NASA 1992 SBIR Phase 1 Solicitation
Project Title:
Advanced Turbulence Models on Unstructured Triangular Meshes
92-1-01.01-2600 NAS03-26912
Advanced Turbulence Models on Unstructured
Triangular Meshes
Fluent, Inc.
10 Cavendish Court, Centerra Resource Park
Lebanon, NH 03766
Jayathi Y. Murthy (603-643-2600)
Abstract:
In recent years, there has been great interest in
unstructured triangular and/or tetrahedral meshes for flow
problems. These meshes offer geometric flexibility and the ability
to do solution-adaptive calculations. However, most solvers based
on this topology deal only with Euler flows. This project's
objective is to develop advanced models for unstructured
triangular and/or tetrahedral meshes addressing the basic
numerical issues--the generation of viscous meshes, robust and
accurate upwinding schemes, and the development of implicit
solvers using multi-grid methods which do not require elaborate
geometric constructions. These numerical advances will be used to
compute turbulence with advanced models which account for
rotation, separation, and curvature. Phase I will demonstrate the
viability of the numerical schemes. The standard high-Re -
model will be used. Phase II will extend the basic numerical
methods developed in Phase I to more complex models--low-Re models
and second-moment closure models. The computation of stretched
meshes will also be addressed. The resultant code will greatly
expand the ability of triangular and/or tetrahedral solvers to
address practical turbulent flows.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Solvers which are based on the
triangular and/or tetrahedral unstructured mesh topology will find
wide use in industry because they greatly reduce the time required
to set up meshes. Advanced turbulence models will widen the scope
of these solvers so that flows in turbomachinery, combustion,
manufacturing, and materials processing can be computed more
accurately.
Project Title:
Advanced Software for Soot Modeling
92-1-01.01-3800 NAS03-26904
Advanced Software for Soot Modeling
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
James J. Barry (603-643-3800)
Abstract:
This project addresses the need for improved analytical tools
for predicting soot formation and behavior in combustion processes
by developing an innovative software package. The software will
model the processes of soot nucleation, surface growth,
coagulation, oxidation, and radiation based on a poly-disperse
aerosol model. The soot model will take the form of a separate
software module linkable to existing combustion and computational
fluid dynamics codes.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The software will be
applicable for simulating combustion processes and exhaust
emissions. The soot software module could be coupled to many
different combustion and computational fluid dynamics codes, both
public-domain and commercial.
***
Project Title:
Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics Tools for Design of Combustors and Nozzles
92-1-01.01-8145 NAS03-26913
Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics Tools for
Design of Combustors and Nozzles
Daat Research Corporation
17 Montview Drive
Lyme, NH 03768
Arkady S. Dvinsky (603-643-8145)
Abstract:
A computational fluid dynamics tool that offers significant
improvements in computational speed for modeling high speed
chemical reacting flows will be developed. Phase I will
demonstrate the capabilities of the CFD techniques for modeling
flows in the Reacting Shear Layer Facility at NASA Lewis Research
Center. The computed results will be compared against the
available data. Based on the results of numerical experiments,
Phase II will develop specifications for the computer program, a
plan for additional required capabilities, and the delivery of the
completed computer program to NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A predictive tool that can
model propulsion systems is important to NASA and commercial
aircraft and rocket engine manufacturers. With such predictive
tools, development of new engines will be accomplished more
quickly and economically.
***
Project Title:
Cooled Porous Ceramic Vane for High Temperature Turbine Engine
92-1-01.02-0236 NAS03-26841
Cooled Porous Ceramic Vane for High Temperature Turbine Engine
Components
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331
Sangvavann Heng (818-899-0236)
Abstract:
Improved turbojet engine efficiency can be achieved through
increasing engine operating temperatures. Unfortunately, current
materials of construction are limited in temperature capability, and
require excessive cooling when gas temperatures exceed approximately
1260 C. To meet IHPTET requirements of doubling thrust-to-weight
ratio and decreasing specific fuel compsumption by 50% by the end of
the century, engine operating temperatures must be increased to
approximately 1540-1760 C with reduced coolant flow penalties. The
coolant flow penalties can be reduced to a certin extent through the
use of advanced materials (C/SiC and SiC/SiC), but these materials
are still not capable of extended lifetimes at temperatures above
approximately 1370-1430 C. To successfully allow turbine operation
at temperatures in the 1650 C temperature regime, efficient cooling
schemes must be developed for these advanced materials. In this
Phase I program, Ultramet proposes to develop a preliminary design
and supporting database for the production of a cooled C/SiC stator
vane. Component construction will consist of a structural ceramic
foam core supporting a transpiration-cooled C/SiC composite
facesheet/airfoil. Critical issues of heat transfer efficiency,
cooled composite fabrication, and effect of cooling holes/channels
on mechanical properties will be resolved through coupon
fabrication, testing, and modeling.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Cooled ceramic blades will make
their first impact in cruise missile engines after successful
testing in the Phase III IHPTET demonstrator engine. Cooled ceramic
exhaust nozzle components are expected to replace current metallic
and carbon/carbon designs due to the easy maintainability of ceramic
omponents, with initial engine testing occurring within one to three
years.
Turbine Engines, Stator Vane, Carbon/Silicon Carbide (C/SiC), Foam,
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
***
Project Title:
A Variable-Speed, Constant-Frequency, Integral, Induction Starter-Generator
92-1-01.02-0540A NAS03-26723
A Variable-Speed, Constant-Frequency, Integral,
Induction Starter-Generator
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
James R. Downer (617-661-0540)
Abstract:
Turbine engines are started via an electric starter driven by
a start cart. The starter spins the gas generator to the minimum
speed for igniting the combustor, then accelerates the engine to
idle. In flight, electric power is provided by a separate
generator. This project will develop a preliminary design of an
integral starter-generator (IIS-G) based on an induction machine.
The IIS-G will reside within a turbine engine and replace the
existing starter and integral drive generator. An IIS-G will
benefit overall engine design weight and performance, and will
either allow for the redesign or elimination of the auxiliary
gearbox. This system will also allow the bypass air ducting to be
redesigned for optimum thrust. The IIS-G will be compatible with
aircraft electric power distribution systems employing pulse-
density modulation, which have been developed at the NASA Lewis
Research Center.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The integral induction
starter-generator will be immediately marketable to aircraft
engine manufacturers for use in advance system developments for
the integrated high-performance turbine engine technology
initiative. Major manufacturers are interested in this technology
because eliminating the auxiliary gearbox will reduce weight.
***
Project Title:
High-Speed Inlet Design Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
92-1-01.02-5094 NAS03-26718
High-Speed Inlet Design Using Computational Fluid
Dynamics
Rose Engineering & Research, Inc.
P.O. Box 5146
Incline Village, NV 89450
William C. Rose (702-831-5094)
Abstract:
Although much discussion has been devoted to the promise of
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a useful design tool, little
has been done to establish CFD as a credible element of a working
design process for high-speed engine inlet systems. Additional
work must be done to utilize CFD in day-to-day design problems of
supersonic and hypersonic inlets. CFD has been used exclusively as
an analysis tool without being applied to derive the aerodynamic
contours used in the definition of the high-speed inlet. Recently,
the firm has used CFD in a design process which is entirely
manual, requiring extensive "man-in-the-loop" efforts. This
project will investigate how modern mathematical optimization
techniques, in conjunction with existing CFD analysis codes, can
lead to the automation of the inlet design process.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The new high-speed inlet
design process will reduce the amount of work involved in deriving
contours for novel configurations. When time and manpower
requirements are reduced, substantial use of this design process
code will be expected from the commercial aircraft industry.
***
Project Title:
Innovative Variable Geometry Fuel-Air Premix Tube for Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustors
92-1-01.01-6576 NAS03-26717
Innovative Variable Geometry Fuel-Air Premix Tube
for Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustors
CFD Research Corporation
3325-D Triana Boulevard
Huntsville, AL 35805
D. Scott Crocker (205-536-6576)
Abstract:
Lean-premixed-prevaporized (LPP) combustors provide an
effective method for meeting low NOx requirements in engines with
high combustor inlet temperature and pressure. These conditions
are expected in the high speed civil transport and future advanced
subsonic civil transport aircraft. At present, reliable variable
geometry premixing devices that provide adequate fuel-air mixing,
without risk of auto-ignition or flashback, have yet to be
demonstrated. This project will explore such a variable geometry
premix tube. Phase I will evaluate several innovative concepts for
providing superior mixing with minimal residence time, as well as
a novel variable geometry mechanism. Feasibility demonstrations of
the selected designs will be accomplished using a three-
dimensional turbulent flow analysis. The analysis will include a
liquid droplet spray and evaporation model. The results will be
reviewed and assessed with the assistance of the General Electric
Corporation, the selected subcontractor. In Phase II, the most
promising designs will be optimized using a combined numerical and
experimental approach. Experimental tests will be performed using
existing experimental rigs at General Electric or NASA Lewis
Research Center. Premix tube concepts that are successfully
demonstrated in Phase II will have strong potential for future
transition into commercial and military low-NOx combustors.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The final product of this
project will be a variable geometry premix tube capable of
providing superior fuel-air mixing for low-NOx, LPP combustors.
