Skip Navigation
 
Home | About CDC | Media Relations | A-Z Index | Contact Us
   
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
CDC en Español 
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

 Research:

Some files on this page require Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader.Get Adobe Reader

STD Research by YearResearch by Year

 2003

Adjé-Touré CA, Celestin B, Hanson D, Roels TH, Hertogs K, Larder B, Diomande F, Peeters M, Eholié S, Lackritz E, Chorba T, Nkengasong JN. Prevalence of genotypic and phenotypic HIV-1 drug-resistant strains among patients who have rebound in viral load while receiving antiretroviral therapy in the UNAIDS-Drug Access Initiative in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. AIDS 2003;17(Suppl 3):S23-S29.
Abstract

Adjé-Touré CA, Cheingsong R, Gerardo Garcìa-Lerma J, Eholié S, Borget M-Y, Bouchez J-M, Otten RA, Maurice C, Sassan-Morokro M, Ekpini RE, Nolan M, Chorba T, Heneine W, Nkengasong JN. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-2-infected patients: changes in plasma viral load, CD4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of patients treated in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. AIDS 2003;17(Suppl 3):S49-S54.
Abstract

Amornkul PN, Hu DJ, Tansuphasawadikul S, Lee S, Eampokalap B, Likanonsakul S, Nelson R, Young NL, Hajjeh RA, Limpakarnjanarat K, Mastro TD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype and Other Factors Associated with Extrapulmonary Cryptococcosis among Patients in Thailand with AIDS.AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2003;19(2):85-90.
Abstract

Anderson JP, Learn GH, Rodrigo AG, He X, Wang Y, Weinstock H, Kalish ML, Robbins KE, Hood L, Mullins JI Predicting demographic group structures based on DNA sequence data. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2003;20(7):1168-1180.
Abstract

Aral SO, St. Lawrence JS, Tikhonova L, Safarova E, Parker KA, Shakarishvili A, Ryan CA. The social organization of commercial sex work in Moscow, Russia. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(1):39-45.
Abstract

Aral SO, Foxman B. Editorial: Spatial mixing and bridging: risk factors for what? Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(10):750-751.

Armstrong J, Walsh CM. New Opportunities for an Old Problem:  Preventing Genital Chlamydial Infections in U.S. Women. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management 2003; 10(8):447-455.

Barnes RS, Anderson LA, Weisbord JS, Koumans E, Toomey KE. Georgia prenatal care providers’ perceptions of barriers to sexually transmitted disease screening. Southern Medical Journal 2003;96(9):845-849.
Abstract

Berman SM, Moran JS, Wang SA, Workowski KA. Fluoroquinolones, gonorrhea, and the CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(6):528-529.

Blandford JM. The Nexus of Sexual Orientation and Gender in the Determination of Earnings. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 2003;56(4):622-642.

Blandford JM, Gift TL. The Cost-Effectiveness of Single-Dose Azithromycin for Treatment of Incubating Syphilis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(6):502-508.
Abstract

Blank S, Moskin LC, Zucker JR. An ounce of prevention is a ton of work:  Mass antibiotic prophylaxis for anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003;9(6):615-622.
Full Text

Bloom FR. Syphilis and gay men: Collaboration and the Rapid Assessment Process (RAP). Planned Parenthood Newsletter 2003, August 8(1):1-4.

Bloom FR, Chillaga K, Yetter M. Philadelphia’s syphilis outbreak in gay men:  An application of rapid ethnographic assessment for public health in the U.S. Practicing Anthropology 2003;25(4):28-32.

Burstein G, Workowski KA. The STD Treatment Guidelines 2002. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2003;15(4):391-397.
Abstract

Callahan DB, Weinberg M, Gunn RA. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy:  Diagnosis and treatment practices of physicians in San Diego, California, 1999. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(8):645-649.
Abstract

CDC (Heffelfinger JD, Weinstock HS, Berman SM, Swint EB, Samoff E). Primary and secondary syphilis – United States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52(46):1117-1120.
Abstract

CDC (Kahn RH, Weinstock HS, Berman SM, Heffelfinger J). Recommendations for Public Health Surveillance of Syphilis in the United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, March 2003.
Full Text

CDC (Kent CK, Wolf W, Nieri G, Wong W, Klausner JD, Peterman TA). Internet use and early syphilis infection among men who have sex with men – San Francisco, California, 1999-2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2003;52(50):1229-1232.
 Full Text

