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Our transcription: The first of these is "hydraulic action." The turbulence of a rapidly flowing stream applies vertical forces that can lift sedimentary grains off of the bottom. The flowing current also pushes against these particles and carries them downstream. If you've ever waded across a river and felt the sandy bottom moving beneath your feet, you've experienced hydraulic action first hand. The faster the river flows, the greater the turbulence, and the swirling flow of a very rapid stream can even wrench chunks of fractured bedrock off of the channel bottom.
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