Fire Fighting and Prevention Downloadable Mining Publications

Experiments were conducted with mine conveyor belt samples in a 20-L furnace and in a laboratory fire tunnel to measure and compare the major toxic gas concentrations evolved during the combustion of the materials. The toxic gas concentrations, measured simultaneously through a multiport sampling device and treated as yield values, included hydrogen chloride (HO), hydrogen cyanide (HeN), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x treated as NO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO).  (PDF, 220 KB, 1996)

This report analyzes mine fires for all U.S. underground and surface metal/nonmetal mining categories during 1990-2001 by state and six successive 2-year time periods. (PDF, 1793 KB, 2004-11)

This report analyzes mine fires for all U.S. underground and surface coal mining categories by state and 2-year time periods during 1990-1999. (PDF, 1611 KB, 2004-09)

This U.S. Bureau of Mines publication is an analysis of 164 underground coal mine fire incidents occurring in the United States during the 15 years from 1978 through 1992. Fires were analyzed by year, State, coalbed thickness, mine size, mining method, ignition source, burning substance, location, equipment involved, detection method, time of day, time of year, number of injuries and fatalities, method of extinguishment, and evacuation measures taken. (PDF, 5674 KB, 1995)

This paper presents a discussion of the firefighting approach at the Excel No. 3 Mine and an analysis of the results of the application of gas-enhanced foam technology. (PDF, 1881 KB, 2005)

This project investigates the behavior of blast waves from the detonation of high explosives in an underground mine. (PDF, 747 KB, 1995)
                                   

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program was used to model buoyancy induced Product-Of-Combustion (POC) spread from experimental fires in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL), safety research coal mine. (PDF, 384 KB, 1999)

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program was applied to fire spread along combustibles in a ventilated mine entry. The rate of flame spread was evaluated for the ribs and roof of a coal mine entry, timber sets, and a conveyor belt. The CFD program predicted a flame spread rate of 0.0145 m/sec for an actual coal mine fire in which the estimated flame spread rate was 0.0086 m/sec. This overestimated flame spread rate was a possible consequence of the presence of inert materials in the mine entrys roof and ribs. (PDF, 178 KB, 2006)

In the present study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program is used as a design tool to model floor-level fires in a ventilated tunnel. (PDF, 397 KB, 2001)

Five mine fire experiments were conducted in a 2.08-m-high, 2.90-m-wide ventilated mine entry in NIOSH's Safety Research Coal Mine to determine the effect of the dispersion of carbon monoxide (CO) on mine fire detection. The criterion that the mine fire alarms occur within 15 min of the onset of flaming combustion could not be consistently met with the 10-ppm CO alarm. This suggests the use of lower CO alarm values or reduced CO sensor spacings for mine fire protection. It is demonstrated how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to model the CO dispersion downwind from the fire in support of a plan to optimize sensor spacings. (PDF, 338 KB, 2006-06)

An evaluation of the comparative responses of five types of commercially available smoke detectors and a diffusion-mode CO detector under normal and reduced airflow conditions. (PDF, 1000 KB, 1996)

A report on research to determine the alarm times of smoke and carbon monoxide sensors and a point type heat sensor to slowly developing coal-conveyor belt fires. (PDF, 505 KB, 1995)

Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the spontaneous heating of coals in longwall gob areas with different apparent activation energies and reaction surface areas. The results are reported in this paper. (PDF, 599 KB, 2007)

Laser-based instruments are used in areas where coal dust ignition presents a safety hazard. NIOSH is conducting a study to help determine when an optical beam may be considered a potential ignition source in underground coal mines or coal storage facilities. (PDF, 94 KB, 2003-08)

Discusses a study that used a CFD program (fire dynamics simulator) based on large eddy simulations (LES) to model floor-level fires in a ventilated tunnel. The CFD results are compared with two simple theories of critical ventilation. (PDF, 528 KB, 2005-04)

