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Smoking and Tobacco
Selected U.S. National Research Findings
Below are selected national women's health research findings and facts related to smoking and tobacco use. This information is selected text from articles or documents. Please view the
source documents below each bulleted section to determine the exact context.
For more resources on this topic, visit: Smoking and Tobacco: Women’s Health Topics A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/smoking.htm
LINKS ON THIS PAGE
Smoking and Tobacco: Bone Health
Smoking and Tobacco: Cancer
Smoking and Tobacco: Child and Adolescent Health
Smoking and Tobacco: Pregnancy and Reproductive Health
Smoking and Tobacco: Statistics (General)- includes multiple topics, behavioral risks, trends, and/or summary statistics
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Smoking and Tobacco: Bone Health |
| • In postmenopausal women, the evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship
between smoking and low bone density. • The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal
relationship between smoking and hip fractures.
Source: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 2004 Report of the Surgeon General
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/
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Smoking and Tobacco: Cancer |
| • The evidence is suggestive of no causal relationship between active smoking and breast
cancer. • The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between smoking
and cervical cancer.
• The evidence is sufficient to infer that current smoking reduces the risk of endometrial
cancer in postmenopausal women.
• Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in men are now declining, reflecting past
patterns of cigarette use, while rates in women are still rising.
Source: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 2004 Report of the Surgeon General
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/
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Smoking and Tobacco: Child and Adolescent Health |
• During 2002-2004,
middle school students reported decreases in pipe use, seeing actors
using tobacco on television or in movies, and seeing advertisements for
tobacco products on the Internet.
• Among high school students, no changes were observed in the use of
tobacco or in access to tobacco products; however, seeing actors using
tobacco on television or in movies declined slightly, and seeing
advertisements for tobacco products on the Internet increased.
Source: Tobacco
Use, Access, and Exposure to Tobacco in Media among Middle and High
School Students- United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5412a1.htm
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• The prevalence of lifetime cigarette use was stable among high school students during
the 1990s.
• The prevalence of both current and current frequent cigarette use increased into the late 1990s.
• All three behaviors [lifetime cigarette use, current cigarette use, and current frequent cigarette use] declined significantly by 2003.
• Among female students, the prevalence of current cigarette use peaked during 1997-1999 and then declined significantly to 21.9% in 2003.
• More white female students than black and Hispanic female students and more Hispanic female than black female students reported current
cigarette use.
Source: Cigarette Use Among High School Students- United States, 1991-2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5323a1.htm
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• Among middle and high school students, males were more likely than females to use all
tobacco products except for cigarettes.
Source: Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students- United States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5245a2.htm
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| • Among female high school students, the prevalence of current smoking peaked during
1997-1999 and then declined significantly by 2001. • Among white female, black male,
Hispanic, Hispanic female, Hispanic male, and 9th- and 11th-grade students, current smoking prevalence peaked by 1999 and then declined
significantly by 2001.
• Among black female students, the prevalence of current smoking increased significantly
throughout the decade.
• Current smoking was significantly more likely to be reported by white and Hispanic
female students than by black female students, by white and Hispanic male students than by black male students, and by 12th-grade students
than by 9th- and 10th-grade students.
Source: Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students- United States, 1991-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5119a1.htm
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• Among youths, smoking prevalence varied substantially by sex only among non-Hispanic
whites (i.e., females had a greater prevalence) and among non-Hispanic blacks (i.e., males had a greater prevalence).
• Other national youth surveys report no overall difference between males and females in smoking prevalence.
• Among non-Hispanic white youths, females had a greater prevalence of cigarette smoking (17.2%) than males (14.9%).
• Among non-Hispanic black youths, males had a greater prevalence of cigarette smoking (8.2%) than females (5.9%).
• The similarity in prevalence among Asian and Hispanic youths might reflect a loss of cultural constraints regarding smoking among females.
