Technology
Transfer: The Use of Government Laboratories and Federally
Funded Research and Development
Tracer Bullet 93-5 |
|
The opportunity to improve the availability, dissemination, and
use of federal technology has consistently been a challenge. Over
the years, several federal efforts have been undertaken to promote
the transfer of technology from the federal government to state
and local jurisdictions and to the private sector. The primary
law affording access to the federal laboratory system is P.L.
96-480, the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980,
as amended by the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L.
99-502), the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (P.L. 101-418),
the National Competitiveness Technology Transfer Act of 1989 (P.L.
101-189), and the National Defense Authorization Act for FY91
(P.L. 101-510). In addition, this legislation has firmly established
technology transfer as a mission of all federal laboratories and
facilities. In addition, these legislative acts have given federal
agencies the authority to enter directly into cooperative research
and development agreements (CRADAs) with U.S. private companies.
While there are over 700 federal laboratories, the majority
of these are small operations that employ 5-10 researchers and
are located within a federal agency, a contractor, or a university.
The largest laboratories, with 8,000-10,000 employees, focus primarily
on basic research or very specialized applications, and although
many federal laboratories are attempting to become more attuned
to industry's needs, their primary responsibility remains to their
executive agencies and to Congress. According to the Council on
Competitiveness in its Industry as a Customer of the Federal Laboratory
(Washington, 1992), 'the challenge facing industry is how to help
focus R&D at the labs so that it is appropriate to industrial
needs, how to structure joint technology development programs,
and how to access R&D at the labs.'
The efforts of several agencies (NASA, DOE, and Commerce) and
those of the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Federal Technology,
aimed at encouraging the private sector to utilize the knowledge
and technologies generated by the federal laboratories, are discussed
below.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
was established in 1959, Congress set aside a small percentage
of the total budget to make the technical fruits of the space
program available to other users. By their challenging nature,
NASA programs are especially productive sources of advanced technology.
These technologies are a national asset in that they can be reused
or retooled to develop new products and processes to the benefit
of the U.S. economy and expanded industrial productivity. Indeed,
technology transfer--the process by which technology developed
in one organization, in one area, or for one purpose is applied
in another organization, in another area, or for another purpose--is
generally referred to as a "spinoff." "Spinoffs,"
however, do not happen automatically; it takes well-organized
efforts to put the technology to work in new ways and to realize
a dividend on our considerable national investment in aerospace
research.
NASA tries to facilitate and expedite the process by means of
its Technology Transfer Program, in which it utilizes a variety
of methods and mechanisms to stimulate the transfer of aerospace
technology to other sectors of the economy. The program is managed
by the Technology Transfer Division, a component of NASA's Office
of Commercial Programs. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the
division coordinates the activities of technology transfer specialists
located throughout the United States. Mechanisms to encourage
technology transfer include an annual technology transfer conference
and exposition and a series of government/industry/academic workshops
covering such topics as patent licensing, cooperative R&D,
and small business research opportunities. Publications, such
as its monthly NASA Tech Briefs and its annual Spinoff, inform
potential users of technologies that can be used to solve manufacturing
or industry problems, meet market needs, or develop new products
in a timely and cost-effective manner.
In 1985, NASA created a nationwide network of nonprofit consortia
of NASA, universities, and companies to conduct space-based, high
technology research and development in specific areas ranging
from materials processing to remote sensing to biotechnology.
The program was designed to use the collective abilities and expertise
of all three sectors to move emerging technologies from the laboratory
to the marketplace with some dispatch. As of September 1993, there
were 17 Centers for the Commercial Development of Space throughout
the United States, more than 350 industrial affiliates, and in
excess of 50 universities participating in the program.
In early 1993, NASA established a pilot program to develop Technology
Commercialization Centers in conjunction with several NASA field
centers. These "incubators" couple NASA technological
innovations with skills and resources needed to create new business
ventures. Two Centers already in existence, one at the Ames Research
Center, Mountain View, California, and the other at the Johnson
Space Center, Houston Texas, draw upon their own talent and technology
pool as well as a regional network of entrepreneurs, investment
capital, market and business expertise.
