The
Library of Congress >> Prints & Photographs
Division >> Prints & Photographs
Online Catalog >> Help
HELP
1. Steps for a basic search
In the ALL RECORDS search blank, type words
that describe what you are looking for (it doesn't
matter if you use upper or lower case letters
and most punctuation is ignored)
- If only one record matches your search words,
you will be presented with a single
catalog record display.
- If no matches are found, you will get a
message: "No records were found for the
search" (see tips in Not finding enough? for ways to retrieve more results)
- If the words are found in more than one
catalog record, you will be presented with
a Brief Records Display--a
list of brief descriptions of individual images
and/or groups of images. The system will display
up to 10,000 records, unless you have set
the
"Display up to" blank to retrieve
a larger or smaller quantity of records.
Brief Records Display
Preview Images display
- select a linked title to see the associated
catalog record.
- select the thumbnail image to see a larger
image (if you are searching from outside the
Library of Congress, availability of this
option will depend on whether the image has
been cleared for offsite display; if a larger
image can display offsite, your browser will
show the "hand" symbol, or however
it indicates available links).
- select to view the list of brief descriptions
again
Single catalog record display
The catalog record gives information about
the item or group. Also:
- If an item has been digitized, the catalog
record includes a small (thumbnail) image.
- If the item has been cleared for display
outside the Library of Congress, you can select
the thumbnail to see a larger image display.
- All records include a link to explain how
to obtain copies of the material that is described
in the record.
- The catalog record may also include links
to associated records or images.
- Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic
American Engineering Record/Historic American
Landscape Survey catalog records may lead
to several types of architectural documentation,
which are indicated by icons at the top of
the catalog record.
Larger image display
The larger image display, if available, includes
links to higher resolution images and, sometimes,
alternate versions of the image. For information
about downloading images, see Downloading
and Linking tips.
When you're finished viewing a record or image
- From a larger image display, use the navigation
bar to return to the bibliographic information
(catalog record).
- From a catalog record display, use the navigation
bar to move forwards or backwards through
the records you retrieved with your search,
return to the brief records list, enter a
new search, learn more about the collection
the image belongs to, or start over at the
main collections/search screen.
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2. Not Finding Enough?
- Select to search ALL RECORDS at once rather
than searching a single collection
- Use fewer words (many "inventory level" records
include only information from a caption or
caption card, so, for instance, an individual's
first name may not be included or fully spelled
out)
- Check spelling and spacing of search word(s)--are there alternate spellings, could two words have been combined into one (or vice versa) in image captions, have you used abbreviations that can be spelled out?
- Look through the list of collections.
Is the image you are looking for something
we are likely to have? (E.g., art reproductions,
recent news photos, and illustrations of ancient
peoples are not strengths of our collections.)
- In search screens for individual collections:
- try selecting from the lists of terms by selecting the "browse" links
- if a "Preview" option is
available, sample the preview and select
an image that is close to what you
are looking for. Then try searching
the words used to describe the record
or image. Or look at any catalog record
to see what kind of information can
be searched for in the collection.
- See additional search tips in the Searching Concepts and Tips section.
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3. Finding Too Much?
- Set search pull-down boxes (underneath the
search box) to:
"match all" or a phrase and to do an "exact
match" on the words.
- Look through the list of collections at: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/pphome.html.
Are there ones that are particularly relevant?
- In individual collections, try selecting
from the lists of terms in the browse lists:
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4. Searching by time period and place
Time period
At present, there is no simple, precise way to search
for a date or time period.
- You can search for the
year in which an image or group of images
was produced by typing @field(DATE+desired
year). You cannot combine this string with other search terms, unfortunately.
Example:
Note: Catalog
records often use estimated dates or multiple
dates that are expressed as a range of years.
If your year falls within that range, it will
not be retrieved. Try neighboring years that end in 5 or 0, e.g., 1750, 1755
- Subject headings often include a chronological
component that is expressed in decades. For
instance, if the item was produced or depicts
something in 1844, the subject subdivision
will be 1840-1850. So you might try
searching for decades that would be relevant.
- You can do an "all text" search
for a year or a span of years. But the appearance
of the date or the particular string of numbers
anywhere in the record (other than a number
field) will cause the record to be retrieved, so you may get records for items whose
artist was born in that year, or records that
include a four digit address.
Place
It is best to try both specific place names
and the names of the larger geographic juridictions
when searching geographically.
- Some catalog records include a hierarchy
of the places represented by an image or set
of images, going from the larger geographic
unit to the smaller. Example: Canada--British
Columbia--Columbia Mountains.
- In other cases, only the specific place is mentioned,
sometimes with an abbreviation for the larger
geographic jurisdiction. Example: Los
Angeles (Calif.)
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5. Searching by number (digital id., reproduction,
call numbers)
You can only search for digital id. numbers,
reproduction numbers, call numbers (and, in
some collections, copyright numbers and "other"
classification numbers) by using:
- the "number search" selection
in the pull-down menu for the All Records
search
- a "Searching Numbers" screen within
particular collections
What are these different numbers?
- Call numbers: A string
of letters and numbers used to locate the
original material filed at the Library of
Congress.
- Reproduction numbers: An
alpha-numeric code that identifies existing
black-and-white and color negatives, slides,
or transparencies or high quality digital
scans from which prints, transparencies, and
other reproductions can be ordered.
- Digital id. numbers: This
alpha-numeric code indicates the unique identifier
for the digital image displaying with the
catalog record.
All of these types of numbers are formulated
in different ways in different collections.
For instance, in some collections, negative
numbers include "leading zeros" (e.g., LC-USF34-007820).
If you are in doubt about how the number may
be formulated, select the "Searching Numbers" screen,
which gives examples of how the numbers are
formulated for any given collection.
Searching by Digital Id.
You may start with different information, depending
upon whether you got the number by looking at
a catalog record or by copying down the number
when displaying the image. Some general rules
of thumb for searching digital
id. numbers are:
If you see in a catalog record:
DIGITAL ID: ([format]) [letters]
[numbers] http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/[letters].[numbers]
You
type: [letters] [number]
Example:
You see:
(b&w
film copy neg.) cph 3c07395 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c07395
You type:
cph
3c07395
If you're starting with a digital
file name that ends with:
r.jpg, v.jpg, or u.tif
You type: The letter/number string
after the final slash, dropping
the "r.jpg," "v.jpg," or "u.tif" part.
Note: A known problem with the system
is that it sometimes gives an
error message when retrieving a single
string of numbers. The remedy is to keep
trying or to find the letter code after "/pnp/"
and include that in your search.
Example:
You see: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3c00000/3c07000/3c07300/3c07395v.jpg
You
type: 3c07395 (or,
more reliably, cph
3c07395)
Occasionally, a digital file is part of a set
of images that do not have individual catalog
records, and you need to retrieve the record
for the whole set and then page through the
images to locate the item.
If you see: A digital id. with two
sets of numbers at the end, separated by a hyphen
You
type: The letters and numbers, dropping
the set of numbers after the final hyphen
Example:
You see: LC-DIG-ppmsca-09666-0002
(digital file from
L9-68-3619-N, frame 3A)
You type: LC-DIG-ppmsca-09666
If you see: A digital file name that
ends with two sets of numbers, seemingly not
numerically related (or you simply
try searching the final set
of numbers, dropping the letters as instructed
above, and get no result)
You type: The second to the last set of numbers
(or, more reliably, the second to the last set
of numbers, and the letters appearing after
"/pnp/")
Example:
You see: http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/ppmsca/09600/09666/0002v.jpg
You type: 09666 (or ppmsca
09666)
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6. Don't ignore "Group Record" links and links
within records!
Some group records contain links to images
and/or links to further information within them.
Examples:
- HABS/HAER/HALS records contain links
to different types of documentation:
-
Records for groups of images (LOTs
or ADE UNITs); all or some of the items
may have been cataloged and digitized
as people requested reproductions:
leads to:
-
Some groups of images have been
digitized but not individually cataloged:
-
FSA/OWI records have links that
allow you to see related images that do
not have titles and are not indexed by
photographer, because they were not captioned
or printed at the time the images were
produced.
leads to:
Some item records that have very brief
information may be fleshed out by selecting
the "Find any corresponding online LOT(group)
record" link, in order to find out about
the group the item comes from. Not all items
have a corresponding group record.
