Uncle Sam's Belt

Train with Indians in the Background,
Unidentified photographer, date unknown.
Buckaroos in Paradise, 1945-1982
The train pictured here is the Jupiter which carried Leland Stanford, one of the "big four" owners of the Central Pacific, and other railway officials to the Golden Spike Ceremony.

Officials and workers of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railways met on Promontory Summit, in Utah Territory to drive in the Golden Spike on May 10, 1869. This spike symbolized completion of the first transcontinental railroad, an event which joined the nation from coast to coast and reduced a journey of four or more months to just one week.

The Corps of Discovery, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, generated the first maps and reports to describe the topography of the trails and passages which led from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Congress recognized the importance of such topographical studies to westward expansion by organizing a Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1838. In the 1850s the Senate ordered ten thousand copies be printed of topographical reports and surveys called the Pacific Railroad Route Reports, including one by John Charles Frémont, a member of the Corps. It was clear to expansionists such as Senator Thomas Hart Benton (Frémont's father-in-law) that both pioneers and railroaders would rely on such topographical reports to transverse the continent and to accomplish what so many believed was the nation's Manifest Destiny, unity from the Atlantic to the Pacific shores. It also became increasingly clear to Congressional leaders, that in the event of a Civil War between the north and the south, which ever side had the best transportation system and access to the west, would hold a great military advantage.

Among the great topographical studies of the nineteenth century were those completed by the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Railroads. Men such as Granville Dodge and Peter Dey, Chief Engineers for the Union Pacific, and Theodore Judah and Samuel Montegue, Chief Engineers for the Central Pacific, plotted railroad lines which were soon laid across prairie and desert, and blasted straight through mountains. It is a measure of their engineering skills that in the twenty-first century the well traveled east-west motor highway, Interstate 80, follows (often within eyesight) the path charted in the 1860s by engineers of the first transcontinental railway.

Map of the Union Pacific Rail Road and Surveys of 1864, 65, 66, 67, 1868 from Missouri River to Humboldt Wells,
G.M. Dodge, Chief Engineer, 1869.
Railroad Maps, 1828-1900

The Central Pacific Railroad began constructing eastward from Sacramento, California, and the Union Pacific westward from Omaha, Nebraska. The majority of the track was built by Irish laborers from the East, Chinese who entered the country from the West, veterans of both the Union and Confederate armies, and Mormons who wished to see the railroad pass through Ogden and Salt Lake City. (The Mormon leader Brigham Young became a member of the Board of Directors of the Union Pacific). The men worked for an average of between one and three dollars a day. Between 1865 and 1869 the Union Pacific laid 1,086 miles and the Central Pacific 689 miles of track.

Map of the Central Part of California, and Part of Nevada [Showing the Current and Proposed Central Pacific Line]
Bielawski, Hoffmann & Poett, compilers and publishers, 1865.
Railroad Maps, 1828-1900

The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. Between 1860 and 1890 the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. rose from 30,000 to 270,000, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people, many of whom were recent immigrants.

My folks came to the United States from Sweden in 1866; landed in New York, then came to Omaha. When they got to Omaha they had $5.00 in American money, no job, and couldn't speak a word of English…Then they both got work on the new Union Pacific railroad from Omaha to Laramie City. Father worked on the road and mother cooked and washed for twenty-two men, for nine months; when they got back to Omaha they had $900.00 saved up.

"Mrs. Will H. Berger" November 21, 1938.
Interviewer, Edna B Pearson
American Life Histories, 1936-1940

Use the American Memory collections to learn more about America and the railroads:

• As an Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln took a case for the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad intended to ensure the right of that railroad to construct a bridge across the Mississippi, and as president he signed the Pacific Railway Act which provided government support for the building of the transcontinental railroad. Search on the term railroad in the Abraham Lincoln Papers to read more about Lincoln and the railroads. Read, for example, a letter from Thomas Durant of the Union Pacific to Lincoln regarding a request for a military escort for a party of engineers led by Peter Dey.
• Railroad Maps, 1828-1900 presents maps which reveal the development of cartographic style and technique, and highlight the achievement of early railroaders. Try searching the collection by Geographic Region and check out the illustrated essay History of Railroads and Maps which contains a section on the building of the transcontinental railroad.
• A number of U.S. Congressmen owned stock in The Crédit Mobilier of America, agent for the construction of the Union Pacific Railway's portion of the transcontinental line. The scandle which ensued regarding their ownership is discussed in Chapter VIII (page 258) of the 1873 book Behind the Scenes in Washington by Edward Winslow Martin. To find this, and other interesting railroad material, search on the terms Crédit Mobilier or railroad in both the Books and the Periodicals sections of The Nineteenth Century in Print.
• Search on the term railroad in Prairie Settlement, 1862-1912 to see images of railroads and railroad construction. See, for example, the Union Pacific railroad yards in Kearney, Nebraska, and railroad graders at work near Sargent, Nebraska.
• To see images of mid-twentieth century railroads, search on the term railroad in FSA/OWI Photographs, 1935-1945. Among the black and white photos are Robert Perry, railroad engineer, with the Central Railroad in New Jersey, or railroad tracks in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The colored photos include, for example, a diesel switch engine of the Illinois Central Railroad, John Paulinski, car inspector for the Santa Fe Railroad, and a switchman throwing a switch in a Chicago and North Western Railway yard.

Saint Joseph, Missouri,
A. Ruger,mapmaker, 1868.

New Map of the Union Pacific Railway, the Short, Quick and Safe Line to All Points West,
Rand McNally and Company, 1883.
Railroad Maps, 1828-1900

Ogden City, Utah,
E. S. Glover, mapmaker, 1875.

Topeka, the Capital of Kansas,
A. Ruger, mapmaker, 1869.

Denver, Colorado,
J. H. Flett, mapmaker, 1881.

Cheyenne, Wyoming,
J. J. Stoner, mapmaker, 1882.

Panoramic Maps, 1847-1929

These five panoramic maps illustrate a number of cities which lay along the Union Pacific portion of the transcontinental railroad line. Click on any one and then zoom in to railroad tracks, trains, depots, or roundhouses.

Jefferson Davis Captured!

Just before day the enemy charged our camp yelling like demons. Mr. Davis received timely warning of their approach…He started down to the little stream hoping to meet his servant with his horse and arms…Knowing he would be recognized I plead with him to let me throw over him a large waterproof wrap which had often served him…for a dressing gown and which I hoped might so cover his person that in the grey of the morning he would not be recognized. As he strode off I threw over his head a little black shawl which was around my own shoulders, seeing that he could not find his hat…When he had proceeded a few yards the guards around our tents with a shocking oath called out to know who that was. I said it was my mother…

Letter from Varina Davis to Montgomery Blair (pages 13-20) describing the capture of her husband, Jefferson Davis, June 6, 1865.
Words and Deeds in American Memory

On May 10, 1865, Union troops captured Confederate President Jefferson Davis near Irwinville, Georgia. Davis and his Cabinet had retreated from Richmond after General Lee's defeat at Petersburg on April 2, 1865. For several weeks the Confederate government had been in flight from the Union Army. Davis's plan was to escape by sea from the east coast of Florida and to sail to Texas where he hoped to establish a new Confederacy.

In route, the Cabinet disbanded, taking payment from the gold of the treasury. With rumors spreading among the Southern troops of the defeat of the Confederacy, the Davises were in hourly anticipation of attack by marauding Confederate soldiers in search of treasure. When the Union soldiers charged their camp, Jefferson Davis mistook them at first for the expected marauders.

Jeff. Davis Caught At Last. Hoop Skirts & Southern Chivalry (detail),
Philadelphia, J. L. Magee, 1865.
An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera
A version of Jefferson Davis's capture by Union cavalry. The title at the top of the cartoon reads, "The only true Picture of the Capture of Jeff. Davis, from the account furnished by Col. Prichard of the 4th Mich. Cavalry." In the cartoon, Davis says, "I think the United States Government could find something bettter to do than be hunting down Women and children."

