ, Newman FK, Yu O, Weniger BG. Safety and immunogenicity of varying dosages of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine administered by needle-free jet injectors. Vaccine 2001;19(32):4703–4709.

Jackson LA, Benson P, Sneller VP, Butler JC, Thompson RS, Chen RT, Lewis LS, Carlone G, DeStefano F, Holder P, Lezhava T, Williams WW. Safety of revaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.* Journal of the American Medical Association 1999;281(3):243–248.

Jackson LA, Nelson JC, Whitney CG, Neuzil KM, Benson P, Malais D, Baggs J, Mullooly J, Black S, Shay DK. Assessment of the safety of a third dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the Vaccine Safety Datalink population. Vaccine 2006;24(2):151–156.

Jackson LA, Yu O, Heckbert S, Psaty B, Malais D, Barlow W, Thompson W. Influenza vaccination is not associated with a reduction in the risk of recurrent coronary events.* American Journal of Epidemiology 2002;156:634–640.

Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Chen RT, Davis RL, Jackson LA; for the Vaccine Safety Datalink investigators. Vaccines and changes in coagulation parameters in adults on chronic warfarin therapy: a cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2007;16(7):790–796.

Klein NP, Massolo ML, Greene J, Dekker CL, Black S, Escobar GJ; Vaccine Safety Datalink. Risk factors for developing apnea after immunization in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):463–469.

Kramarz P, DeStefano F, Gargiullo P, Chen RT, Lieu TA, Davis RL, Mullooly JM, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Bohlke K, Ward JI, Marcy SM. Does influenza vaccination prevent asthma exacerbations in children? Journal of Pediatrics 2001;138(3):306–310.

Kramarz P, France EK, Destefano F, Black SB, Shinefield H, Ward JI, Chang EJ, Chen RT, Shatin D, Hill J, Lieu T, Orgren JM. Population-based study of rotavirus vaccination and intussusception. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2001;20:410–416.

Lewis E, Shinefield HR, Woodruff BA, Black SB, DeStefano F, Chen RT, Ensor R. Safety of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine administration. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2001;20:1049–1054.

Maher JE, Mullooly JP, Drew L, DeStefano F. Infant vaccinations and childhood asthma among full-term infants. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety 2004;13(1):1–9.

Mell LK, Davis RL, Mullolly JP, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Zangwill KM, Ward JI, Marcy SM, Chen RT. Polio extraimmunization in children younger than 2 years after changes in immunization recommendations.* Pediatrics 2003;111(2):296–301.

Mullooly J, Pearson J, Drew L, Schuler R, Maher J, Gargiullo P, DeStefano F, Chen R. Wheezing lower respiratory disease and vaccination of full-term infants. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2002;11(1):21–30.

Mullooly JP, Schuler R, Barrett M, Maher JE. Vaccines, antibiotics, and atopy. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2007;16(3):275–288.

Niu MT, Rhodes P, Salive M, Davis DM, Black S, Shinefield H, Chen RT, Ellenberg SS. Comparative safety of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines in children: data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1998;51(6):503–510.

Ray P, Black S, Shinefield H, Dillon A, Schwalbe J, Holmes S, Hadler S, Chen R, Cochi S, Wassilak S. Risk of chronic arthropathy among women after rubella vaccination. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997;278:551–556.

Ray P, Hayward J, Michelson D, Lewis E, Schwalbe J, Black S, Shinefield H, Marcy M, Huff K, Ward J, Mullooly J, Chen R, Davis R; Vaccine Safety Datalink Group. Encephalopathy after whole-cell pertussis or measles vaccination: lack of evidence for a causal association in a retrospective case-control study. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25(9):768–773.

Thompson WW, Price C, Goodson B, Shay DK, Benson P, Hinrichsen VL, Lewis E, Eriksen E, Ray P, Marcy SM, Dunn J, Jackson LA, Lieu TA, Black S, Stewart G, Weintraub ES, Davis RL, DeStefano F; Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357(13):1281–1292.

Verstraeten T, Davis R, DeStefano F, Lieu T, Rhodes P, Black S, Shinefield H, Chen RT, and the Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases.* Pediatrics 2003;112(5):1039–1048.

Yu O, Bohlke K, Hanson CA, Delaney K, Rees TG, Zavitkovsky A, Ray P, Mullooly J, Black SB, Benson P, Thompson WW, Davis RL, Jackson LA. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2007;16(7):736–745.

