Home > Publications and Materials >
Guidelines and Recommendations > STDs and HIV/AIDS
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs and HIV/AIDS)
Guidelines and Recommendations
Below are selected prevention and treatment guidelines, recommendations,
frameworks, approaches, and other documents related to sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Also see related
links on this page.
Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on the use of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on June 8, 2006. This report summarizes the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases, describes the licensed HPV vaccine, and provides recommendations for its use for vaccination among females aged 9-26 years in the United States.
Continuing Education- Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
This activity has been approved for 1.75 contact hours (continuing nursing education); a maximum of 1.75 hours in category 1 credit (continuing medical education credit for non-physicians); a maximum of 1.75 hours in category 1 credit (continuing medical education); and 0.15 continuing education units.
Updated
Recommended Treatment Regimens for Gonococcal Infections and Associated
Conditions- United States, April 2007 (4/17/07)
This page provides updated treatment regimens for uncomplicated gonococcal
infections of the cervix, urethra, and rectum; pelvic inflammatory disease;
and more.
HPV Information for Clinicians
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/hpv-clinicians-brochure.htm
This 36-page
brochure discusses the transmission, prevention, detection and clinical
management of human papillomavirus.
Revised
Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women
in Health-Care Settings
(11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5514a1.htm
These recommendations for HIV testing are intended for all health-care
providers in the public and private sectors. The recommendations address HIV
testing in health-care settings only.
HPV Vaccine: What You Need to Know (Interim Vaccine Information Statement)
(10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hpv.pdf
This two-page fact sheet answers the following questions: what is HPV, why
get vaccinated, who should get HPV vaccine and when, who should not get
vaccinated (or should wait), what are the risks from HPV vaccine, what if
there is a severe reaction, and where to go to learn more.
Dear Colleague
Letter on Risk Behaviors and Methamphetamine
Use
(8/18/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/Dear_colleague/docs/ DearColleagueRiskBehaviorMetUse8-18-2006.pdf
Review this summary of the science and practice of methamphetamine
use and sexual risk, and consider incorporating the suggestions in
prevention and intervention planning to reduce sexually transmitted
infections (including HIV infection) in your communities.
Sexually
Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006 (8/21/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm
These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) were developed by CDC after consultation with a group of
professionals knowledgeable in the field of STDs. Physicians and other
health-care providers play a critical role in preventing and treating STDs,
and these guidelines are intended to assist with that effort.
CDC’s Advisory
Committee Recommends Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
(7/11/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/hpv/default.htm
The Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to recommend that a newly licensed
vaccine designed to protect against human papillomavirus (HPV) be
routinely given to girls when they are 11-12 years old. The ACIP
recommendation also allows for vaccination of girls beginning at nine years
old as well as vaccination of girls and women 13-26 years old. HPV is the
leading cause of cervical cancer in women.
Social Networks Testing: A Community-Based Strategy for Identifying Persons
with Undiagnosed HIV Infection, Interim Guide for HIV Counseling, Testing,
and Referral Programs (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/guidelines/snt/index.htm
One strategy for reaching and providing HIV CTR to
persons with undiagnosed HIV infection is the use of social networks.
Enlisting HIV-positive or high-risk HIV-negative persons (i.e., recruiters)
to encourage people in their network (i.e., network associates) to be tested
for HIV may provide an efficient and effective route to accessing
individuals who are infected, or at very high risk for becoming infected,
with HIV and linking them to services. The social network approach has
proven to be a viable recruitment strategy for reaching people beyond
current partners.
Syphilis Elimination Effort (SEE)
Toolkit (3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/SEE/
This SEE Tool Kit is for public health practitioners responsible for
planning, managing, and developing community coalitions to increase the
awareness of and garner support for their syphilis elimination or
prevention effort. The toolkit includes: a guide that provides advice and
instructions on how to mobilize a community; camera-ready print ads;
brochures, posters, banners, educational materials specifically developed
for health care providers, leaders of the community-based and faith-based
organizations, and for elected officials; sexual-history-taking guide;
Syphilis - A Physicians Pocket Guide; form letters; radio PSAs; resource
guides; tip sheets; and a CD-ROM containing all of the kit materials.
HIV/AIDS and the Flu
(11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/Treatment/hiv-flu.htm
This fact sheet provides questions & answers to guide both the
administration of flu shots and antiviral medications in people with
HIV/AIDS.
Incorporating HIV
Prevention into the Medical Care of Persons Living with HIV (2003)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5212a1.htm
PDF
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5212.pdf
The recommendations apply to incorporating HIV prevention into the medical care of all HIV-infected adolescents and adults, regardless of age,
sex, or race/ethnicity. They are intended for all persons who provide medical care to HIV-infected persons (e.g., physicians, nurse practitioners,
nurses, physician assistants); they might also be useful to those who deliver prevention messages (e.g., case managers, social workers, health
educators). The recommendations were developed by using an evidence-based approach.