This product will be of significant interest to gas turbine engine
manufacturers.
***
Project Title:
Silicon-Carbide Ultraviolet and Near-Ultraviolet Optoelectronics
92-1-01.03-0900 NAS03-26716
Silicon-Carbide Ultraviolet and Near-Ultraviolet
Optoelectronics
Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc.
One Willow Tree Road
Leonia, NJ 07605
Joseph S. Shor (201-461-0900)
Abstract:
Semiconductor light sources and optoelectronics are currently
limited in wavelength to the visible and infrared portions of the
spectrum. The lowest wavelength devices currently available are
blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), fabricated from 6H-SiC.
However, SiC has an indirect band gap which limits the efficiency
of optical devices. Recently, reports suggest that
microcrystalline pores in semiconductors can cause bandgap
widening and direct bandgap transitions in indirect bandgap
materials. This project will develop ultraviolet (UV) and near-
ultraviolet (near-UV) optoelectronics capability in SiC by
fabricating quantum-sized porous structures in SiC. The goal of
Phase I is to form porous SiC layers that exhibit UV luminescence.
In Phase II, a UV optoelectronic device, namely a UV LED, will be
developed and tested.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: UV-emitting porous SiC will
extend the capability of optoelectronics by including lower
wavelengths in semiconductor light sources and optoelectronic
devices. Among its applications, a UV LED can be used in high
spacial resolution optical storage and, in optical communication
systems, as a light source compatible with UV fibers and receiv-
ers.
***
Project Title:
An Optical Instrument to Measure Liquid Water Content and Droplet Spectra in Clouds
92-1-01.03-1105 NAS03-26905
An Optical Instrument to Measure Liquid Water
Content and Droplet Spectra in Clouds
Spec, Inc.
5401 Western Avenue
Boulder, CO 80301
R. Paul Lawson (303-449-1105)
Abstract:
Measuring liquid water content and drop spectra in clouds is
fundamental to most meteorologic studies such as the formation and
evolution of precipitation, the radiative effect of clouds on
climate change, atmospheric chemistry, and aircraft icing.
Presently, measurements of liquid water content in clouds are
notoriously unreliable. While some improvements have occurred over
the past two decades, instruments available for the measurement of
cloud liquid water content still perform inadequately. Phase I
will investigate an optical technique that provides a direct
measurement of liquid water content and drop spectra from an
ensemble of drops in the sample volume. A prototype instrument
will be built that measures the forward scattered light with an
angular resolution of 0.033ø. The angular measurements of light
intensity can be processed in real time to provide two outputs:
liquid water content after appropriate weighting of the basis
functions and drop spectra from inversion of the (overdetermined)
intensity matrix. These concurrent measurements can be made with a
spatial resolution of 0.1 m from an aircraft. In Phase II, an
airborne version of the instrument will be built and tested.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: An instrument which reliably
measures liquid water content and drop spectra in clouds will be
useful on research aircraft, and may be necessary to evaluate the
effects of clouds on climate change. The instrument might also be
used as an icing severity indicator on passenger and military
aircraft. As a ground-based device, the instrument will not
require airspeed measurements and can be used to measure the
riming rate on mountaintops, providing an estimate of acid
deposition. It can also be used to measure visibility at airports.
***
Project Title:
Enhanced Performance Seeking Control Using Neural-Network-Based State Estimation
92-1-01.03-9106 NAS03-26911
Enhanced Performance Seeking Control Using
Neural-Network-Based State Estimation
Neurodyne, Inc.
8 Marlborough Street, Suite 4
Boston, MA 02116
Theresa W. Long (617-437-9106)
Abstract:
Future aircraft will require integrated flight and propulsion
control systems to satisfy critical mission requirements. As a
result of increased constraints to satisfy these requirements,
alternative approaches to traditional methods must be examined.
Aircraft flight and propulsion control systems are traditionally
designed to operate independently. This often results in a system
where performance is compromised for robustness and operability.
Under a program sponsored by NASA-Dryden, the performance seeking
control algorithm uses on-board models of the inlet, engine, and
nozzle to optimize total propulsion system performance in-flight.
This system has resulted in significant increases in maximum
thrust while reducing fuel consumption. However, a nonlinear
adaptive estimation component is needed to adapt the on-board
models for off-nominal behavior such as engine deterioration and
engine-to-engine variations. The firm will team with Scientific
Systems and McDonnell Douglas in the development of a nonlinear
adaptive engine identification method using a combination of
stochastic realization algorithms and neural-network-based Kalman
filtering for integrated flight and propulsion control. This
effort will also utilize neural network processing hardware
developed by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is compatible
with the PSC vehicle management system flight computer.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Application of this system to
commercial aircraft could significantly affect civil
transportation as a result of the ability to optimize engine
performance, increase engine life, and reduce fuel consumption.
***
Project Title:
Advanced Scramjet Combustor Technology
92-1-01.04-1122 NAS03-26929
Advanced Scramjet Combustor Technology
Science Research Laboratory, Inc.
15 Ward Street
Somerville, MA 02143
Stephen Fulghum (617-547-1122)
Abstract:
Combustion technology is currently limited by flame
stabilization techniques, which impose operating constraints and
losses detrimental to overall scramjet performance for NASA
aerospace applications. A new concept, based on initiating and
sustaining combustion via volumetric production of free radicals
with an electron beam, may lead to efficient scramjet operation
over a significantly higher range of Mach numbers (M4-M25). Proof-
of-concept H2-air experiments have demonstrated that radical
production by uniform injection of an electron beam can produce
rapid volumetric ignition at temperatures well below autoignition,
with electron beam doses small compared to mixture specific
heating values. Radical production, promoting more rapid chain
branching in the combustion process, is via electron-molecule
dissociation. High electron beam source efficiency and large gas
penetration depths offer significant advantages over alternative
approaches. Phase I objectives are to design an experiment which
measures ignition delay time as a function of relevant parameters
for three fuels (H2-air, ethene-air, and ethane-air), and to
extend current electron-beam-initiated combustion models to
determine optimal experimental operating regimes. Ignition time
delay will be measured in Phase II experiments which will
establish feasibility by comparing measured time delays and
corresponding electron-beam energy dose with feasibility criteria
for scramjet propulsion.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: In addition to improving
scramjet performance at high Mach numbers, electron-beam-enhanced
combustor technology will have a broad range of commercial
applications in industrial combustors, which also have limitations
in performance imposed by existing flame stabilization techniques.
***
Project Title:
Multidimensional Wave Models for Solution-Adaptive Grid Generation
92-1-02.01-1400A NAS02-13797
Multidimensional Wave Models for
Solution-Adaptive Grid Generation
Vigyan, Inc.
30 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666-1325
Paresh Parikh (804-865-1400)
Abstract:
This project will develop a solution-adaptive unstructured
grid generation methodology for two-dimensional flow, using wave
orientation information derived from a multidimensional wave
decomposition of the flow data. The adaption procedure will be
used to align cell faces with dominant flow features, which will
improve the resolution of solutions obtained using standard grid-
aligned flow solvers. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of
the approach as a means to improve the efficiency and accuracy of
numerical methods for the equations of fluid flow.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project promises to
improve accuracy and efficiency of existing numerical methods used
in high technology industry.
***
Project Title:
Wavelet Methods for the Compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations
92-1-02.01-1700 NAS02-13801
Wavelet Methods for the Compressible Euler and
Navier-Stokes Equations
Aware, Inc.
One Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA 02142
John Weiss (617-577-1700)
Abstract:
The firm has developed a wavelet-based method for the
solution of boundary value problems in arbitrary geometries. This
method (wavelet capacitance method) is defined by a non-trivial
extension of the classical capacitance matrix method, and unlike
the classical method, can be spectrally accurate. This project
will develop Wavelet-Galerkin and pseudo-Galerkin algorithms for
the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in an arbitrary
(smooth) domain. The firm will conduct a detailed comparison of
the pseudo-Galerkin wavelet algorithm and the algorithm based on
the standard Wavelet-Galerkin method. A preliminary study of two-
dimensional compressible flows, for a range of Mach and Reynolds
numbers, will also be conducted using wavelet methods.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: If, as the preliminary results
indicate, wavelet methods can properly resolve shocks, turbulence,
and discontinuities at interfaces, then it will be possible to
incorporate the effects into the engineering process.