Mine seals can be remotely constructed in underground coal mines through vertical boreholes when direct access to a fire is impossible or considered to be too dangerous. Full-scale remote mine seal construction research is being conducted at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) Lake Lynn Laboratory (LLL). Under this effort, Howard Concrete Pumping Company and GAI Consultants Inc. have joined forces to evaluate a potentially significant improvement to the current state of the art. This paper covers the development of novel technology for remote mine seal construction, the evaluation of the materials used, the construction practice and the follow-up testing. (PDF, 1963 KB, 2006-01)

Covers development of novel technology for remote mine seal construction, evaluation of the materials used, construction practice, and follow-up testing. (PDF, 1800 KB, 2004)

This U.S. Bureau of Mines study examined spontaneous heating episodes in coal mine pillars in an active underground coal mine. The objective of this study was to discover if the location of future events of pillar spontaneous heating could be inferred from the available information. (PDF, 332 KB, 1995)

Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Reports of Investigation, MSHA Mine Accident Reports, and the MSHA Mining Industry Accident, Injuries, Employment, and Production Database were analyzed, and interviews and observations with mine workers and welders were conducted to determine the root causes of coal mine fires and explosions caused by flame cutting and welding operations. This paper discusses the root causes and potential means to reduce the number of fires and resulting fatalities and injuries caused by or due to flame cutting and welding. (PDF, 246 KB, 2006-06)

Mine trailing cables operated above safe thermal limits can cause premature insulation failure, increasing electrocution and fire hazards. This paper describes a unique approach to measuring temperatures within reeled cable under dynamic test conditions. (PDF, 63 KB, 1998-03)

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a study to determine if commercially available automatic sprinklers could withstand the high static pressures in deep underground coal mines without leaking and if exposure to the mine environment affected their leak pressures. (PDF, 2218 KB, 1993)

NIOSH conducted a series of large-scale experiments to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various concentrations of an inert gas mixture for preventing and suppressing cab fires. This has led to the choice of an optimum gas mixture concentration, discharged in the cab through a muffled nozzle system, for the development of a dual cab fire inerting system. Safety training programs need to accompany this technology. It is important to provide the operator not only with an engine fire suppression system but also with a cab fire protection system, effective both in preventing the ignition of flammable vapors in the cab and suppressing cab material fires. (PDF, 558 KB, 2007)

The results of field tests to understand how ventilation and gob characteristics affect the spontaneous heating process causing spontaneous combustion fires in longwall or worked-out gob areas are presented. (PDF, 200 KB, 2008-06)

Reports on the evaluation of water mist for the suppression of underground mine fires, such as fires in diesel fuel storage areas. (PDF, 207 KB, 2004-09)

A series of laboratory evaluations examined the impact of water spray pressure, curtain setback distance, and external and underboom spray use for controlling respirable dust levels and sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas concentrations around a continuous mining machine. (PDF, 132 KB, 2006)

This paper discusses wood crib fire tests, conducted by NIOSH and MSHA, provides insight into the products of combustion and describes observations made during the application of the fire suppression agents. (PDF, 675 KB, 2008)

NIOSH and MSHA are conducting research to test, evaluate, improve or modify coal mine fire-fighting strategies and methodologies through large-scale tests. Since wood is the second most abundant fuel available during a coal mine fire, it was decided that series of large-scale wood crib fire tests were needed to measure the products of combustion and to observe the capability of commonly available direct application fire suppression equipment, namely, fire extinguishers, water and gas-enhanced foam. This paper discusses the wood crib fire tests, provides insight into the products of combustion and describes observations made during the application of the fire suppression agents. (PDF, 838 KB, 2007-12)

Improvements in remote firefighting technology are needed to reduce miner exposure to the dangers of fires and possibly save the lives of those who may become trapped. NIOSH, in cooperation with U.S. Foam Technologies, Inc., conducted a series of experiments at the NIOSH Lake Lynn Experimental Mine to study the stability, transport, control, and fire extinguishing effectiveness of nitrogen-enhanced foam technology. This paper describes the mine test configurations and experimental results. (PDF, 968 KB, 2005)

NIOSH is conducting full-scale underground experiments at its Lake Lynn Experimental Mine to identify and remedy existing shortcomings of remote sealing technology in order to develop novel technologies and to transfer the new or improved technologies to the mining industry. This paper discusses the remote mine seal testing program and provides the results of the in-mine experiments. (PDF, 1592 KB, 2006)