Recommendations for Public Health
Surveillance of Syphilis in the United States
(2003)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/SyphSurvReco.pdf
The recommendations were developed for state and local public health programs. The intention of this report is to make the collection and
reporting of syphilis surveillance data more uniform so that data from a variety of sources are comparable.
Advancing HIV
Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic-United States (2003)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5215a1.htm
PDF
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5215.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r030417.htm
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t030417.htm
A new initiative was launched in 2003 to reduce barriers to early diagnosis of HIV infection and increase access to quality medical care,
treatment, and ongoing prevention services. The initiative consists of four key strategies: make HIV testing a routine part of medical care;
implement new models for diagnosing HIV infections outside medical settings; prevent new infections by working with persons diagnosed with HIV and
their partners; and further decrease perinatal HIV transmission. CDC will promote recommendations for routine HIV testing of all pregnant women,
and, as a safety net, for the routine screening of any infant whose mother was not screened. This initiative emphasizes the use of proven public
health approaches to reducing the incidence and spread of disease.
HIV Testing Among
Pregnant Women - United States and Canada, 1998-2001 (2002)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5145a1.htm
PDF
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5145.pdf
To assess the effectiveness of three different prenatal HIV-testing approaches, CDC reviewed prenatal HIV-antibody testing rates associated with
these approaches. Medical record data suggest that the "opt-in" voluntary testing approach is associated with lower testing rates than either the
"opt-out" voluntary testing approach or the mandatory newborn HIV testing approach. Prenatal HIV testing affords the best opportunity for the
prevention of perinatal HIV transmission. On the basis of clinical trial data, perinatal HIV-transmission rates among HIV-infected women who begin
antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy are as low as <2%, compared with 12%-13% early transmission rates among women who do not begin
preventive treatment until labor and delivery or after birth and 25% among women who receive no preventive treatment.
Screening Tests To Detect
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections
(2002)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5115.pdf
This report updates the 1993 guidelines for selecting laboratory tests for C. trachomatis with an emphasis on screening men and women in the
United States. In this report, screening refers to testing persons in the absence of symptoms or signs indicating C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae
infection. In addition, these guidelines consider tests from an economic perspective and expand the previous guidelines to address detection of N.
gonorrhoeae as well as C. trachomatis infections. This report also addresses the need for additional testing after a positive screening test to
improve the specificity of a final diagnosis. These guidelines are intended for laboratorians, clinicians, and managers who must choose among the
multiple available tests, establish standard operating procedures for collecting and processing specimens, interpret test results for laboratory
reporting, and counsel and treat patients. Both infections are often asymptomatic among females; and, if untreated, both can lead to pelvic
inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Screening Tests
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a1.htm
Appendix A
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a2.htm
Appendix B
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a3.htm
Appendix C
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a4.htm
Appendix D
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a5.htm
Appendix E
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a6.htm
Appendix F
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a7.htm
Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Persons
(2002)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5108a1.htm
PDF
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5108.pdf
This fourth edition of the guidelines, made available on the Internet in 2001, is intended for clinicians and other health-care providers who care
for HIV-infected persons. The goal of these guidelines is to provide evidence-based guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections (OIs) among
HIV-infected adults and adolescents, including pregnant women, and HIV-exposed or infected children. Nineteen OIs, or groups of OIs, are
addressed, and recommendations are included for preventing exposure to opportunistic pathogens, preventing first episodes of disease by
chemoprophylaxis or vaccination (primary prophylaxis), and preventing disease recurrence (secondary prophylaxis). Major changes since the last
edition of the guidelines include 1) updated recommendations for discontinuing primary and secondary OI prophylaxis among persons whose CD4+ T
lymphocyte counts have increased in response to antiretroviral therapy; 2) emphasis on screening all HIV-infected persons for infection with
hepatitis C virus; 3) new information regarding transmission of human herpesvirus 8 infection; 4) new information regarding drug interactions,
chiefly related to rifamycins and antiretroviral drugs; and 5) revised recommendations for immunizing HIV-infected adults and adolescents and
HIV-exposed or infected children.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines (2002)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t020509.htm
These guidelines are for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and were developed by CDC after consultation with
a group of professionals. The information in this report updates the 1998 Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Included in
these updated guidelines are new alternative regimens for scabies, bacterial vaginosis, early syphilis, and granuloma inguinale; an expanded
section on the diagnosis of genital herpes (including type-specific serologic tests); new recommendations for treatment of recurrent genital
herpes among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault; expanded
regimens for the treatment of urethral meatal warts; and inclusion of hepatitis C as a sexually transmitted infection. In addition, these
guidelines emphasize education and counseling for persons infected with human papillomavirus, clarify the diagnostic evaluation of congenital
syphilis, and present information regarding the emergence of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and implications for treatment.