Jeff's Double Quick. The Last Groans of the Confederacy: "Jeff's War Hoops" (detail),
Sheet music cover, 1865.
Prints and Photographs Division
A comic version of Confederate President Jefferson Davis's ignominious capture by Union troops in May 1865. Here Davis, clad as a woman and holding a wooden pail, is discovered by a lone trooper, Benjamin Dudley Pritchard of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry. The soldier lifts the skirts of the fugitive to reveal a pair of black boots. Davis's wife (at right) protests, saying, "Only my mother."

When apprehended by the Union soldiers, Davis was wearing his wife's dark gray cloak and black shawl. The Union soldiers reported that he was attempting to escape in the disguise of a woman. Responding to accusations of her husband's cowardice, First Lady Varina Davis attempted to offer a justification for Davis's apparent disguise in a letter to Montgomery Blair, an old friend and postmaster general in the Lincoln Administration:

Although one of Davis's own aides was persuaded his chief had indeed disguised himself as a woman to abet his escape, First Lady Varina Howell Davis…was incensed at accusations of her husband's cowardice in the Northern press. Her letter to the powerful Montgomery Blair…a friend of earlier years and postmaster general under President Abraham Lincoln…, provides a firsthand, detailed account of her husband's capture. Readers must decide for themselves whether the sequence of events was entirely coincidental or the efforts were calculated to deceive…

Descriptive essay accompanying Varina Davis letter, Janice E. Ruth and John R. Sellers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
Words and Deeds in American Memory

Fort Monroe, Virginia, where Jefferson Davis was imprisoned, circa 1910-1920.
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America, 1880-1920

Davis and his family were put on board ship, along with Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens, and taken by sea to Fort Monroe, Virginia. On May 22, Davis was taken ashore and placed in the prison, in shackles, into solitary confinement. He was indicted on the charge of treason but was never tried, and was released two years later, in May 1867.

Davis, who had opposed secession in spite of his belief in states' rights, was chosen president of the Confederacy soon after Mississippi left the Union. His first act in office was to send a commission of Southerners to Washington to negotiate terms of peace, but President Lincoln refused to see them. Throughout the Civil War, Davis contended with inflation, scarce resources, an argumentative Confederate Congress, and an inadequate and unequipped army.

In a history of abolitionism published in 1861, F.G. De Fontaine described President Jefferson Davis:

Jefferson Davis (detail), [President of the Confederate States of America],
Brady National Photographic Art Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Civil War Photograph Album Words and Deeds in American History: Selected Documents Celebrating the Manuscript Division's First 100 Years

Personally, he is the last man who would be selected as a "fire-eater." He is a prim, smooth looking man, with a precise manner, a stiff, soldierly carriage and an austerity that is at first forbidding. He has naturally, however, a genial temper, companionable qualities and a disposition that endears him to all by whom he may be surrounded. As a speaker he is clear, forcible and argumentative; his voice is clear and firm, without tremor, and he is one in every way fitted for the distinguished post to which he has been called.

F.G. Fontaine, History of American Abolitionism…Together with a History of the southern Confederacy, 1861.
African-American Perspectives, 1818-1907

Learn more about Jefferson Davis in American Memory:

• Search on Jefferson Davis in Touring Turn-of-the-Century America, 1880-1920 to find more photographs associated with Davis's life.

  
  Beauvoir, Home of Jefferson Davis, Biloxi, Mississippi, copyright 1901.
  Touring Turn-of-the-Century America, 1880-1920
  Davis retired to this small Gulf Coast estate in 1877 and spent his last years there.

• Search the Today in History Archive on the terms Confederacy, Confederate, or Civil War to find more related features.
• The Time Line of the Civil War, a Special Presentation in the American Memory collection of Civil War Photographs, 1861-1865, provides an overview of the sequence of events during the war.
• View a photograph of the location of Jefferson Davis's capture by Union Soldiers on May 10, 1865, in the collection FSA-OWI Photographs, 1935-1945.
• To learn more about Jefferson Davis, visit The Papers of Jefferson Davis. A variety of Davis's speeches and letters are available online through the efforts of this documentary editing project from Rice University.