CDC (Peterman TA, Workowski KA) Incorporating HIV prevention into the medical care of persons living with HIV: Recommendations of CDC, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2003;52(RR12):1-24
Full Text

CDC. (Wong D). Severe acute respiratory syndrome – Taiwan, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2003;52(20)461-466.
Full Text

Chesson HW, Pinkerton SD, Voigt R, Counts GW. HIV infections and associated costs attributable to syphilis coinfection among African Americans. American Journal of Public Health 2003;93(6):943-948.
Full Text

Chesson HW, Dee TS, Aral SO. AIDS mortality may have contributed to the decline in syphilis rates in the United States in the 1990's. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(5):419-424.
Abstract

Chesson HW, Harrison P, Stall R. Changes in alcohol consumption and in sexually transmitted disease incidence rates in the United States: 1983-1998. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2003;64(5):623-630.
Abstract

Chesson HW, Viscusi WK. Commonalities in time and ambiguity aversion for long-term risks. Theory and Decision 2003;54(1):57-71.
Abstract

Ciesielski CA. Sexually transmitted diseases in men who have sex with men: An epidemiologic review. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2003;5(2):145-152.
Abstract

Crosby RA, St. Lawrence JS, Kasprzyk D, Montaño. Sexually transmitted disease diagnosis by rural and non-rural physicians: A national comparison of practices. The Health Education Monograph Series 2003;20(2):26-32.

Datta SD, Armstrong GL, Roome AJ, Alter MJ. Blood exposures and hepatitis C virus infection among emergency responders. Archives of Internal Medicine 2003;163(21):2605-2610.
Abstract

Dicker LW, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Levine WC, Regional Infertility Program. Gonorrhea prevalence and Coinfection with chamydia in women in the United States, 2000. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(5):472-476.
Abstract

Djomand G, Roels T, Ellerbrock T, Hanson D, Diomande F, Monga B, Maurice C, Nkengasong J, Konan-koko R, Kadio A, Wiktor S, Lackritz E, Saba J, Chorba T. Virologic and immunologic outcomes and programmatic challenges of an antiretroviral treatment pilot project in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. AIDS 2003;17(Suppl 3):S5-S15.
Abstract

Do AN, Ciesielski CA, Melter RP, Hammett TA, Li J, Fleming PL. Occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: National case surveillance data during 20 years of the HIV epidemic in the United States. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2003;24:86-96.

Dunne EF, Burstein GR, Stone KM. Anogenital human papillomavirus infection in males. In: The Adolescent Male. Rosen DS, Rich M Editors, State of the Art Reviews, Adolescent Medicine. Volume 14, Number 3, October 2003, pages 613-632.

Erbelding EJ, Chung S, Kamb ML, Irwin KL, Rompalo AM. New Sexually Transmitted Diseases in HIV-Infected Patients: Markers for Ongoing HIV Transmission. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2003;33(2):247-252.
Abstract

Ethier KA, Kershaw TS, Niccolai LM, Lewis JB,  Ickovics JR. Adolescent females underestimate their susceptibility to STD infection. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2003;79(5):408-411.
Full Text

Farley TA, Cohen DA, Kahn RH, Lolis S, Johnson G, Martin DH. The acceptability and behavioral effects of antibiotic prophylaxis for syphilis prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(11):844-849.
Abstract

Fox KK, Swint EB. Epidemiology of syphilis in the Appalachian region. The Health Education Monograph Series, 2003;20(2):9-11.

García-Lerma JG, MacInnes H, Bennett D, Reid P, Nidtha S, Weinstock H, Kaplan J, Heneine W. A novel genetic pathway of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to stavudine mediated by the K65R mutation. Journal of Virology 2003;77(10):5685-5693.
Abstract

Golden MR, Hogben M, Handsfield HH, St. Lawrence JS, Potterat JJ, Holmes KK. Partner notification for HIV and STD in the United States: Low coverage for gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and HIV. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(6):490-496.
Abstract

Gunn RA, Murray PJ, Brennan CH, Callahan DB, Alter MJ, Margolis HS. Evaluation of screening criteria to identify persons with hepatitis C virus infection among sexually transmitted disease clinic clients:  results from the San Diego Viral Hepatitis Integration Project. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(4):340-344.
Abstract