Vaccine Coverage

Benson PJ, Jackson LA, Rees TG, Dunn JB. Changes in DT vaccine frequency and indications for use following introduction of DTaP vaccine. Human Vaccine 2008;4(3):234–237.

Clayton HA, Cortese MM, Payne DC, Bartlett DL, Zimmerman LA, Williams WG, Wang M, Stockman LJ, Parashar U, Baggs J. Rotavirus vaccination coverage and adherence to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-recommended vaccination schedule—United States, February 2006–May 2007. MMWR 2008;57(15):398–401.

Davis RL, Lieu TA, Mell LK, Capra AM, Zavitkovsky A, Quesenberry CP Jr, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Thompson RS, Rodewald LE. Impact of the change in polio vaccination schedule on immunization coverage rates: a study in two large health maintenance organizations.* Pediatrics 2001;107(4):671–676.

Davis RL, Mell LK, Zavitokovsky A, Thompson RS, Lieu TA, Capra AM, Quesenberry C, Black SB, Shinefield HR. Impact of the sequential IPV/OPV schedule on vaccination coverage levels—United States, 1997. MMWR 1998;47:1017–1019.

Davis RL, Rubanowice D, Shinefield HR, Lewis N, Gu D, Black SB, DeStefano F, Gargiullo P, Mullooly JP, Thompson RS, Chen RT. Immunization levels among premature and low-birth-weight infants and risk factors for delayed up-to-date immunization status.* Journal of the American Medical Association 1999;282:547–553,.

Gonzalez IM, Averhoff FM, Massoudi MS, Yusuf H, DeStefano F, Kramarz P, Maher JE, Mullooly JP, Chun C, Davis RL, Black SB, Shinefield HR. Hepatitis B vaccination among adolescents in 3 large health maintenance organizations.* Pediatrics 2002;110(5):929–934.

Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Yu O, Benson P, Barlow WE, Adams AL, Hanson CA, Mahoney LD, Shay DK, Thompson WW, Vaccine Safety Datalink. Effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in older adults.* New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348(18):1747–1755.

Kramarz P, DeStefano F, Gargiullo P, Davis RL, Chen RT, Mullooly JM, Black SB, Bohlke K, Ward JI, Marcy MM, Okoro CA. Influenza vaccination in children with asthma in health maintenance organizations. Vaccine 2000;18(21):2288–2294.

Lewis N, Black S, Weintraub E, Baggs, J, Thompson W, DeStefano F, Davis R, Shay D. Rapid assessment of influenza vaccination coverage among HMO members—northern California influenza seasons, 2001–02 through 2004–05. MMWR 2005;54(27):676–678.

Lieu TA, Black SB, Ray P, Chellino M, Shinefield HR, Adler NE. Risk factors for delayed immunization among children in an HMO. American Journal of Public Health 1994;84(10):1621–1625.

Lieu TA, Black SB, Sorel ME, Ray P, Shinefield HR. Would better adherence to guidelines improve childhood immunization rates? Pediatrics 1996;98(6 Pt 1):1062–1068.

Lieu TA, Davis RL, Capra AM, Mell LK, Quesenberry CP, Martin KE, Zavitkovsky A, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Thompson RS, Rodewald LE. Variation in clinician recommendations for multiple injections during adoption of inactivated polio vaccine.* Pediatrics 2001;107(4):49.

Lin ND, Kleinman K, Chan KA, Yu XJ, France EK, Wei F, Mullooly JP, Black S, Shay DK, Kolczak M, Lieu TA; Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Variation in hepatitis B immunization coverage rates associated with provider practices after the temporary suspension of the birth dose. BMC Pediatrics 2006;6:31.

Lin ND, Kleinman K, Chan KA, Yu X, France EK, Xu S, Wei F, Mullooly J, Santoli J, Lieu TA. Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on immunization coverage among infants. BMC Pediatrics 2005;5(1):43.

Verstraeten T, Jumaan AO, Mullooly JP, Seward JF, Izurieta HS, DeStefano F, Black SB, Chen RT. A retrospective cohort study of the association of varicella vaccine failure with asthma, steroid use, age at vaccination, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination.* Pediatrics 2003;112(2):98–103.

Disease Incidence

Belay ED, Holman RC, Clarke MJ, DeStefano F, Shahriari A, Davis RL, Rhodes PH, Thompson RS, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Marcy SM, Ward JI, Mullooly JP, Chen RT, Schonberger LB. The incidence of Kawasaki syndrome in West Coast health maintenance organizations. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19:828–832.

