CHAPTER 4. SERVICES

This chapter provides trend analyses, by service, for the past 5 years (2002–2006) of State expenditures. The chapter also outlines expenditure and recipient data for each of the 29 service categories to provide an understanding of how States expended the Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) allocation and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant transfer funds. It also includes a section that illustrates the various methods of providing services.

SSBG 5-Year Expenditure Trends: 2002–2006^[21]

Five-year trend analyses are provided for the five service categories that had the highest SSBG expenditures in 2006—child day care, child foster care, adult protective services, child protective services, and special services for individuals with disabilities. In addition, trends are provided regarding expenditures for administrative costs. Trend analyses for eight additional service categories with the most variance between 2002 and 2006 are summarized by service categories where expenditures have declined, and service categories where expenditures have increased. These trends provide an overall picture of how SSBG expenditures for specific services have changed during the past 5 years at the national level. It is important to note that although the Federal SSBG allocation has remained constant, funds transferred into the SSBG from TANF have decreased by $11 million (1%) from 2002 to 2006. (See chapter 2, figure 2–2.) Also, changes at the national level are sometimes driven by changes in a small number of large States. Different States may be included in the totals for different years, because States have the flexibility to use SSBG funds for different services each year. (See appendix D for service definitions.)

Five Largest SSBG Expenditure Categories

Trend data for the five service categories receiving the largest amount of SSBG expenditures in 2006 are examined here.

Figure 4–1 Child Day Care Services, SSBG Expenditures, 2002–2006 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2002	$205	44
2003	$165	41
2004	$254	41
2005	$241	42
2006	$220	41

• The highest amount of expenditures for child day care during the past 5 years was $254.1 million (41 States) during 2004. The expenditures for this service increased by 7 percent, from $205.3 million (44 States) in 2002 to $220.5 million (41 States) in 2006. (See figure 4–1.)

Figure 4–2 Child Foster Care Services, SSBG Expenditures, 2002–2006 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2002	$264	37
2003	$332	35
2004	$332	37
2005	$359	38
2006	$410	27

• The largest expenditure category for 2006 was child foster care services. During the past 5 years, there was an increase of 57 percent in expenditures for child foster care services. The expenditures for this service increased from $263.8 million (37 States) in 2002 to $413.3 million (37 States) in 2006. (See figure 4–2.)

Figure 4–3 Home-Based Services, SSBG Expenditures, 2002–2006 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2002	$153	34
2003	$147	34
2004	$134	34
2005	$169	37
2006	$204	37

• Expenditures for adult protective services fell between 2002 ($153.4 million for 34 States) and 2004 ($134.2 million for 34 States). Expenditures then increased from $134.2 million in 2004 to $203.8 million in 2006 (for 37 States). Thus, 2006 expenditures were 33 percent more than the expenditures during 2002. (See figure 4–3.)

Figure 4–4 Child Protective Services, SSBG Expenditures, 2002–2006 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2002	$330	40
2003	$217	39
2004	$194	38
2,005	$257	41
2,006	$312	42

• In 2002, child protective services received the largest amount of SSBG funds ($330.0 million for 40 States). Expenditures for this service decreased to $194.3 million for 38 States in 2004 and increased to $312.2 million for 42 States in 2006. There was an overall decrease of 5 percent from 2002 to 2006. (See figure 4–4.)

Figure 4–5 Special Services for Individuals with Disabilities, SSBG Expenditures, 2002–2006 (in millions)
Year	SSBG Expenditures	Number of States
2002	$328	28
2003	$342	27
2004	$336	27
2005	$255	27
2006	$388	26

• Expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities increased by 18 percent from 2002 ($328.4 million for 28 States) to 2006 ($387.8 million for 26 States). (See figure 4–5.)

Decline in Expenditures

In addition to a decline in expenditures for child protective services identified above, there have been declines in expenditures for counseling services, employment services, independent/transitional living services, recreation services, and substance abuse services. A detailed description of the percentage and dollar amount decreases in these service categories during the past 5 years is provided below.

