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Volcanoes of Hawaii and the Pacific Ocean

Data Sources

The following references are the sources used for data regarding volcanoes in this region. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.


Aubaud C, Pineau F, Hekinian R, Javoy M, 2005. Degassing of CO2 and H2O in submarine lavas from the Society hotspot. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 235: 511-527

Baker E T, 1991. Megaplumes. Oceanus, 34: 84-91

Baker E T, Cowen J P, Fox C G, Axial Response Team, 1998. Axial volcano awakes: preliminary report of the detection of and response to the January, 1998, eruption at Axial volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Ridge Events, 9: 1-5

Bergmanis E C, Sinton J M, Trusdell F A, 2000. Rejuvenated volcanism along the southwest rift zone, East Maui, Hawai'i. Bull Volc, 62: 239-255

Binard N, Maury R C, Guille G, Talandier J, Gillot P Y, Cotten J, 1993. Mehetia Island, South Pacific: geology and petrology of the emerged part of the Society hot spot. J Volc Geotherm Res, 55: 239-260

Bowles J, Gee J S, Kent D V, Bergmanis E, Sinton J, 2005. Cooling rate effects on paleointensity estimates in submarine basaltic glass and implications for dating young flows. Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 6: Q07002, doi:10.1029/2004GC000900

Bowles J, Gee J S, Kent D V, Perfit M R, Soule S A, Fornari D J, 2006. Paleointensity applications to timing and extent of eruptive activity, 9 deg-10 deg N East Pacific Rise. Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 7: Q06006, doi:10.1029/2005GC001141

Brigham W T, 1868. Eruption at Mauna Loa on the Hawaiian Islands. Boston Soc Nat Hist Proc, 12: 82-83

Brigham W T, 1909. The volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Mem B P Bishop Museum, 2: 1-222

Calvert A T, Lanphere M A, 2006. Argon geochronology of Kilauea's early submarine history. J Volc Geotherm Res, 151: 1-18

Carbotte S M, Detrick R S, Harding A, Canales J P, Babcock J, Kent G, Van Ark E, Nedimovic M, Diebold J, 2006. Rift topography linked to magmatism at the intermediate spreading Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geology, 34: 299-212

Carlut J, Cormier M-H, Kent D V, Donnelly K E, Langmuir C H, 2004. Timing of volcanism along the northern East Pacific Rise based on paleointensity experiments on basaltic glass. J Geophys Res, 109: B04104, doi:10.1029/2003KB002672

Carlut J, Kent D V, 2000. Paleointensity record in zero-age submarine basalt glasses: testing a new dating technique for recent MORBs. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 183: 389-401

Casadevall T J, Dzurisin D, 1987. Stratigraphy and petrology of the Uwekahuna Bluff section, Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 351-375

Chadwick W W Jr, Embley R W, 1994. Lava flows from a mid-1980s submarine eruption of the Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. J Geophys Res, 99: 4761-4776

Chadwick W W Jr, Embley R W, 1994. Lava flows from a mid-1980s submarine eruption on the Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. J Geophys Res, 99: 4761-4776

Chadwick W W Jr, Embley R W, Fox C G, 1991. Evidence for volcanic eruption on the southern Juan de Fuca ridge between 1981 and 1987. Nature, 350: 416-418

Chadwick W W Jr, Embley R W, Fox C G, 1995. SeaBeam depth changes associated with recent lava flows, CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: evidence for multiple eruptions between 1981-1993. Geophys Res Lett, 22: 167-170

Chadwick W W Jr, Embley R W, Shank T M, 1998. The 1996 Gorda Ridge eruption: geologic mapping, sidescan sonar, and SeaBeam comparison results. Deep-Sea Res II, 45: 2547-2569

Cheng Q C, Macdougall J D, Lugmair G W, 1993. Geochemical studies of Tahiti, Teahitia and Mehetia, Society Island Chain. J Volc Geotherm Res, 55: 155-184

Christeson G L, Purdy G M, Rohr K M M, 1993. Structure of the Northern Symmetrical Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Mar Geophys Res, 15: 219-240

Clague D A, Davis A S, Bischoff J L, Dixon J E, Geyer R, 2000. Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Loi'hi Seamount and Kilauea volcano. Bull Volc, 61: 437-449

Clague D A, Hagstrum J T, Champion D E, Beeson M H, 1999. Kilauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i. Bull Volc, 61: 363-381

Corliss J B, Dymond J, Gordon L I, Edmond J M, Von Herzen R P, Ballard R D, Green K, Williams D, Bainbridge A,, 1979. Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos rift. Science, 203: 1073-1083

Crandell D R, 1983. Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions on the island of Maui, Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Map, I-1442

Cullen D J, 1969. Quaternary volcanism at the Antipodes Islands: its bearing on structural interpretation of the southwest Pacific. J Geophys Res, 74: 4213-4220

Davis A S, Clague D A, White W M, 1998. Geochemistry of basalt from Escanaba Trough: evidence for sediment contamination. J Petr, 39: 841-858

Decker R W, Christiansen R L, 1984. Explosive eruptions of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. In: Explosive Volcanism: Inception, Evolution, and Hazards, Washington, D C: Natl Acad Press, p 122-132

Delaney J R, Robigou V, McDuff R E, 1992. Geology of a vigorous hydrothermal system on the Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. J Geophys Res, 97: 19,663-19,682

Duffield W A, Christiansen R L, Koyanagi R Y, Peterson D W, 1982. Storage, migration, and eruption of magma at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1971-1972. J Volc Geotherm Res, 13: 273-307

Duncan R A, McDougall I, 1976. Linear volcanism in French Polynesia. J Volc Geotherm Res, 1: 197-227

Duncan R A, McDougall I, Carter R M, Coombs D S, 1974. Pitcairn Island--another Pacific hot spot?. Nature, 251: 679-682

Dziak R P, Fox C G, 1999. The January 1998 earthquake swarm at Axial volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge: hydroacoustic evidence of seafloor volcanic activity. Geophys Res Lett, 26: 3429-3432

Dzurisin D, Lockwood J P, Casadevall T J, Rubin M, 1995. The Uwekahuna Ash Member of the the Puna Basalt: product of violent phreatomagmatic eruptions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, between 2800 and 2100 14C years ago. J Volc Geotherm Res, 66: 163-184

Eakins B W, Robinson J E, 2006. Submarine geology of Hana Ridge and Haleakala volcano's northeast flank, Maui. J Volc Geotherm Res, 151: 229-250

Embley R W, Chadwick W W Jr, 1994. Volcanic and hydrothermal processes associated with a recent phase of seafloor spreading at the northern Cleft Segment; Juan de Fuca Ridge. J Geophys Res, 99: 4741-4760

Embley R W, Chadwick W W Jr, Clague D, Stakes D, 1999. 1998 eruptions of Axial volcano: multibeam anomalies and sea-floor observations. Geophys Res Lett, 26: 3425-3428

Embley R W, Chadwick W W Jr, Perfit M R, Baker E T, 1991. Geology of the northern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: recent lava flows, sea-floor spreading, and the formation of megplumes. Geology, 19: 771-775

Embley R W, Lupton J E, Massoth G, Urabe T, Tunnicliffe V, Butterfield D A, Shibata T, Okano O, Kinoshita M, Fujioka K, 1998. Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5 deg S: East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 163: 131-147

Embley R W, Murphy K M, Fox C G, 1990. High-resolution studies of the summit of Axial volcano. J Geophys Res, 95: 12,785-12,812

Fiske R S, Koyanagi R Y, 1968. The December 1965 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 607: 1-21

Flynn L P, Mouginis-Mark P J, Horton K A, 1994. Distribution of thermal areas of an active lava flow field: Landsat observations of Kilauea, Hawaii, July 1991. Bull Volc, 56: 284-296

Fornari D J, Garcia M O, Tyce R C, Gallo D G, 1988. Morphology and structure of Loihi seamount based on SEABEAM sonar mapping. J Geophys Res, 93: 15,227-15,238

Fornari D J, Haymon R M, Perfit M R, Gregg T K P, Edwards M H, 1998. Axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise 9deg-10deg N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. J Geophys Res, 103: 9827-9855

Garcia M O, Davis M G, 2001. Submarine growth and internal structure of ocean island volcanoes based on submarine observations of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii. Geology, 29: 163-166

Garcia M O, Kurz M D, Muenow D W, 1990. Mahukona: the missing Hawaiian volcano. Geology, 18: 1111-1114

Garcia M O, Rhodes J M, Trusdell F A, Pietruszka A J, 1996. Petrology of lavas from the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano: III. The Kupaianaha episode (1986-1992). Bull Volc, 58: 359-379

Garcia M O, Rubin K H, Norman M D, Rhodes J M, Graham D W, Muenow D W, Spencer K, 1998. Petrology and geochronology of basalt breccia from the 1996 earthquake swarm of Loihi seamount, Hawaii: magmatic history of its 1996 eruption. Bull Volc, 59: 577-592

Goldstein S J, Murrell M T, Janecky D R, Delaney J R, Clague D A, 1992. Geochronology and petrogenesis of MORB from the Juan de Fuca and Gorda ridges by 238U-230Th disequilibrium. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 109: 255-272

Goldstein S J, Perfit M R, Batiza R, Fornari D J, Murrell M T, 1994. Off-axis volcanism at the East Pacific Rise detected by uranium-series dating of basalts. Nature, 367: 157-159

Green J, Short N M, 1971. Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features: a Photographic Atlas and Glossary. New York: Springer-Verlag, 519 p

Green W L, 1887. Vestiges of the Molten Globe. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Pub Co, 337 p

Gregg T K P, Fornari D J, Perfit M R, Haymon R M, Fink J H, 1996. Rapid emplacement of a mid-ocean ridge lava flow on the East Pacific Rise at 9 deg 46 min-51 min N. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 144: E1-E7

Guest J E, Spudis P D, Greeley R, Taylor G J, Baloga S M, 1995. Emplacement of xenolith nodules in the Kaupulehu lava flow, Hualalai volcano, Hawaii. Bull Volc, 57: 179-184

Guillou H, Garcia M O, Turpin L, 1997. Unspiked K-Ar dating of young volcanic rocks from Loihi and Pitcairn hot spot seamounts. J Volc Geotherm Res, 78: 239-249

Hammer J E, Coombs M L, Shamberger P J, Kimura J-I, 2006. Submarine sliver in North Kona: a window into the early magmatic and growth history of Hualalai volcano, Hawaii. J Volc Geotherm Res, 151: 157-188

Hantke G, 1959. Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit 1954-1956. Bull Volc, 20: 3-36

Harris A J L, Thornber C R, 1999. Complex effusive events at Kilauea as documented by GOES satellite and remote cameras. Bull Volc, 61: 382-395

Haymon R M, Fornari D J, Edwards M H, Carbotte S, Wright D, Macdonald K C, 1991. Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9 deg 9'-54' N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 104: 513-534

Haymon R M, Fornari D J, Von Damm K L, Lilley M D, Perfit M R, Edmond J M, Shanks WC III, Lutz R A, Grebmeir J M, Carbotte S, Wright D, McLaughlin E, Smith M, Beedle N, Olson E, 1993. Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9 deg 45-52 min N: direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April 1991. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 119: 85-101

Hedervari P, 1963. On the energy and magnitude of volcanic eruptions. Bull Volc, 25: 373-386

Hekinian R, Bideau D, Stoffers P, Cheminee J L, Muhe R, Puteanus D, Binard N, 1991. Submarine intraplate volcanism in the South Pacific: geological setting and petrology of the Society and Austral regions. J Geophys Res, 96: 2109-2138

Hekinian R, Cheminee J L, Dubois J, Stoffers P, Scott S, Guivel C, Garbe-Schonberg D, Devey C, Bourdon B, Lackschewitz K, McMurtry G, Le Drezen E, 2003. The Pitcairn hotspot in the South Pacific: distribution and composition of submarine volcanic sequences. J Volc Geotherm Res, 121: 219-245

Heliker C C, Mangan M T, Mattox T N, Kauahikaua J P, Helz R T, 1998. The character of long-term eruptions: inferences from episodes 50-53 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano. Bull Volc, 59: 381-393

Heliker C, Griggs J D, Takahashi T J, Wright T L, 1986. Volcano Monitoring at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Earthq Volcanoes, 18: 3-71

Hitchcock C H, 1909. Hawaii and its Volcanoes. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Pub Co, 306 p

Holcomb R T, 1987. Eruptive history and long-term behavior of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 261-350

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior.

Jackson M C, Frey F A, Garcia M O, Wilmoth R A, 1999. Geology and geochemistry of basaltic lava flows and dikes from the Trans-Koolau tunnel, Oahu, Hawaii. Bull Volc, 60: 381-401

Jaggar T A, 1947. Origin and developement of craters. Geol Soc Amer Mem, 21: 1-508

Johnson R H, 1970. Active submarine volcanism in the Austral Islands. Science, 167: 977-979

Johnson R H, 1976. Possible submarine volcanic eruption off southern California. Deep Sea Res, 23: 265-267

Jurado-Chichay Z, Rowland S K, 1995. Channel overflows of the Pohue Bay flow, Mauna Loa, Hawai'i: examples of the contrast between surface and interior lava. Bull Volc, 57: 117-126

Jurado-Chichay Z, Rowland S K, Walker G P L, 1996. The formation of circular littoral cones from tube-fed pahoehoe, Mauna Loa, Hawai'i. Bull Volc, 57: 471-482

Karsten J L, Hammond S R, Davis E E, Currie R G, 1986. Detailed geomorphology and neotectonics of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: new results from Seabeam swath mapping. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 97: 213-221

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. Volc Soc Japan draft ms, (limited circulation), 160 p

Kauahikaua J, Camara B, 2000. Most recent eruptions of Hualalai volcano, Hawai'i: geological evidence from the historical record. In: McCoy F W, Heiken G (eds), Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity, Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap, 345: 25-32

Kauahikaua J, Cashman K V, Clague D A, Champion D, Hagstrum J T, 2002. Emplacement of the most recent lava flows on Hualalai volcano, Hawai'i. Bull Volc, 64: 229-253

Kauahikaua J, Mangan M, Heliker C, Mattox T, 1996. A qualitiative look at the demise of a basaltic vent: the death of Kupaianaha, Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i. Bull Volc, 57: 641-648

Klein F W, 1982. Earthquakes at Loihi submarine volcano and the Hawaiian hot spot. J Geophys Res, 87: 7719-7726

Klein F W, Koyanagi R Y, 1979. Seismicity of Kilauea and Loihi volcanoes, Hawaii (abs). Hawaii Symp Intraplate Volc & Submarine Volc, Hilo, Hawaii, Abs, p 124

Koski R A, Jonasson I R, Kadko D C, Smith V K, Wong F L, 1994. Compositions, growth mechanisms, and temporal relations of hydrothermal sulfide-sulfate-silica chimneys at the northern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. J Geophys Res, 99: 4813-4832

Langenheim V A M, Clague D A, 1987. The Hawaiian-Emporer volcanic chain, Part II: Stratigraphic framework of volcanic rocks of the Hawaiian Islands. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 55-84

LeMasurier W E, Thomson J W (eds), 1990. Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans. Washington, D C: Amer Geophys Union, 487 p

Leslie S C, Moore G F, Morgan J K, 2004. Internal structure of Puna Ridge: evolution of the submarine East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i. J Volc Geotherm Res, 129: 237-259

Lipman P W, Coombs M L, 2006. North Kona slump: submarine flank failure during the early(?) tholeiitic shield stage of Hualalai volcano. J Volc Geotherm Res, 151: 189-216

Lipman P W, Sisson T W, Coombs M L, Calvert A, Kimura J-I, 2006. Piggyback tectonics: long-term growth of Kilauea on the south flank of Mauna Loa. J Volc Geotherm Res, 151: 73-108

Lockwood J P, Dvorak J J, English T T, Koyanagi R Y, Okamura A T, Summers M L, Tanigawa W R, 1987. Mauna Loa 1974-1984: A decade of intrusive and extrusive activity. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 537-570

Lockwood J P, Lipman P W, 1987. Holocene eruptive history of Mauna Loa volcano. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 509-535

Lockwood J P, Rubin M, 1986. Distribution and age of the Uwekahuna Ash, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. IAVCEI 1986 Cong, New Zeal, Abs, p 112

Lockwood J P, Tilling R I, Holcomb R T, Klein F, Okamura A, Peterson D W, 1999. Magma migration and resupply during the 1974 summit eruptions of Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap. 613: 1-37

Macdonald G A, 1944. The 1840 eruption and crystal differentiation in the Kilauean magma column. Amer J Sci, 242: 177-189

Macdonald G A, 1954. The 1942 eruption of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Amer J Sci, 241: 241-256

Macdonald G A, 1955. Hawaiian Islands. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 3: 1-37

Macdonald G A, 1959. The activity of Hawaiian volcanoes during the years 1951-1956. Bull Volc, 22: 3-70

Macdonald G A, 1962. The 1959 and 1960 eruptions of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, and the construction of walls to restrict the spread of the lava flows. Bull Volc, 24: 249-294

Macdonald G A, 1972. Volcanoes. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc, 510 p

Macdonald G A, 1978. Geologic map of the crater section of Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Map, I-1088, 8 p text

Macdonald G A, Abbott A T, 1970. Volcanoes in the Sea. Honolulu: Univ Hawaii Press, 441 p

Macdonald G A, Hubbard D H, 1975. Volcanoes of the National Parks in Hawaii. Hawaii Nat Hist Assoc, 60 p

Macdonald K C, Haymon R, Shor A, 1989. A 220 km2 recently erupted lava field on the East Pacific Rise near lat 8 deg S. Geology, 17: 212-216

Macdonald K C, Mudie J D, 1974. Microearthquakes on the Galapagos spreading centre and the seismicity of fast-spreading ridges. Geophys J Roy Astron Soc, 36: 245-257

Malahoff A, 1987. Geology of the summit of Loihi submarine volcano. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 133-144

Mangan M T, Heliker C C, Mattox T N, Kauahikaua J P, Heltz R T, 1995. Episode 49 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano - breakdown of a steady-state eruptive era. Bull Volc, 57: 127-135

Mangan M T, Heliker C C, Mattox T N, Kauahikaua J P, Helz R T, 1995. Episode 49 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano - breakdown of a steady-state eruptive era. Bull Volc, 57: 127-135

Mastin L G, 1997. Evidence for water influx from a caldera lake during the explosive hydromagmatic eruption of 1790, Kiauea volcano, Hawaii. J Geophys Res, 102: 20,093-20,109

Mastin L G, Christiansen R L, Thornber C, Lowenstern J, Beeson M, 2004. What makes hydromagmatic eruptions violent? Some insights from the Keanakako'i Ash, Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i. J Volc Geotherm Res, 137: 15-31

Mattox T N, Heliker C, Kauahikaua J, Hon K, 1993. Development of the 1990 Kalapana flow field, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Bull Volc, 55: 407-413

McPhie J, Walker G P L, Christiansen R L, 1990. Phreatomagmatic and phreatic fall and surge deposits from explosions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1790 A.D.: Keanakakoi Ash Member. Bull Volc. 52: 334-354

Moore J G, Clague D A, Holcomb R T, Lipman P W, Normark W R, Torresan M E, 1989. Prodigous submarine landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge. J Geophys Res, 94: 17,465-17,484

Moore J G, Clague D A, Normark W R, 1982. Diverse basalt types from Loihi seamount, Hawaii. Geology, 10: 88-92

Moore J G, Koyanagi R Y, 1969. The October 1963 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 614-C: 1-13

Moore J G, Krivoy H L, 1964. The 1962 flank eruption of Kilauea volcano and structure of the East Rift Zone. J Geophys Res, 69: 2033-2045

Moore J G, Normark W R, Lipman P W, 1979. Loihi seamount-a young submarine Hawaiian volcano (abs). Hawaii Symp Intraplate Volc & Submarine Volc, Hilo, Hawaii, Abs, p 127

Moore R B, Clague D A, Rubin M, Bohrson W A, 1987. Hualalai volcano: a preliminary summary of geologic, petrologic, and geophysical data. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 571-585

Moore R B, Helz R T, Dzurisin D, Eaton G P, Koyanagi R Y, Lipman P W, Lockwood J P, Puniwai G S, 1980. The 1977 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. J Volc Geotherm Res, 7: 189-210

Moore R B, Trusdell F A, 1991. Geologic map of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Misc Invest Ser Map, I-2225, 1:24,000 geol map

Mullineaux D R, Peterson D W, Crandell D R, 1987. Volcanic hazards in the Hawaiian Islands. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 599-621

Newhall C G, Dzurisin D, 1988. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1855: 1108 p, 2 vol

Okubo C H, 2004. Rock mass strength and slope stability of the Hilina slump, Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i. J Volc Geotherm Res, 138: 43-76

Ozawa A, Tagami T, Garcia M O, 2005. Unspiked K-Ar dating of Honolulu rejuvenated and Ko'olau shield volcanism on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 232: 1-11

Parfitt E A, Wilson L, 1994. The 1983-86 Pu'u 'O'o eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: a study of dike geometry and eruption mechanisms for a long-lived eruption. J Volc Geotherm Res, 59: 179-205

Perfit M R, Chadwick W W Jr, 1998. Magmatism at Mid-Ocean ridges: constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations. In: Buck W R, Delaney P T, Karson J A, Lagabrielle Y (eds) Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges Amer Geophys Union Geophys Monograph 106: 59-115

Peterson D W, Moore R B, 1987. Geologic history and evolution of geologic concepts, island of Hawaii. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1350: 149-189

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Rhodes J M, Morgan C, Liias R A, 1990. Geochemistry of Axial Seamount lavas: magmatic relationship between Cobb Hotspot and the Juan de Fuca Ridge. J Geophys Res, 95: 12,713-12,733

Robinson J E, Eakins B W, 2006. Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes at the young end of the Hawaiian Ridge. J Volc Geotherm Res, 151: 309-317

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Rubin K H, Macdougall J D, Perfit M R, 1994. 210Po-210Pb dating of recent volcanic eruptions on the sea floor. Nature, 368: 841-844

Rubin K H, Smith M C, Perfit M R, Christie D M, Sacks L F, 1998. Geochronology and geochemistry of lavas from the 1996 North Gorda Ridge eruption. Deep-Sea Res II, 45: 2571-2597

Rubin K, van der Zander I, 2005. Obtaining high-resolution chronologies of submarine lava eruptions: better dating through radiochemistry. Ridge 2000 Events, 3 (Spring 2005): 28-30

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Sherrod D R, McGeehin J P, 1999. New radiocarbon ages from Haleakala crater, island of Maui, Hawai'i. U S Geol Surv Open-File Rpt, 99-143: 1-14

Sherrod D R, Takashi Murai T, Tagami T, 2007. New K-Ar ages for calculating end-of-shield extrusion rates at West Maui volcano, Hawaiian island chain. Bull Volc, 69: 627-642

Sims K W W, Blichet-Toft J, Fornari D J, Perfit M R, Goldstein S J, Johnson P, DePaolo D J, Hart S R, Murrell M T, Michael P J, Layne G D, Ball L A, 2003. Aberrant youth: chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of off-axis lavas from the East Pacific Rise, 9 deg-10 deg N. Geochem Geophys Geosystems, 4: 8621, doi:10.1029/2002G000443

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Global Volcanism ProgramDepartment of Mineral SciencesNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian Institution

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