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7. Downloading and
Linking Tips
Downloading Image Files
The Prints & Photographs Online Catalog
includes images in the following formats:
- gif - generally small "thumbnails" used
for "previewing" images; a gif image
displays at the top of its associated catalog
record and, in some cases, it is the only
image that will display to those searching
outside the Library of Congress because of
rights considerations (extension on the file
name is .gif). The resolution is
generally about 150x150 pixels.
- jpeg - generally a larger
image that displays in a separate screen from
the catalog record; sometimes two types of
jpeg files are available--one for reference
viewing and one at a higher resolution (extension
on the file name is .jpg).
- tiff- generally the highest
resolution file available in PPOC, viewed
or downloaded via a link on the screen where
the reference jpeg displays (extension on
the file name is .tif).
A complete description of these formats can
be found in a document on the American Memory
web site: How to View Prints
and Photographs.
In cases where the rights to an image have
not been evaluated or are known to be restricted,
.jpg and .tif images will not display to those
searching outside of the Library of Congress.
We occasionally get reports that individuals
have difficulty saving .tif files, even when
the link is visible to them. One possible explanation
for this is that the file is large (many .tif
files exceed 10 megatbytes, and some are as
large as 190 megabytes). Particularly when using
a dial-up connection, it can take considerable
time to open or save such a file. It is best,
in these instances, to try to save the file
without first opening it. Browsers and helper
applications vary in how they present downloading
options and steps. The following are the general
steps for saving files.
To save images:
- Place your mouse over the image of the desired
jpeg or tiff link.
- Click the right mouse button (PC) or depress
and hold the single button of the mouse (Macintosh).
- A menu will appear.
- Select Save image as or Save
Picture as if you moused over
an image.
- Select Save target as or Save
link as if you moused over a
link.
- A box will appear in which you indicate
your desired name of the image file and where
you wish it to be saved. Note: Web images
often have non-intuitive file names (ex. 1a34653u.tif)-you
may want to rename the image to something
you will understand later (e.g., railroad.jpg).
Image Resolution
The quality of the digital images varies greatly,
depending upon when and from what source the
digitizing was done. In general, digital files
that are considered of high enough resolution
for the Library's
Photoduplication Service to make a quality reproduction
from it include an "LC-DIG..." type of number
in the reproduction number field.
Gauging the "dots per inch" (dpi)
of an image file
Images found in the Prints & Photographs
Online Catalog vary considerably in resolution.
The size of the original or copy that was scanned
also varies, making it difficult to state the "dpi" of
any given file.
When using an image you have downloaded from
the catalog, the "dpi" is partially
determined by the size with which you intend
to reproduce the image. Most image software
enables you to set the desired size and then
view the resulting dpi or, conversely, to set
the desired dpi and see what size image can
be reproduced at that level.
Here's a rough and ready way to estimate what
dpi you will get based on the size of the image
file: divide the pixel dimensions for the digital
image by the dots per inch you wish to achieve--this
will tell you what size the image will need
to be.
Example:
- You have downloaded this digital image:
-
Find out the dimensions of the digital
image. One easy way to do this is to right-click
on the image, and look at the image properties.
When viewing TIFF images, you may need to
select a choice such as "About..." in
your viewer.
-
The image properties tells you the scan
is 720 x 1024 pixels.
- For a 300 dpi result, divide each pixel
dimension by 300, and you'll know roughly
how large the scan can be printed and be called
300 dpi.
720 / 300 = 2
1024 / 300 = 3
As long as the image printed from this particular
file is not much beyond 2 x 3 inches, it
will be in the 300 dpi ballpark.
Linking to Particular Records
The display of PPOC catalog records is dynamic.
That is, the computer assembles the display
in response to your particular request. This
poses a challenge for linking and bookmarking
since the URL (Uniform Resource Locator or Web
address) is temporary; if you bookmark one of
these temporary record displays, you will not
be able to reach the address later. Do not rely
on any address with the word “temp” in
it. For most PPOC records, you can get
a permanent URL by following the steps below:
Find the URL:
- Search for the record you wish to link to.
- Look near the end of the record for the
DIGITAL ID: field. If the field contains a
URL with the letters "hdl" in it,
use that URL as the permanent link (e.g., http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b29086).
The inclusion of the "hdl" indicates
that the record has been assigned a permanent "handle" that
will always bring you back to the most current
version of the record.
- If the record does not have an "hdl" in
it, while viewing the record, select "View" on
the Web browser menu bar and in the resulting
menu, select to view the "Page Source" (or "Document
Source" or "Source"--depending
on your browser)
- A new window will open with the
Web page's HTML formatting tags. Scroll
to the bottom of the page.
- You will see "The following
URL will result in display of this
document" and on the next line
there will be a URL.
Copy the URL:
- Highlight the complete URL
Example: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b47467
Example: http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?pp/vv:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3c16995))
- Copy the highlighted URL.
- Windows: Press Control-C (i.e., hold
down the Control key while pressing
the letter C key).
- Macintosh users: Press Command-C
(i.e., hold down the Command key while
pressing the letter C key).
- Close the window displaying the HTML formatting
tags by clicking the CLOSE box. (An X in the
upper right-hand corner of the window.)
Adding the page to Bookmarks or Favorites:
With the URL in the Location Box of the browser,
you can now bookmark the Web page.
- On the browser toolbar, select Favorites (for
Internet Explorer) or Bookmarks (Netscape
Navigator or Mozilla). In the pull-down menu,
choose Add to Favorites or Bookmark this Page.
Link the URL:
Paste the tested URL into your Web page/HTML
as the link URL.
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8. Frequently Asked Questions
Why aren't images displaying?
If
a message at the top of the catalog record says "No
digital image available," no image will display.
- Not all catalog records in the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog are accompanied by images.
- In cases where an image is known to have rights restrictions or the rights to the image have not been evaluated, only a thumbnail (gif) image will be available to searchers outside the Library of Congress.
- The Collections/Search page gives descriptions of each of the collections/categories that can be searched in the catalog and includes information regarding whether images will display inside and outside the Library of Congress.
- If the collection/category listing indicates that images should be displaying at your location, you may want to check to see whether graphics have been turned off on your browser. If a "broken" graphic appears, there may be a problem with the link to the image or a temporary server problem.
Why don't I find images I know the
Prints & Photographs
Division holds?
Not all of the holdings of the
Prints & Photographs
Division are represented by online catalog records.
Some popular images cataloged years ago are
so far only accessible through manual files in
the
Prints & Photographs Reading Room. Some
images are cataloged in groups, so your image
may not have an individual entry. If you have
correctly entered various search terms, searching
broadly across all collections/categories and
in all the text of the records, and still have
not found the material you are seeking, you
may want to check with us through the Ask
a Librarian service. For further information about
what is in the catalog, see About
the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog and
the
section of this document
entitled Scope of Prints & Photographs
Online Catalog.
How do I obtain copies
of
material found through the catalog?
It
is possible to download many images from the
online catalog. See Downloading
and Linking tips.
Copies of most images
listed in PPOC can be ordered from
the Library of Congress
Photoduplication
Service by by email, fax, or mail.
Selecting the "How to Obtain Copies of This Item" link
near the top of the catalog record will provide
you with the information you would need to place
an order.
We occasionally get reports that individuals
have difficulty viewing or saving tiff files, even when
the link is visible to them. There are a few possible explanations for this:
-
The file is large. It may be that it is simply very slow to load; particularly when using
a slower connection, it can take considerable
time to open or save TIFF files, some of which exceed 100 mb.
-
It is a 16 bit file. If it is labeled "Highest Resolution TIFF Image," it is a 16 bit image; many older viewing softwares are not configured to handle 16 bit images. It is best,
in these instances, to try to save the file
without first opening it (see Downloading and
Linking tips).
-
Some TIFF images display more successfully in one browser software than another (e.g., an image may display in Firefox that does not display in Internet Explorer). The symptom of this problem is often that, once the TIFF image loads, you just get a series of strange text charaters. Try another browser. (You are also welcome to report the problem via our Ask a Librarian service, and we'll request to have the image adjusted for use in all browsers.) [view Ask a Librarian form - please include the REPRODUCTION NUMBER or DIGITAL ID]
-
You have Quicktime software that is trying to display the TIFF image. If after waiting
for a TIFF file to load, you get what looks
like a piece of torn movie film,
you have encountered Quicktime unsuccessfully
attempting to display the TIFF file. Quicktime tries to read TIFF files, but it
can't read all varieties of TIFF files, including
some found on the Library of Congress web site. You will need
to instruct Quicktime to stop trying to display
TIFF files. Once you've done this, your TIFF
software, if you have one installed, should
start working. Here is how to disable Quicktime for the purpose
of viewing TIFF files with a different software
tool:
- Play a Quicktime Movie with the Quicktime
Player. A short one is available here: <http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/edmp/4051.mov>.
- At the right end of the navigation bar (below
the movie window) click on the small down arrow.
Click on "About Quicktime Plug-In" and
make sure you have version 5 or higher. (If
not go to <http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/> before
proceeding with the rest of the steps and download
and install the latest version, then return
to these instructions and begin again at step
one.)
- Click "OK," then click on the
down arrow again
- Select Plug-In Settings
- Select MIME Settings
- Double click the TIFF entries until the
plus-signs there go away.
- Now try the TIFF file again. It should work
with the TIFF software on your computer, if
the TIFF file format is properly "associated" with
your web browser.
(For a list of TIFF viewers, see: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/help/view.html#photograph
)
If the size of the original image has been
recorded in the online record, it will be found
in the MEDIUM field.
Many online catalog records do not include
the measurements of the original item, because
of the resources it takes to record this information
and the uncertainties that can occur in measuring
images of various types.
In some cases, a general size range can be
gleaned from a filing designation given in the
CALL NUMBER field. Letter designations that
appear at the end of many Prints & Photographs
Division call numbers for individual prints,
photographs, and drawings (posters are an exception)
indicate the size of the container in which
the item is housed.
Sample call numbers that include container
designations:
ADE 11 - Marie, no. 2 (C size)
PGA - Schulz, F.G.--Stuttgarter Bilderbogen
(B size)
FP - XX - S354, no. 3 (D size)
NOTE: The size of the container
only offers a general approximation of the size
of items contained within the container. The
size of items in the container can sometimes
be substantially smaller than the dimensions
of the container itself.
Container Designation |
Type of Container |
Size of Largest Mat, Folder, Sleeve
or Item the Container Holds |
AA |
box |
11 x 14 inches or smaller |
A |
box |
11 x 14 to 14 x 18 inches |
B |
box |
14 x 18 to 20 x 24 inches |
C (except posters) |
box |
20 x 24 to 22 x 28 inches |
D (except posters) |
map case drawer |
22 x 28 to 28 x 40 inches |
E (except posters) |
map case drawer |
28 x 40 to 36 x 48 inches |
F |
map case drawer |
36 x 48 to 45.5 x 74.5 inches |
Ff "other" |
map case drawer |
up to 40 x 60 inches |
How do I get permission
to use an image
found through the catalog?
The Library
of Congress can neither grant nor deny permission
to use images, as it does not own the rights
to
most images in its holdings. The Prints & Photographs
Division attempts to provide known information
about the rights to images.
Whether or not
you can use an image is partly determined
by what you intend to do with it, however,
and rights to many images found in the Prints & Photographs
Online Catalog have not been individually
evaluated.
Finding Out About Image Rights
There are several online sources of information
that may indicate the rights status of an image.
Check:
-
the catalog record (generally in the "Rights
Information" field)
Sample:
-
the "How to Obtain Copies of This Item" link--"Rights
and Restrictions" information appears at
the bottom of those pages
Sample:
-
the "Rights
and Restrictions Information" page
on the Prints & Photographs Reading
Room site
If none of these sources indicate the rights status
of an image, consult reference staff to see if
any further information is available (our Ask
a Librarian service is available for users who
are researching from off-site).
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9. More Help
The Prints & Photographs Online Catalog
gives you the option of searching all online
records at once or confining your search to
a particular collection or category.
Once you select the pool of records to search,
there are
three ways to search the records:
text search, search particular parts of the
catalog record, and choose from
lists of terms used in catalog records.
Search Tips:
- Use either capital or lowercase letters. Case does not affect the results of your search.
- Common words (e.g., AND, THE) and most marks of punctuation will not be considered in the search.
- Enter the words in the order in which they would most likely appear in the text. The order of the terms does not affect which records appear in the search results, but it does determine which records will display first (relevancy ranking).
- To make searching more precise, select "Match
this exact phrase" or "Match all of these words" and
select "Match words exactly" under the search
term form. If, on the other hand, you want the
system
to
generalize
your search, select "Match any of these words" and
tell the system to include singulars, plurals,
and words with the same "stem," by selecting "Include variants
(e.g., plurals)"
- On each search screen, you can set the number
of records you wish the system to retrieve.
The default is 10,000 records. The maximum is generally
32,000 records.
- When you are viewing a record, you can click on any "hot linked" terms (e.g., those listed under SUBJECTS or CREATOR) to retrieve a list of other records with similar terms.
The Prints and Photographs Online Catalog provides
access to a rich cross-section of the Prints & Photographs
Division's holdings and is growing daily, but not
all of the holdings are individually represented
in
the
online
catalog. The catalog includes:
- Recently created or converted catalog
records. We are in the process of
converting several of our card catalogs to
make the materials they describe searchable
online.
- Digital images for a portion of the holdings--Digital images do not appear with all catalog records. Many items have not yet been digitized. Some digitized items display only as thumbnails (gifs) to searchers outside the Library of Congress because of rights considerations.
- Various types of records and data--The Prints & Photographs Online Catalog includes a variety of types of records, depending
upon the nature of the materials and the project under which
computer records were made. The records vary in the kinds of information they include. Among the types of records you
may see in the catalog are:
- Guide Record--Describes an entire collection, outlining its scope,
provenance, and the finding tools that provide access to images
(digitized or non-digitized) in the collection.
- Group Record--Describes a group of images
that are related, usually by source or subject matter.
Various kinds of call number designations may be used to
designate a group of images: LOT, LOOK - Job, ADE -
UNIT. Most groups of images are not available in
digital form and
must be viewed onsite by coming to the Prints & Photographs Reading Room and submitting a call slip. Some have
additional finding aids that provide further description of
images in the group.
- Item Record--Describes an individual
item, sometimes accompanied by a digital image. In some cases,
every item in a collection has been described with an item
record. In other cases, selected item records have been created,
often for images for which copy negatives or transparencies have
recently been made. Item records can vary in the amount of
information supplied; some include unconfirmed information and
non-standard subject headings.
- Supplementary Textual Information--Some collections have helpful
background information, bibliographies, and technical notes that
may be viewed by clicking on the "About this
Collection" button.
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- American Memory--Some records
and images found in the Prints & Photographs
Online Catalog are also represented in American
Memory, a program to make historical materials
in a variety of media available to the public
via Internet. Records and images for the Daguerreotypes,
the Detroit Publishing
Company Collection, and several other collections
are available in both search systems. Not all
of the Prints & Photographs Divisions cataloged
holdings, however, fit into the scope of the
American Memory effort and so not all are represented
there. On the other hand, American Memory displays
images from other units of the Library of Congress,
as well as from other institutions, that are
not included in the Prints and Photographs Online
Catalog.
- Library of Congress Online Catalog--A
growing percentage of the records in the
Prints & Photographs
Online Catalog can also be found in the Library
of Congress Online Catalog. Digital images that
accompany catalog records will generally not display
in the Library of Congress Online Catalog, however.
Instead, a link will take you to the record
and image display in PPOC. Since some records
are entered directly into the Library
of Congress
Online
Catalog,
it provides
the most up-to-date information about certain
pools of records (Guide records, High Demand
item and group records, some Architecture, Design
and Engineering records).
- Z39.50 Search ("Word Search")--The same records that are in the Library of Congress Online Catalog can also be found in the Z39.50
search system.
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June 4, 2008