Source: Prevalence of Cigarette Use Among 14 Racial/Ethnic Populations- United States,
1999-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5303a2.htm
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Smoking and Tobacco: Pregnancy and Reproductive
Health |
•
In 2003 the proportion of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy
declined to less than 11 percent, down from 20 percent in 1989.
Source: Health, United States, 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm
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• Smoking during
pregnancy resulted in an estimated 910 infant deaths annually during
1997-2001.
Source: Annual
Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and
Productivity Losses- United States, 1997-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5425a1.htm
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• According to analyses of state-specific trends in maternal smoking during 1990-2002,
whereas participating areas observed a significant decline in maternal smoking during the surveillance period, 10 states reported recent
increases in smoking by pregnant teens.
• In 2002, smoking during pregnancy was reported by 11.4% of all women giving birth in the United States, a decrease of 38% from 1990, when
18.4% reported smoking.
Source: Smoking during Pregnancy- United States, 1990-2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5339a1.htm
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• The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between: smoking and reduced
fertility in women; maternal active smoking and premature rupture of the membranes, placenta previa, and placental abruption; maternal active
smoking and a reduced risk for preeclampsia; maternal active smoking and preterm delivery and shortened gestation; maternal active smoking and
fetal growth restriction and low birth weight; and sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy.
Source: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 2004 Report of the Surgeon General
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/
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|
Smoking and Tobacco: Statistics (General)- includes multiple topics, behavioral risks,
trends, and/or summary statistics |
•
In 2004, an estimated 9.5 million adults (4.5% of the adult population;
6.8% of men, and 2.3% of women) had ever spent >24 hours on the streets,
in a shelter, or in a jail or prison.
The prevalence of cigarette smoking for both men and women in this
population was more than twice that observed among the overall adult
population.
Source: QuickStats: Cigarette Smoking Prevalence
among Adults Aged 18 Years or Older Who Have Ever Spent >24 Hours on
the Streets, in a Shelter, or in a Jail or Prison, by
Sex- United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5510a7.htm
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•
The percent of adults who smoke cigarettes continues to decline.
Between 1990 and 2003, the percent of men who smoked declined from
28 to 24 percent and the percent of women who smoked declined from
23 to 19 percent.
Source: Health, United States, 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm
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| •
According the National Health Interview Survey, in 2004,
approximately 20.9% of U.S. adults were current smokers. •
This prevalence is lower than the 21.6% prevalence among U.S. adults
in 2003 and is significantly lower than the 22.5% prevalence among
adults in 2002.
•
Current smoking was higher among men (23.4%) than women (18.5%).
Hispanic (10.9%) and Asian (4.8%) women, women with less than an
8th-grade education (10.5%), women with undergraduate (10.1%) or
graduate (8.1%) degrees, men with graduate degrees (7.9%), men aged
>65 years (9.8%), and women aged >65 years (8.1%) all
had smoking prevalence rates below the national health objective of
<12%.
Source: Cigarette Smoking in the
United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5444a2.htm
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• During 1997-2001,
cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke resulted in
approximately 438,000 premature deaths in the United States, 5.5
million years of potential life lost (YPLL), and $92 billion in
productivity losses annually.
• During 1997-2001, smoking resulted in an estimated annual average of
259,494 deaths among men and 178,408 deaths among women in the United
States.
• During 1997-2001, on average, smoking accounted for an estimated 3.3
million YPLL for men and 2.2 million YPLL for women annually, excluding
burn deaths and adult deaths from secondhand smoke.
• Estimates for average annual smoking-attributable productivity losses
were approximately $61.9 billion for men and $30.5 billion for women
during 1997-2001.
Source: Annual
Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and
Productivity Losses- United States, 1997-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5425a1.htm
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• Ten percent of
Hispanic women were current smokers compared with 18% of non-Hispanic
black women and 22% of non-Hispanic white women.
• Eighty percent of Hispanic women and 70% of non-Hispanic black women
were nonsmokers compared with 57% of non-Hispanic white women.
