Table of Contents
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Scope, Focus, and Overarching Themes
Secondary Areas of Concern
Youth Violence: The Public Health Approach
Myths About Youth Violence
Sources of Data and Standards of Evidence
Overview of the Report's Chapters
Chapter Conclusions
Preparation of the Report
References
Chapter 2:
The Magnitude of Youth Violence
Measuring Youth Violence
The Violence Epidemic
Arrests for Violent Crimes
Prevalence of Violent Behavior
Differences by Sex and Race/Ethnicity
Violence at School
Gangs and Violence
Conclusions
References
Appendix 2-A
Chapter 3:
The Developmental Dynamics of Youth Violence
Early- and Late-Onset Trajectories
Onset and Prevalence of Serious Violence
Cumulative Prevalence
Rates of Offending and Violent Careers
Developmental Pathway to Violence
Chronic Violent Offenders
Superpredators?
Co-Occurring Problem Behaviors
Offending and Victimization
Transition to Adulthood
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4:
Risk Factors for Youth Violence
Introduction to Risk and Protective Factors
Risk Factors in Childhood
Risk Factors in Adolescence
Proposed Protective Factors in Childhood and Adolescence
Conclusions
References
Appendix 4-A: Lipsey and Derzons Classes of Risk Factors
Appendix 4-B: Violence in the Media and Its Effect on Youth Violence
Media Violence: Exposure and Content
Major Behavioral Effects of Media Violence
Summary of Major Empirical Research Findings
Preventive Efforts
Implications
References
Chapter 5:
Prevention and Intervention
Promoting Healthy, Nonviolent Children
Methods of Identifying Best Practices
Scientific Standards for Determining Program Effectiveness
Stategies and Programs: Model, Promising, and Does Not Work
Cost-Effectiveness
Conclusions
Going to Scale
References
Appendix 5-A: Consistency of Best Practices Evaluations
Appendix 5-B: Descriptions of Specific Programs That Meet Standards for Model and Promising Categories
Model Programs: Level 1 (Violence Prevention)
Model Programs: Level 2 (Risk Prevention)
Promising Programs: Level 1 (Violence Prevention)
Promising Programs: Level 2 (Risk Prevention)
Chapter 6
A Vision for the Future
Continue to Build the Science Base
Accelerate the Decline in Gun Use by Youths in Violent Encounters
Facilitate the Entry of Youths into Effective Intervention Programs Rather Than Incarcerating Them
Disseminate Model Programs with Incentives That Will Ensure Fidelity to Original Program Design When Taken to Scale
Provide Training and Certification Programs for Intervention Personnel
Improve Public Awareness of Effective Interventions
Convene Youths and Families, Researchers, and Private and Public Organizations for a Periodic Youth Violence Summit
Improve Federal, State, and Local Strategies for Reporting Crime Information and Violent Deaths
Conclusion
Reference
Glossary
Index
Boxes
2-1. Definitions of the four violent crimes considered in this report
4-1. Early and late risk factors for violence at age 15 to 18 and proposed protective factors, by domain
5-1. Rating intervention strategies
5-2. Rating prevention programs
5-3. What Model programs cost
Figures
2-1. Arrest rates of youths age 10-17 for serious violent crime, 1980-1999
2-2. Arrest rates of youths age 10-17 for serious violent crime, by type of crime, 1980-1999
2-3. Firearm- and nonfirearm-related homicides by youths, 1980-1997
2-4. Nonfatal firearm-related injuries of youths age 10-19 treated in hospital emergency departments, 1993-1998
2-5. High school students who carried weapons, 1991-1999
2-6. Trends in youth violence since 1983
2-7. Trends in incident rates of serious violence among 12th graders, assault with injury and robbery with a weapon combined, 1980-1998
2-8. Trends in prevalence of serious violence among 12th graders, 1980-1998
2-9. Twelfth graders injured with a weapon at school, 1980-1998
3-1. Hazard rate for initiating serious violence, by age, National Youth Survey
3-2. Prevalence of serious violence among male youths, by age: four longitudinal surveys
3-3. Cumulative prevalence of serious violence, by age, sex, and race: four longitudinal surveys
Tables
2-1. International comparison of the annual and cumulative prevalence of self-reported violent behavior by youths, 1992-1993
2-2. Differences in youths' self-reported violent behavior, by sex and race, 1983, 1993, and 1998
2-3. Differences in youth arrests for serious violent crimes, by sex and race/ethnicity, 1983, 1993, and 1998
3-1. Prevalence of serious violence by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: four longitudinal surveys
4-1. Effect sizes of early and late risk factors for violence at age 15 to 18
4-2. Proposed protective factors, evidence of buffering risk, and outcome affected, by domain
5-1. Average effect size
5-2. Cost-effectiveness of early intervention in California
5-3. Comparative costs and benefits of prevention and intervention
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