NASA's Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology's mission is
to pioneer innovative customer-focused space concepts and technology
generated and developed through industrial, academic, and governmental
alliances. In addition to the centers previously mentioned, the
office also sponsors NASA's University Space Engineering Research
Centers, a National Technology Transfer Network, and a NASA Small
Business Innovation Research program.
Department of Commerce
The Department's Under Secretary for Technology is responsible
for identifying opportunities and/or barriers affecting U.S. commercial
innovation, quality, productivity, and manufacturing; advocating
federal policies and programs to eliminate government-wide statutory,
regulatory, or other barriers to the rapid commercialization of
U.S. science and technology; fostering and promoting federal involvement
in research and development; and promoting joint efforts involving
business, industry, educational institutions, and state and local
organizations to encourage technology commercialization. Reporting
to the Under Secretary of the Office of the Assistant Secretary
for Technology Policy, which has the primary responsibility for
maximizing the role and contribution of technology to U.S. competitiveness
and economic security, are the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) and the National Technical Information Services
(NTIS).
The National Institute of Standards and Technology, founded
in 1901 as the National Bureau of Standards, was renamed in 1988
by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act and directed specifically
to assist industry in developing technology to improve product
quality and to facilitate rapid commercialization of products
based on new scientific discoveries. Several NIST programs have
been set up to spur innovation and accelerate the adoption of
new ideas and technology by U.S. companies. NIST's Advanced Technology
Program provides seed money to help U.S. businesses on precompetitive,
generic technologies with high commercial potential, and NIST's
research and testing facilities at Gaithersburg, Maryland, and
Boulder, Colorado, are made available to businesses engaged in
cooperative and proprietary work. A 20-megawatt research reactor
with a cold neutron facility, a metals processing laboratory,
and an automated manufacturing research facility are among the
resources available for use. The Malcolm Baldridge National Quality
Award, established by Congress in 1987 and managed by NIST in
cooperation with the private sector, is another approach used
by NIST to encourage industry and business to create a competitive
advantage.
Through its regional manufacturing technology centers (MTCs),
NIST provides technical and financial support to nonprofit centers
that assist small- and medium-sized companies in gaining expertise
with new manufacturing technologies. Each center's approach is
unique, dictated by its location and the type of manufacturing
of its client base. In general, the MTCs provide a wide range
of services, including individual project engineering, training
courses, demonstrations, and assistance in selecting and using
software and equipment. All manufacturing technology centers have
established large collections of computer aided design (CAD) and
computer aided manufacturing (CAM) software packages as well as
a wide variety of PC-based hardware systems and workstations.
This allows manufacturers to experiment with an extensive selection
of state-of-the-art systems to make intelligent decisions on the
systems best suited for their business. Since 1989, seven MTCs
have been established in the following cities: Cleveland, Ohio;
Columbia, South Carolina; Ann Arbor, Michigan; Overland Park,
Kansas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Torrance, California. Each
MTC must be sponsored by a U.S.-based nonprofit institution or
organization, which may include a state government agency, and
receives financial support from NIST for the first six years.
The Department of Commerce's National Technical Information
Service contains an Office of Federal Patent Licensing. This office
encourages federal agencies to evaluate their technical reports
and identify those projects with commercial applications. Consequently,
a variety of products and services has been developed by NTIS
to improve industrial access to practical government technology.
Among these are the Guide to Innovation Resources Planning for
the Smaller Business which describes more than 50 federal and
85 state government offices that offer assistance to smaller businesses
in bringing technologies to market; the Directory of Federal Technology
Resources, which describes special technical resources provided
by federal agencies and their laboratories, including staff experts,
equipment for sharing, technical information centers, software
sources, information analysis centers, and other services; the
Federal Technology Catalog, published annually, which indexes
some 1200 new technologies announced throughout the year in NTIS'
Tech Notes; and the annual Catalog of Government Inventions Available
for Licensing, containing some 1200 summaries of patents and patent
applications arranged into more than 40 subject categories.
Department of Energy
Although technology transfer has always been a concern of the
Department of Energy (DOE) and its laboratories, it has received
increasing emphasis from U.S. policy makers in recent years as
a means for enhancing the nation's competitiveness. DOE's goals
for technology transfer for the 1990's are defined in its Partnerships
for Global Competitiveness: a Draft Strategic Plan (July 29, 1993).
Responding to the new challenges and the economic imperative facing
the nation, DOE plans to reorient programs and redirect resources--particularly
at its laboratories--toward technology transfer programs. Efforts
are underway to inform business and industry of the capabilities
of DOE's laboratories, to help find assistance or collaboration,
and to indicate the best way to accomplish the desired objectives.
Key initiatives in promoting the success of its plan include reducing
the processing time for its Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements (CRADAs), developing integrated programs with industry
and other government agencies, stepping up its exchange programs
in which its laboratory staff work in industry facilities and
industry personnel work in government laboratories to enhance
each others' technical capabilities and support research in specific
areas, and encouraging arrangements that permit private parties
to conduct research and development at DOE laboratories.
DOE has significant resources that can be accessed by the private
sector, e.g., 10 national laboratories plus many other laboratories
and specialized facilities with a replacement value approaching
$100 billion, about 60,000 highly skilled and experienced scientists,
engineers, and technicians, thousands of licensable patents and
software packages, and annual R&D investments of more than
$6.5 billion. By implementing CRADAs and utilizing other technology
transfer mechanisms, DOE can reduce costs and provide benefits
to both private industry and the nation as a whole through collaborative,
cost-shared research and development. While the research and development
pursued under a CRADA are generally part of the participating
DOE laboratory's mission and related to a DOE program, some funding
is available to pursue "spinoff" developments. DOE's
annual Technology Transfer provides commentary on some of the
many opportunities available to U.S. business and industry to
work with DOE and its laboratories and facilities. One of DOE's
most important goals in this area is to increase the number and
scope of collaborative research and development projects with
U.S. industry. Successful technology transfer cannot occur if
organizations work in isolation; the technology transfer process
requires a team effort between laboratories and industry. The
laboratories and facilities provide some of the technical capabilities
required for successful application of technology, and industry
lends a market-oriented production perspective to the technology
transfer process.
Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
One of the primary federal efforts to facilitate and coordinate
the transfer of technology between various levels of government
and to the private sector is the Federal Laboratory Consortium
for Technology Transfer (FCC). The consortium was originally established
under the auspices of the Department of Defense in 1971 to improve
the exchange of technology among defense laboratories. In 1974,
it was expanded to include other federal departments in a voluntary
organization of approximately 300 federal laboratories. The Federal
Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-502) provided the FCC
with a legislative mandate and required the membership of most
federal laboratories. Today, over 600 research laboratories and
centers from more than 16 federal departments are members of the
consortium, a service organization that works to maximize the
transfer of technology. Regional activities are organized by six
regional coordinators, who also serve as primary referral points
to funnel requests for technical assistance to appropriate laboratories.
The FCC network of federal laboratories can be accessed through
these regional coordinators, individual laboratories, the FCC
Locator in Sequim, Washington, or FCC's national contacts.
Technology transfer from federal laboratories to the private
sector works best when a person-to-person match can be made between
a potential user and the appropriate laboratory expertise. Technology
transfer officers at specific laboratories are the representatives
to the FCC and can help initiate those contacts and technology
transfer arrangements at their laboratories.
The FCC itself does not transfer technology; it assists and
improves the technology transfer efforts of the laboratories where
the work is performed. In addition to developing methods to augment
individual laboratory transfer efforts, the consortium serves
as a clearinghouse for requests for assistance and will refer
requesters to the appropriate laboratory or federal department.
The work of the consortium is funded by a set-aside of 0.008%
of the portion of each agency's R&D budget used for the laboratories.
Five percent of this is used for a demonstration program with
state, local, or nonprofit organizations designed to improve methods
of transfer.
Regardless of the size of an organization, dealing with a resource
as large and diverse as the federal laboratory system can sometimes
be a cumbersome and time consuming process. FCC provides a technology
support system to help U.S. firms make use of this federal resource.
Smaller businesses classically require outside help in financial
base support and analysis, business management and planning, problem
solving and idea feasibility evaluations, and product or process
improvements. The road from government R&D to markets and
industry is bridged by people providing leads to government laboratories
that can furnish technical input, expertise, and facilities. This
Tracer Bullet lists sources, contacts, and references that individuals
seeking to take advantage of the expertise, facilities, and technology
available at the more than 700 federal laboratories may be able
to use to their benefit.
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Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which under
which materials on federally funded research and development and
technology transfer can be located in most card, book, and online
catalogs, include those listed below.
Highly Relevant
FEDERAL AID TO RESEARCH
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS, GOVERNMENT--UNITED STATES
RESEARCH, INDUSTRIAL--UNITED STATES
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
TECHNOLOGY AND STATE--UNITED STATES
Relevant
LABORATORIES--UNITED STATES
NEW PRODUCTS
PATENTS AND GOVERNMENT-DEVELOPED INVENTIONS
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
More General
INDUSTRY AND STATE
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Brown, Harold, and John Wilson. A new mechanism to fund R&D.
Issues in science and technology, v. 9, winter 1992/93:
36-41.
Q124.6.I85
Calls for the creation of a unique federally funded
quasi-public entity--the Civilian Technology Corporation that would
"help industry identify research that could potentially be
commercialized and then provide financial support. It must be able
to make decisions free from power politics and insulated from narrow
self-interest--whether congressional, executive branch, or corporate."
Carr, Robert K. Doing technology transfer in federal laboratories
(Part 1). Journal of technology transfer, v. 17, spring/summer
1992: 8-33.
T174.3.J68
Based on interviews with technology-transfer professionals
in federal laboratories and universities, this paper discusses the
phenomenon of technology transfer, highlighting subjects such as
technology push and market pull, cooperative R&D, technology
licensing, start-up companies, information dissemination, models
of technology transfer, and limits to federal technology transfer.
Industry as a customer of the federal laboratories. Washington,
Council on Competitiveness, 1992. 32 p.
Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
Explores the opportunities and barriers facing
industry and the federal laboratories, especially DOE and NASA,
as they attempt to establish new partnerships in the transfer of
technology. Nine recommendations for achieving customer-driven technology-transfer
programs are given.
Winebrak, James J. A study of technology-transfer mechanisms for
federally funded R&D. Journal of technology transfer,
v. 17, fall 1992:
54-61. T174.3.J68
Attempts to understand the relative effectiveness
of various technology-transfer mechanisms used in federally funded
research and development projects. An analysis is carried out for
116 technology-transfer case studies based on survey data compiled
through the U.S. Department of Energy program offices. The results
show that offering financial incentives and creating supportive
advisory groups are highly successful ways to transfer technology.
TOP OF PAGE
Beyond spinoff: military and commercial technologies in a
changing world. John A. Alic and others. Boston, Mass., Harvard
Business School Press, c1992. 428 p.
T15.B48 1992
Carter, Ashton B., and William J. Perry. New thinking and American
defense technology. New York, Carnegie Commission on Science,
Technology, and Government, 1990. 32 p.
Pamphlet box <SciRR>
Commercializing defense related technology. Edited by
Robert Lawrence Kuhn. New York, Praeger, 1984. 251 p.
"Derived from a seminal Conference on Commercial
Application of Defense Related Research and Development, sponsored
by the Austin-based RGK Foundation and held in the spring of 1983
in Tallahassee, Florida."
HC110.T4C64 1984
Federal lab technology transfer: issues and policies.
Edited by Gordon R. Bopp. New York, Praeger, 1988. 208 p.
T174.3.F43 1988 <SciRR>
Grissom, Fred E., and Richard L. Chapman. Mining the nation's
brain trust: how to put federally funded research to work for you.
Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., c1992. 194 p.
T174.3.G77 1992 <SciRR>
Innovation through technical and scientific information: government
and industry cooperation. Science and Public Policy Program,
University of Oklahoma and others. New York, Quorum Books, 1989.
198 p.
Q180.U5I46 1989
Made in America: regaining the productive edge. Michael
L. Dertouzos and others. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, c1989. 344
p.
Bibliography: p. 331-340.
HC110.I52M34 1989
National Academy of Engineering. Committee on Technology Policy
Options in a Global Economy. Mastering a new role: shaping technology
policy for national economic performance. Committee on Technology
Policy Options in a Global Economy, National Academy of Engineering.
Washington, National Academy Press, 1993. 132 p.
Bibliography: p. 110-121.
HD3616.U47N24 1993
Science, technology, and the federal government: national goals
for a new era. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public
Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering,
Institute of Medicine. Washington, National Academy Press, 1993.
54 p.
Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
Science, technology, and the states in America's third century.
A report of the Carnegie Commission. New York, Carnegie Commission
on Science, Technology, and Government, 1992. 73 p.
Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
Technology and U.S. competitiveness: an institutional focus.
Edited by W. Henry Lambright and Dianne Rahm. Prepared under the
auspices of the Policy Studies Organization. New York, Greenwood
Press, 1992. 185 p. (Contributions in economics and economic history,
no. 139)
Bibliography: p. 169-175.
See especially "Federal Programs, institutions,
and issues": p. 1-67.
HC110.T4T395 1992
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Commercialization of federally funded R&D: a guide to technology
transfer from federal laboratories ... for the use of the Committee
on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1988. 58 p.
HC110.T4C63 1988
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (U.S.).
Renewing the promise: research-intensive universities and the
nation; a report. Prepared by the President's Council of Advisors
on Science and Technology. Washington, President of the United States;
For sale by the U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 46 p.
Q180.6.U54P74 1992
Technology transfer obstacles in federal laboratories: key
agencies respond to subcommittee survey. Subcommittee on Regulation,
Business Opportunities, and Energy of the Committee on Small Business,
House of Representatives, 101st Congress, second session. Washington,
U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1990. 349 p.
T174.3.T395 <SciRR>
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology. The future of the Department of Energy laboratories.
Hearing, 102nd Congress, 1st session. Oct. 9, 1991. Washington,
U.S. Govt. Print. Office., 1992. 155 p.
KF27.S39 1991g <Law>
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology. H.R. 5229--Fundamental Competitiveness Act of 1992
and H.R. 5230--American Technology and Competitiveness Act of 1992.
Hearing, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session. Aug. 5, 1992. Washington,
U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 177 p.
<N&CPR>
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology. Subcommittee on Energy. Technology transfer.
Hearing, 103rd Congress, 1st session. Mar. 23, 1993. Washington,
U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1993. 252 p.
<N&CPR>
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology. Subcommittee on Technology and Competitiveness. Technology
transfer from federal laboratories and universities: report.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 16 p.
T174.3.U516 1992
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee
on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy. Improving
technology transfer programs at Department of Energy laboratories.
Hearing, 102nd Congress, 2nd session. Dec. 4, 1992. Washington,
U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 233 p.
<N&CPR>
United States. General Accounting Office. NASA aeronautics:
impact of technology transfer activities is uncertain; report to
Congressional requesters. Mar. 16, 1993. Washington, U.S. General
Accounting Office, 1993. 12 p.
<N&CPR>
"GAO/NSAID-93-137, B-252106."
United States. General Accounting Office. Technology transfer:
barriers limit royalty sharing's effectiveness; report to Congressional
committees. Dec. 7, 1992. Washington, U.S. General Accounting
Office, 1992. 128 p.
<N&CPR>
"GAO/RCED-93-6, B-247177."
United States. General Accounting Office. Technology transfer:
federal efforts to enhance the competitiveness of small manufacturers;
report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Small Business,
U.S. Senate. Nov. 22, 1991. Washington, U.S. General Accounting
Office, 1991. 46 p.
<N&CPR>
"GAO/RCED-92030, B-246099."
TOP OF PAGE
Catalog of government inventions available for licensing.
1981- Springfield, Va., National Technical Information Service.
T21.C37
Directory of federal laboratory & technology resources:
a guide to services, facilities, and expertise. 1986?- Springfield,
Va., National Technical Information Service.
Includes listing of federal laboratory technology
transfer contacts.
The 1992/93 issue available from NTIS as PB93-100097.
T21.D57 <SciRR desk>
Federal laboratories for partnerships in technology reinvestment:
directory of federal laboratories with programs in TRP technology
focus areas. Produced by DelaBarre & Associates, Inc. Sequim,
Wash., Federal Laboratory Consortium, Administration Office, June
1993. 44 p.
A partial listing of member laboratories indicating
technology and capabilities within each specific focus area.
Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
Gibson, David V., Frederick Williams, and Kathy L. Wohlert. The
state of the field: a bibliographic view of technology transfer.
In Technology transfer: a communication perspective. Edited
by Frederick Williams, David V. Gibson. Newbury Park, Calif., Sage
Publications, c1990. p. 277-292.
T174.3.T3757 1990 <SciRR>
Orr, James F., and Judith L. Wolfe. Technology transfer and
the diffusion of innovations: a working bibliography with annotations.
Monticello, Ill., Vance Bibliographies, 1979. 76 p. (Public Administration
series--bibliography: P-232)
Z7914.T256O77
Tapping federal technology: inventions, expertise, and facilities.
Prepared by the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer,
Information Systems Committee. Kathleen C. Hayes, Project Manager.
Washington, Federal Laboratory Consortium, 1992. 220 p. (Federal
Laboratory Consortium handbook series, no. 3)
Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
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Abstracting and Indexing Services that index relevant journal articles
and other literature on technology transfer, government laboratories
and federal aid to research are listed below. Suggested terms are
given as aids in searching.
ABI/Inform (1987-)
CD-ROM <B&E>
See: Laboratories
Technology Transfer
Applied Science & Technology Index (1913-)
CD-ROM <SciRR>
Z7913I7 <SciRR A&I>
See: Government Laboratories
Research, Cooperative
Technology Transfer
Business Periodicals Index (1958-)
CD-ROM <B&E>
Z7164.C81B983 <B&E>
See: Government Laboratories
Industrial Research/Conversion
Technological Innovations
Technology Transfer
Magazine Index
Available in several formats at LC
See: Government Laboratories
Technology Transfer--Technique
Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin (1915-)
CD-ROM <MRR>
See: Government-Sponsored Research Z7163.P9 (B&E>
Industry and State
Technological Innovations
Technology and State
Technology Transfer
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature (1900-)
AI3.R48
See: Government Laboratories
Technology Transfer
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Journals that often contain relevant articles include the following:
GDP's Business Science Technology Developments
& News |
Not in LC Collections |
Issues in Science and Technology |
Q124.6.I85 |
Journal of Technology Transfer |
T174.3.J68 |
Newslink (Federal Laboratory Consortium
for Technology Transfer) |
Not In LC Collections |
Research Policy |
Q180.A1R44b |
Tech Trans, the Technology Transfer Newsletter
|
Not In LC Collections |
Technology Transfer: U.S. Department of
Energy Research & Development Laboratory Transfer Program
|
TJ163.25.U6T38 |
Technology Transfer Business |
Not In LC Collections |
United States. Spinoff (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration. Technology Utilization Office) |
T1.U39a |
TOP OF PAGE
Berkowitz, Bruce D. Can defense research revive U.S. industry?
Issues in science and technology, v. 9, winter 1992/93:
73-81.
Q124.6.I85
Bloch, Erich, and David Cheney. Technology policy comes of age.
Issues in science and technology, v. 9, summer 1993: 55-60.
Q124.6.I85
Brown, Marilyn A., and others. Demonstrations: the missing link
in government sponsored energy technology deployment. Technology
in society, v. 15, no. 2, 1993: 185-205.
T14.5T443
Cole, Bernard. DOE labs: models for tech transfer. IEEE spectrum,
v. 29, Dec. 1992: 53-57.
TK1.I15
Federal-State cooperation in science and technology programs. Journal
of technology transfer, v. 17, spring/summer 1992: 40-50.
T174.3.J68
Fulghum, David A. U.S. labs reorient to new endeavors. Aviation
week & space technology, v. 137, Dec. 7, 1992: 46-48, 50-51,
53, 56-58.
TL501.A8
Hays, Sandy M. Inventions in the wings. Agricultural research,
v. 40, Sept. 1992: 4-8.
S1.A1815
Hunt, Margaret. Star wars materials launch commercial products.
Machine design, v. 65, Mar. 26, 1993: 52- 54, 56, 58.
TJ1.M15
Marazita, Carlo F. Technology transfer in the United States: industrial
research at engineering research centers versus the technological
needs of U.S. industry. Technological forecasting and social
change, v. 39, July 1991: 397-410.
T174.T38
Niosi, Jorge, and others. National systems of innovation: in search
of a workable concept. Technology in society, v. 15, no.2,
1993: 207-227.
T14.5.T445
Schriesheim, Alan. Toward a golden age for technology transfer.
Issues in science and technology, v. 7, winter 1990/91:
52-58.
Q124.6.I85
Swennes, Robert H. Commercializing government inventions: utilizing
the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986. Public contract
law journal, v. 20, spring 1991: 365-385.
K16.U17 <Law>
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Government Reports Announcements & Index (1946-)
CD-ROM <SciRR>
Z7916.G78 <SciRR A&E>
See: Government/Industry Relations
Government Inventions for Licensing
Technology Transfer
Technology Utilization
Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications
CD-ROM <N&CPR>
See: Federal Aid To Research
Technology Transfer
TOP OF PAGE
Commercialization process for achieving technological innovation
from federal laboratory inventions: the Fort Monmouth experience.
A case study approach in the use of training materials for technology
transfer workshops. Final report. Prepared in cooperation with
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA. Sponsored by the Economic Development
Administration. Norwalk, Conn., Association of University Technology
Managers, Aug. 1992. 175 p.
PB93-109981 <SciRR>
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRDA) handbook.
Final report. San Diego, Calif, Naval Oceans System Center, Mar.
1991. 129 p.
AD-A237-474 <SciRR>
Improvement of technology transfer from government laboratories
to industry. Washington, Dept. of Engineering Management, George
Washington University, June 1990. 19 p.
Not in LC Collections
"PB93-161586."
Presented at the 15th Technology Transfer Society
Annual Conference, Technology Transfer in the Global Economy, Dayton,
Ohio, June 26-28, 1990.
Licensing in the federal laboratory: a discussion of the main
subjects in licensing as it relates to the transfer of technology
from the federal laboratory. Final report. Funded by the Economic
Development Administration, Washington, D.C. Norwalk, Conn., Association
of University Technology Managers, Aug. 1992. 111 p.
PB93-109999 <SciRR>
Moving technology from federal laboratories to industry.
Final report. Gaithersburg, Md., U.S. National Bureau of Standards,
Office of Research and Technology Applications, 1988. 11 p.
HC13.I63 1988
"PB92-166297."
Published in Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Advanced Technology in Natural Resource Management,
Fort Collins, Colo., June 20-23, 1988, p. 198-208.
Innovation, the economy, and the federal laboratories: principles
and issues of the innovation process. Funded by the Department
of Energy, Washington, D.C. Albuquerque, N.M.. Sandia National Labs.,
Dec. 1991. 117 p.
"SAND 893014."
DE92006909 <SciRR>
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Selected materials available in the Science Reading Room pamphlet
boxes include the following:
Barrett, Randy. A day at Sandia puts technology transfer in far
sharper focus: a visit with Dan Arvizu and his staff of 30 reveals
the many moving parts behind a national laboratory's very successful
courtship of major U.S. companies. Technology transfer business,
spring 1993: 12-16, 18.
Berlin, Brett. Defense contractors go gunning for the green. Technology
transfer business, summer 1993: 23-26.
Brown, Marilyn A., Linda G. Berry, and Rajeev K. Goel. Guidelines
for successfully transferring government-sponsored innovations.
Research policy, v. 20, Apr. 1991: 121-143.
The Defense labs wage peace. Design news, v. 49, Apr.
19, 1993: 52-56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 80, 82.
Partial contents: Murray, C. J. Carderock reaches out to private
industry.--Wingo, W. Technology transfer spreads like wildfire at
NRL.--Haskins, S. Los Alamos: a wealth of computer power.--Lynch,
T. CRADAs augment army technology.
Jenks, Andrew. Livermore National Laboratory: free software leads
to wider use. Technology transfer business, spring 1993:
47.
The National laboratories of the U.S. Department of Energy
... creating technology for America's energy future. [Washington?
1993] 93 p.
See particularly "The DOE national laboratories: contact information,
operators, budgets, and staffing" (p. 91-93).
Nichols, Don. Technology transfer. Small business reports,
v. 17, Apr. 1992: 29-37, 39.
Partnering in technology with the federal government: a quick
reference. Sponsored by the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of
Technology Utilization. Oak Ridge, Tenn., Oak Ridge Institute for
Science and Education, 1993. 26 p.
Scott, William B. U.S. labs increase focus on technology transfers.
Aviation week & space technology, v. 136, Feb. 17,
1992: 38-39.
Souder, William E., Ahmed S. Nashar, and Venkatesh Padmanabhan.
A guide to the best technology-transfer practices. Journal of
technology transfer, v. 15, winter/spring 1990: 5-16.
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Commercial Development and Technology Transfer Division
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Headquarters
CODE: CU
Washington, DC 20546
Telephone: 202-358-1986
Fax: 202-358-1500
Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
1850 M Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20036
Telephone: 202-331-4220
Fax: 202-331-4290
Can provide an overview on its technology support system to help
industry and smaller businesses capitalize on the technical expertise
and information available at federal laboratories.
Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
Information Locator
P.O. Box 545
Sequim, WA 98382
Telephone: 206-683-1005
Fax: 206-683-6654
Identifies laboratory resources capable of responding to specific
requests, utilizes the FCC Technical Specialist System to complement
information sources, monitors status of laboratory and other responses,
and obtains user feedback and evaluation. Also publishes Newslink,
a monthly newsletter of technology transfer activities, upcoming
meetings, and notes, as well as Tapping Federal Technology and
other handbooks and directories useful to individuals working
in the field of technology transfer.
National Technology Transfer Center
Wheeling Jesuit College
316 Washington Avenue
Wheeling, WV 26003
Telephone: 304-243-2463
An independent organization, initially funded by NASA, chartered
to promote the transfer of technologies developed in the federal
laboratory system to U.S. businesses. Acts as a hub for a new
nationwide technology transfer network, working closely with the
Federal Laboratory Consortium, the six Regional Technology Transfer
Centers, and other appropriate federal, state, and local economic
development authorities, as well as with universities, companies,
and industry associations. Maintains Business Gold, an electronic
bulletin board that tracks research in progress at 17 federal
agencies. In cooperation with several federal agencies performing
research and development work, administers a program of licensing
and promoting government inventions. Also screens inventions and
selects those appropriate for prospective industry licensees.
Useful publications for the prospective patentee include Government
Inventions for Licensing and the annual Catalog of Government
Patents.
Office of Federal Patent Licensing
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4838
Fax: 703-321-8199
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
U.S. Department of Energy
P.O. Box 62
Oak Ridge, TN 37831
Telephone: 615-576-1188
Office of Technology Utilization
U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Avenue S.W.
Washington, DC 20585
Telephone: 202-586-5388
Fax 202-586-8854
Technology Development and Small Business Programs
Office of Technology Commercialization
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Physics Building, Room B256
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
Telephone: 301-975-6501
Contact point for NIST programs for business and industry.
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