Source:Summary
Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey,
2003
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_225.pdf
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• American Indians
and Alaska Natives (AIAN) adults were more likely to be current smokers
than other adults.
Source: Health
Characteristics of the American Indian and Alaska Native Adult
Population- United States, 1999–2003
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad356.pdf
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| • During 2002-2003,
young women were more likely than young men to report having never
smoked cigarettes.
• Among those aged 18-24 years, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black adults
were more likely than non-Hispanic white adults to have never smoked.
Source: QuickStats:
Percentage of Adults Aged 18-24 Years Who Have Never Smoked
Cigarettes, by Sex and Race/ Ethnicity- United States, 2002-2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5420a4.htm
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| • In 2002, approximately 22.5% of adults were current smokers. • The prevalence of smoking was higher among men (25.2%) than women (20.0%) and inversely related to age,
from 28.5% for those aged 18-24 years to 9.3% for those aged >65 years.
Source: Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5320a2.htm
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| • At least 30% of all cancer deaths that occur in the United States are due to smoking.
• According to the American Cancer Society, a single behavior—cigarette smoking—is
responsible for more than 8 of every 10 cases of lung cancer.
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women; it surpassed breast cancer
in 1987.
• Cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 440,000 deaths each year, or one in every
five deaths. Almost 10% of these deaths are a result of exposure to second hand smoke.
• About 8.6 million people in the United States have at least one serious illness caused
by smoking.
• The direct and indirect costs of smoking-related illnesses total more than $157 billion
each year.
• The prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults in the United States in 2002 ranged
from 13% in Utah to 33% in Kentucky.
Source: The Burden of Chronic Diseases and Their Risk Factors: National and State
Perspectives 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/burdenbook2004/pdf/
burden_book2004.pdf
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• In 2001, cigarette smoking was more prevalent among men than women.
Source: State-Specific Prevalence of Selected Chronic Disease-Related Characteristics -
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5208a1.htm
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| • Among adults, smoking prevalence was greater among men in all racial/ethnic populations
except AI/ANs, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans, which had no statistically significant variance by sex. • During 1965-2001, among adults, cigarette smoking declined more rapidly among non-Hispanic blacks than
among non-Hispanic whites. As a result, the prevalence of smoking among non-Hispanic black adults is now similar to that of white adults, and
current smoking among non-Hispanic black women is now less than that among non-Hispanic white women.
Source: Prevalence of Cigarette Use Among 14 Racial/Ethnic Populations- United States,
1999-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5303a2.htm
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| • In 2002, a total of 36 (71%) Medicaid programs reported offering coverage for at least
one form of tobacco-dependence treatment for all Medicaid recipients; in 2001, a total of 35 programs offered coverage. In 2002, four other
states reported covering tobacco-dependence treatments only for pregnant women; in 2001, two programs covered these services for pregnant
women. • In 2002, a total of 12 states offered some form of tobacco-cessation
counseling services to all Medicaid recipients, compared with nine in 2001, and Nebraska and Washington added counseling coverage for pregnant
women only.
Source: State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco-Dependence Treatments- United States,
1994—2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5303a3.htm
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| • The median smoking prevalence in the 50 states and DC was higher for men (25.9% [range:
14.2%--34.8%]) than for women (20.9% [range: 11.3%--30.5%]). • Kentucky had the
highest prevalence for both men (34.8%) and women (30.5%), and Utah had the lowest prevalence for both men (14.2%) and women (11.3%).
Source: State-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults- United
States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5253a1.htm
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| • Like their male
counterparts who smoke, women smokers are at increased risk of cancer,
cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary disease. • Women smokers experience unique
risks related to menstrual and reproductive function.
Source: Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General Executive Summary, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5112a4.htm
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This page last reviewed
April 10, 2006
URL: http://www.cdc.gov/women/natstat/smoking.htm
US
Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office of Women's Health
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