Gust DA, Wang SA, Grot J, Ransom R, Levine WC. National survey of sexual behavior and sexual behavior policies in facilities for individuals with mental retardation/developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation 2003;41(5):365-373.
Abstract

Hogben M, St. Lawrence JS, Hennessy MH, Eldridge GD. Using the theory of planned behavior to understand the STD risk behaviors of incarcerated women. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2003;30(2):187-209.
Abstract

Hollier LM, Workowski K. Treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in women. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2003;30(4):751-775, vii-viii.
Abstract

Holtz TH, Blank S, Balter S, Leighton J, Weisfuse I. The public health response to the World Trade Center disaster. In: Sidel llV, Levy N. eds. Terrorism and Public Health. New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2003.

Hoxworth T, Spencer NE, Peterman TA, Craig T, Johnson S, Maher JE. Changes in partnerships and HIV risk behaviors after partner notification. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(1):83-88.
Abstract

Ickovics JR, Niccolai LM, Lewis JB, Kershaw TS, Ethier KA. High postpartum rates of Sexually Transmitted Diseases among teens: Pregnancy as a window of opportunity for prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2003;79:469-473.
Full Text

Jennes W, Sawadogo S, Koblavi-Dème S, Vuylsteke B, Maurice C, Roels TH, Chorba T, Nkengasong JN, Kestens L. Cellular Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-protective factors:  A comparison of HIV-exposed seronegative female sex workers and female blood donors in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;187(2):206-214.
Abstract

Joesoef MR, Cheluget B, Marum LH, Wandera C, Ryan CA, DeCock KM, Chebet K. Differential of HIV prevalence in women and men who attended sexually transmitted disease clinics at HIV sentinel surveillance sites in Kenya, 1990-2001. International Journal of STD & AIDS 2003;14(3):193-196.
Abstract

Joesoef MR, Gultom M, Irana ID, Lewis JS, Moran JS, Muhaimin T, Ryan CA. High rates of sexually transmitted diseases among male transvestites in Jakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of STD & AIDS 2003;14(9):609-613.
Abstract

Johnson SR, Sandul AL, Parekh M, Wang SA, Knapp JS, Tress DL. Mutations causing in vitro resistance to azithromycin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2003;21(5):414-419.
Abstract

Kahn RH, Moseley KE, Thiges JN, Johnson G, Farley TA. Community-based screening and treatment for STDs:  Results from a mobile clinic initiative. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(8):654-658.
Abstract

Kerani RP, Golden MR, Whittington WLH, Handsfield HH, Hogben M, Holmes KK. Spatial bridges for the importation of gonorrhea and chlamydial infection. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(10):742-749.
Abstract

Kershaw TS, Ethier KA, Niccolai LM, Lewis JB, Ickovics JR. Misperceived risk among adolescent females: Social and psychological factors associated with sexual risk accuracy. Health Psychology 2003;22(5):523-532.
Abstract

Kershaw TS, Niccolai LM, Ethier KA, Lewis JB, Ickovics JR. Perceived susceptibility to pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Disease among pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology 2003;31(4):419-434.
Abstract

Kershaw TS, Niccolai LM, Ickovics JR, Lewis JB, Meade CS, Ethier KA. Short and long‑term impact of adolescent pregnancy on postpartum contraceptive use: Implications for prevention of repeat pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health 2003;33(5):359-368.
Abstract

Kissinger PJ, Niccolai LM, Magnus M, Farley TA, Maher JE, Richardson-Alston G, Dorst D, Myers L, Peterman TA. Partner notification for HIV and syphilis:  Effects on sexual behaviors and relationship stability. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(1):75-82.
Abstract

Koblavi-Dème S, Maran M, Kabran N, Borget MY, Kalou M, Kestens L, Maurice C, Sassan-Morokro M, Ekpini ER, Roels TH, Chorba T, Nkengasong JN. Changes in levels of immune activation and reconstitution markers among HIV-1-infected Africans receiving antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003;17(Suppl 3):S17-S22.
Abstract

Kohl KS, Markowitz LE, Koumans EH. Developments in the screening for Chlamydia trachomatis:  a review. Obstetrics and Gynecologic Clinics of North America 2003;30(4):637-658.
Abstract