• Expenditures for counseling services declined 36 percent between 2002 and 2006, from $37.0 million for 24 States to $23.9 million for 22 States. The largest decrease occurred during 2003 (a decrease of $12.1 million), and the expenditures have remained constant since that year.
• Since 2002 ($47.8 million for 15 States), expenditures for employment services have decreased 70 percent to $14.1 million for 11 States in 2006.
• Expenditures for independent/transitional living services were almost 2.5 times more in 2002 ($20.0 million for 17 States) than in 2004 ($8.0 million for 17 States). Overall, expenditures have declined by 54 percent from 2002 to 2006, to $9.2 million (18 States) in 2006.
• There has been a 37 percent decline in expenditures for recreation services, from $2.3 million (10 States) in 2002 to $1.5 million (8 States) in 2006.
• Expenditures for substance abuse services steadily declined from $14.0 million for 2002 (14 States) to $5.8 million in 2006 (12 States). This is a 59 percent decrease during the 5-year period.

Increase in Expenditures

In addition to increases in expenditures in child day care services, child foster care services, adult protective services, and special services for individuals with disabilities, there has been an overall increase in expenditures for housing services, pregnancy and parenting services, and adult foster care services.

• Expenditures for housing services increased by 69 percent from 2002 ($9.4 million for 12 States) to 2006 ($15.9 million for 11 States).
• Expenditures for pregnancy and parenting increased by 55 percent from 2002 ($4.9 million for 12 states) to 2006 ($7.6 million for 10 states).
• Expenditures for adult foster care services declined by 49 percent from 2002 ($13.0 million for 13 States) to 2003 ($6.7 million for 13 States). However, in 2006, the expenditures increased to $38.1 million for 14 States—almost 3 times more than in 2002.

Appendix F, table F–9, provides greater detail regarding SSBG expenditure trends from 2002 to 2006.

2006 SSBG Service Expenditures

This section provides information on the number of States that reported any expenditure for each of the 29 service categories. Also, this section reports the following information and analyses about expenditures and recipients for each of the 29 service categories.

• The amount of SSBG expenditures for a particular service and the State that accounted for the greatest percentage of that amount;
• The amount of TANF transfer expenditures used to support the service and the number of States that reported TANF transfer expenditures for that service;
• The States that reported at least 25 percent of their SSBG expenditures for the service, if any, or the State that reported the highest percentage of its expenditures for that service; and
• The number of individuals who received the service, as well as the percentages of children and adults.

Appendix F, tables F–3, F–6, F–7, and F–8, provides greater detail regarding the funding and recipients of specific social services within each State.

Adoption Services

Twenty-five States reported SSBG expenditures for adoption services.

• SSBG expenditures for adoption services were $34 million; New Mexico accounted for 12 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 42 percent ($15 million) of SSBG expenditures for adoption services—15 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Two States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were for adoption services—Alaska (42%) and New Mexico (39%).
• Approximately 154,000 children received adoption services funded by the SSBG.^[22]

Case Management

Twenty-eight States reported SSBG expenditures for case management.

• SSBG expenditures for case management were $184 million; Missouri accounted for 18 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 31 percent ($58 million) of SSBG expenditures for case management—15 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Nine States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were for case management services—Missouri (60%), Tennessee (58%), Puerto Rico (49%), Utah (42%), New Jersey (40%), Iowa (38%), Nebraska (37%), Rhode Island (32%), and Minnesota (25%).
• Three million individuals (45% children, 55% adults) received case management services funded by the SSBG.

Congregate Meals

Twelve States reported SSBG expenditures for congregate meals.

• SSBG expenditures for congregate meals were $6 million; Oklahoma accounted for 76 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 2 percent ($110,000) of SSBG expenditures for congregate meals—three States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Oklahoma, 13 percent of SSBG expenditures were for congregate meals.
• Approximately 97,000 individuals (4% children, 96% adults) benefited from congregate meals funded by the SSBG.

Counseling Services

Twenty-two States reported SSBG expenditures for counseling services.

• SSBG expenditures for counseling services were $24 million; Illinois accounted for 21 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 13 percent ($3 million) of SSBG expenditures for counseling services—nine States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In North Dakota, 60 percent of SSBG expenditures were for counseling services.
• Approximately 152,000 individuals (55% children, 45% adults) accessed counseling services funded by the SSBG.

Day Care—Adults

Twenty-two States reported SSBG expenditures for adult day care.