***
Project Title:
A Pseudo-Spectral Mapping Technique for the Accurate Solution of Viscous Flows in Complex
92-1-02.01-3688 NAS02-13796
A Pseudo-Spectral Mapping Technique for the
Accurate Solution of Viscous Flows in Complex
Geometries
Dynaflow, Inc.
7210 Pindell School Road
Fulton, MD 20759
R. Duraiswami (301-604-3688)
Abstract:
The fundamental understanding of many fluid flow phenomena
would be greatly enhanced if it were possible to simulate fluid
flow in complex geometries with high resolution. The spectral
method has been used successfully for this purpose in simpler
geometries. This project will combine the spectral method with an
orthogonal-mapping-grid-generation method, based on the theory of
quasi-conformal mappings, to simulate viscous fluid flow in
complex geometries. This approach offers order-of-magnitude
advantages in accuracy and speed over conventional methods for
solving such problems, reduces errors in boundary condition repre-
sentation, and is suited to the solution of nonlinear problems.
Phase I will develop a computer code based on this approach and
apply it to the problem of viscous flow past a cavity of complex
shape. Phase II will concentrate on the further extension and
application of the code to more complicated flows, including free-
surface flows, and on the development of a user-friendly
commercializable code, with pre- and post-processing features.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The computer code will be
useful to private industry, research laboratories, and federal
agencies to simulate flows in many areas of aerodynamics,
including coating-flows, free-surface flows, flow in pipes of
complicated cross-section, and biological flows.
***
Project Title:
Advanced Discretization Algorithm for Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods
92-1-02.01-9457 NAS02-13794
Advanced Discretization Algorithm for
Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-2287
Robert E. Childs (415-968-9457)
Abstract:
This project concerns high-accuracy, shock-capturing
differencing algorithms. Theory indicates that the advanced
eighth-order method can reduce by a factor of about 100 the number
of grid points required for accurate discretization of complex
three-dimensional flows when compared to typical second-order
methods. The objective of this project is to determine if the
theoretical improvement is attained in relevant flows and to
address issues concerning the implementation of high-accuracy
methods in modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. These
issues will be resolved through analysis and calculations of model
problems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: CFD is used by NASA and a wide
range of commercial firms in the aerospace, automotive, and
electronics industries. Improved CFD methods will benefit NASA and
these industries by providing more accurate and less costly
research, development, and design methodologies.
***
Project Title:
Transition Prediction and Laminar Flow Control in Compressible Three-Dimensional Boundary
92-1-02.02-0818 NAS01-19917
Transition Prediction and Laminar Flow Control in
Compressible Three-Dimensional Boundary
Layers Using Parabolized Stability Equations
High Technology Corporation
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
Mujeeb R. Malik (804-865-0818)
Abstract:
This project will develop a transition prediction code for
three-dimensional compressible boundary layers. The code will be
based upon the parabolized stability equations (PSE) approach and
could be used both for subsonic and supersonic flows. Since the
PSE approach allows nonparallel as well as nonlinear effects, it
can properly account for wave interactions and could be used for
transition control studies including localized control through
either mean flow alteration or intelligent control using neural
networks.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The computer code can be used
as a design tool for NASA's laminar flow control program and can
be applied to subsonic aircraft as well as high speed civil
transport
***
Project Title:
Laser-Based Instrument for Nonintrusive Diagnostics of Hypersonic Reactive Flows
92-1-02.03-2299 NAS02-13799
Laser-Based Instrument for Nonintrusive
Diagnostics of Hypersonic Reactive Flows
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.
45 Winthrop Street
Concord, MA 01742
Glen A. Rines (508-371-2299)
Abstract:
A new, laser-based, non-intrusive diagnostic instrument will
be developed for use in the study of hypersonic flows and
supersonic combustion processes. The instrument is comprised of a
single-frequency, high-energy, titanium-sapphire laser and high-
resolution, atomic resonance filters (ARFs). Phase I will develop
robust control-electronics hardware for maintaining single-
frequency operation of the titanium-sapphire laser and will
measure with high spectral resolution and high precision the
absorption features of a mercury-vapor ARF. This instrumentation
will make possible a wide range of new spectroscopic techniques,
ultimately allowing accurate two-dimensional and three-dimensional
measurements of scalar fields such as temperature, pressure, and
species concentrations (atomic, molecular, and radical), and
vector fields such as velocity and vorticity. These measurement
capabilities are critical to the future development of
sophisticated supersonic and hypersonic aircraft.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The instrumentation developed
under this program will have applications as a commercial
scientific laser system for use in basic investigations of atomic,
molecular, and radical species which are not necessarily in high-
speed flows, in particular, microgravity combustion diagnostics
and environmental remote-sensing applications.
***
Project Title:
High-Resolution Solutions to Stiff, Chemically Reacting Flow Fields
92-1-02.03-4471 NAS02-13798
High-Resolution Solutions to Stiff, Chemically
Reacting Flow Fields
Enig Association, Inc.
11120 New Hampshire Avenue, Suite 500
Silver Spring, MD 20705-2633
Jacob Krispin (301-593-4471)
Abstract:
This project will develop a state-of-the-art, second-order
accurate (hybrid, implicit-explicit, directionally unsplit,
Godunov-type), time-dependent scheme capable of solving high-
temperature, viscous, nonequilibrium, chemically reacting, and,
possibly, two-phase flow fields. The new scheme will be developed
to the point that realistic aerodynamic design and analysis
simulations, including the relevant aerothermodynamic flow fields,
can be calculated. Phase I will use a two-dimensional,
directionally unsplit, inviscid version of the scheme to solve for
stiff, chemically reacting model problems, implementing and
testing ideas recently published about high-order Godunov Schemes.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The code will provide an
optimal tool for the analysis of material structures, aerodynamic
designs, propulsion and performance analysis of hypersonic
vehicles.
***
Project Title:
Simultaneous Density and Velocity Measurements in Hypersonic Flow
92-1-02.03-5630B NAS01-19879
Simultaneous Density and Velocity Measurements
in Hypersonic Flow
Complere, Inc.
P.O. Box 1697
Palo Alto, CA 94302
F. Kevin Owen (415-321-5630)
Abstract:
While diagnostic tools are available to attempt the
measurement of turbulent hypersonic flows, few comprehensive
studies of these tools have been conducted. Moreover, comparisons
of new laser velocimeter turbulence measurements with previous hot
wire results indicate that past data reduction assumptions can
result in significant measurement errors in hypersonic flows.
Extensive work is needed to establish a reliable data base for
turbulence modeling. This project will search for a new concept
for the simultaneous, real-time measurement of density and
velocity and the compressible shear-stress terms.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This new instrument will
potentially provide for advanced flow field diagnostics of
compressible flows. These new measurements will improve
comprehension of both the physics and the structure of turbulence
in high speed flows which can be used to develop empirical
turbulence models and to validate Navier-Stokes codes.
***
Project Title:
Measurement of Aerobrake Model Forces and Flow Fields
92-1-02.03-5630D NAS01-19874
Measurement of Aerobrake Model Forces and Flow
Fields
Complere, Inc.
P.O. Box 1697
Palo Alto, CA 94302
F. Kevin Owen (415-321-5630)
Abstract:
Aero-assisted space transfer vehicles have three primary
components: the aerobrake, the payload, and the propulsion unit.
Flow field interaction with and between these elements can have
significant effects on vehicle stability and allowable payload
size and shape. Of particular importance is the interaction of the
near wake with the payload compartment. In consequence, precise
determination of wake structure and closure is a critical issue
for aerobrake design. The heating and aerodynamic forces that may
result from the interactions between the payload and near wake are
not well understood. Additionally, available experimental data is
not sufficient to validate CFD models and may be contaminated to
unknown degrees by sting interference or model wire suspension
effects. This project's goal will be to develop innovative
magnetic model suspension and flow field instrumentation to
support code validation efforts.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Improved magnetic suspension
balance and flow field measurement systems for rarefied flows will
contribute to the national space program by providing data that
will help establish a sound technological foundation for the cost-
effective design of future aero-assisted space transfer vehicles.
***
Project Title:
A Leading Edge Extension Blowing Concept for Enhanced High-Alpha and Post-Stall
92-1-02.04-1400 NAS02-13781
A Leading Edge Extension Blowing Concept for
Enhanced High-Alpha and Post-Stall
Aerodynamics of Highly Maneuverable
Configurations
Vigyan, Inc.