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the integrity of the existing shutoff valves and actuators used under high-temperature conditions in the Bureau of Mines horizontal borehole methane drainage pipeline system and to determine the potential for improvement in the system. Based on the test results, it was concluded that the brass ball valve used in the Bureau methane drainage pipeline system can be retrofitted with an inexpensive fire bag to substantially increase its integrity under mine fire conditions. (PDF, 994 KB, 1986)

Six smoke detectors were measured with respect to visually obscuring smoke characterized by a corresponding optical density for smoldering and flaming coal combustion in a smoke chamber. The responsive characteristics of the detectors evaluated with respect to known smoke conditions in the smoke chamber shows their potential for use as mine fire sensors or part of a mine atmospheric monitoring system to improve mine safety. (PDF, 235 KB, 1995)

Results of diesel fuel fire experiments conducted to determine the critical air velocity for preventing smoke rollback. Experimental results compared very well with model predictions based upon a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) fire dynamics simulator. (PDF, 362 KB, 2006)

Results of diesel fuel fire experiments conducted to determine the critical air velocity for preventing smoke rollback. Experimental results compared very well with model predictions based upon a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) fire dynamics simulator. (PDF, 282 KB, 2005)

This paper presents experimental results for conveyor belt flame spread from tests conducted in a small-scale tunnel. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of belt type, ventilation velocity, belt surface-to-roof distance and ignition source power on the flame spread properties. (PDF, 377 KB, 2007)

This final report was prepared by the Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining. It provides a review and recommendations concerning the utilization of belt air and the composition and fire retardant properties of belt materials in underground coal mining. (PDF, 1427 KB, 2007-12)

This report details the results of a series of large-scale experiments where small coal fires were used to ignite the conveyor belt at air velocities ranging from 0.76 to 6.1 M/s. Temperature, CO, and smoke levels were continuously measured to determine alarm time and level as the fire intensity progressed through the stages of smoldering coal, flaming coal, and flaming coal plus flaming belt. Analysis of the data leads to certain conditions of air velocity and sensor alarm levels that are required for early detection of conveyor belt entry fires. (PDF, 1319 KB, 1991)

The Code of Federal Regulations Title 30, Parts 56, 57, 75, and 77 require that detonators and explosives be separated by four inches of hardwood or equivalents when transported together in mines. The research reported here is an attempt to quantify the fire protection offered by four inches of red oak and other materials. (PDF, 1400 KB, 1997)

Two mine fire experiments were conducted in the NIOSH Pittsburgh Research Laboratorys Safety Research Coal Mine that demonstrated that smoke from diesel-fuel fires of 500- and 660-kW heat-release rates in a return airway can develop, without causing a complete airflow reversal, into a roof layer that can migrate upwind, forming a counterflow to the primary airflow in a crosscut. Subsequently, smoke can penetrate into an intake airway and create a hazardous atmosphere in the intake airway upwind from the fire. (PDF, 1589 KB, 2006-06)

Reports on a USBM study of three gel sealant systems used to minimize air ingress to areas in the mine that can undergo self-heatings and specifically mines that sustain both floor heave and self-heatings. (PDF, 2950 KB, 1995)

A study of the ignition of non-fire-resistant hydraulic fluid sprays was conducted by NIOSH. Both an open flame and a hot steel surface were used as the external heat sources. (PDF, 188 KB, 2006)

An evaluation of multiple mine fire sensor types for nuisance alarm discrimination. The response of multiple fire sensor types to three small coal fires and three small conveyor belt fires in the presence of diesel emissions was evaluated. (PDF, 322 KB, 2002)

Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of a small, portable, data-logging particle monitor modified from commercial smoke alarm technology that can meet the needs of surveys in the developing world at reasonable cost. There is significant potential for this monitor to facilitate the evaluation of interventions (improved fuels, stoves, and ventilation) on indoor air pollution levels. (PDF, 1986 KB, 2006)