Recommendations also are provided for vaccine-preventable STDs, including hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
Revised Guidelines for HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral (CTR) (2001)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5019a1.htm
PDF (p. 1)
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5019.pdf
These Guidelines and Recommendations replace guidelines previously issued by CDC and the Public Health Service. The new Counseling, Testing and
Referral guidelines include the following significant revisions: providing guidance to all providers of voluntary HIV counseling, testing and
referral (CTR), both in the public and private sectors; underscoring the importance of early knowledge of HIV status by making testing more
accessible and available; acknowledging providers' need for flexibility in implementing the guidelines, given their particular client base,
setting, HIV prevalence level, and available resources; recommending that CTR be targeted efficiently through risk screening and other strategies;
and addressing ways to improve the quality and provision of HIV CTR.
Revised
Recommendations for HIV Screening of Pregnant Women (2001)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5019a2.htm
PDF (p. 59)
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5019.pdf
These Guidelines and Recommendations replace guidelines previously issued by CDC and the Public Health Service. Major revisions to the 1995
Screening of Pregnant Women recommendations include: emphasizing HIV testing as a routine part of prenatal care; strengthening the recommendation
that all pregnant women be tested for HIV; recommending simplification of the testing process and making the consent process more flexible;
recommending that providers explore and address reasons for refusal of testing; and emphasizing HIV testing and treatment at the time of delivery
for women who have neither received prenatal testing nor antiretroviral drugs, if HIV-positive.
Bright Ideas 2001: Innovative
or Promising Practices in HIV Prevention & Planning
(2001)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/brightideas.pdf
Bright Ideas 2001 follows the huge success of Bright Ideas 2000, shared for the first time one year ago at the Community Planning Leadership
Summit for HIV Prevention in Los Angeles. Presented are another set of practices identified as noteworthy or promising, to better share and
network about strategies to increase the effectiveness of community planning and HIV prevention in the nation.
Compendium of
HIV Prevention Interventions with Evidence of Effectiveness (2001-Revision)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/hivcompendium/hivcompendium.htm
PDF
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/hivcompendium/HIVcompendium.pdf
CDC developed this Compendium to respond to prevention service providers, planners, and others who request science-based interventions that work.
All interventions selected for this Compendium came from behavioral or social studies that had both intervention and control/comparison groups and
positive results for behavioral or health outcomes. The Compendium provides state-of-the-science information about interventions with evidence of
reducing sex-and/or drug-related risks, and the rate of HIV/STD infections. These interventions have been effective with a variety of populations,
e.g., clinic patients, heterosexual men and women, high-risk youth, incarcerated populations, injection drug users, and men who have sex with men.
They have been delivered to individuals, groups, and communities in settings such as storefronts, gay bars, health centers, housing communities,
and schools. (November, 1999; Revised 2001)
Appendix: Revised
Surveillance Case Definition for HIV Infection (1999)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4813a2.htm
This revised definition of HIV infection, which applies to any HIV (e.g., HIV-1 or HIV-2), is intended for public health surveillance only. It
incorporates the reporting criteria for HIV infection and AIDS into a single case definition.
Guidelines for
National HIV Case Surveillance, Including Monitoring for HIV Infection and AIDS (1999)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4813a1.htm
PDF
![PDF](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/acro_sm.gif)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4813.pdf
CDC and CSTE recommend that all states require reporting to public health surveillance of all cases of perinatal HIV exposure in infants, the
earliest diagnosis of HIV infection (exclusive of anonymous tests) and the earliest diagnosis of AIDS in persons of all ages, and deaths among
these persons (4,33). Such reporting should constitute the core minimum performance standard for HIV/AIDS surveillance in all states and
territories. CDC provides federal funds and technical assistance to states to establish and conduct active HIV/AIDS surveillance programs. On the
basis of feasibility, needs, and resources, areas may be funded to implement additional surveillance activities (e.g., supplemental research and
evaluation studies and serologic surveys), but these approaches might not be necessary in all areas. The following recommended practices update
and revise the CDC Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Surveillance released in 1996 and updated in 1998 as a technical guide for state and local HIV/AIDS
surveillance programs (34,73-75). Recommended practices represent CDC's guidance for best public health practice based on available scientific
data. Programmatic standards set minimum requirements for states to receive support from CDC for HIV/AIDS surveillance activities.
Related Links
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Women’s Health Topics A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/std.htm
Guide to Community Preventive
Services
http://www.cdc.gov/epo/communityguide.htm
![Go to top](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090116025538im_/http://www.cdc.gov/women/images/totop.gif)
This site contains documents in PDF format. You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader
to access the file. If you do not have the Acrobat Reader, you may download a
free copy from the
Adobe Web site.
Home | Site Map |
Contact Us
Privacy Policy |
Disclaimer | Accessibility
CDC Home |
Search |
Health Topics A-Z
This page last reviewed April 17, 2007
This page last updated
January 4, 2008
URL: http://www.cdc.gov/women/gderecom/std.htm
US
Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office of Women's Health
|