• SSBG expenditures for adult day care were $16 million; Texas accounted for 37 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for less than 1 percent ($19,000) of SSBG expenditures spent on adult day care—two States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In New Mexico, 9 percent of SSBG expenditures were for adult day care.
• Approximately 55,000 adults attended adult day care programs that were funded by the SSBG.

Day Care—Children

Forty-one States reported SSBG expenditures for child day care.

• SSBG expenditures for child day care were $220 million; New York accounted for 31 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 31 percent ($68 million) of SSBG expenditures for child day care—15 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Three States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were for child day care—Delaware (52%), Connecticut (34%), and Pennsylvania (27%).
• Approximately 4.8 million children attended child day care programs funded by the SSBG.^[23]

Education and Training Services

Sixteen States reported SSBG expenditures for education and training services.

• SSBG expenditures for education and training services were $20 million; Indiana accounted for 75 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 5 percent ($1 million) of SSBG expenditures for education and training services—four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Indiana, 41 percent of SSBG expenditures were for education and training services.
• Approximately 151,000 individuals (18% children, 82% adults) were enrolled in education and training programs funded by the SSBG.

Employment Services

Eleven States reported SSBG expenditures for employment services.

• SSBG expenditures for employment services were $14 million; Ohio accounted for 48 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 1 percent ($183,000) of SSBG expenditures for employment services—three States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Mississippi and Nevada, 8 percent of SSBG expenditures were for employment services in each State.
• More than 35,000 individuals (20% children, 80% adults) received employment services funded by the SSBG.

Family Planning Services

Fourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for family planning services.

• SSBG expenditures for family planning services were $38 million; Texas accounted for 70 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 48 percent ($18 million) of SSBG expenditures for family planning services—six States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Texas, 15 percent of SSBG expenditures were for family planning services.
• More than 668,000 individuals (11% children, 89% adults) accessed family planning services funded by the SSBG.

Foster Care Services—Adults

Fourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for adult foster care.

• SSBG expenditures for adult foster care were $38 million; California accounted for 33 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 18 percent ($7 million) of SSBG expenditures for adult foster care—four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Puerto Rico, 26 percent of SSBG expenditures were for adult foster care.
• Approximately 62,000 adults received care in adult foster care programs funded by the SSBG.

Foster Care Services—Children

Thirty-eight States reported SSBG expenditures for child foster care.

• SSBG expenditures for child foster care were $413 million; California accounted for 31 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 63 percent ($260 million) of SSBG expenditures for child foster care—25 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Three States reported that more than 50 percent of their SSBG expenditures were used for this service—Colorado (92%), Louisiana (66%), and Arizona (57%).
• More than 527,000 children were cared for in child foster care programs funded by the SSBG.^[24]

Health-Related Services

Sixteen States reported SSBG expenditures for health-related services.

• SSBG expenditures for health-related services were $19 million; Florida accounted for 39 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 8 percent ($1.5 million) of SSBG expenditures for health-related services—five States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In New Mexico, 17 percent of SSBG expenditures were for health-related services.
• Approximately 331,000 individuals (75% children, 25% adults) received health-related services funded by the SSBG.

Home-Based Services

Thirty-five States reported SSBG expenditures for home-based services.

• SSBG expenditures for home-based services were $182 million; Illinois accounted for 25 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 13 percent ($23 million) of SSBG expenditures for home-based services—11 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Two States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were used for this service—Illinois (44%) and New Hampshire (27%).
• More than 254,000 individuals (25% children, 75% adults) benefited from home-based services funded by the SSBG.

Home-Delivered Meals

Eighteen States reported SSBG expenditures for home-delivered meals.

• SSBG expenditures for home-delivered meals were $27 million; Texas accounted for 58 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 1 percent ($204,000) of SSBG expenditures for home-delivered meals—four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In New Hampshire, 23 percent of SSBG expenditures were for home-delivered meals.
• More than 87,000 individuals (1% children, 99% adults) received home-delivered meals funded by the SSBG.

Housing Services

Eleven States reported SSBG expenditures for housing services.

• SSBG expenditures for housing services were $16 million; Pennsylvania accounted for 26 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 41 percent ($7 million) of SSBG expenditures for housing services—five States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Rhode Island, 16 percent of SSBG expenditures were for housing services.
• Almost 264,000 individuals (42% children, 58% adults) received housing services funded by the SSBG.

Independent/Transitional Living Services

Eighteen States reported SSBG expenditures for independent/transitional living services.

