I. Refugee Resettlement Program

Admissions

To be admitted to the United States, an individual must be determined by an officer of the Citizenship and Immigration Services of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to meet the definition of refugee as defined in the Refugee Act of 1980. He or she also must be determined to be of special humanitarian concern to the U.S., be admissible under U.S. law, and not be firmly resettled in another country. Special humanitarian concern generally applies to refugees with relatives residing in the U.S., refugees whose status as refugees has occurred as a result of their association with the U.S., and refugees who have a close tie to the U.S. because of education here or employment by the U.S. government. In addition, the U.S. admits a share of refugees determined by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees to be in need of resettlement in a third country outside the region from which they have fled.

The ceiling for the number of refugees to be admitted each year is determined by the President after consultation between the Executive Branch and the Congress. The President has authority to respond beyond the ceiling in cases of emergencies. The table at right shows the arrivals and ceilings from FY 1983 to FY 2005.

For FY 2005 the President determined the refugee ceiling at 70,000 refugees. During the fiscal year, 53,937 refugees including 75 Amerasians were admitted to the U.S. In addition, 15,061 Cuban and 8 Haitian entrants were admitted to the U.S.

Refugee and entrant arrivals from Cuba comprised the largest admission group (21,420), followed by refugee arrivals from the successor republics of the Soviet Union (11,272), Somalia (10,101), Laos (8,473), and Liberia (4,215). The Somalian and Laotian arrivals have proved of particular concern. This is the first survey to describe the impact of the Mushinguli and Bantu ethnic groups from Somalia. These refugee groups are predominantly rural and agricultural, without marketable skills in a modern society. ORR has identified them as needing much greater services in order to adapt to the American workplace and attain self-sufficiency.

Ceilings and Admissions (1983 to 2005)
Year	Ceiling		Admissions	% of Ceiling
2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999	70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 91,000		53,937 52,858 28,117 27,070 68,388 72,519 85,014	77.1 75.6 40.2 38.7 85.4 80.5 93.4
1998	83,000		76,750	92.5
1997	78,000		76,456	98.0
1996	90,000		75,755	84.1
1995	112,000		99,553	88.8
1994	121,000		112,065	92.6
1993	132,000		119,050	90.2
1992	142,000		131,749	92.8
1991	131,000		113,980	87.0
1990	125,000		122,935	98.3
1989	116,500		106,932	91.8
1988	87,500		76,930	87.8
1987	70,000		58,863	84.1
1986	67,000		60,559	90.4
1985	70,000		67,166	96.0
1984	72,000		70,604	98.1
1983	90,000		60,040	66.7
Source: Reallocated ceilings from Department of State (except for FY 1989 in which the reallocated ceiling was revised from 94,000 to 116,500). Admissions based on ORR data system, which commenced in 1983. Data on arrivals not available prior to the establishment of the refugee database in 1983. Does not include entrants.

In addition, the upsurge in Laotian arrivals marks the arriving of large numbers of Hmong tribesmen. As with the Mushinguli, the Hmong will need an intensive level of services for a prolonged period of time. These refugees have been confined for long periods in refugee camps where schooling and job training were spotty, with few refugees attaining even a degree from a primary school. Not surprisingly, their lack of marketable skills has translated into difficulty in finding employment and attaining self-sufficiency. The educational background, labor force participation, and welfare utilization of the Hmong arrivals will be dealt with in greater detail in the section entitled “Economic Adjustment” beginning on page 56.

Comparing the countries of origin of this year’s arrivals with those of a decade earlier illustrates the wide swings and abrupt reversals in the refugee program. In FY 1995, the arrivals from Cuba reached 37,037 more than 15,000 higher than this year. The former republics of the U.S.S.R. reached 35,509, more than triple this year’s total (11,272), followed by Vietnam with 33,198 (only 2,084 this year), and the republics of the former Yugoslavia with 9,872 (only 2,084 this year). Laos was ranked fourth in FY 1995 (3,682) and fourth this year (8,473); however, this masks the true inconsistency in admissions. As recently as FY 2002, admissions from Laos numbered as few as 18.