30 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666-1325
D.M. Rao (804-865-1400)
Abstract:
Leading edge extensions (LEXs) are proven, passive, vortical
devices for improving the CL, max capability of thin, low aspect-
ratio wings. With the onset of vortex breakdown, severe pitch-up
and roll/yaw asymmetries develop in conjunction with lift loss,
making the configuration prone to departure. To alleviate these
undesirable post-stall aerodynamic characteristics, actively
controlled LEX concepts are needed where the vortical growth and
interaction with airframe surfaces may be controlled independently
of angles-of-attack and sideslip. A pneumatic approach to LEX
vortex control will be developed using spanwise ejection from LEX
leading-edge slots, both to augment the LEX vortices and to
laterally displace them on wings for improved aerodynamic
interactions in the post-stall regime. The concept incorporates
non-symmetrical blowing for lateral control. Associated potential
benefits include pitch-down, yaw control, and tail-buffet
alleviation. Following successful preliminary explorations, a low-
speed wind tunnel test program will be conducted on a generic
complete aircraft configuration aimed at detailed evaluations of
LEX slot geometry and momentum distributions to determine the best
aerodynamic effectiveness at practical blowing rates.
Additionally, six-component force-moment measurements and flow
visualizations will be performed, and the LEX blowing effects on
the vertical tail buffet will be monitored.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project will contribute
significantly to the NASA High-Alpha R&D programs and benefit the
military aircraft industry in its design concepts for future
highly-maneuverable tactical vehicles.
***
Project Title:
A Hybrid Structured-Unstructured Grid-Implicit Algorithm for Geometrically Complex Flow Fields
92-1-02.04-3304 NAS02-13789
A Hybrid Structured-Unstructured Grid-Implicit
Algorithm for Geometrically Complex Flow Fields
Amtec Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 3633
Bellevue, WA 98009-3633
Moeljo Soetrisno (206-827-3304)
Abstract:
Currently, structured-grid algorithms for solutions of the
Navier-Stokes equations are particularly efficient but are
restricted in their geometric flexibility. Unlike structured-grid
methods, unstructured-grid methods can easily treat complex
geometry configurations but have been found to be inefficient in
viscous-dominated regions such as boundary layers because of the
long, thin control volumes often countered in the boundary layer
and the treatment of turbulence models. Therefore, the geometric
flexibility of the unstructured-grid methods should be combined
with the numerical accuracy and efficiency of the structured-grid
methods. Hybrid methods can be used to efficiently obtain
solutions for geometrically complex flow fields. This project will
develop an efficient zonal-implicit algorithm for hybrid
structured-unstructured grids. The research will focus on implicit
techniques for solving the Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured
finite-volume grids and for zonal coupling between structured and
unstructured grids. The zonal approach gives the user full control
of the regions where unstructured-structured grids are applied.
Phase I results will demonstrate the hybrid approach and Phase II
will implement this approach in a production-version, three-
dimensional Navier-Stokes code for solutions of complex
configurations.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The hybrid structured-
unstructured grid-implicit algorithm results in both the geometric
flexibility of unstructured grids for easy mesh generation and the
numerical maturity and efficiency of structure-grids for complex
flow physics. The code can be used efficiently as both a design
and an analysis tool and will find a ready market in the aerospace
industry and other industries.
***
Project Title:
High-Alpha, Unsteady Surface-Flow, Diagnostic Tool for Aircraft Dynamics
92-1-02.05-7093 NAS01-19918
High-Alpha, Unsteady Surface-Flow, Diagnostic Tool
for Aircraft Dynamics
Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
107 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
Siva M. Mangalam (804-865-7093)
Abstract:
An innovative high-alpha, unsteady flow, diagnostic tool
incorporating advanced flow sensors, instrumentation, and surface-
flow signature analysis, will be developed for investigating
dynamic stall. Phase I will investigate high-alpha flow dynamics
in wind tunnel tests. Unsteady pitch motions will be imparted to a
model instrumented with multi-element hot-film sensors. Signature
analysis of simultaneously acquired signals from multiple sensors
will be used to capture post-stall flow characteristics such as
the location of the instantaneous' stagnation, separation, and
reattachment points and their associated unsteadiness (frequency),
thus allowing the demarcation of unsteady flow separation regions.
Phase II will test and develop a flight-validated, unsteady-flow
diagnostics tool capable of describing dynamic stall
characteristics and establishing a technical design data base for
unsteady aircraft dynamics, simulation, and control applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A flightworthy, integrated,
unsteady-flow diagnostic tool capable of describing dynamic stall
characteristics will find a ready market in organizations involved
in aircraft design, manufacture, testing, and the validation of
computational tools.
***
Project Title:
A Unified Numerical Approach for Rotorcraft Aerodynamics
92-1-02.06-2021 NAS02-13785
A Unified Numerical Approach for Rotorcraft
Aerodynamics
Flow Analysis, Inc.
256 93rd Street
Brooklyn, NY 11212
Clin M. Wang (718-875-2021)
Abstract:
A new vorticity confinement method, which has been
demonstrated to convect vorticity on a coarse grid without
excessive numerical diffusion, is to be incorporated into an
efficient viscous flow solver to resolve complicated flow problems
encountered in rotorcrafts. The accuracy and the efficiency of the
new combined numerical approach will be demonstrated through pilot
computations of retreating blade dynamic stall and strong blade-
vortex interaction, including vortex impingement. The new code
will be able to treat realistic rotorcraft-type flows with
concentrated, thin vortical regions, as well as flows that may
involve continuous shedding of vorticity from the blade.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The new code will be efficient
and accurate for solving vortex dominated flows. These flows are
involved in many different applications, including problems
encountered by the aerospace industry and by builders of wind-
mills, ships, and automobiles.
***
Project Title:
Imaging Radiometer for the Characterization of Boundary Layer Phenomena
92-1-02.07-0204 NAS01-19906
Imaging Radiometer for the Characterization of
Boundary Layer Phenomena
SSG, Inc.
150 Bear Hill Road
Waltham, MA 02154
Wallace K. Wong (617-890-0204)
Abstract:
The critical boundary layer condition between laminar and
turbulent flow over an airfoil area is indicated by extremely
small temperature differences (a noise-equivalent T of .1øC). The
complexity of the measurement problem is dramatically increased by
the 100 K ambient temperature and the need for a non-perturbing
technique. The core innovation is the exploitation of wide-
spectral band, cryogenic optical systems, and commercial, mosaic
plane focal array technologies in a unique, calibratable imaging
radiometer operating at 100 K. The focal plane array (FPA) is an
Si:Ga array with response to 18 æm which uses the long wavelength
radiation emitted by the cold surface. Phase I trade studies will
determine the optimum combination of spatial resolution, noise-
equivalent T, field of regard, and instrument size with the fixed
FPA configuration to best meet the sensor requirements. Upon their
completion, a preliminary optical design and a conceptual system
design will be performed, and a prototype optical system will be
developed. The system will provide the desired sensitivity
increase in airfoil testing and permit improved design of high-
speed aircraft and high-altitude vehicles. The concept is
applicable to any remote, high sensitivity, wide-spectral
radiometric measurement application operating over a wide range of
ambient temperatures.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The concept applies to
calibrated radiometric measurement applications, including design
of commercial aircraft and space vehicles, transfer calibration of
radiometric standards and sensors, and testing of high
sensitivity, low background focal plane arrays.
***
Project Title:
A High Sensitivity, Large Bandwidth Constant Voltage Anemometer for Speed Transition
92-1-02.07-7093 NAS01-19919
A High Sensitivity, Large Bandwidth Constant
Voltage Anemometer for Speed Transition
Research
Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
107 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
Siva M. Mangalam (804-865-7093)
Abstract:
A new approach will be developed to measure low-amplitude,
high-frequency flow fluctuations which lead to high-speed
boundary-layer transition in low-disturbance (quiet) wind tunnels.
The constant voltage anemometer (CVA) concept provides large
bandwidths with high sensitivity. Preliminary studies at low
speeds have shown that the CVA holds significant promise for high-
speed applications. During Phase I, a prototype device will be
built and tested in high-speed wind tunnels, and the results will
be compared with data obtained under identical test conditions
using conventional instrumentation. Because conventional anemome-
ters have limited bandwidth and low signal-to-noise ratio at high
frequencies, independent tests will be conducted to establish the
bandwidth of the CVA. Concurrently, theoretical analysis will be
carried out to establish the relationship between the output
signals of the CVA and the physical flow parameters. During Phase
II, the CVA will be used to study attachment-line instability and
transition on a swept-wing model. These studies will be used to
establish the design parameters and operational characteristics of
the CVA for research and commercial applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The development of this device
will meet the demand for high-sensitivity, large-bandwidth thermal
anemometers needed for high-speed dynamic flow measurements. The
CVA will find commercial applications in all national and
international organizations involved in flow measurements.
***
Project Title:
High-Temperature, Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensor
92-1-02.08-2100 NAS01-19894
High-Temperature, Fiber-Optic Pressure Sensor
OPTRA, Inc.