• SSBG expenditures for independent/transitional living were $9 million; Connecticut accounted for 57 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 17 percent ($1.5 million) of SSBG expenditures for independent/transitional living services—seven States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Connecticut, 11 percent of SSBG expenditures were for independent/transitional living services.
• More than 43,000 individuals (20% children, 80% adults) participated in independent/transitional living programs funded by the SSBG.

Information and Referral

Seventeen States reported SSBG expenditures for information and referral.

• SSBG expenditures for information and referral were $18 million; Ohio accounted for 23 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 25 percent ($4 million) of SSBG expenditures for information and referral services—five States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In New Hampshire, 9 percent of SSBG expenditures were for information and referral.
• Approximately 2 million individuals (43% children, 57% adults) received information and referral services funded by the SSBG.

Legal Services

Fourteen States reported SSBG expenditures for legal services.

• SSBG expenditures for legal services were $16 million; Florida accounted for 36 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 6 percent ($1 million) of SSBG expenditures for legal services—five States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Florida and Pennsylvania, 4 percent of SSBG expenditures in each State were for legal services.
• Almost 142,000 individuals (25% children, 75% adults) received legal services funded by the SSBG.

Pregnancy and Parenting

Ten States reported SSBG expenditures for pregnancy and parenting services.

• SSBG expenditures for pregnancy and parenting services were $8 million; Illinois accounted for 49 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 34 percent ($3 million) of SSBG expenditures for pregnancy and parenting services—three States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Illinois, 4 percent of SSBG expenditures were for pregnancy and parenting services.
• More than 23,000 individuals (72% children, 28% adults) accessed pregnancy and parenting services funded by the SSBG.

Prevention and Intervention

Thirty-six States reported SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services.

• SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services were $135 million; New York accounted for 48 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 68 percent ($91 million) of SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services—18 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Oregon, 25 percent of SSBG expenditures were for prevention and intervention services.
• Approximately 886,000 individuals (57% children, 43% adults) benefited from prevention and intervention services funded by the SSBG.

Protective Services—Adults

Thirty-seven States reported SSBG expenditures for adult protective services.

• SSBG expenditures for adult protective services were $204 million; New York accounted for 46 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 3 percent ($6 million) of SSBG expenditures for adult protective services—nine States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Three States reported that at least 25 percent of their SSBG expenditures were for adult protective services—New York (33%), South Dakota (25%), and the District of Columbia (25%).
• Approximately 531,000 adults received adult protective services funded by the SSBG.^[25]

Protective Services—Children

Forty-two States reported SSBG expenditures for child protective services.

• SSBG expenditures for child protective services were $312 million; Florida accounted for 18 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 57 percent ($179 million) of SSBG expenditures for child protective services—23 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Ten States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were for child protective services—Hawaii (76%), Kentucky (63%), Oregon (49%), Alabama (45%), Oklahoma (43%), Florida (36%), West Virginia (30%), Nebraska (29%), Maryland (28%), and Mississippi (27%).
• Approximately 1.4 million children received child protective services funded by the SSBG.^[26]

Recreation Services

Eight States reported SSBG expenditures for recreation services.

• SSBG expenditures for recreation services were $1.5 million; Ohio accounted for 49 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 34 percent ($489,000) of SSBG expenditures for recreation services—four States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Arkansas, 2 percent of SSBG expenditures were for recreation services.
• Approximately 29,000 individuals (18% children, 82% adults) participated in recreation programs that were funded by the SSBG.

Residential Treatment

Twenty-four States reported SSBG expenditures for residential treatment.

• SSBG expenditures for residential treatment were $118 million; Massachusetts accounted for 36 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 43 percent ($51 million) of SSBG expenditures for residential treatment—12 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Three States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were for residential treatment—Massachusetts (51%), Wyoming (27%), and Kentucky (25%).
• More than 42,000 individuals (57% children, 43% adults) were cared for in residential treatment programs funded by the SSBG.

Special Services for Individuals with Disabilities

Twenty-six States reported SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities.

• SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities were $388 million; California accounted for 53 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 20 percent ($79 million) of SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities—10 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Six States reported that 25 percent or more of their SSBG expenditures were used for special services for individuals with disabilities—Georgia (61%), Montana (54%), California (52%), Iowa (44%), Florida (42%), and Kansas (31%).
• Approximately 1.3 million individuals with disabilities (27% children, 73% adults) benefited from special services funded by the SSBG.