Yugoslavia has also exhibited great variability. It sent only six refugees to the U.S. in FY 1990, but reached as high as 38,620 in FY 1999 before sinking to 143 this year. Somali admissions reveal a similar pattern. In FY 1994, 3,508 Somalis fled to the U.S. Admissions reached 6,021 in FY 2000 before plunging to 242 in FY 2002 and then swelling to 10,101 this year.

Florida received the largest number of arrivals (18,181), almost doubling its arrivals compared with FY 2003 (10,275). Arrivals to California reached 7,540, followed by Minnesota (6,357), Texas (3,469), and Washington (3,469). Unlike countries of origin, the States of initial resettlement vary little from year to year. The only notable difference from a decade earlier is Florida’s rise to the top spot from only 4,850 in FY 1995—due entirely to a sustained increase in entrants.

Amerasians

The admission numbers for refugees included in this chapter include individuals admitted under the Amerasian Homecoming Act of 1988. Amerasians are children born in Vietnam to Vietnamese mothers and American fathers and are admitted as immigrants, rather than refugees; however, these youths and their immediate relatives are entitled to the same ORR-funded services and benefits. Since FY 1988, 75,895 Vietnamese have been admitted to the U.S. under this provision. In the peak year for this population (1992), over 17,000 youths and family members arrived in the U.S. Last year they numbered only 75.

The Population Profile section and associated tables in Appendix A of this report provide refugee, Amerasian, and entrant arrival numbers by country of origin and State of initial resettlement for the period FY 1983 through FY 2005.

Cuban and Haitian Entrants

Congress created the Cuban/Haitian Entrant Program under Title V of the Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980. The law provides for a program of reimbursement to participating States for cash and medical assistance to Cuban and Haitian entrants under the same conditions and to the same extent as such assistance and services for refugees under the refugee program. The first recipients of the new program were the approximately 125,000 Cubans who fled the Castro regime in the Mariel boatlift of 1980.

By law, an entrant—for the purposes of ORR-funded benefits—is a Cuban or Haitian national who is (a) paroled into the U.S., (b) subject to exclusion or deportation proceedings, or (c) an applicant for asylum.

Under the terms of a bilateral agreement between the U.S. and Cuba, up to 20,000 Cuban immigrants are allowed to enter the U.S. directly from Cuba annually. These individuals are known as Havana Parolees and are eligible for ORR-funded benefits and services in States that have a Cuban/Haitian Entrant Program.

In FY 2005, 15,061 Cuban and 8 Haitian entrants arrived in the U.S., a sharp decrease from the number of entrants that arrived the year before (21,450). Eighty-eight percent initially resettled in Florida. The table on the next page describes the flow of entrants since FY 1991.

Entrant Arrivals, FY 1991 to FY 2005

	Cuba	Haiti	Total
2005 2004 2003 2002 2001	15,061 21,134 10,129 16,015 14,499	8 316 931 719 1,451	15,069 21,450 11,060 16,734 15,950
2000	17,871	1,570	19,441
1999	20,728	1,270	21,998
1998	13,492	590	14,082
1997	5,284	42	5,326
1996	16,985	346	17,331
1995	31,195	1,035	32,23 0
1994	12,785	1,579	14,364
1993	3,452	700	4,152
1992	2,539	10,385	12,924
1991	696	395	1,091

Does not include Cuban and Haitian arrivals with refugee status.

Asylees

On June 15, 2000, ORR published State Letter 00-12, which revised its policy on program eligibility for persons granted asylum. Section 412(e) of the Immigration and Nationality Act provides a refugee with benefits beginning with the first month in which the refugee has entered the U.S. In the past, an asylee’s arrival date was considered his entry date for the purposes of program eligibility. The months of eligibility for assistance (currently eight) would then begin on this date. This date could precede by months or even years the date that the individual was granted asylum. Because of the time it normally takes for an individual to apply for asylum and to proceed through the immigration process, this interpretation of “entry” prohibited even individuals who applied for asylum immediately upon arrival from accessing refugee cash assistance and refugee medical assistance.

In 1996, Congress revised Federal welfare programs to use date of admission, rather than date of physical entry, as the important issue in determining an alien’s legal status. Accordingly, ORR now uses the date that asylum is granted as the initial date of eligibility for ORR-funded services and benefits. In the past year, the U.S. government granted asylum to 23,682 persons.

Reception and Placement

Most of the persons eligible for ORR’s refugee program benefits and services are refugees resettled through the Department of State’s refugee allocation system under the annual ceiling for refugee admissions. Upon arrival, refugees are provided initial services through a program of grants, called reception and placement cooperative agreements, made by the Department of State to qualifying agencies. In FY 2005, the following agencies participated: Church World Service, Episcopal Migration Ministries, Ethiopian Community Development Council, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, Iowa Refugee Service Center, International Rescue Committee, Immigration and Refugee Services of America, Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, and World Relief.

These grantee agencies are responsible for providing initial “nesting” services covering basic food, clothing, shelter, orientation, and referral for the first 30 days. In FY 2005, the agencies received a per capita amount of $800 from the State Department for this purpose. After this period, refugees who still need assistance are eligible for cash and medical benefits provided under ORR’s program of domestic assistance. For more information on these agencies and their activities, see Appendix C.

ORR Assistance and Services

All persons admitted as refugees or granted asylum while in the U.S. are eligible for refugee benefits described in this report. Certain other persons admitted to the U.S. under other immigration categories are also eligible for refugee benefits. Amerasians from Vietnam and their accompanying family members, though admitted to the U.S. as immigrants, are entitled to the same social services and assistance benefits as refugees. Certain nationals of Cuba and Haiti, such as public interest parolees and asylum applicants, may also receive benefits in the same manner and to the same extent as refugees if they reside in a State with an approved Cuban/Haitian Entrant Program. In addition, certain persons deemed to be victims of a severe form of trafficking, though not legally admitted as refugees, are eligible for ORR-funded benefits to the same extent as refugees.

Domestic Resettlement Program

In FY 2005, the refugee and entrant assistance program was funded under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005 (P.L. 108-199). In addition to this appropriation of $430.9 million, Congress gave ORR permission to spend prior year unexpended funds. Congress appropriated an additional $53.8 million for the unaccompanied alien children (UAC) program which was transferred from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to ORR in March of FY 2003. The activities and benefits of this program are explained more fully beginning on page 48. The inclusion of the UAC appropriation brought the total ORR appropriation to $484.7 million. The appropriation table on page 9 explains the FY 2005 appropriations by line-item.

The domestic refugee program consists of four separate resettlement approaches: (1) the State-administered program, (2) the Public/Private Partnership program, (3) the Wilson/Fish program, and (4) the Matching Grant program..

State Administered Program

Federal resettlement assistance to refugees is provided primarily through the State administered refugee resettlement program. States provide transitional cash and medical assistance and social services, as well as maintain legal responsibility for the care of unaccompanied refugee children.

• Cash and Medical Assistance

Refugees generally enter the U.S. without income or assets with which to support themselves during their first few months. Families with children under 18 are eligible for the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Refugees who are aged, blind, or disabled may receive assistance from the Federally administered Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. Refugees eligible for these programs may be enrolled in the Medicaid program which provides medical assistance to low-income individuals and families.

Refugees who meet the income and resource eligibility standards of these two cash assistance programs, but are not otherwise eligible—such as single individuals, childless couples, and two-parent families in certain States with restrictive TANF programs—may receive benefits under the special Refugee Cash Assistance (RCA) and Refugee Medical Assistance (RMA) programs. Eligibility for these special programs is restricted to the first eight months in the U.S. except for asylees, for whom the eligibility period begins with the month that asylum is granted. Due to funding constraints, ORR does not reimburse States for their costs of the TANF, SSI, and Medicaid programs.