461 Boston Street
Topsfield, MA 01983-1290
Andrew Lintz (508-887-6600)
Abstract:
The goal of this project is to develop a fiber-optic pressure
sensor suitable for use in temperatures up to 1500 K. The five-
millimeter-diameter sensor head consists of a sapphire sensing
element and a single-mode, high-birefringence fiber optic link to
the remote phase-processing electronics. The sensor
interferometrically measures the displacement of a thin sapphire
diaphragm that responds to pressure (0 - 50 psi) with a bandwidth
of greater than 25 kHz over a wide temperature range (300 K - 1500
K). This sensor introduces the use of an electro-optic modulator
to heterodyne the pressure signal and eliminate the temperature
sensitivity of the fiber. It also uses a robust interferometric
phase measurement technique that, unlike conventional
interferometric sensors, is linear at any operating point and
immune to fluctuations in laser power or fringe visibility.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This measurement system is
characterized by ruggedness, absolute calibration, freedom from
electrical interference, remote processing through fiber optic
linkage, and the ability to operate over a very high temperature
range and bandwidth. Initial commercial applications will involve
either measurements in relatively inaccessible or hazardous
environments such as chemical process control and combustion or
specialized applications involving extreme temperatures.
***
Project Title:
Miniature Laser Velocimeter
92-1-02.08-6100 NAS01-19887
Miniature Laser Velocimeter
Deacon Research
2440 Embarcadero Way
Palo Alto, CA 94303
Pajo Vujkovic Cvijin (415-493-6100)
Abstract:
This project will build a laser-Doppler velocimeter with
sufficient accuracy and resolution to allow boundary-layer
measurement. The objective will be to design, build, and test a
first-of-its-kind velocimeter based on frequency stabilized diode
lasers and monostatic heterodyne technology. The instrument will
surpass the performance of other laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV)
techniques and have important advantages over its competition
related to its size, cost, lifetime, and ruggedness. The design
presented here is optimized for boundary-layer flow measurement in
wind tunnels. Phase I will set up the first model of the system
and measure the critical problem of flare and other operational
parameters related to wind tunnel application. Phase II will
engineer and construct a prototype system, install it on the 16-
foot wind tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center, and demonstrate
its performance.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The immediate application of
the instrument will be for boundary-layer flow measurement in wind
tunnels, fulfilling a critical need in aerodynamic measurement by
optical means. Commercial application for this low-cost technology
includes other areas of wind tunnel testing, air data measurement
in aircraft, and production control for sheet material.
***
Project Title:
Computational Methods for Rotor Transonic, Aeroacoustic-Aeroelastic Analyses
92-1-02.09-9282 NAS01-19880
Computational Methods for Rotor Transonic,
Aeroacoustic-Aeroelastic Analyses
Continuum Dynamics, Inc.
P.O. Box 3073
Princeton, NJ 08543
Todd R. Quackenbush (609-734-9282)
Abstract:
Advanced aeroacoustic analysis is required for the study of
high-speed rotorcraft. Extensions of existing tools can address
many important problems in rotor noise analysis, but prediction of
both unsteady loading and shock noise on rotors with transonic
blade tips requires the application of sophisticated flow solvers.
Additionally, recent work has identified the sensitivity of rotor
and propeller noise to structural deformation and to shock wave
strength and position. New techniques to address such problems can
be developed by using modern flow-field analysis codes along with
a new approach to fluid-structure coupling. This approach involves
a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation of the Euler equations on
a moving mesh in which the equations governing the fluid and
structure are advanced simultaneously in a way that greatly
increases the accuracy of the computed energy exchange between the
two media. This project investigates the feasibility of coupling
this approach with the RotorCRAFT comprehensive rotor analysis
software to produce surface loading and shock characteristics for
use in rotor noise computations. The project will also assess the
advantages of the new formulation and lay the groundwork for an
advanced analysis of computational aeroelasticity for the study of
high-speed rotorcraft aeroacoustics.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The principal benefit to
commercial licensors of this technology will be the ability to
analyze and design low-noise tiltrotors and helicopters that will
satisfy the requirements of potential customers for both civil and
military applications.
***
Project Title:
Auxiliary Jet Impingement to Reduce Jet Noise
92-1-02.10-7070 NAS03-26720
Auxiliary Jet Impingement to Reduce Jet Noise
Aerochem Research Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 12
Princeton, NJ 08542
Charles H. Berman (609-921-7070)
Abstract:
Supersonic jet noise will be reduced by using small auxiliary
jets to impinge on the main noise producing jet, causing it to mix
faster with the ambient fluid and reduce its velocity. The idea
for the innovation is based on low Reynolds number, supersonic
tests performed at AeroChem which demonstrated improved mixing.
The main objective of Phase I is to verify that the innovation is
beneficial at higher Reynolds number and in a general range of
parameters that would indicate that the concept would be relevant
for jet engines. An experimental program will determine the degree
of enhanced mixing caused by the impinging jets for different
density supersonic jets and for a subsonic jet. The results will
determine basic parametric dependencies for improved mixing that
will be used to plan the Phase II program and assess the potential
applicability to jet engine noise reduction. The results of the
program will benefit NASA in its programs related to noise
reduction of supersonic jets.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The direct application is in
support of jet noise reduction for high exhaust velocity engines
such as planned for the high speed civil transport. Other
applications are in the combustion and chemical process industries
where rapid mixing of different reactant streams is often needed.
***
Project Title:
Aircraft Ice Detection System
92-1-03.01-0202 NAS03-26719
Aircraft Ice Detection System
Axiomatics Corporation
3G Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
Frank A. Waldman (617-932-0202)
Abstract:
This project addresses the need for a dielectric sensor
technology to detect, quantify, and characterize ice accretion on
aircraft components both in-flight and on the ground. A prototype
apparatus will be designed to measure accurately the thickness of
varying layers of water, deicing fluid, and ice-based on a
shunting dielectric sensor. Sensor response to varying thicknesses
of water, deicing fluid and ice, as well as mixtures of these
three components, will be characterized. An algorithm will be
developed for the thickness of ice over the sensor, including ice
formed over a deicing layer, and verified using the test apparatus
across a representative temperature range. The system could
provide a low-cost, low-power, retrofittable ice detection
capability that could serve as a primary control for in-flight
activation of an ice protection system, minimize deicing required
at the ramp, while providing verifiable aircraft protection and
maximizing holdover times. In addition, the system could provide
valuable real-time data on advanced ice protection concepts as
part of NASA's Aircraft Icing Technology Program.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This aircraft ice detection
system has the potential for eliminating the danger of clear ice
in-flight. The system can also be used by airlines and airport
operators for ramp deicing, and will both improve on its
effectiveness and minimize the environmentally harmful discharge
of deicing fluids into watersheds.
***
Project Title:
Detection of Wake Vortices at Airport Runways
92-1-03.02-8157B NAS01-19907
Detection of Wake Vortices at Airport Runways
Turbulence Prediction Systems
3131 Indian Road
Boulder, CO 80301
Charles F. Morrison (303-443-8157)
Abstract:
A passive infrared (IR) method will be developed for
detecting and monitoring wake vortices in the vicinity of runways.
To establish a safe, fundamental method for detecting and
monitoring wake vortices is crucial for increasing both flight
safety and airport efficiency. The effort consists of modifying
existing equipment for recording IR, weather conditions, and
aircraft type at a commercial runway under a range of weather
conditions; creating an analysis format and analyzing the data;
and developing a method for wake vortex detection and monitoring.
The anticipated results will show that IR is a capable tool for
the measurement of vortices from commercial aircraft and that
weather conditions will cause significant differences in wake-
vortex behavior with modifications for aircraft type.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Both airport efficiency and
aircraft safety can be gained with this technology. All airports
with moderate and heavy aircraft traffic could use the IR-based,
wake-vortex system. Pilots will be able to optimize the flight
path for interactions with wake vortices and to avoid dangerous
runway situations.
***
Project Title:
Monitoring Weather Effects on Aircraft Wakes Using a Solid-State Coherent Lidar
92-1-03.02-8736 NAS01-19878
Monitoring Weather Effects on Aircraft Wakes Using
a Solid-State Coherent Lidar
Coherent Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 7488
Boulder, CO 80306
Stephen M. Hannon (303-449-8736)
Abstract:
A pulsed, coherent, two-micron lidar for monitoring the
persistence and decay of aircraft vortex wakes in the airport
terminal environment and for relating the wake history to the
local weather will be explored. The volume monitored is to be
large enough to enable monitoring of the ambient wind patterns at
scales that affect vortex wake transport and persistence. The goal
of this project is to use the high resolution capability of lidar
to enable simultaneous monitoring of the vortex dynamics, as well
as of the wind field environment in which the wake is embedded.
Such data will allow validation and extension of vortex transport
models and decay, as well as providing a direct link between data
available from large-scale, wind-field measuring systems and the
vortex hazard at airports. Detailed computer simulations of the
coherent lidar wind and wake vortex measurement process will be
used to determine the capability of a ground-based, two-micron
coherent lidar for the detection and measurement of landing
corridor winds and wake vortex velocities. An existing 2.09-
micron, pulsed, coherent lidar will be taken to an airport to
obtain experimental velocity data on wake vortices and measurement
of landing corridor winds.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications will
be for airport terminal area surveillance for wake vortices, winds
in the airport area, and microburst windshear. This technology is
also applicable for on-board airliner windshear detection.
***
Project Title:
Integrated Criteria and Synthesis for Multivariable Flight Control
92-1-03.03-0249 NAS01-19883
Integrated Criteria and Synthesis for Multivariable
Flight Control
EGR Association
8401 Ericson Drive
Buffalo, NY 14221
Edmund G. Rynaski (716-634-0249)
Abstract:
New high performance aircraft configurations, such as
hypersonic vehicles, flying wing, oblique wing, and vehicles
designed for high angle-of-attack operation, have incorporated the
use of unique and often redundant control effectors such as
canards, thrust vectoring, and split rudders or ailerons. This
project will show that the control criteria or pilot-vehicle
interface requirements can be integrated or imbedded into the
methods of modern, powerful, control system synthesis to yield
multivariable flight control system configurations that will
enable the pilot to fly with enhanced precision, ease, and
confidence. Phase I will demonstrate that the weighting matrices
of a linear, quadratic regulator design can be chosen to satisfy
flying qualities requirements of an angle-of-attack command and
other "response type" systems. This project will seek adequate and
accurate control of unique vehicle geometries such as the oblique
wing, wingless, and national aerospace plan (NASP) vehicle
configurations.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Multivariable control
theoretic methods, when properly applied, will result in systems
that greatly improve manual flight precision.
***
Project Title:
Knowledge-Based Neural Flight Control System
92-1-03.03-3474 NAS01-19877
Knowledge-Based Neural Flight Control System
Charles River Analytics, Inc.
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Greg L. Zacharias (617-491-3474)
Abstract:
Phase I will explore the development of a hybrid knowledge-
based neural flight control system (FCS) for high-performance
aircraft. The goal of this project is to integrate two
complementary technologies: artificial neural networks (ANNs) and
knowledge-based expert systems (ESs). ANNs can offer several
advantages to FCS design: rapidly adaptable on-line solutions;
productivity improvements in the off-line design process;
implementation efficiency on emerging neural computers; and
hardware fault-tolerance. ESs can also offer advantages to FCS
design: knowledge-based executive control and mode-switching of
the FCS, direct implementation of existing algorithmic control
solutions, and support of on-line learning via an embedded ANN
knowledge base. This project will develop a hybrid of neural
control and knowledge-based expert control. An FCS prototype using
a commercially-available ANN-ES development tool, NueX, which
provides a graphical user interface for ANN specification, an
object-oriented ES shell for knowledge-base development, and C-
code linkages for control algorithm implementation, will be
developed. Following development, a feasibility demonstration will
be conducted with a limited-scope simulation over different flight
conditions and operating control modes.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial potential exists
for the end product itself, a hybrid FCS design for high
performance aircraft, and for the hybrid software environment use
to develop it. The FCS design holds promise for incorporation in a
wide range of existing and advanced aerospace systems. The
development software has generic applications in complex control
design problems in the industrial, medical, and process control
areas.
***
Project Title:
Aircraft-Based Fiber Optic Environmental Sensor Network
92-1-03.05-0997 NAS01-19899
Aircraft-Based Fiber Optic Environmental Sensor
Network
Optiphase, Inc.
7652 Haskell Avenue
Van Nuys, CA 91406
Ira Jeffrey Bush (818-782-0997)
Abstract:
This project addresses the development of a generic fiber
optic distributed sensor system for sensing aircraft pressure and
temperature and atmospheric conditions. The system employs
optical, high-precision, passive interferometric transducers which
are time-domain multiplexed on a fiber-optic network. The fiber-
optic network is a single mode, generic, multi-tap architecture
and provides a standard connection interface to any type of
sensor. This concept can be generalized to sensors that respond to
temperature, pressure, strain, position, acoustics, acceleration
and vibration. Phase I will define and analyze the performance of
the overall network, including the central optical and signal pro-
cessing function, telemetry system, and passive sensor types.
Interferometric sensors for pressure, temperature, and atmospheric
conditions will be conceptually designed and evaluated for
performance. Laboratory experimentation will be conducted to
verify concepts. An optimum configuration will be selected from
the design phase and will be the basis for the Phase II
engineering development.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Many markets in both the
military and commercial sectors need a lightweight, passive
distributed sensor system, including air and/or spaceborne sensing
systems. Generic sensing systems, employing interchangeable sensor
functions that diagnose the overall status of complex platforms,
will standardize the diagnostic interface and greatly enhance the
diversity of applications addressed as well as reduce the
development cost of such systems.
***
Project Title:
Airborne, Remote Sensing of Turbulent Air Motion
92-1-03.05-8157 NAS02-13731
Airborne, Remote Sensing of Turbulent Air Motion
Turbulence Prediction Systems
3131 Indian Road
Boulder, CO 80301
Frederick C. Wilshusen (303-443-8157)
Abstract:
An active infrared (IR) instrument that provides three-
dimensional information for use in the monitoring and study of
atmospheric turbulence will be developed. The innovation overcomes
the limitations that prevent the satisfactory use of present
gauging technology. The objective is to establish that a practical
laser can drive the system at 10 meters and that the physics is
sufficiently unique to provide accurate measurements. The project
will seek to generate computer models that combine the laser
physics, IR physics, airspeed, and three-dimensional wind for use
in concept testing and parameter definition. It will study IR
laser power transfer to the air and IR sensitivity properties to
detect the same. Additionally, it will determine the practical
size for the combined instrument in research aircraft. It is
anticipated that a practical device can be developed which would
measure three-dimensional wind speeds to well below 1 m/s with 5
percent or better accuracy.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Expected NASA applications and
benefits are an opportunity to measure accurately three-
dimensional air motion from a moving aircraft. Other possible
applications include remote turbulence detection (from aircraft or
ground-based), and wake vortex detection (airborne or ground-
based).
***
Project Title:
Compact Diode-Laser-Based Inlet and Exhaust Mass-Flow Flight Instrument
92-1-03.06-0003 NAS02-13730
Compact Diode-Laser-Based Inlet and Exhaust
Mass-Flow Flight Instrument
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
Mark G. Allen (508-689-0003)
Abstract:
Recent advances in compact, tunable, room-temperature, diode
lasers now permit sensitive measurement of gas dynamic properties
with low-power, small-volume, low-cost instrumentation. Currently,
laboratory demonstrations of path-averaged density and velocity
measurements in flows depend on high-frequency modulation
techniques to achieve the required sensitivity for practical, in-
flight applications. This project addresses a new concept for
ultra-sensitive, mass-flux measurements using a novel detection
system that eliminates the need for complex, high-bandwidth
modulation and detection strategies. Shot-noise-limited
sensitivity is achieved using conventional detectors and
amplifiers in a novel transistor-pair combination. Inlet mass flux
is determined from simultaneous, non-intrusive O2 density and
velocity measurements. Exhaust mass flux is determined from
combined O2 and H2O measurements. The two measurements are
determined to form a real-time thrust determination. Phase I will
demonstrate the sensitivity required for typical flight conditions
with typical absorption path lengths and optical access
limitations. This data will be used to complete a preliminary
design of a prototype brassboard instrument. Phase II will develop
and test the prototype in a simulation facility at the company.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The mass-flux monitor is
expected to have a broad commercial application in the civilian
and defense aerospace industry. In addition, the ultra-sensitive
detection system will be applicable to a wide range of gas
emission monitoring systems.
***
Project Title:
Electromagnetic Shaker for Aircraft Structural Characterization
92-1-03.06-0540 NAS02-13732
Electromagnetic Shaker for Aircraft Structural
Characterization
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
Richard L. Hockney (617-661-0540)
Abstract:
This project will design, fabricate, and demonstrate an
electro-mechanical seismic shaker for aircraft flight testing. The
shaker, which could be quickly and easily attached to wing-tip
accessory rails, would allow dynamic flight characterization of
existing aircraft. This device is needed because existing methods
utilizing natural turbulence are too slow and incorporation of
hydraulic seismic shakers into existing aircraft is prohibitively
expensive. The concept, which has been made possible by new
developments in motors and solid-state power conversion, will
incorporate a unique linear induction motor driven by a resonant
converter operating at 20 kHz. The resonant converter uses pulse-
population-density modulation to operate the induction motor as an
extremely power dense and efficient, four-quadrant, variable-speed
actuator. The pulse-population-density modulation approach
provides inherent electro-magnetic-interference (EMI) suppression
while minimizing required filtering and shielding. The project
will result in a flight-certifiable design having a combination of
small-size, low EMI, and low harmonic levels not previously
possible in electro-mechanical seismic shakers. Phase I will
provide a preliminary design and Phase II will construct a
prototype unit for testing.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This product will
substantially reduce the cost and decrease the time required for
dynamic flight testing of existing aircraft. It is anticipated
that there will be a substantial market for a lightweight, low
cost shaker system which can be employed in testing experimental,
military, and commercial aircraft.
***
Project Title:
Graphical User Interface for Design of Hypersonic Vehicles
92-1-03.07-2620 NAS01-19869
Graphical User Interface for Design of Hypersonic
Vehicles
Adaptive Research Corporation
4960 Corporate Drive, Suite 100A
Huntsville, AL 35805
John F. Stalnaker (205-830-2620)
Abstract:
Development of a user-friendly graphical interface linking
existing engineering computer programs for optimization of future
hypersonic vehicle concepts is the goal of this project. Phase I
will develop this interface for SRGULL, a suite of engineering
codes developed by NASA for prediction of the integrated
performance of national aerospace plan (NASP) configurations.
SRGULL is an interactive engineering tool capable of nose-to-tail
modeling of NASP components for rapid generation of initial
estimates of vehicle engine performance. The emphasis in Phase I
will be the development of CAD-like software to provide a higher
and more sophisticated degree of automation of the SRGULL code. A
significant strength of the present approach is the modular nature
of the interface which allows upgrades to more advanced grid
generation techniques, including unstructured grids, grid quality
measures, and solution adaptive procedures. Phase II will result
in a super workstation-based aerodynamic and engine performance
simulator with powerful engineering computer programs linked
together by customized pre- and post-processors. The menu-driven
interface will be versatile enough to allow user customization,
modification, or replacement of existing engineering models.
Progressively higher fidelity analyses could be performed in an
engineering design environment on secure, inexpensive machines
quickly and efficiently, thus saving valuable engineering
resources and speeding the design process. The time required to
become proficient in the use of these engineering design tools
would also be greatly reduced.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Graphical user interfaces will
ultimately become the standard as the level of computational
sophistication and user flexibility increases. The interface will
thus make computational fluid dynamics design tools, in general,
much more accessible and attractive to many industries which would
otherwise not foster such expertise. The automotive, chemical,
electronics, environmental, marine, and power industries all offer
high potential for commercial applications.
***
Project Title:
A Novel Hydrogen-Fueled Propulsion System
92-1-03.07-2900 NAS01-19875
A Novel Hydrogen-Fueled Propulsion System
Adroit Systems, Inc.
209 Madison Street, Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314
Thomas R.A. Bussing (703-684-2900)
Abstract:
Currently, airbreathing propulsion systems which operate in
the subsonic to low hypersonic regimes are expensive, complex and
heavy. To overcome these limitations, a novel propulsion concept,
based on a hydrogen-fueled pulse detonation engine (PDE), will be
developed. The innovation draws from recent successes in
computational fluid dynamics and from several recent engineering
studies. The propulsion system will have a very low unit cost,
design simplicity and operational simplicity. Its many features
will include the ability to operate over a range of Mach numbers,
the potential to operate in a pure rocket mode, and the capability
for propelling a variety of high speed and transatmospheric
vehicles.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications
include propulsion for research vehicles, innovative power
generation devices, and elements of novel, commercial, earth-to-
orbit launch vehicles.
***
Project Title:
Lightweight, High-Strength PBO Structures for High-Altitude Subsonic Aircraft
92-1-03.08-3200 NAS02-13782
Lightweight, High-Strength PBO Structures for
High-Altitude Subsonic Aircraft
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
Leslie S. Rubin (617-890-3200)
Abstract:
The specific strength and stiffness of high-altitude subsonic
aircraft structures can be significantly improved through the use
of lyotropic crystal polymers (LCPs). In Phase I, an advanced LCP,
polybenzoxazole (PBO) and a new generation LCP extrusion die will
be used to produce lightweight and high strength honeycomb cores.
These cores will permit the manufacturing of aircraft wings
suitable for extended subsonic flight above 70,000 feet. The PBO
cores are expected to have specific properties that are two-to-
four times higher than today's leading lightweight structural
cores. Phase I will initially concentrate on the fabrication and
modification of a new generation of biaxially oriented PBO film
which exhibits significantly higher quasi-isotropic properties
than has been achievable to date. Protocols for fabricating film-
based PBO honeycomb cores will then be established by Hexcel, a
leading manufacturer of honeycomb core structural materials. The
project will conclude with the fabrication, testing and analysis
of prototype PBO honeycomb cores.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The successful development of
the lightweight, high-strength structures and their
commercialization by Hexcel will enable NASA to fabricate high
altitude (>70,000 feet) subsonic aircraft that can more
effectively perform global climate research. This technology will
have special commercial research appeal for the aircraft industry
to improve fuel efficiency, and the refrigerator industry to
manufacture better insulating materials. The advanced materials
created by this technology will also find a ready commercial
market with sports equipment manufacturers.
***
Project Title:
Facultative, Hypergolic-Ignition, Internal Combustion Engine
92-1-03.08-8457 NAS02-13786
Facultative, Hypergolic-Ignition, Internal
Combustion Engine
Alvin Lowi & Association
2146 Toscanini Drive
San Pedro, CA 90732
Alvin Lowi, Jr. (310-548-8457)
Abstract:
The firm will conduct an analytical investigation to
establish technical support for a facultative internal combustion
engine suitable for the prop-drive propulsion of very-high-
altitude, unmanned atmospheric research aircraft. The engine would
be fully functional with or without aspiration and would not
require air for cooling, thereby rendering unnecessary the use of
heavy and drag-producing accessories customarily required for high
altitude aspiration and cooling. With the ability to efficiently
utilize available air, the consumption of expendables would be
minimized during climbing, thus improving payload, range, and/or
endurance. In addition, a compact, lightweight, small frontal area
engine will be designed that will be fully balanced, while
delivering exceptional high torque at low shaft speeds with a
minimum of shaking or torsional vibration, and will be capable of
delivering its full rating at any altitude. This project will also
investigate the state-of-the-art of hypergolic ignition and
facultative combustion as applied to a novel internal combustion
engine design. Estimates will be made of the structural, thermal,
and dynamic loadings which would prevail in a non-metallic,
passively cooled, axial piston engine. Some of the vehicle
integration factors such as the vibration, weight, temperature
distribution, and consumables.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The powerplant's high power
density, low vibration, and hypergolic combustion process make it
an ideal candidate for any number of very-high-altitude subsonic
aircraft types. Other uses include underwater vehicles for
auxiliary power, extra-terrestrial vehicles (ground or
atmospheric) or other medium level power applications where free
oxygen is not available for aspiration and/or combustion.
***
Project Title:
A Flexible Integrated Visual Display for Flight Management
92-1-03.09-1127 NAS02-13780
A Flexible Integrated Visual Display for Flight
Management
Technology International, Inc.
429 West Airline Highway, Suite S
Laplace, LA 70068
Zeinab Sabri (504-652-1127)
Abstract:
Advanced image storage and presentation, as well as
information flow control and selection, will be developed to
improve aircraft flight systems management and to reduce pilot
error and workload. Two control and information management
concepts will be used. The first is the Ziebolz controller which
uses simulation to generate a predicted display based on present
conditions and actions. This display can be used effectively with
radar imaging displays by presenting time-compressed information,
thereby providing a clearer display of positions and movements of
other aircraft or other visual targets. The second is the
development of an "intervening black box," or computer managed
information system to regulate pilot workload by storing infor-
mation and presenting a rate-controlled, prioritized information
input. This system allows the pilot to select needed information
and control its presentation rate using menu driven displays. The
need and justification for both of these concepts have been well
documented in aviation literature. Modern computer technology has
made their realization possible.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Devices employing the Ziebolz
controller concept in presenting predictive radar images, hardware
capable of producing computer-managed pilot workload, and improved
information displays for aircraft have wide commercial
applications.
***
Project Title:
A Prototype Flight-Management-System Error Monitor
92-1-03.09-1457 NAS01-19898
A Prototype Flight-Management-System Error
Monitor
Search Technology, Inc.
4725 Peachtree Corners Circle, Suite 200
Norcross, GA 30092
Ronald L. Small (404-441-1457)
Abstract:
An error monitor (EM) to help pilots reduce or eliminate the
consequences of flight management system (FMS) errors will be
developed. This FMS error monitor is based on a human-centered
approach to the problem of pilot FMS programming errors. Rather
than attempt to redesign the FMS to completely eliminate errors
(an impossible task), a human-centered approach focuses on
reducing or eliminating the consequences of errors. A prototype
FMS error monitor will be developed to demonstrate the feasibility
of this new approach to pilot error. Error monitoring will be used
to prevent the consequences of realistic FMS programming errors by
alerting the pilot (or observer). This initial prototype EM only
considers a small subset of pilot errors, but proves the
feasibility of the approach for future, more fully developed
systems. NASA and the commercial aircraft industry will benefit by
having an extensible error monitor design which can indicate all
types of pilot errors. This project will also develop a
demonstrable prototype that can be modified for full-mission,
piloted simulation evaluations in Phase II. Phase III will evalu-
ate the EM in flight test.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A family of human-system error
monitors could be applied in aviation and other industries (space,
nuclear power, etc.) to prevent catastrophes and improve
operational efficiencies.