Special Services—Youth at Risk

Sixteen States reported SSBG expenditures for special services for youth at risk.

• SSBG expenditures for special services for youth at risk were $17 million; Michigan accounted for 26 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 22 percent ($4 million) of SSBG expenditures for special services for youth at risk—five States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Arkansas, 18 percent of SSBG expenditures were for special services for youth at risk.
• Approximately 140,000 at-risk youth and their families (98% children, 2% adults) participated in special services funded by the SSBG.

Substance Abuse Services

Twelve States reported SSBG expenditures for substance abuse services.

• SSBG expenditures for substance abuse services were $6 million; Connecticut accounted for 28 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 13 percent ($758,000) of SSBG expenditures for substance abuse services—two States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Arkansas, 4 percent of SSBG expenditures were for substance abuse services.
• More than 178,000 individuals (3% children, 97% adults) participated in substance abuse treatment or prevention programs funded by the SSBG.

Transportation

Twenty-one States reported SSBG expenditures for transportation services.

• SSBG expenditures for transportation services were $19 million; Georgia accounted for 37 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 8 percent ($1.5 million) of SSBG expenditures for transportation services—six States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• In Georgia, 11 percent of SSBG expenditures were for transportation services.
• More than 225,000 individuals (16% children, 84% adults) benefited from transportation funded by the SSBG.

Other Services

Twenty-four States reported SSBG expenditures for other services, a category that includes services that fall outside the definitions of the other 28 services. States reported a range of services within this category, including volunteer services, migrant services, summer enrichment activities, and outreach activities.

• SSBG expenditures for other services were $126 million; Pennsylvania accounted for 25 percent of that amount.
• TANF transfer expenditures accounted for 24 percent ($31 million) of SSBG expenditures for other services—13 States reported TANF transfer expenditures for this service.
• Two States reported 25 percent or more of SSBG expenditures for other services—the District of Columbia (56%), and Pennsylvania (27%).
• More than 541,000 individuals (35% children, 65% adults) received other services funded by the SSBG.

Service Delivery Methods

Most States reported for each service category whether the service was provided by a public agency, by private contractors, or by both. Figure 4–6 illustrates, for each service category, the percentage of States that reported each of these types of delivery methods. Only States that used SSBG funds for a service and reported on types of delivery methods are included in the percentages.

Figure 4–6 Service Delivery Methods by Service, 2006
Service	Percentage of States Public Only	Percentage of States Private Only	Percentage of States Both Public and Private
Congregate Meals	9%	45%	45%
Transportation	10%	25%	65%
Day Care—Children	10%	33%	56%
Information and Referral	12%	24%	65%
Other Services	13%	17%	70%
Health-Related Services	13%	33%	53%
Education and Training Services	13%	13%	73%
Substance Abuse Services	17%	50%	33%
Home-Delivered Meals	18%	29%	53%
Day Care—Adults	18%	18%	64%
Counseling Services	18%	23%	59%
Employment Services	18%	36%	45%
Special Services—Youth at Risk	19%	38%	44%
Family Planning Services	21%	43%	36%
Home-Based Services	22%	16%	63%
Independent/Transitional Living	24%	41%	35%
Recreation Services	25%	25%	50%
Pregnancy and Parenting	26%	30%	43%
Legal Services	29%	29%	43%
Special Services—Disabled	30%	30%	40%
Residential Treatment	32%	23%	45%
Adoption Services	32%	16%	52%
Prevention and Intervention	35%	12%	54%
Case Management	35%	21%	44%
Housing Services	36%	36%	27%
Foster Care Services—Children	37%	26%	37%
Foster Care Services—Adults	42%	8%	50%
Protective Services—Children	43%	15%	43%
Protective Services—Adults	47%	11%	42%

Almost half of the States (17 of 36 States that reported delivery methods) using SSBG funds for adult protective services reported that services were provided only by public agencies. Fifty percent (6 of 12) of the States using SSBG funds for substance abuse services reported that the services were provided only by private agencies. Most States (73%) using SSBG funds for health-related services reported that the services were provided by a combination of public and private agencies (11 of 15 States that reported delivery methods).