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) has developed an inflatable feed-tube seal (IFTS) for high-expansion foam generators. The IFTS is a lightweight, portable, rectangular inflatable bag that can be used by firefighters to rapidly seal large openings, such as those in underground mines, and to simultaneously provide a feed-tube for a high-expansion foam generator. Thus allows fire-fighting foam to freely flow to the fire site and control or extinguish the fire. Studies indicated that a high-expansion foam plug will travel 183 m (600 ft) down an entry with a 4.5% rise in elevation, before leakage of foam from around the inflatable partition. (PDF, 954 KB, 1995-06)

This paper describes the in-mine evaluation of a smart mine fire sensor system and discusses recommendations for improving the system. (PDF, 433 KB, 2008)

An report on the evaluation of smoke detectors placed in conveyor belt entries of underground coal mines. Recommendations for performance standards, sensitivity tests, detector classification and maintenance are also presented. (PDF, 1553 KB, 1992)

The current state of the art of fire and smoke detection technology is reviewed from the standpoint of suitability for use in underground metal and nonmetal mines. Detection modes, fire signatures, and environmental considerations are included. Preliminary results of long-term, in-mine tests are presented. (PDF, 3024 KB, 1978-10)

During the past 15 years the number of reportable mine fires has declined. A decline in the number of reportable fires is a gross indicator that allows experts to say something about the underground coal industry generally: There has been some improvement in overall mine fire preparedness. However, such an indicator is less reliable as a predictor of readiness at any particular operation. (PDF, 152 KB, 1998)

MFIRE is a computer simulation program that performs normal ventilation network planning calculations, and dynamic transient state simulation of ventilation networks under a variety of conditions. This user manual describes the development of MFIRE, the input format and requirements, the output, common errors, fire parameters, and examples MFIRE application. (PDF, 968 KB, 1995-08)

A series of four coal combustion experiments was conducted at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory in the Safety Research Coal Mine to evaluate the response of optical and ionization smoke and CO sensors to a small 0.61 m square smoldering coal fire which transitions to flaming combustion in the presence of diesel emissions. (PDF, 163 KB, 1999)

A report on a series of four coal combustion experiments conducted at the NIOSH (PRL) Safety Research Coal Mine (SRCM) to evaluate the response of fire sensors to a small 0.61 m square smoldering coal fire which transitions to flaming combustion in the presence of diesel emissions. (PDF, 582 KB, 1999)

Report on a series of diesel fuel fire experiments were conducted in the Pittsburgh Research Center's Safety Research Coal mine (SRCM) to determine products-of-combustion (POC) spread rates along a single entry under zero imposed airflow conditions. (PDF, 413 KB, 1997-02)

The U.S. Bureau of Mines applied its mine fire diagnostic method to an abandoned anthracite mine fire site in Carbondale, Lackawanna County, PA. (PDF, 3307 KB, 1992)

Report on the application of a neural-network program using mine sensor data to classify the type of fire. (PDF, 201 KB, 2000)
                                             

NIOSH conducted research with US Foam Technologies, Inc., and On Site Gas Systems, Inc., on the remote application of extinguishing agents with the intent of improving deployment strategies to limit miner exposure and to help ensure the best possible outcome during a mine fire. (PDF, 336 KB, 2006)

Researchers determined that a selection of different types of fire sensors could be used to discriminate mine fires from nuisance emissions produced by diesel equipment. A neural network (NN) was developed for application to coal, wood, and conveyor belt fires in the presence of diesel emissions and was evaluated with the successful prediction of 22 out of 23 mine fires based on a fire probability determination. The optimum sensor selection for the NN was composed of a carbon monoxide sensor, two types of metal oxide semiconductor sensors, and an optical-path smoke sensor. (PDF, 333 KB, 2003-12)

Results of experiments to train a neural network to detect coal and styrene-butadiene-rubber conveyor belting fires. Six of the seven experiments were conducted in the presence of diesel exhaust. (PDF, 291 KB, 2002-10)

NIOSH is conducting a comprehensive program of research addressing metal/nonmetal and coal mine fire prevention, detection and suppression. They include the areas of spontaneous combustion, flame cutting and welding, conveyor belt fire suppression and remote methods for addressing coal mine fires. (PDF, 153 KB, 2008-05)

