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Table 82. | Principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993-94, 1999-2000, and 2003-04 |
Characteristic | Number of principals | Percentage distribution of principals, by highest degree earned, 2003-04 |
Average years of experience | Average annual salary of principals in current dollars |
Average annual salary of principals in constant 2006-07 dollars2 |
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1993-941 | 1999-20001 | 2003-041 | Bachelor's or less |
Master's | Education specialist3 | Doctor's and first-professional |
As a principal, 1993-94 | As a principal, 2003-04 | Teaching experience, 2003-04 | 1993-94 | 2003-04 | 1993-94 | 2003-04 | ||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||
Public schools | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 79,620 | (235) | 83,790 | (327) | 87,620 | (307) | 1.9 | (0.24) | 59.2 | (0.71) | 30.3 | (0.69) | 8.6 | (0.43) | 8.7 | (0.10) | 7.8 | (0.10) | 13.5 | (0.11) | $54,900 | (130) | $75,500 | (190) | $76,600 | (1810) | $82,800 | (200) | |||||
Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Males | 52,110 | (613) | 47,130 | (604) | 45,930 | (707) | 1.6 | (0.25) | 62.9 | (1.04) | 27.8 | (0.93) | 7.7 | (0.51) | 10.3 | (0.16) | 9.1 | (0.16) | 12.2 | (0.13) | 54,900 | (160) | 75,600 | (290) | 76,700 | (220) | 83,000 | (320) | |||||
Females | 27,500 | (542) | 36,660 | (598) | 41,690 | (708) | 2.2 | (0.41) | 55.1 | (1.23) | 33.1 | (1.13) | 9.7 | (0.70) | 5.6 | (0.12) | 6.3 | (0.13) | 14.9 | (0.16) | 54,700 | (280) | 75,400 | (330) | 76,400 | (390) | 82,700 | (370) | |||||
Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
White | 67,080 | (540) | 68,930 | (579) | 72,200 | (509) | 1.8 | (0.28) | 58.8 | (0.74) | 30.8 | (0.78) | 8.6 | (0.45) | 9.0 | (0.12) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 13.5 | (0.12) | 54,500 | (140) | 75,100 | (220) | 76,000 | (190) | 82,400 | (240) | |||||
Black | 8,020 | (351) | 9,240 | (321) | 9,250 | (377) | 2.0 | (0.53) | 56.2 | (2.32) | 30.9 | (1.94) | 10.9 | (1.68) | 7.1 | (0.21) | 6.9 | (0.33) | 14.3 | (0.40) | 57,700 | (450) | 77,400 | (670) | 80,500 | (630) | 84,900 | (730) | |||||
Hispanic | 3,270 | (258) | 4,330 | (300) | 4,680 | (355) | 1.5 | (0.61) | 69.2 | (3.85) | 24.1 | (3.68) | 5.2 | (1.35) | 6.3 | (0.37) | 6.1 | (0.43) | 11.9 | (0.55) | 55,900 | (800) | 79,400 | (1,370) | 78,000 | (1,110) | 87,200 | (1,500) | |||||
Asian | 620 | 4 | (109) | 630 | 4 | (124) | 460 | (87) | 6.8 | (2.16) | 70.0 | (10.11) | 20.3 | (10.38) | 3.0 | (1.23) | 6.0 | 4 | (0.60) | 6.8 | (1.17) | 13.6 | (1.29) | 59,400 | 4 | (1,430) | 82,600 | (1,670) | 83,000 | 4 | (1,990) | 90,700 | (1,830) |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 630 | (67) | 660 | (60) | 600 | (80) | 4.5 | (2.07) | 64.4 | (5.17) | 24.7 | (4.67) | 6.5 | (2.26) | 12.6 | (0.67) | 6.9 | (0.63) | 12.6 | (0.94) | 51,100 | (1,730) | 62,000 | (2,130) | 71,400 | (2,420) | 68,000 | (2,330) | |||||
Pacific Islander | — | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | ‡ | (†) | — | (†) | (†) | ||||||
More than one race | — | (†) | — | (†) | 350 | (82) | 3.2 | (2.30) | 48.5 | (11.64) | 35.6 | (10.26) | 12.7 | (5.94) | — | (†) | 5.6 | (1.12) | 13.2 | (0.98) | — | (†) | 75,800 | (3,770) | — | (†) | 83,200 | (4,130) | |||||
Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Under 40 | 5,940 | (273) | 8,440 | (302) | 12,840 | (477) | 3.5 | (0.84) | 67.3 | (1.98) | 26.4 | (1.81) | 2.9 | (0.40) | 2.8 | (0.13) | 2.4 | (0.10) | 7.6 | (0.14) | 46,500 | (470) | 68,800 | (540) | 65,000 | (660) | 75,500 | (600) | |||||
40 to 44 | 14,570 | (496) | 10,510 | (317) | 9,540 | (449) | 2.4 | (0.68) | 66.4 | (1.85) | 26.7 | (1.73) | 4.5 | (0.62) | 5.0 | (0.12) | 4.5 | (0.18) | 11.0 | (0.21) | 52,000 | (390) | 72,300 | (660) | 72,700 | (540) | 79,300 | (730) | |||||
45 to 49 | 25,430 | (429) | 19,600 | (535) | 16,120 | (526) | 2.2 | (0.72) | 60.0 | (1.81) | 29.9 | (1.59) | 7.9 | (0.85) | 7.1 | (0.13) | 6.1 | (0.16) | 13.4 | (0.20) | 55,400 | (260) | 73,300 | (530) | 77,400 | (360) | 80,400 | (580) | |||||
50 to 54 | 18,870 | (539) | 27,120 | (606) | 24,170 | (669) | 1.3 | (0.29) | 56.8 | (1.47) | 31.8 | (1.16) | 10.1 | (1.06) | 10.3 | (0.18) | 8.7 | (0.19) | 15.2 | (0.21) | 56,600 | (360) | 77,100 | (440) | 79,000 | (510) | 84,500 | (480) | |||||
55 or over | 14,820 | (441) | 18,130 | (500) | 24,960 | (679) | 1.3 | (0.36) | 53.9 | (1.63) | 32.5 | (1.60) | 12.3 | (0.97) | 15.1 | (0.35) | 11.9 | (0.23) | 15.9 | (0.27) | 57,800 | (490) | 80,100 | (480) | 80,700 | (690) | 87,900 | (520) | |||||
Type of school | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elementary | 53,680 | (294) | 60,110 | (253) | 61,480 | (361) | 1.2 | (0.22) | 59.9 | (0.98) | 30.5 | (0.99) | 8.5 | (0.57) | 8.9 | (0.14) | 7.9 | (0.13) | 13.7 | (0.13) | 54,200 | (170) | 75,400 | (220) | 75,600 | (240) | 82,700 | (250) | |||||
Secondary | 18,260 | (161) | 20,450 | (197) | 19,700 | (272) | 2.9 | (0.70) | 56.4 | (1.30) | 30.7 | (1.21) | 10.0 | (0.56) | 8.0 | (0.12) | 7.5 | (0.19) | 13.1 | (0.19) | 56,600 | (170) | 79,4000 | (440) | 79,000 | (230) | 87,100 | (480) | |||||
Combined | 2,750 | (143) | 3,230 | (146) | 6,450 | (263) | 5.6 | (1.05) | 60.9 | (2.07) | 27.9 | (1.96) | 5.6 | (0.86) | 7.5 | (0.29) | 7.4 | (0.36) | 12.7 | (0.35) | 52,800 | (510) | 64,700 | (620) | 73,800 | (710) | 70,900 | (680) | |||||
Location of school | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
City5 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 22,690 | (425) | 1.7 | (0.36) | 55.1 | (1.70) | 31.7 | (1.39) | 11.4 | (1.11) | — | (†) | 7.3 | (0.17) | 13.9 | (0.23) | — | (†) | 80,200 | (380) | — | (†) | 88,000 | (410) | |||||
Suburban6 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 25,600 | (506) | 1.0 | (0.27) | 59.1 | (1.30) | 28.3 | (1.35) | 11.5 | (0.96) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.23) | 13.3 | (0.20) | — | (†) | 85,400 | (470) | — | (†) | 93,700 | (520) | |||||
Town7 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 13,700 | (424) | 2.1 | (0.77) | 62.1 | (1.86) | 30.7 | (1.69) | 5.1 | (0.64) | — | (†) | 8.1 | (0.28) | 13.0 | (0.27) | — | (†) | 68,900 | (500) | — | (†) | 75,600 | (550) | |||||
Rural8 | — | (†) | — | (†) | 25,640 | (492) | 2.8 | (0.54) | 61.2 | (1.32) | 30.9 | (1.25) | 5.1 | (0.49) | — | (†) | 7.9 | (0.22) | 13.6 | (0.18) | — | (†) | 65,000 | (350) | — | (†) | 71,300 | (390) | |||||
Private schools | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 25,020 | (198) | 26,230 | (259) | 27,690 | (677) | 33.1 | (1.27) | 49.5 | (1.20) | 10.7 | (0.61) | 6.7 | (0.63) | 8.8 | (0.20) | 10.0 | (0.24) | 14.1 | (0.25) | $32,100 | (360) | $50,200 | (610) | $44,800 | (510) | $55,000 | (670) | |||||
Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Males | 11,610 | (301) | 11,900 | (308) | 12,110 | (552) | 29.1 | (1.74) | 50.6 | (1.72) | 10.5 | (0.95) | 9.8 | (1.13) | 9.0 | (0.26) | 11.0 | (0.35) | 13.3 | (0.35) | 35,600 | (560) | 55,400 | (1,000) | 49,700 | (790) | 60,80 | (1,100) | |||||
Females | 13,410 | (283) | 14,330 | (307) | 15,580 | (491) | 36.2 | (1.83) | 48.8 | (1.80) | 10.8 | (0.83) | 4.3 | (0.75) | 8.6 | (0.27) | 9.2 | (0.28) | 14.7 | (0.36) | 29,200 | (610) | 46,300 | (840) | 40,700 | (850) | 50,700 | (920) | |||||
Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
White | 23,130 | (270) | 23,320 | (309) | 24,850 | (715) | 32.3 | (1.33) | 50.2 | (1.26) | 11.1 | (0.65) | 6.4 | (0.64) | 8.7 | (0.22) | 10.3 | (0.24) | 14.4 | (0.26) | 32,000 | (400) | 50,600 | (600) | 44,600 | (560) | 55,500 | (660) | |||||
Black | 1,060 | (124) | 1,570 | (164) | 1,440 | (155) | 39.6 | (6.00) | 43.3 | (6.40) | 7.3 | (3.50) | 9.7 | (4.10) | 8.3 | (1.04) | 7.1 | (1.08) | 11.9 | (1.35) | 34,400 | (2,480) | 44,300 | (3,460) | 48,000 | (3,460) | 48,600 | (3,800) | |||||
Hispanic | 520 | (91) | 830 | (135) | 820 | (116) | 33.5 | (6.35) | 53.0 | (6.98) | 6.7 | (3.27) | 6.8 | (4.10) | 10.1 | (1.43) | 6.6 | (1.29) | 10.9 | (1.50) | 31,300 | (1,960) | 48,000 | (3,940) | 43,800 | (2,730) | 52,700 | (4,320) | |||||
Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Under 40 | 4,790 | (302) | 3,750 | (223) | 4,420 | (267) | 54.2 | (3.41) | 39.7 | (3.36) | 4.9 | (1.13) | 1.2 | (0.59) | 3.5 | (0.22) | 2.9 | (0.20) | 6.3 | (0.37) | 26,300 | (870) | 40,900 | (1,580) | 36,700 | (1,210) | 44,900 | (1,740) | |||||
40 to 44 | 4,400 | (217) | 3,450 | (212) | 3,040 | (250) | 45.3 | (4.75) | 43.9 | (4.21) | 7.2 | (2.45) | 3.7 | (1.59) | 5.3 | (0.24) | 5.4 | (0.38) | 10.6 | (0.57) | 30,500 | (930) | 43,600 | (1,720) | 42,600 | (1,300) | 47,900 | (1,890) | |||||
45 to 49 | 5,140 | (216) | 5,210 | (261) | 4,020 | (250) | 32.7 | (3.49) | 50.4 | (3.22) | 8.7 | (1.39) | 8.3 | (2.16) | 8.3 | (0.27) | 7.6 | (0.28) | 12.9 | (0.51) | 34,600 | (740) | 51,700 | (1,470) | 48,400 | (1,030) | 56,700 | (1,610) | |||||
50 to 54 | 4,120 | (228) | 5,840 | (291) | 5,820 | (337) | 27.1 | (2.46) | 53.0 | (2.42) | 12.3 | (1.57) | 7.6 | (1.23) | 9.6 | (0.34) | 10.1 | (0.35) | 14.7 | (0.49) | 37,700 | (1,000) | 52,400 | (1,570) | 52,700 | (1,390) | 57,500 | (1,720) | |||||
55 or over | 6,550 | (244) | 7,980 | (276) | 10,390 | (425) | 24.1 | (1.64) | 53.1 | (1.81) | 14.0 | (1.11) | 8.7 | (1.21) | 14.8 | (0.40) | 15.2 | (0.40) | 18.6 | (0.44) | 31,800 | (760) | 54,000 | (1,110) | 44,400 | (1,060) | 59,200 | (1,220) | |||||
Type of school | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elementary | 13,350 | (158) | 15,810 | (245) | 16,750 | (327) | 33.4 | (1.64) | 50.0 | (1.57) | 12.0 | (0.81) | 4.6 | (0.66) | 9.4 | (0.27) | 9.9 | (0.30) | 14.3 | (0.34) | 28,800 | (440) | 47,200 | (670) | 40,200 | (620) | 51,800 | (740) | |||||
Secondary | 2,300 | (244) | 2,630 | (133) | 2,510 | (364) | 13.3 | (3.27) | 62.9 | (4.33) | 13.0 | (2.76) | 10.9 | (2.56) | 7.8 | (0.36) | 9.3 | (0.77) | 15.6 | (0.68) | 43,700 | (780) | 65,000 | (2,590) | 60,100 | (1,090) | 71,300 | (2,840) | |||||
Combined | 6,770 | (115) | 7,800 | (265) | 8,430 | (281) | 38.4 | (2.36) | 44.7 | (2.35) | 7.3 | (0.93) | 9.6 | (1.10) | 8.0 | (0.34) | 10.3 | (0.39) | 13.4 | (0.47) | 33,600 | (1,110) | 51,600 | (1,520) | 47,000 | (1,550) | 56,600 | (1,660) |
— Not available. † Not applicable. ‡ Reporting standards not met. 1 Total differs from data appearing in other tables because of varying survey processing procedures and time period coverages. 2 Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. Excludes principals reporting a salary of $0. 3 Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year's work beyond the master's level. Includes certificate of advanced studies. 4 Data includes Pacific Islander. 5 A city consists of a territory inside an urbanized area and inside a principal city. 6 A suburb is a territory outside a principal city and inside an urbanized area. An urbanized area includes a central place and densely populated surrounding area with at least 50,000 people. 7 A town is a territory within an urban cluster. An urban cluster is a central place with a densely populated adjacent territory including at least 2,500 people. 8 A rural area is a Census-defined rural territory that is outside of an urbanized area and urban clusters. NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and survey item nonresponse. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), "Public School Principal Questionnaire" and "Private School Principal Questionnaire," 1993-94, 1999-2000, and 2003-04. (This table was prepared July 2007.) |