In FY 2005, ORR obligated $172.5 million to reimburse States for their full costs for the RCA and RMA programs and associated State administrative costs. Cash and medical assistance allocations are presented in the table on pages 10 and 11.

• Social Services

ORR provides funding for a broad range of social services to refugees, both through States and through direct service grants. With these funds, States provide services to help refugees obtain employment and achieve economic self-sufficiency and social adjustment as quickly as possible. After deducting funds used to support programs of special interest to Congress, ORR, as in previous fiscal years, allocated 85 percent of the remaining social service funds on a formula basis.

Program obligations varied according to each State’s proportion of total refugee and entrant arrivals during the previous three fiscal years. States with small refugee populations received a minimum of $75,000 in social service funds. Of total social service funds, ORR obligated $79.1 million to States under the State-administered formula program. For both programs, social services are provided only to refugees who have resided in the U.S. for fewer than 60 months.

In addition to these funds, ORR obligated social service funds to a variety of discretionary programs. A discussion of these discretionary awards may be found beginning on page 26.

• Targeted Assistance

The targeted assistance program funds employment and other services for refugees and entrants who reside in high need areas. These areas are defined as counties with unusually large refugee and entrant populations, high refugee or entrant concentrations in relation to the overall population, or high use of public assistance. Such counties need supplementation of other available service resources to help the local refugee or entrant population obtain employment with less than one year’s participation in the program.

In FY 2005, ORR obligated $49.1 million for targeted assistance activities for refugees and entrants. Of this, $44.2 million was awarded by formula to 27 States on behalf of the 48 counties eligible for targeted assistance grants. Funds not allocated in the formula program were reserved for communities in the form of discretionary grants through the Targeted Assistance discretionary program. A discussion of these discretionary awards may be found beginning on page 26. The accompanying table presents the amount of funds awarded to individual counties. The amounts awarded to States under the allocation formula are provided in the table on pages 10 and 11.

• Unaccompanied Minors

ORR continued its support of care for unaccompanied refugee minors in the U.S. These children, who are identified in countries of first asylum as requiring foster care upon their arrival in this country, are sponsored through two national voluntary agencies—the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services (LIRS)—and placed in States with licensed child welfare programs operated by local affiliated Catholic Charities and Lutheran Social Services agencies.

Targeted Assistance by County, FY 2005
Maricopa	AZ	$1,213,074
Los Angeles	CA	1,970,558
Sacramento	CA	1,504,982
San Diego	CA	859,783
Santa Clara	CA	514,710
Denver	CO	354,739
Broward Collier Dade Duval	FL FL FL FL	1,030,870 262,591 11,753,751 506,333
Hillsborough Orange Palm Beach	FL FL FL	763,124 501,822 740,892
DeKalb Fulton Ada	GA GA ID	977,868 335,729 274,351
Cook/Kane	IL	1,111,902
Polk Jefferson Baltimore	IA KY MD	374,393 662,437 345,556
Montg./Pr. Georges Hampden	MD MA	575,766 290,461
Suffolk Ingham Kent Hennepin/Ramsey	MA MI MI MN	523,248 375,360 403,391 1,958,959
St. Louis Clark Erie	MO NV NY	815,320 436,255 439,477
Monroe	NY	316,236
New York	NY	2,207,695
Oneida Onodaga Guilford Mecklenberg Cass Franklin	NY NY NC NC ND OH	352,161 458,164 306,409 309,954 197,024 418,051
Multnomah Philadelphia Minnehaha	OR PA SD	1,355,483 480,557 203,306
Davidson	TN	336,535
Dallas/Tarrant	TX	1,028,937
Harris Davis/Salt Lake	TX UT	1,116,574 574,477
Fairfax	VA	569,806
Richmond	VA	245,675
King/Snohomish Spokane	WA WA	1,521,576 296,744
Total		$44,173,066