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A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted to model effects of coal properties on the potential for spontaneous heating in longwall gob (mined-out) areas. (PDF, 1141 KB, 2008)

Several experimental programs were conducted at the Pittsburgh Research Center to investigate the level of mine fire detection and alarm capability possible using state-of-the-art technology. (PDF, 874 KB, 1998)

The Bureau of Mines conducted experiments for predicting materials' ease of combustion (smoldering onset, smoldering, flaming, and decomposition rates) by means of sub micrometer smoke particle characteristics of the development of a simple test method. (PDF, 1455 KB, 1992)

The purpose of this study was to determine mine workers' state of fire-fighting preparedness and the technology being used to detect and respond to underground coal mine fires. To investigate this problem, 214 underground coal miners were interviewed. Frequency distributions of workers' responses are presented, along with segments of narrative accounts, to profile miners' fire-fighting capabilities. The data indicated that much variability exists from mine to mine and that there are several important changes operators may undertake in order to make miners better prepared to deal with fire underground. (PDF, 5633 KB, 1996)

The necessity for protection against the hazards of lightning manifests itself from time to time in the mining industry by reason of loss of life, damage to electrical equipment, fires in surface structures at mines, and accidents in the handling and use of explosives. This paper is intended to assemble, correlate, and present some of the salient points embodied in the available literature on the subject and at the same time give some factual data concerning instances of such loss of life and damage to property, with special application to the mining industry. (PDF, 1289 KB, 1948-04)

This study ranks the factors impacting survival during a coal mine fire. These authors found that a combination of actions was most effective. This combination was: installing lifelines; moderately decreasing air leakage; and decreasing the fire growth rate. (PDF, 675 KB, 1993)

This paper discusses a series of large-scale experiments conducted by NIOSH to evaluate the effectiveness of optical flame detectors, photoelectric smoke detectors, and combined ionization and photoelectric smoke detectors for rapidly detecting mining equipment cab fires. (PDF, 557 KB, 2008-01)

Discusses implementation of a real-time neural network which can discriminate mine fires from nuisance diesel emissions as part of an atmospheric mine monitoring system in NIOSH's Safety Research Coal Mine. (PDF, 170 KB, 2004-05)

This paper describes NIOSH research on methods to reduce the fire hazards associated with large mining equipment, including the use of cab inerting systems to prevent the ignition of flammable vapors inside the cab and suppress fires originating in the cab. (PDF, 431 KB, 2008-09)

This paper presents a summary of remote mine firefighting technologies used in U.S. underground coal mines and the results of completed NIOSH research in that area. (PDF, 791 KB, 2007)

NIOSH is conducting full-scale tests at its Lake Lynn Experimental Mine to evaluate and improve remote mine seal construction technology. The main focus of this work is to develop reliable technology that will completely close the mine opening from floor to roof and from rib to rib. This paper presents the results of remote seal installations using grout-based materials. (PDF, 1094 KB, 2006-03)

A revision of a previous Bureau of Mines publication, this IC provides the history, method of preparation and details regarding the proper use of the Ringlemann Smoke Chart. (PDF, 1592 KB, 1967-05)

Laboratory and field testing results are presented for reducing dust and/or gas ignitions associated with blasting operations in oil shale and sulfide ore mining applications. (PDF, 2935 KB, 1995)

To provide insights for the optimization of bleederless ventilation systems for U.S. underground coal mines, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted to model the spontaneous heating in longwall gob areas using a bleederless ventilation system. (PDF, 450 KB, 2008-08)

The reversal of smoke products-of-combustion from a mine fire was determined in a mine section with the airway connectivity of an electrical Wheatstone bridge. Four diesel-fuel fire experiments with fire heat-release rates between 504 and 771 kW were conducted in NIOSH's Safety Research Coal Mine. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the smoke movement agreed with the measurements. (PDF, 522 KB, 2006)

An investigation of the combustion products of typical materials found in underground mines. The results are combined with previous analyses to estimate relative toxicities, product levels and detectability of smoldering mine combustibles. (PDF, 1070 KB, 1992-01)