Bohlke K, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Marcy SM, Braun MM, Thompson RS. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2004;113(3):536–542.

Glanz JM, France EK, Xu S, Hayes T, Hambidge S. A population-based, multisite cohort study of the predictors of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e506–e512.

Izurieta H, Thompson WW, Kramarz P, Shay DK, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Black S, Shinefield H, Fukuda K. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children.* New England Journal of Medicine 2000;342(4):232–239.

Mullooly JP, Bridges CB, Thompson WW, Chen J, Weintraub E, Jackson LA, Black S, Shay DK; Vaccine Safety Datalink Adult Working Group. Influenza- and RSV-associated hospitalizations among adults. Vaccine 2007;25(5):846–855.

Mullooly JP, Riedlinger K, Chun C, Weinmann S, Houston H. Incidence of herpes zoster, 1997–2002. Epidemiology and Infection 2005;133(2):245–253.

O'Brien MA, Uyeki TM, Shay DK, Thompson WW, Kleinman K, McAdam A, Yu X, Platt R, Lieu TA. Incidence of outpatient visits and hospitalizations related to influenza in infants and young children.* Pediatrics 2004;113(3 Pt 1):585–593.

Parashar UD, Holman R, Bresee J, Clarke M, Rhodes P, Davis RL, Thompson RS, Mullooly J, Black S, Shinefield H, Marcy M, Vadheim C, Ward J, Chen R, Glass R, and the Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Epidemiology of diarrheal disease among children enrolled in four West Coast health maintenance organizations. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17:605–611.

Methodology

Barlow W. Measurement of interrater agreement with adjustment for covariates. Biometrics 1996;52(2):695–702.

Barlow WE. Global measures of local influence for proportional hazards regression models. Biometrics 1997;53(3):1157–1162.

Chen RT, DeStefano F, Davis RL, Jackson LA, Thompson RS, Mullooly JP, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Vadheim CM, Ward JI, Marcy SM. The Vaccine Safety Datalink: immunization research in health maintenance organizations in the USA.* (PDF) Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000;78(2):186–194.

Chen RT, DeStefano F, Pless R, Mootrey G, Kramarz P, Hibbs B. Challenges and controversies in immunization safety. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2001;15:21–39.

Chen RT, Glasser J, Rhodes P, Davis RL, Barlow WE, Thompson RS, Mullooly JP, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Vadheim CM, Marcy SM, Ward JI, Wise RP, Wassilak SG, Hadler SC. Vaccine Safety Datalink project: a new tool for improving vaccine safety monitoring in the United States.* Pediatrics 1997;99(6):765–773.

Davis RL, Black S, Vadheim C, Shinefield H, Baker B, Pearson D, Chen R. Immunization Tracking Systems for Self-assessment, Improvement, Research and Evaluation, and Linkage with Statewide Networks: Experience of the CDC Vaccine Safety Datalink Sites. HMO Practice 1997;11(1):13–17.

DeStefano F. Opportunities for Population-Based Clinical Research Using Data from Managed Care Organizations. In: Davis JR, editor. Managed Care Systems and Emerging Infections Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000;16–18.

Glanz JM, McClure DL, Xu S, Hambidge SJ, Lee M, Kolczak MS, Kleinman K, Mullooly JP, France EK. Four different study designs to evaluate vaccine safety were equally validated with contrasting limitations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59:808–818.

Hirichsen V, Kruskal B, O'Brien MA, Lieu TA, Platt R; for the Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Using electronic medical records to enhance detection and reporting of vaccine adverse events. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2007;14(6):731–735.

Lieu TA, Kulldorff M, Davis RL, Lewis EM, Weintraub E, Yih K, Yin R, Brown JS, Platt R; for the Vaccine Safety Datalink Rapid Cycle Analysis Team. Real-time vaccine safety surveillance for the early detection of adverse events. Medical Care 2007;45(10 Supl 2):S89–95.

McClure DL, Glanz JM, Xu S, Hambidge SJ, Mullooly JP, Baggs J. Comparison of epidemiologic methods for active surveillance of vaccine safety. Vaccine 2008 May 5.

Mullooly J, Drew L, DeStefano F, Maher J, Bohlke K, Immanuel V, Black S, Lewis E, Ray P, Vadheim C, Lugg M, Chen R. Quality assessments of HMO diagnosis databases used to monitor childhood vaccine safety. Methods of Information in Medicine 2004;43(2):163–170.

Mullooly J, Drew L, DeStefano F, Maher J, Bohlke K, Immanuel V, Black S, Lewis E, Ray P, Vadheim C, Lugg M, Chen R. Quality of HMO vaccination databases used to monitor childhood vaccine safety.* American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149:186–194.

Mullooly JP. Misclassification model for person-time analysis of automated medical care databases.* American Journal of Epidemiology 1996;144:782–792.

Verstaeten T, Destefano F, Chen R, Miller E. Vaccine safety surveillance using large linked databases: opportunities, hazards and proposed guidelines. Expert Review Vaccines 2003;2(1):89–97.

Wassilak SGF, Glasser JW, Chen RT, Hadler SC. Utility of large-linked databases in vaccine safety, particularly in distinguishing independent and synergistic effects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995;754:377–382.

Cost-effectiveness

Lieu TA, Black SB, Ray GT, Martin KE, Messonnier ML, Shinefield HR, Weniger BG. The hidden costs of infant vaccination. Vaccine 2001;19(1):33–41.

Lieu TA, Black SB, Ray P, Schwalbe JA, Lewis EM, Lavetter A, Morozumi P, Shinefield HR. Computer-generated recall letters for underimmunized children: how cost-effective? Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16(1):28–33.

Lieu TA, Black SB, Takahashi H, Ray P, Capra AM, Shinefield HR, Adler NE. Varicella serology among school age children with a negative or uncertain history of chickenpox. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(2):120–125.

Lieu TA, Capra AM, Makol J, Black SB, Shinefield HR. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of letters, automated telephone messages, or both for underimmunized children in a health maintenance organization.* Pediatrics 1998;101(4):E3.

Prosser LA, Bridges CB, Uyeki TM, Hinrichsen VL, Meltzer MI, Noelle-Angelique MM, Schwartz B, Thompson WW, Fukuda K, Lieu TA. Health benefits, risks, and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination of children. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006;12(10):1548–1558.

Prosser LA, Bridges CB, Uyeki TM, Rego VR, Ray GT, Meltzer MI, Schwartz B, Thompson WW, Fukuda K, Lieu TA. Values for preventing influenza-related morbidity and vaccine adverse events in children. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2005;3(1):18.

Risk Perception and Risk Communication

Kupperman M, Nease RF, Ackerson LM, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Lieu TA. Parents' preferences for outcomes associated with childhood vaccinations. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19:129–133.

Udovic SL, Lieu TA, Black SB, Ray PM, Ray GT, Shinefield HR. Parent reports on willingness to accept childhood immunizations during urgent care visits. Pediatrics 1998;102(4):E47.

Yih WK, Lieu TA, Rego VH, O'Brien MA, Shay DK, Yokoe DS, Platt R. Attitudes of healthcare workers in U.S. hospitals regarding smallpox vaccination. BMC Public Health 2003;3:20.

Other Topics

Belongia EA, Naleway A, Kieke B, Qutaishat S, Casey C, Shay DK, Chen RT. Validation of a screening instrument to identify persons for exclusion from smallpox vaccination. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005;40:620–623.

Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Baggs J, Davis RL, Black S, Yamasaki KM, Belongia E, Zangwill KM, Mullooly J, Nordin J, Marcy SM, DeStefano F. Compliance with the recommendations for 2 doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children less than 9 years of age receiving influenza vaccine for the first time: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Pediatrics 2006;118(5):2032–2037.

Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Nahm MH, Whitney CG, Yu O, Nelson JC, Starkovich PT, Dunstan M, Carste B, Shay DK, Baggs J, Carlone GM. Immunogenicity of varying dosages of 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in seniors previously vaccinated with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Vaccine 2007;25(20):4029–4037.

Mell LK, Ogren DS, Davis RL, Mullooly JP, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Zangwill KM, Ward JI, Marcy SM, Chen RT. Compliance with national immunization guidelines for children younger than 2 years, 1996–1999.* Pediatrics 2005;115(2):461–467.

Naleway AL, Belongia EA, Greenlee RT, Kieke BA, Chen RT, Shay DK. Eczematous skin disease and recall of past diagnoses: implications for smallpox vaccination.* Annals of Internal Medicine 2003;139(1):1–7.

Spector L, Groves F, DeStefano F, Liff J, Klein M, Mullooly J, Black S, Shinefield H, Ward J, Marcy M, Vaccine Safety Datalink Project. Medically recorded allergies and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. European Journal of Cancer 2004;40(4):579–584.

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Page last reviewed: September 24, 2008
Page last updated: May 14, 2008
Content source: Immunization Safety Office

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