Koumans EH, Black CM, Markowitz LE, Unger ER, Pierce A, Sawyer MK, Papp JR. Comparison of methods for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using commercially available nucleic acid amplification tests and a liquid Pap smear medium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003;41(4):1507-1511.
Abstract

Kraut-Becher JR, Aral SO. Gap length: An important factor in sexually transmitted diseases transmission. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(30):221-225.
Abstract

Lyss SB, Kamb ML, Peterman TA, Moran JS, Newman DR, Bolan G, Douglas Jr, JM, Iatesta M, Malotte K, Zenilman JM, Ehret J, Gaydos C, Newhall WJ. Chlamydia trachomatis among patients infected with and treated for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003;139(3):178-185.
Abstract

Magid DJ, Stiffman M, Anderson LA, Irwin K. Adherence to CDC STD guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in two managed care organizations. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(1):30-32.
Abstract

Maher JE, Peterman TA, Osewe PL, Odusanya S, Scerba JR. Evaluation of a community-based organization’s intervention to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases: A randomized, controlled trial. Southern Medical Journal 2003;96(3):248-253.
Abstract

McCree DH, Leichliter J, Hogben M, St. Lawrence JS. National survey by specialty of US physicians' HPV screening practices. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(2):159-163.
Abstract

McCree DH, Liddon NC, Hogben M, St. Lawrence JS. National survey of doctors’ actions following the diagnosis of a bacterial STD. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2003;79:254-256.
Full Text

McLean CA, Kohl K, Baker MA, Sinclair MF,Ciesielski CA, Markowitz LE. The syphilis reactor grid:  Help or hindrance for syphilis surveillance? Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(8):650-653.
Abstract

Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, Soper DE, Stamm C, Bass DC, Sweet RL, Rice P, Downs J, Aral SO. Why women douche and why they may or may not stop. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(1):71-74.
Abstract

Niccolai LM, Ethier KA, Kershaw TS, Lewis JB, Ickovics JR. Pregnant Adolescents at Risk: Sexual Behaviors and STD Prevalence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;188(1):63-70.
Abstract

O’Brien ME, Richardson-Alston G, Ayoub M, Magnus M, Peterman TA, Kissinger P. Prevalence and correlates of HIV serostatus disclosure. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(9):731-735.
Abstract

Ortiz-Torres B, Williams SP, Ehrhardt AA. Urban women’s gender scripts: Implications for HIV prevention. Culture, Health & Sexuality 2003;5(1):1-17.
Abstract

Pang X, Zhu X, Xu F, Guo J, Gong X, Liu D, Liu Z, Chin D, Feikin D. Evaluation of control measures implemented in the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Beijing, 2003. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;290(24):3215-3221.
Abstract

Paz-Bailey G, Kilmarx PH, Supawitkul S, Chaowanachan T, Jeeyapant S, Sternberg M, Markowitz L, Mastro TD, Griensven FV. Risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases in northern Thai adolescents: An audio-computer-assisted self-interview with noninvasive specimen collection. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(4):320-326.
Abstract

Pealer LN, Peterman TA.When it comes to contact notification, HIV is not TB. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases 2003;7(12s3):S337-S341.
Abstract

Pinkerton SD, Chesson HW. Lifetime risk considerations in HIV prevention effectiveness models. In: Strategies to Improve the Replicability, Sustainability, and Durability of HIV Prevention Interventions for Drug Users. Washington DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2003;38-44.

Pinkerton SD, Layde PM, DiFranceisco W, Chesson HW, and the NIMH Multisite HIV Prevention Trial Group. All STDs are not created equal: An analysis of the differential effects of sexual behavior changes on different STDs. International Journal of STD & AIDS 2003;14(5):320-328.
Abstract

Ratelle S, Yokoe D, Blejan C, Whelan M, Tang Y, Platt R, Blair R, Tao G, Irwin KL. Predictive value of clinical diagnostic codes for the CDC case definition of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): implications for surveillance. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(11):866-870.
Abstract

Reininger B, Valentine JA, Edwards KM, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Schools of Public Health Institute for HIV Prevention Leadership. Steps to Success in Community-Based HIV/AIDS Prevention: How to Determine Who Is At Risk and Why—Module 1 Community Assessment. September 2003.