This report is a summary of the work accomplished during the performance of the project titled "Specialized Fortran Computer Programming and Analysis Services to Upgrade Capability of MFIRE Program". This project investigated and corrected algorithm convergence errors in MFIRE versions 1.29 (for dry case) and 2.01/2.0 (for both dry and wet cases), resulting in MFIRE software upgrades 1.30 and 2.10, respectively. (PDF, 19078 KB, 1994-12)

The United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) developed sponcom to aid in the assessment of the spontaneous combustion risk of an underground mining operation. (PDF, 838 KB, 1996-01)

This paper presents a summary of recent research accomplishments in a programn of research that is addressing mine fire prevention, detection, management and suppression. It also provides an overview of the next phase of the NIOSH mine fire research program. (PDF, 176 KB, 2008)

An existing computer program for mine ventilation network is modified so that it can simulate ventilation conditions under the influence of mine fires. The resulting new program is designed for the practical ventilation engineer and should be applicable to all types of ventilation emergency plans, in particular mine fire plans. The organization of the program and its mathematical basis are described. (PDF, 21500 KB, 1977-09)

The U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated the product-of-combustion (POC) characteristics of combustible materials used in typical coal mining operations in a series of experiments conducted in an intermediate-scale fire tunnel. The materials examined include wood cribs, transformer fluid, coal, conveyor belting, brattice cloth, and ventilation ducting. POC levels will vary not only between materials but also between stages of combustion and the conditions in which they are burning. This report summarizes the POC characteristics of each material and evaluates their effectiveness for early warning mine fire detection. (PDF, 1052 KB, 1990)

Mine fires can be especially perilous because toxic products can quickly spread well beyond the fire zone thereby exposing all underground miners to dangerous and deadly conditions. This paper provides a review of the available materials and technology used to remotely construct mine seals through vertical boreholes. (PDF, 186 KB, 2002)

An expert system computer program is described that can predict the spontaneous combustion potential of a mining operation. (PDF, 73 KB, 1994-10)
                            

Describes a device to enable mine operators and mine inspectors to make quick and accurate measurements of the explosive nature of coal and rock dust mixtures. (PDF, 142 KB, 1997-07)

During an interview, Mr Kuhn spent about two hours describing the Farmington disaster, including the workplace climate leading up to the explosion, the events that took place in the 10 days after the explosion, and the nearly 10-year effort to safely and successfully recover most of the victims' bodies. This is the edited version of that interview. (PDF, 986 KB, 2002-03)

Experience, it is said, is the best teacher. Some experiences, however, should be shared so that no one else will ever have to live through them again. The fire at the Sunshine Mine is one such experience. (PDF, 173 KB, 2002-08)

In an effort to determine the effectiveness of multiple types of fire sensors for early and reliable mine fire detection, NIOSH has evaluated multiple sensors for early mine fire detection and nuisance signal discrimination. (PDF, 202 KB, 2002-09)

A fire detection research program conducted at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL) recently demonstrated the advantage of multiple fire sensors for early fire detection and nuisance alarm discrimination in underground coal mines. (PDF, 348 KB, 2001-07)

Over the years, more than 20,000 mine seals have been erected in underground coal mines in the United States. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is conducting research to develop design guidelines, to investigate noninvasive techniques to characterize seal strength properties, and to evaluate seal test methods. (PDF, 8648 KB, 2002-02)

Experiments were conducted to determine the optical scattering properties of diesel particulate matter (DPM) and various combustion aerosols from both flaming and smoldering combustion sources at discrete angles of 151 and 301 in the forward direction and at a light source wavelength of 635nm using a simple light scattering module. (PDF, 300 KB, 2002-06)

This paper presents an overview of remote mine sealing technology, introduces the use of Rocsil® foam for remote mine seal installations, offers a case study of the use of this rigid foam material to remotely construct a temporary in-mine seal and discusses technology improvements. (PDF, 1129 KB, 2008-02)

This paper describes a relatively simple indirect model for the parametric water injection process to extinguish diesel fuel fires in underground mine diesel refueling areas. (PDF, 393 KB, 1998)