Each refugee minor in the care of this program is eligible for the same range of child welfare benefits as non‑refugee children. Where possible, the child is placed with an affiliated agency of USCCB and LIRS in an area with nearby families of the same ethnic background. Depending on their individual needs, the minors are placed in home foster care, group care, independent living, or residential treatment. Foster parents must be licensed by their State or county child welfare provider and receive on-going training in child welfare matters. Foster parents come from a diversity of ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, and they receive special training on the adjustment needs of refugee youth. ORR reimburses costs incurred on behalf of each child until the month after his eighteenth birthday or such higher age as is permitted under the State’s Plan under title IV‑B of the Social Security Act. Allowable services through the URM program include:

• Foster care maintenance payments

• Medical care and mental health services

• Intensive case management by social workers

• Independent living skills training (consumer skills, housing, food preparation, social/legal systems, transportation, education, community resources, health sexuality)

• Education/ESL

• Tutoring/mentoring

• Jobs skills training and career/college counseling

• On-going family tracing, where possible

• Cultural activities/recreation

• Special education services, where needed

Since January 1979, 12,339 children have entered the program through local affiliates in 41 States. Of these, 1,405 subsequently were reunited with family and 10,434 reached the age of emancipation.

FY 2001 saw the revival of the program. More than 3,800 Sudanese youths from the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya arrived in the U.S. to begin a new life. These youths—dubbed the Lost Boys of Sudan due to their mass exodus from the war in Sudan—ranged in ages from 11 to 27. Almost 500 of these youth had not attained the age of 18 and were placed in the unaccompanied minor program.

In FY 2005, 157 youths entered the program. By the end of the year, 627 youths remained in care, 451 males and 176 females. The majority of the youths arrived from the following countries of origin:

Afghanistan	29
China	13
Congo	17
Haiti	50
Honduras	43
Liberia	67
Sierra Leone	12
Somalia	18
Sudan	290
Vietnam	14
Other Countries	74
Total in Care	627

These youths resided in the following States:

Arizona	24
California	5
District of Columbia	11
Florida	9
Massachusetts	50
Michigan	186
Minnesota	2
Mississippi	55
New York	56
North Dakota	36
Pennsylvania	62
South Dakota	6
Texas	17
Utah	3
Virginia	60
Washington	45
Total	627

ORR Appropriation FY 2005 Transitional and Medical Services                                       $ 204,993,000 Social Services                                                                 $ 152,243,000 Preventive Health                                                                  $ 4,796,000 Targeted Assistance                                                           $ 49,081,000 Victims of Torture                                                                  $9,915,000 Victims of Trafficking                                                             $9,915,000 Total Refugee Appropriation                                               $ 430,943,000 Unaccompanied Alien Children Program                               $ 53,771,000 Total ORR Appropriation                                                    $ 484,714,000 New budget authority only.Does not include prior year funds available for FY 2005 authorization

