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Appendix
FThis appendix provides historical data for revenues, outlays, and the deficit or surplus—in forms consistent with the projections in Chapters 1, 3, and 4—for fiscal years 1968 to 2007. The data are shown both in nominal dollars and as a percentage of gross domestic product. Data come from the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget. Some of the numbers have been revised since January 2007, the last time these tables were published.
Federal revenues, outlays, the deficit or surplus, and debt held by the public are shown in Tables F-1 and F-2. Revenues, outlays, and the deficit or surplus have both on-budget and off-budget components. Social Security’s receipts and outlays were placed off-budget by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. For the sake of consistency, the tables show the budgetary components of Social Security as off-budget before that year. The Postal Service was moved off-budget by the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1989.
The major sources of federal revenues (including off-budget revenues) are presented in Tables F-3 and F-4. Social insurance taxes include payments by employers and employees for Social Security, Medicare, Railroad Retirement, and unemployment insurance, as well as pension contributions by federal workers. Excise taxes are levied on certain products and services, such as gasoline, alcoholic beverages, and air travel. Estate and gift taxes are levied on assets when they are transferred. Miscellaneous receipts consist of earnings of the Federal Reserve System and income from numerous fees and charges.
Total outlays for major categories of spending appear in Tables F-5 and F-6. (Those totals include on- and off-budget outlays.) Spending controlled by the appropriation process is classified as discretionary. Spending governed by permanent laws, such as those that set eligibility requirements for certain programs, is considered mandatory. Offsetting receipts include the government’s contributions to retirement programs for its employees, fees, charges (such as Medicare premiums), and receipts from the use of federally controlled land and offshore territory. Net interest (function 900 of the budget) comprises the interest paid by the government on federal debt offset by its interest income.
Tables F-7 and F-8 divide discretionary spending into its defense, international, and domestic components. Tables F-9 and F-10 classify mandatory spending by the three major entitlement programs—Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid—and by other categories of mandatory spending. Income-security programs provide benefits to recipients with limited income and assets; those programs include unemployment compensation, Supplemental Security Income, and Food Stamps. Other federal retirement and disability programs provide benefits to federal civilian employees, members of the military, and veterans. The category of other mandatory programs includes the activities of the Commodity Credit Corporation, TRICARE For Life (which provides health care benefits to retirees of the uniformed services who are eligible for Medicare), the subsidy costs of federal student loan programs, the Universal Service Fund (which reduces the cost of telecommunications services for selected areas and individuals), the State Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Social Services Block Grant program.
The remaining tables, F-11, F-12, and F-13, show estimates of the standardized-budget deficit or surplus and its outlay and revenue components. The standardized-budget deficit or surplus attempts to filter out the effects that cyclical fluctuations in output and unemployment have on revenues and outlays; it also incorporates other adjustments. The change in that deficit or surplus is commonly used to measure the short-term impact of fiscal policy on total demand. Table F-11 also presents estimates of potential and actual gross domestic product.
Revenues, Outlays, Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt Held by the Public, 1968 to 2007, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: n.a. = not applicable; * = between -$50 million and $50 million.
a. End of year.
Revenues, Outlays, Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt Held by the Public, 1968 to 2007, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: n.a. = not applicable; * = between -0.05 percent and 0.05 percent.
a. End of year.
Revenues by Major Source, 1968 to 2007, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Revenues by Major Source, 1968 to 2007, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Outlays for Major Categories of Spending, 1968 to 2007, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
a. Excludes offsetting receipts.
Outlays for Major Categories of Spending, 1968 to 2007, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
a. Excludes offsetting receipts.
Discretionary Outlays, 1968 to 2007, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Discretionary Outlays, 1968 to 2007, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Outlays for Mandatory Spending, 1968 to 2007, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
a. Includes unemployment compensation, Supplemental Security Income, the refundable portion of the earned income and child tax credits, Food Stamps, family support, child nutrition, and foster care.
Outlays for Mandatory Spending, 1968 to 2007, as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
a. Includes unemployment compensation, Supplemental Security Income, the refundable portion of the earned income and child tax credits, Food Stamps, family support, child nutrition, and foster care.
Deficits, Surpluses, Debt, and Related Series, 1968 to 2007
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: * = between zero and 0.05 percent.
a. Excludes deposit insurance, receipts from auctions of licenses to use the electromagnetic spectrum, timing adjustments, and contributions from allied nations for Operation Desert Storm (which were received in 1991 and 1992).
b. CBO calculated fiscal year numbers from seasonally adjusted quarterly national income and product account data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Standardized-Budget Deficit or Surplus and Related Series, 1968 to 2007, in Billions of Dollars
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: * = between -$500 million and $500 million.
a. Consists of deposit insurance, receipts from auctions of licenses to use the electromagnetic spectrum, timing adjustments, and contributions from allied nations for Operation Desert Storm (which were received in 1991 and 1992).
Standardized-Budget Deficit or Surplus and Related Series, 1968 to 2007, as a Percentage of Potential Gross Domestic Product
Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Office of Management and Budget.
Note: * = between -0.05 percent and 0.05 percent.
a. Consists of deposit insurance, receipts from auctions of licenses to use the electromagnetic spectrum, timing adjustments, and contributions from allied nations for Operation Desert Storm (which were received in 1991 and 1992).
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