A Century of Racial Segregation, 1849-1950

Margaret Crittenden Douglass.
Educational Laws of Virginia; The Personal Narrative of Mrs. Margaret Douglass, a Southern Woman, Who Was Imprisoned for One Month in the Common Jail of Norfolk, under the Laws of Virginia, for the Crime of Teaching Free Colored Children to Read.
Page 2
Boston: John P. Jewett and Co., 1854.
General Collections (1)

Charles Sumner.
Equality Before the Law: Unconstitutionality of Separate Colored Schools in Massachusetts.
Washington: F. & J. Rives & Geo. A. Bailey, 1870.
Rare Book and Special Collections Division (1F)

Stephen Field to Salmon Chase,
June 30, 1866.
Page 2

Holograph letter.
Manuscript Division (2C)

Phillip B. Kurland. Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States: Constitutional Law. Volume 13. Arlington, Virginia: University Publications of America, Inc., 1975.
Law Library (3)
Available from LexisNexis®, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc.

Platform adopted by the National Negro Committee, 1909.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (8)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Albert Pillsbury to NAACP Secretary Mary White Ovington,
July 26, 1910.
Typed letter.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (9)
Courtesy of the NAACP

In the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term, 1916 [no.231] Charles H. Buchanan v. William Warley. Pamphlet.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (14)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Broken school bus in Louisa County, Virginia [Digital ID # ppmsca-05512]; School building in Louisa County, Virginia [Digital ID# ppmsca-#05513]; School building in Camden, Massachusetts [Digital ID # ppmsca-05511; Group of African American students in Seat Pleasant, Maryland [Digital ID# cph 3e02156]; and an elementary school in Hurlock, Maryland, ca. 1935 [Digital ID# cph 3c26579].
Gelatin silver prints.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (20.3, 20.4, 20.1, 20.2, and 20A)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Charles H. Houston (1895-1950), ca. 1940.
Gelatin silver print.
Prints and Photographs Division (26E)

Walter White, NAACP Executive Secretary, with attorneys Charles Houston, James G. Tyson, Leon A. Ransom, and Edward P. Lovett, 1933.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (22)
Courtesy of the NAACP

William Hastie, Chairman of the National Legal Committee, NAACP, n.d.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (22B)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Thurgood Marshall and Charles Houston with their client Donald Gaines Murray during court proceedings, ca. 1935.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (28)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Nathan R. Margold.
Preliminary Report to the Joint Committee Supervising the Expenditure of the 1930 Appropriation by the American Fund for Public Service, [1931].
Page 2
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (21)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Memorandum for the Joint Committee of the NAACP and the American Fund for Public Service, Inc. from Charles H. Houston,
October 26, 1934.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (25)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Conrad O. Pearson to NAACP Executive Secretary Walter White reporting on the progress of the Hocutt v. Wilson case, March 31, 1933.
Typed letter.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (22A)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Charles H. Houston to Walter White reporting on the progress of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada,
May 24, 1938.
Autograph letter.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (33)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Arthur Spingarn.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (11A)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Thurgood Marshall to Arthur B. Spingarn and Walter White concerning the founding of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, July 27, 1939.
Memorandum.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (36)
Courtesy of the NAACP

George W. McLaurin, 1948.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (47)
Digital ID# cph 3c16927
Courtesy of the NAACP

Robert Carter (right), Heman Sweatt (center), and NAACP Administrator Roy Wilkins (left) during a press conference interview at the NAACP's New York City headquarters, ca. 1950.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (43)

Complete Text of U. S. Supreme Court Decisions: The Henderson Case, The McLaurin Case, The Sweatt Case. Pittsburgh: The Pittsburgh Courier, 1950.
Pamphlet.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (46)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Twentieth Annual Session of the NAACP in Cleveland, Ohio, June 26, 1929.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (19)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Marion Post Wolcott.
African American School House near Summerville, South Carolina, 1938
Gelatin silver print.
FSA-OWI Photograph Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (26)
[digital ID# br0026a]

Brown v. Board of Topeka, Kansas

Notebook recording data concerning the Doll Test, 1940-1941. Kenneth B. Clark Papers,
Manuscript Division (61)

Gordon Parks, photographer. Dr. Kenneth Clark conducting the "Doll Test" with a young male child, 1947.
Gelatin silver print.
Prints and Photographs Division (62)

Marjory Collins.
Reading lesson in African American elementary school in Washington, D.C., 1942.
Gelatin silver print.
FSA-OWI Photograph Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (57C)

Sample Doll Test data sheet, n.d. Kenneth B. Clark Papers,
Manuscript Division (64)