Rietmeijer, CA, Bull SS, McFarlane M, Panaik JL, Douglas JM. Risks and benefits of the internet for populations at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Results of a clinic survey. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(1):15-19.
Abstract

Ruscher JB, Hogben M. Who says words will never hurt you? Contemporary Psychology APA Review of Books 2003;48(2):177-179. 

Salabarría-Peña, Y., Lee, J.W., Montgomery, S.B., Hopp, J.W., Muralles, A.A. Determinants of Female and Male Condom Use Among Immigrant Women of Central American Descent. AIDS and Behavior 2003;7(2):163-174.
Abstract

Sawadogo S, Adjé-Touré C, Bilé CE, Ekpini EA, Chorba T, Nkengasong JN. Field Evaluation of the gag-Based Heteroduplex Mobility Assay for Genetic Subtyping of Circulating Recombinant Forms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003;41(7):3056-3059.
Abstract

Schaffzin JK, Koumans EH, Kahn RH, Markowitz LE. Evaluation of syphilis reactor grids: Optimizing impact. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(9):700-706.
Abstract

Scharbo-DeHaan M, Anderson D. The CDC 2002 guidelines for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases: Implications for women’s health care. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 2003;48(2):96-104.
Abstract

Schillinger JA, Kissinger P, Calvet H, Whittington WLH, Ransom RL, Sternberg JR, Berman SM, Kent CK, Martin DH, OH K, Handsfield HH, Bolan G, Markowitz LE, Fortenberry JD. Patient-delivered partner treatment with azithromycin to prevent repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women:  A randomized, controlled trial. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(1):49-56.
Abstract

Scholes D, Anderson LA, Operskalski BH, Bluespruce J, Irwin K, Magid DJ. STD prevention and treatment guidelines: A review from a managed care perspective. American Journal of Managed Care 2003;9(2):181-189;quiz 190-191.
Abstract

Semaan S, Lauby J, O’Connell AA, Cohen A. Factors associated with perceptions of, and decisional balance for, condom use with main partner among women at risk for HIV infection. Women & Health 2003;37(3):53-69.

Stoner BP, Whittington WLH, Aral SO, Hughes JP, Handsfield, Holmes KK. Avoiding risky sex partners: perception of partners’ risks v partners’ self reported risks. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2003;79:197-201.
Abstract

Tao G, Branson BM, Anderson LA, Irwin KL. Do physicians provide counseling with HIV and STD testing at physician offices or hospital outpatient departments? AIDS 2003;17(8):1243-1247.
Abstract

Tun W, Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Strathdee SA. Attitudes toward HIV treatments influence unsafe sexual and injection practices among injecting drug users. AIDS 2003;17(13):1953-1962.
Abstract

Wang SA,  Lee MVC, Norman O’Connor N, Iverson CJ, Ohye RG, Whiticar PM, Hale JA, Tree DL, Knapp JS, Effler PV, Weinstock HS. Multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime, Hawaii, 2001. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003;37(6):849-852.
Abstract

Wei F, Walsh CM. Validation of Data Collection for the HEDIS Performance Measure on Chlamydia Screening in an MCO. American Journal of Managed Care 2003;9(9):585-593.
Abstract

Wilson TE, Koenig LJ, Walter E, Fernandez I, Ethier K. Dual contraceptive use for pregnancy and disease prevention among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women: The importance of an event-level focus for promoting safer sexual behaviors. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2003;30(11):809-812.
Abstract

Wuhib T, McCarthy BJ, Chorba T, Sinitsina T, Ivasiv IV, McNabb SJN. Underestimation of Infant Mortality Rates in One Republic of the Former Soviet Union. Pediatrics 2003;111(5 Pt 1):e596-e600.
Abstract

Young CL, Hu DJ, Byers R, Vanichseni S, Young NL, Nelson R, Mock PA, Choopanya K, Janssen R, Mastro TD, Mei JV. Evaluation of a Sensitive/Less Sensitive Testing Algorithm Using the bioMérieux Vironostika-LS Assay for Detecting Recent HIV-1 Subtype B' or E Infection in Thailand. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2003;19(6):481-486.
Abstract

Zhang P, Tao G, Anderson LA. Differences in access to health care services among adults in rural America by rural classification categories and age. Australian Journal of Rural Health 2003;11(2):64-72.
Abstract


Page last modified: August 8, 2005
Page last reviewed: August 8, 2005 Historical Document

Content Source: Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention