Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) and Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID)
Specific recreational water illness outbreaks, safety, and pool operation issues
- Diarrhea
- Skin, Ear, and Eye Infections
- Respiratory Infections
- Neurologic Infections
- Wound Infections
- Other Illnesses
- Swimming Pool Operation and Disinfection
- RWIs and Behavioral Science
- Swimming Pool Chemicals
- International Recreational Water
- Injuries and Outdoor Health
Diarrhea
Communitywide Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak --- Utah, 2007
MMWR. September 12, 2008 / 57(36);989-993.
Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water Use --- Five States, 2006
MMWR. July 27, 2007 / 56(29);729-732
An Outbreak of Norovirus Gastroenteritis at a Swimming Club --- Vermont, 2004
MMWR. September 3, 2004 / 53(34);793-795
Shigellosis Outbreak Associated With an Unchlorinated Fill-and-Drain-Wading Pool --- Iowa, 2001
MMWR. September 21, 2001 / 50(37);797-800
Protracted Outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis Associated With Swimming Pool Use --- Ohio and Nebraska, 2000
MMWR. May 25, 2001 / 50(20);406-410
Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Associated With an Interactive Water Fountain at a Beachside Park --- Florida, 1999
MMWR. June 30, 2000 / 49(25);565-568
Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Associated with a Water Sprinkler Fountain -- Minnesota, 1997
MMWR. October 16, 1998 / 47(40);856-860
Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis at a Day Camp -- Florida, July-August 1995
MMWR. May 31, 1996 / 45(21);442-444
Lake-Associated Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 -- Illinois, 1995
MMWR. May 31, 1996 / 45(21);437-439
Cryptosporidium Infections Associated with Swimming Pools -- Dane County, Wisconsin, 1993
MMWR. August 12, 1994 / 43(31);561-563
Swimming-Associated Cryptosporidiosis -- Los Angeles County
MMWR. May 25, 1990 / 39(20);343-345
Gastrointestinal Illness Among Scuba Divers -- New York City
MMWR. November 11, 1983 / 32(44);576-577
Skin, Ear, and Eye Infections
Buruli Ulcer Surveillance, Benin, 2003--2005
Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Sep / 13(9):1374-1376 
(PDF, 219 KB)
Pseudomonas Dermatitis/Folliculitis Associated With Pools and Hot Tubs--Colorado and Maine, 1999-2000
MMWR. December 08, 2000 / 49(48); 1087-1091
Outbreak of Pharyngoconjunctival Fever at a Summer Camp -- North Carolina, 1991
MMWR. May 15, 1992 / 41(19);342-344
Cercarial Dermatitis Outbreak at a State Park -- Delaware, 1991
MMWR. April 10, 1992 / 41(14);225-228
An Outbreak of Pseudomonas Folliculitis Associated with a Waterslide -- Utah
MMWR. August 19, 1983 / 32(32);425-427
Staphylococcal Infections Among River Guides--Tennessee, South Carolina, and North Carolina
MMWR. November 19, 1982 / 31(45);605-607
Otitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serotype 0:10 Associated with a Mobile Redwood Hot Tub System -- North Carolina
MMWR. October 15, 1982 / 31(40);541
Cercarial Dermatitis among Bathers in California; Katayama Syndrome among Travelers to Ethiopia
MMWR. August 20, 1982 / 31(32);435-8
Respiratory Infections
Illness Associated with Red Tide --- Nassau County, Florida, 2007
MMWR. July 4, 2008 / 57(26); 717-720
Surveillance for Travel-Associated Legionnaire's Disease --- United States, 2005--2006
MMWR. December 7, 2007 / 56(48);1261-1263
Cruise-Ship--Associated Legionnaires Disease, November 2003--May 2004
MMWR. November 18, 2005 / 54(45);1153-1155
Mycobacterial Aerosols and Respiratory Disease
Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Jul / 9(7):763-767 (PDF, 203 KB)
Rhinosporidium seeberi: A Human Pathogen from a Novel Group of Aquatic Protistan Parasites
Emerging Infect Dis 2000 May-Jun / 6(3):273-282 (PDF, 304 KB)
Legionnaires Disease Associated with a Whirlpool Spa Display -- Virginia, September - October, 1996
MMWR. January 31, 1997 / 46(04);83-86
Update: Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease Associated With a Cruise Ship, 1994
MMWR. August 12, 1994 / 43(31);574
Outbreak of Pneumonia Associated with a Cruise Ship, 1994
MMWR. July 22, 1994 / 43(28);521
Outbreak of Pharyngoconjunctival Fever at a Summer Camp -- North Carolina, 1991
MMWR. May 15, 1992 / 41(19);342-344
Neurologic Infections
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis -- Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007
MMWR. May 30, 2008 / 57(21);573-577
Aseptic Meningitis Outbreak Associated With Echovirus 9 Among Recreational Vehicle Campers -- Connecticut, 2003
MMWR. August 13, 2004 / 53(31);710-713
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis -- Georgia, 2002
MMWR. October 10, 2003 / 52(40);962-964
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis -- North Carolina, 1991
MMWR. June 26, 1992 / 41(25);437-440
Wound Infections
Vibrio Illnesses After Hurricane Katrina --- Multiple States, August--September 2005
MMWR. September 23, 2005 / 54(37);928-931
Aeromonas Wound Infections Associated with Outdoor Activities -- California
MMWR. May 25, 1990 / 39(20);334-335, 341
Other Illnesses
Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California
Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Nov / 14(11):1747-9 (PDF, 262 KB)
Brief Report: Leptospirosis After Flooding of a University Campus --- Hawaii, 2004
MMWR. February 10, 2006 / 55(05);125-127
Update: Leptospirosis and Unexplained Acute Febrile Illness Among Athletes Participating in Triathlons -- Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998
MMWR. August 21, 1998 / 47(32);673-6
Outbreak of Acute Febrile Illness Among Athletes Participating in Triathlons -- Wisconsin and Illinois, 1998
MMWR. July 24, 1998 / 47(28);585-588
Swimming Pool Operation and Disinfection
Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California
Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Nov / 14(11):1747-9 (PDF, 262 KB)
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Swimming Pools, Atlanta, Georgia.
Emerg Infect Dis. June 2008, Volume 14, Number 6.
Surveillance Data from Public Spa Inspections --- United States, May--September 2002
MMWR. July 2, 2004 / 53(25);553-555
Surveillance Data from Swimming Pool Inspections --- Selected States and Counties, United States, May--September 2002
MMWR. June 6, 2003 / 52(22);513-516
Chlorine Disinfection of Recreational Water for Cryptosporidium parvum
Emerg Infect Dis. 1999
Emerg Infect Dis. Jul-Aug;5(4):579-584. (PDF, 79 KB)
RWIs and Behavioral Science
Assessing Parents' Perception of Children's Risk for Recreational Water Illnesses
Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 May;11(5):670-676.
Swimming Pool Chemicals
Ocular and Respiratory Illness Associated with an Indoor Swimming Pool --- Nebraska, 2006
MMWR. September 14, 2007 / 56(36);929-932.
Erosion of Dental Enamel among Competitive Swimmers -- Virginia
MMWR. July 22, 1983 / 32(28);361-362
International Recreational Water
Leptospirosis in “Eco-Challenge” Athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000
Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Jun;9(6):702-707 (PDF, 200 KB)
Update: Outbreak of Acute Febrile Illness Among Athletes Participating in Eco-Challenge-Sabah 2000 -- Borneo, Malaysia, 2000
MMWR. January 19, 2001 / 50(02);21-24
Public Health Dispatch: Outbreak of Acute Febrile Illness Among Participants in EcoChallenge Sabah 2000 -- Borneo, Malaysia, 2000
MMWR. September 15, 2000 / 49(36);816-7
Outbreak of Leptospirosis Among White-Water Rafters -- Costa Rica, 1996
MMWR. June 27, 1997 / 46(25);577-579
Schistosomiasis in U.S. Peace Corps Volunteers -- Malawi, 1992
MMWR. July 30, 1993 / 42(29);565-570
Acute Schistosomiasis in U.S. Travelers Returning from Africa
MMWR. March 09, 1990 / 39(9);141-142,147-148
Acute Schistosomiasis with Transverse Myelitis in American Students Returning from Kenya
MMWR. August 10, 1984 / 33(31);445-447
Schistosomiasis among River Rafters -- Ethiopia
MMWR. November 11, 1983 / 32(44);585-586
Cercarial Dermatitis among Bathers in California; Katayama Syndrome among Travelers to Ethiopia
MMWR. August 20, 1982 / 31(32);435-438
Injuries and Outdoor Health
Sunburn Prevalence Among Adults --- United States, 1999, 2003, and 2004
MMWR. June 1, 2007 / 56(21);524-528
Nonfatal and Fatal Drownings in Recreational Water Settings --- United States, 2001--2002
MMWR. June 4, 2004 / 53(21);447-452
Drownings in a Private Lake -- North Carolina, 1981-1990
MMWR. May 15, 1992 / 41(19);329-331
Child Drownings and Near Drownings Associated with Swimming Pools -- Maricopa County, Arizona 1988 and 1989
MMWR. July 06, 1990 / 39(26);441-442
Injuries at a Water Slide -- Washington
MMWR. July 13, 1984 / 33(27);379-382,387
Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Aquatic Deaths and Injuries -- United States
MMWR. August 13, 1982 / 31(31);417-419
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Division of Parasitic Diseases
National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases
Page last modified: November 18, 2008