Testimony of Expert Witnesses at Trial of Clarendon County School Case Direct Examination by Robert L. Carter, May 29, 1951. Transcript.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (57)

U. S. Supreme Court Records and Briefs, 1954 Term.
Supreme Court Records and Briefs,
Law Library (57B)

Brief of the Attorneys for the Plaintiffs (Charles E. Bledsoe, Charles Scott, Robert L. Carter, Jack Greenberg, and Thurgood Marshall) in the case of Oliver Brown, . . .delivered in the United States Court for the District of Kansas,
June 1951.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (54)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Opinion and Finding of Fact for the case of Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas, et al. Delivered in the United States Court for the District of Kansas, 1951.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (55)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Trial Memorandum from Jack Greenberg concerning the Wilmington school case, October 11, 1951.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (58)

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Final Decree, [1952].
Typed memorandum.
Kenneth Clark Papers,
Manuscript Division (59)

Brief for Appellants in the cases of Brown v. Board of Education: Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education, Kansas et al.; . . . in the United States Supreme Court-October Term, 1953.
Washington: GPO, 1953.
Pamphlet.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (73)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Ike with John W. Davis at the Herald Trib Forum 10/21, 1952.
Photograph.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (73A)

Waiting for courtroom seats, 1953.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (74)
Digital ID# cph 3c13498

Three lawyers confer at the Supreme Court, 1953.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (98)

U. S. Supreme Court Justices, 1953.
Photograph.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (102)

George E. C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit congratulating each other, 1954.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (99)
[Dig ID # cph 3c11236]

The Russell Daily News (Russell, Kansas),
Monday, May 17, 1954.
Enlarged version
Historic Events Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (84)

William Coleman to Felix Frankfurter, August 5, 1949.
Typed memorandum with handwritten notes.
Felix Frankfurter Papers,
Manuscript Division (48)

Earl Warren to members of the Court, May 7, 1954.
Typed memorandum.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (80)

William Douglas to Earl Warren, May 11, 1954.
Holograph letter.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (81A)

Harold H. Burton to Earl Warren, May 17, 1954.
Holograph letter.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (82)

Felix Frankfurter to Earl Warren, May 17, 1954.
Holograph letter.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (82B)

Earl Warren's reading copy of Brown opinion, May 17, 1954.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (83)

Mrs. Nettie Hunt and daughter Nikie on the steps of the Supreme Court, 1954.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (97)
Digital ID # cph 3c27042

Thurgood Marshall explains segregation ruling to the press, 1955.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (104)

Anson Phelps Stokes to Channing Tobias, Chairman of the NAACP, offering congratulations on the NAACP's victory in Brown v. Board of Education.
Telegram.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (96)
Courtesy of the NAACP

William L. Patterson, Executive Secretary of the Civil Rights Congress, to Walter White congratulating White on the NAACP's victory in Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954.
Typed letter.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (95)
Courtesy of the NAACP

The Crisis magazine: A Record of the Darker Races.
Volume 61, no. 6 (June-July, 1954).
General Collections (92)

Louis L. Redding of Wilmington, Delaware, and Thurgood Marshall, General Counsel for the NAACP, conferring at the Supreme Court, during recess in the Court's hearing on racial integration in public schools, 1955.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records Photograph,
Prints and Photographs Division (111)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Felix Frankfurter's draft decree in Brown II,
April 8, 1955.
Page 2
Typescript with emendations.
Felix Frankfurter Papers,
Manuscript Division (107)

Raymond F. Tilzey.
The Elementary School District Boundaries for the City of Topeka 1955- 1956.
Printed Map.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (109)

Ralph McGill to Earl Warren, June 1, 1955.
Typed letter.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (113A)

Lee Hagood to Simon Sobeloff, September 29, 1955.
Typed letter.
Earl Warren Papers,
Manuscript Division (116A)

Time magazine,
September 19, 1955.
Cover.
General Collections (115)
Courtesy of Time-Life Pictures, Getty Images

Thomas J. O'Halloran.
School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C., 1955.
Gelatin silver print.
U.S. News & World Report Magazine Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (202)

The Aftermath

Mrs. Rosa Parks being fingerprinted in Montgomery, Alabama, 1956.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (119)

Rosa Parks's arrest record,
December 5, 1955.
Page 2
Frank Johnson Papers,
Manuscript Division (118)

Tom P. Brady.
Black Monday.
Winona, Mississippi: Association of Citizens' Councils, 1955.
General Collections (120)

University of Alabama Students burn desegregation literature, 1956.
Gelatin silver print.
Prints and Photographs Division (121A)