State	CMA	Social Services	Targeted Assistance	Total
Alabama d/	-	93,557		93,557
Alaska d/	-	86,582
Arizona	5,777,100	1,797,518	$1,213,074	8,787,692
Arkansas	62,000	76,945		138,945
California e/	20,863,000	7,570,827	4,850,033	33,283,860
Colorado f/	1,962,000	777,106	354,739	3,093,845
Connecticut	661,000	521,490		1,182,490
Delaware	70,000	76,945		146,945
Dist.Columbia	1,457,000	242,486		1,699,486
Florida	41,029,542	27,373,076	15,559,383	83,962,001
Georgia	3,430,000	1,948,098	1,313,597	6,691,695
Hawaii	65,000	76,945		141,945
Idaho d/	373,000	342,189	274,351	989,540
Illinois	3,672,000	1,399,119	1,111,902	6,183,021
Indiana	765,000	324,957		1,089,957
Iowa	701,000	460,355	374,393	1,535,748
Kansas	390,000	112,833		502,833
Kentucky d/	-	1,075,804	662,437	1,738,241
Louisiana	530,000	214,586		744,586
Maine	357,000	435,327		792,327
Maryland	6,532,000	1,483,640	921,322	8,936,962
Massachusetts f/	3,870,000	1,418,403	813,709	6,102,112
Michigan	6,207,000	1,172,223	778,751	8,157,974
Minnesota	10,040,000	3,987,283	1,958,959	15,986,242
Mississippi	1,123,000	76,945		1,199,945
Missouri	1,014,000	981,435	815,320	2,810,755
Montana	63,000	76,945		139,945
Nebraska	619,000	336,035		955,035
Nevada d/	-	621,603	436,255	1,057,858
New Hampshire	539,000	395,118		934,118
New Jersey	2,269,000	837,010		3,106,010
New Mexico	978,000	176,018		1,154,018
New York	8,286,000	3,915,891	3,773,733	15,975,624
North Carolina	1,682,000	1,464,767	616,363	3,763,130
North Dakota f/	824,000	189,968	197,024	1,210,992
Ohio	4,502,000	2,037,543	418,051	6,957,594
Oklahoma	454,000	109,139		563,139
Oregon	3,631,205	1,316,648	1,355,483	6,303,336
Pennsylvania	4,343,000	1,958,355	480,557	6,781,912
Rhode Island	302,000	226,075		528,075
South Carolina	235,000	138,270		373,270
South Dakota d/	205,000	337,676	203,306	745,982
Tennessee	758,000	628,168	336,535	1,722,703
Texas	12,351,500	3,246,693	2,145,511	17,743,704
Utah	1,835,000	585,496	574,477	2,994,973
Vermont f/	215,000	167,402		382,402
Virginia	4,557,000	1,430,301	815,481	6,802,782
Washington	7,810,000	3,843,679	1,818,320	13,471,999
West Virginia	6,000	76,945		82,945
Wisconsin	5,107,930	894,041		6,001,971
Total	$172,523,277	$79,136,460	$44,173,066	$295,746,221
a/ Cash/Medical/Administrative, including Refugee Cash Assistance (RCA), Refugee Medical Assistance (RMA), aid to unaccompanied minors, and State administrative expenses. Includes prior year surplus funds as well as FY 2005 appropriated funds. b/ Includes funds for privately administered Wilson/Fish programs. c/ Includes funds for privately administered Wilson/Fish programs. d/ A private non-profit agency operates a State-wide Wilson/Fish project. e/ A private non-profit agency operates a Wilson/Fish program in the County of San Diego. f/ The State refugee agency operates a State-wide Wilson/Fish project.

Public/Private Partnerships

In March 2000, ORR published a final rule which amended the requirements governing refugee cash assistance. The final rule offered States flexibility and choice in how refugee cash assistance and services could be delivered to refugees not eligible for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or Supplemental Security Income (SSI).

States have the option of entering into a partnership (grant or contract) with local resettlement agencies to administer the cash assistance program through a public/private refugee cash assistance (RCA) program. The partnerships facilitate the successful resettlement of refugees by integrating cash assistance with resettlement services and ongoing case management. Through these public/private RCA programs, States are permitted to include employment incentives that support the refugee program’s goal of family self-sufficiency and social adjustment in the shortest possible time after arrival. To be eligible for the public/private RCA program, a refugee must meet the income eligibility standard jointly established by the State and local resettlement agencies in the State.

The goal of the Public/Private Partnership is to promote more effective and better quality resettlement services through linkage between the initial placement of refugees and refugee cash assistance program.

Six states have been approved by ORR to operate Public/Private Partnerships: Maryland, Texas, Oregon, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Minnesota. States and local resettlement agencies are encouraged to look at different approaches and to be creative in designing a program that will help refugees to establish a sound economic foundation during the eight-month RCA period.