Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
 
CONTENTS
Summary
What is thallium?
What happens to thallium when it enters the environment?
How might I be exposed to thallium?
How can thallium affect my health?
How likely is thallium to cause cancer?
Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to thallium?
Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health?
Glossary
References
Contact Information
RELATED RESOURCES
ToxFAQ™ PDF File for Thallium ToxFAQ™ (File Size 130k)130k
ToxFAQ™ en Español PDF File for Thallium ToxFAQ™ en Español (File Size 29k)29k
Public Health Statement PDF File for Thallium Public Health Statement (File Size 152k)152k
Toxicological Profile PDF File for Thallium Toxicological Profile (File Size 2.2MB)2.2MB
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Division of Toxicology

September 1995
ToxFAQs™
for
Thallium
(Talio)
 
CAS# 7440-28-0

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about thallium. For more information, you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.


SUMMARY: Exposure to thallium occurs mainly from eating food. Exposure to higher levels of thallium may occur in the workplace. Breathing high levels of thallium may result in effects on the nervous system, while ingesting high levels of it results in vomiting, diarrhea, temporary hair loss, and other effects. This chemical has been found in at least 210 of 1,416 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency.
 
What is thallium?

Pure thallium is a bluish-white metal that is found in trace amounts in the earth's crust. In the past, thallium was obtained as a by-product from smelting other metals; however, it has not been produced in the United States since 1984. Currently, all the thallium is obtained from imports and from thallium reserves.

In its pure form, thallium is odorless and tasteless. It can also be found combined with other substances such as bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine. When it's combined, it appears colorless-to-white or yellow.

Thallium is used mostly in manufacturing electronic devices, switches, and closures, primarily for the semiconductor industry. It also has limited use in the manufacture of special glass and for certain medical procedures.

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What happens to thallium when it enters the environment?
  • Thallium enters the environment primarily from coal-burning and smelting, in which it is a trace contaminant of the raw materials.
  • It stays in the air, water, and soil for a long time and is not broken down.
  • Some thallium compounds are removed from the atmosphere in rain and snow.
  • It's absorbed by plants and enters the food chain.
  • It builds up in fish and shellfish.
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How might I be exposed to thallium?
  • Eating food contaminated with thallium may be a major source of exposure for most people.
  • Breathing workplace air in industries that use thallium.
  • Smoking cigarettes.
  • Living near hazardous waste sites containing thallium (may result in higher than normal exposures).
  • Touching or, for children, eating soil contaminated with thallium.
  • Breathing low levels in air and water.
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How can thallium affect my health?

Exposure to high levels of thallium can result in harmful health effects. A study on workers exposed on the job over several years reported nervous system effects, such as numbness of fingers and toes, from breathing thallium.

Studies in people who ingested large amounts of thallium over a short time have reported vomiting, diarrhea, temporary hair loss, and effects on the nervous system, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys. It has caused death. It is not known what the effects are from ingesting low levels of thallium over a long time.

Birth defects were not reported in the children of mothers exposed to low levels from eating vegetables and fruits contaminated with thallium. Studies in rats, however, exposed to high levels of thallium, showed adverse developmental effects.

It is not known if breathing or ingesting thallium affects human reproduction. Studies showed that rats that ingested thallium for several weeks had some adverse reproductive effects. Animal data suggest that the male reproductive system may be susceptible to damage by low levels of thallium.

There is no information available on the health effects of skin contact with thallium in people or animals.

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How likely is thallium to cause cancer?

The Department of Health and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have not classified thallium as to its human carcinogenicity.

No studies are available in people or animals on the carcinogenic effects of breathing, ingesting, or touching thallium.

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Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to thallium?

There are medical tests available to measure levels of thallium in urine and hair. In addition, thallium can also be measured in blood; however, this is not a good indicator of exposure since thallium only stays in blood a very short time.

These tests require special equipment that is not usually available in most doctor's offices. In addition, these tests cannot determine if adverse health effects will occur from the exposure to thallium.

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Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health?

The EPA requires that discharges or accidental spills into the environment of 1,000 pounds or more of thallium be reported.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter (0.1 mg/m³) for thallium in workplace air. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established the same guidelines as OSHA for the workplace.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that 15 mg/m³ of thallium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health. This is the exposure level of a chemical that is likely to cause permanent health problems or death.

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Glossary

Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer.

Ingesting: Taking food or drink into your body.

Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram.

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References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1992. Toxicological Profile for thallium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

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Where can I get more information?

ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

For more information, contact:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX:   (770)-488-4178
Email: ATSDRIC@cdc.gov

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ATSDR Information Center / ATSDRIC@cdc.gov / 1-888-422-8737

This page was updated on August , 2008