Thurgood Marshall and Arthur Shores,
February 29, 1956.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photograph Division (123)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Telegram. NAACP Executive Secretary Roy Wilkins to Herbert Brownell concerning the expulsion of Autherine Lucy,
February 7, 1956.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (121)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Clinton, Tennessee, school integration conflict, 1956.
Gelatin silver print. U.S.
News & World Report Magazine Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (125C)
Digital ID # ppmsca 03093

Integrated classroom in Nashville, 1957.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (125A)

School Dilemma--Youths taunt Dorothy Geraldine Counts in Charlotte, North Carolina, 1957.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (125B)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Warren K. Leffler.
An integrated classroom at Anacostia High School, Washington, DC, 1957.
Gelatin silver print.
U.S. News & World Report Magazine Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (201)

Cecil Layne.
Little Rock Nine and Daisy Bates pose in living room, ca. 1957-1960.
Gelatin silver print.
Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,
Prints and Photographs Division (128)
Courtesy of the NAACP

U.S. Troops escort African American students from Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas,
October 3, 1957.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (130B)

Charles Mingus. "Fables of Faubus."
Holograph music manuscript, ca. 1957. Charles Mingus Collection,
Music Division (131)
"Fables of Faubus" by Charles Mingus, published by the Jazz Workshop, Inc. Courtesy of Sue Mingus.

Daisy Bates to Roy Wilkins on the treatment of the Little Rock Nine,
December 17, 1957.
Page 2
Typed letter. NAACP Records.
Manuscript Division (127)
Courtesy of the NAACP

"Segregation's Citadel Unbreached in 4 Years,"
Washington Observer, Sunday, May 11, 1958.
Enlarged version
Newspaper map.
Geography and Map Division (140)
Copyright 1958, Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive
and The Washington Post. All Rights Reserved.

Ruby Bridges, 1960.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram and Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (148)
Digital ID # cph 3c26460

School Desegregation Spreads Through South,
Associated Press Newsfeatures,
October 16, 1961.
Newspaper map.
Geography and Map Division (152)

The Birmingham News (Birmingham, Alabama),
Monday, October 1, 1962.
Enlarged version
Newspaper.
Historic Events Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (158)

Norman Rockwell to John A. Morsell,
December 3, 1963.
Typed letter.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (155)
Courtesy of the NAACP

Look magazine, January 14, 1963. Centerfold.
Prints and Photographs Division (175)

John A. Morsell, Assistant to NAACP Executive Secretary to President John F. Kennedy requesting the assistance of the federal government in the case of James Meredith,
September 21, 1962.
Page 2
Typed letter.
NAACP Records,
Manuscript Division (156)
Courtesy of the NAACP

James Meredith and NAACP lawyers Constance Baker Motley and Jack Greenberg, 1962.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (157B)

Phil Ochs. "The Ballad of Oxford, Mississippi." Broadside 15, (November 1962). New York: 1962.
American Folklife Center (157)

Warren K. Leffler, photographer.
Governor George Wallace attempting to block integration at the University of Alabama, 1963.
Gelatin silver print.
U.S. News & World Report Magazine Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (174A)
Digital ID # ppmsca 04294

Warren K. Leffler.
Students entering Foster Auditorium to register at the University of Alabama,
June 11, 1963.
Gelatin silver print.
U.S. News & World Report Magazine Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (174B)

Summit Conference on Civil Rights.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection.
Prints and Photographs Division (204)

Newport Broadside: Topical Songs at the Newport Folk Festival.
Vanguard, 1964.
Album cover.
Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division (205)

We Shall Overcome!: Documentary of the March on Washington.
Folkways, 1964.
Album cover.
Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division (209)

Life magazine,
September 6, 1963.
Cover.
General Collections (217)
Courtesy of Leonard McCombe, Time-Life Pictures, Getty Images.

Greer Brothers.
" We Don't Dig No Busing," (Busing Song).
Houston: Don Music Company, 1973.
Record.
Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division (176A)

Bob Dylan.
The Times They Are A-Changin'.
Columbia , 1964.
Album cover.
Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division (206)

William O. Douglas,
[May 1964].
Draft per curiam opinion.
William O. Douglas Papers,
Manuscript Division (203)

Thomas J. O'Halloran, photographer.
Students arriving at the Free School #2 in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia, 1963.
Gelatin silver print.
U.S. News & World Report Magazine Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (203A)

Harry Briggs, Jr., Linda Brown Smith, Spottswood Bolling, Jr., and Ethel Louise Belton Brown during press conference, 1964.
Gelatin silver print.
New York World-Telegram and Sun Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (224)

Save Brown v. Board of Education, 2003.
Poster.
Prints and Photographs Division (220)

Warren K. Leffler, photographer.
Civil Rights March in Washington, D.C., 1963.
Copyprint.
U.S. News & World Report Magazine Collection,
Prints and Photographs Division (225)

Bill Mauldin (1921-2003).
" What is done in our classrooms today will be reflected in the successes or failures of civilization tomorrow." Lindly C. Baxter, 1958.
Ink, crayon, and white out over pencil on layered paper.
Published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 11, 1958.
Prints and Photographs Division (138)
© Copyright 1958 by Bill Mauldin. Reproduced online courtesy of the Mauldin Estate.

Bill Mauldin (1921-2003).
Inch by inch, 1960.
Crayon, ink, blue pencil and white out over pencil on layered paper.
Published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 1, 1960.
Prints and Photographs Division (145)
© Copyright 1960 by Bill Mauldin. Reproduced online courtesy of the Mauldin Estate.

Herb Block (1909-2001).
I'm eight. I was born on the day of the Supreme Court decision,
May 17, 1962.
Ink, crayon, and opaque white over
graphite underdrawing on layered paper.
Published in the Washington Post, May 17, 1962.
Prints and Photographs Division (169)
© 1962 by Herblock in The Washington Post

Herb Block (1909-2001).
If the government doesn't support separate-but-equal schools for our children, it's guilty of discrimination!,
February 12, 1963.
Ink, crayon, and opaque white
over graphite underdrawing on layered paper.
Published in the Washington Post, February 12, 1963.
Prints and Photographs Division (168)
© 1962 by Herblock in The Washington Post

Herb Block (1909-2001).
"And remember, nothing can be accomplished by taking to the streets,"
September 6, 1963.
Ink, graphite, and opaque white over
graphite underdrawing on layered paper.
Published in the Washington Post, September 6, 1963.
Prints and Photographs Division (170)
© 1963 by Herblock in The Washington Post

Oliver W. Harrington (1912-1995).
Dark laughter. Now I aint so sure I wanna get educated, 1963.
Crayon, ink, blue pencil, and pencil on paper.
Published in the Pittsburgh Courier, September 21, 1963.
Prints and Photographs Division (172)
Courtesy of Dr. Helma Harrington
Digital ID # ppmsca-05518

Vincent Smith (b. 1930).
First Day of School, 1965.
Etching (reprint, 1994).
Prints and Photographs Division (178)

Herb Block (1909-2001).
" . . . One nation . . . indivisible . . . ,"
February 22, 1977.
Ink, graphite, and opaque white, with tonal film overlay
and porous point pen over graphite underdrawing on paper.
Published in the Washington Post, February 22, 1977.
Prints and Photographs Division (182)
© 1977 by Herblock in The Washington Post

"High Court Voids School Segregation," The Evening Star, Monday, May 17, 1954, front page. Newspaper collection.
Serial and Government Publications Division (85)

"Pupil Segregation Banned," Chicago Daily Tribune, Tuesday, May 18, 1954, front page.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (86)

"Supreme Court Outlaws Segregation in Schools," Los Angeles Times, Tuesday, May 18, 1954, front page.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (87)

"High Court Bans School Segregation; 9-to-0 Decision Grants Time to Comply," New York Times, Tuesday, May 18, 1954, front page.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (88)

"Kill Jim Crow Schools," Chicago Defender, Saturday, May 22, 1954, front page.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (88A)

"High Court Yields to Dixie-South Jubilant; No Date Set for Desegregation," California Eagle, Thursday, June 2, 1955, front page.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (114F)

Chester Commodore (1927-2004). Cartoon "Oops! There It Goes," Chicago Defender, Saturday, June 11, 1955, p. 9.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (114B)

Mary McLeod Bethune, "U.S. Will Make 'The Grade' In Integrating All Its Schools," Chicago Defender, Saturday, June 4, 1955, p. 9.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (114C)

"Capitol Spotlight by Louis Lautier-Spotlight on Supreme Court," Washington Afro-American, Tuesday, June 7, 1955, p. 4.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (114D)

"Marshall Explains High Court's School Decision," Washington Afro-American, Tuesday, June 7, 1955, pp.1, 16.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (114E)

"Nation's Press Praises Court's 'Go Slow' Edict," Chicago Defender, Saturday, June 11, 1955, p. 7.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (114A)

"Fate In Local Integration In Local Courts," The Philadelphia Tribune, Saturday, June 4, 1955, p. 1.
Newspaper Collection,
Serial and Government Publications Division (114G)