***
Project Title:
An Unsteady Aerodynamics Model Based on Indicial Theory for Multidisciplinary Flight Simulations
92-1-03.11-9457 NAS02-13688
An Unsteady Aerodynamics Model Based on Indicial
Theory for Multidisciplinary Flight Simulations
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-2287
Daniel J. Lesieutre (415-968-4653)
Abstract:
Multidisciplinary simulation of aerospace vehicles requires
knowledge/input of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of the
rigid, aeroelastic, and aeroservoelastic vehicle modes. Indicial
theory has been successfully applied to model unsteady
aerodynamics using potential flow solvers offline to obtain
indicial responses (functions) for step inputs in boundary
conditions. However, when indicial theory is used with a Navier-
Stokes flow solver, the effects of viscosity and turbulence
preclude calculating indicial functions to step inputs in boundary
conditions. This project will seek to obtain accurate indicial
functions with an offline Navier-Stokes flow solver. Phase I will
demonstrate in two dimensions, the feasibility of generating
accurate indicial functions in the Laplace and/or time domain with
off-line Navier-Stokes calculations. The method will be tested for
a case involving a two-dimensional airfoil in pitch and/or plunge
by comparing phases and amplitudes of unsteady aerodynamic loads
using the indicial functions with results from direct numerical
simulations using the Navier-Stokes solver. The innovation will
provide a more efficient and more accurate integrated design of
structures, aerodynamic, and control systems for advanced
aerospace vehicles.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The two-dimensional approach
demonstrated in Phase I will be extended to three dimensions in
Phase II. The computer program deliverable after Phase II will be
made into an unsteady aerodynamics shell containing the indicial
theory approach including pre- and post-processors applicable to
any time-accurate Navier-Stokes solver. This shell can then be
incorporated into simulation systems for use in the design of
various aspects of advanced aerospace vehicles.
***
Project Title:
High-Temperature, Oxidation-Resistant Fiber Coating for Toughened Ceramic-Matrix
92-1-04.01-7143 NAS03-26850
High-Temperature, Oxidation-Resistant Fiber
Coating for Toughened Ceramic-Matrix
Composites
Hyper-Therm, Inc.
735 Alabama Street
Huntington Beach, CA 92648
Wayne S. Steffier (714-960-7143)
Abstract:
Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are actively being developed
for a variety of high-temperature military, aerospace, and
industrial applications. While possessing high specific strength
and stiffness, high fracture toughness, and exceptional oxidation
resistance at elevated temperatures, the utility of current CMCs
are severely limited by their susceptibility to oxidation-
embrittlement and strength-degradation when stressed at or beyond
the matrix cracking stress point and subsequently exposed to high-
temperature oxygen. CMCs are classified by the low linear-elastic
strain-to-failure of the matrix constituent relative to the
reinforcing fiber. For the current state of technology, the
linear-elastic region represents the "useful" design stress-strain
region due to the harmful effects of environmental degradation of
the compliant fiber coating (i.e., carbon, boron nitride) at
elevated temperatures following matrix cracking. The objective of
Phase I is to develop and evaluate an advanced, oxidation-
resistant fiber coating technology for advanced CMCs consisting of
an engineered porous silicon carbide (SiC) produced by chemical
vapor infiltration (CVI). Two-dimensional laminated SiC/SiC plates
will be fabricated incorporating a compliant, relatively weak and
brittle fiber-matrix interface region which has been physically
tailored by using controlled porosity to impart the necessary
mechanical characteristics which will enhance the composite's
strength and toughness. Several fiber coating porosity levels will
be developed in CVI, SiC-densified composites and evaluated in
high-temperatures stressed oxidation environments.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Ceramic-matrix composites are
important materials for a variety of thermostructural applications
in aerospace propulsion combustors and nozzles, hypersonic
airframe thermal protection systems, spacecraft re-entry
heatshields, land-based turbine and power generation components,
radiant burner and heat exchanger tubes, and other industrial
applications.
***
Project Title:
Multifunctional Interface Coatings for Sapphire Monofilaments
92-1-04.01-9471 NAS03-26840
Multifunctional Interface Coatings for Sapphire
Monofilaments
MSNW, Inc.
P.O. Box 865
San Marcos, CA 92079
George H. Reynolds (619-489-9471)
Abstract:
Phase I will examine multifunctional coating concepts for
sapphire monofilaments to be used in the fabrication of sapphire-
superalloy composites by the wire arc-spray process. Coupled
thermochemical-thermomechanical analyses will be used to select
coating compositions and configurations. The effects of emplaced
coatings on filament mechanical properties will be determined.
Specimens of coated monofilaments will be supplied to NASA's Lewis
Research Center for independent evaluation and composite
fabrication trials.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The coating concepts are
regarded as an enabling technology for use of sapphire-superalloy
composites, particularly as fabricated by the wire arc-spray
process, for the nozzle substructure of the high-speed civil
transport.
***
Project Title:
Edge-Defined Film Growth or Stepanov Processing of High-Temperature Fibers for Composites
92-1-04.02-4626 NAS03-26843
Edge-Defined Film Growth or Stepanov Processing
of High-Temperature Fibers for Composites
Advanced Crystal Products Corporation
Conn Street at Fowle
Woburn, MA 01801
Winfield B. Perry (617-933-4626)
Abstract:
Progress in ceramic and intermetallic high-temperature
composites is limited by the currently available ceramic fibers.
Single-crystal oxide fibers have superior microstructure, high
melting points, high strength and modulus, low creep at high
temperature, and resistance to oxidation. Recently, there has been
considerable interest in mullite (3Al2O3-2SiO2) as an enabling
propulsion material because it has good high-temperature strength
and resistance to creep properties. Although it is a single-
crystal, continuous mullite fiber is very difficult to grow due to
incongruent melting and a range of solid solution. An innovative
approach, using edge-defined film growth or Stepanov growth
methods, should be feasible for processing single crystal mullite
fiber. These technologies will be investigated and developed to
produce initial quantities of fiber for NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include
reinforcement of intermetallic and ceramic matrix composites used
for advanced turbine engine hardware, e.g., high speed civil
transport.
***
Project Title:
An Innovative Process for Fully Dense, High-Performance, Ceramic-Matrix Composites
92-1-04.02-6636 NAS03-26849
An Innovative Process for Fully Dense,
High-Performance, Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Triton Systems, Inc.
186 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
R. Ross Haghighat (508-460-9493)
Abstract:
Phase I will demonstrate a simple, reproducible, cost-
effective, and near net-shape approach for transfer molding of
advanced fiber-reinforced, ceramic-matrix composites using an
entirely new process. The project will expand this technology to
understand more fully its processing parameters and to optimize
this technique for the mechanical, physical, and thermal
performance of the final composite. The result will be complex-
shaped, fiber-reinforced, ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) which
are designed to outperform CMCs processed by different methods.
This approach is based on resin transfer molding of organic matrix
composites which has been in use for several decades as a lower-
cost alternative to autoclave curing and other labor and capital
intensive processes used in high-performance applications. The
advantages of this process are 1) its ability to deliver near-net-
shape complex shapes in high volume and at low cost with good
surface topography, 2) flexibility in tooling and materials, 3)
easy part consolidation through molded-in parts and fittings, 4)
fast production cycles, and 5) less than 2 percent voids. Phase I
will optimize the process conditions, fabricate, and characterize
several fiber reinforced CMC specimens using ceramic transfer
molding technique. Phase II will optimize the process for maximum
strength, toughness and high temperature performance.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The process will provide a
rapid, cost-effective means of producing high performance complex
geometry CMCs for a variety of host applications, including
radomes, active and passive components in ceramic engines, rotor
blades, exhaust ducts, turbo props, gun barrels, and advanced
armor.
***
Project Title:
Portable, Parallel, Stochastic Optimization for the Design of Aeropropulsion Components
92-1-04.03-0018 NAS03-26839
Portable, Parallel, Stochastic Optimization for the
Design of Aeropropulsion Components
Applied Research Association
4300 San Mateo Boulevard, NE, Suite A220
Albuquerque, NM 87110
Robert H. Sues (505-881-8074)
Abstract:
This project will develop a parallel, stochastic optimization
(PSO) methodology that is portable across a wide range of parallel
computers. The method will deterministically treat the
optimization objective function, while the optimization
constraints will be probabilistic and multidisciplinary. In this
approach the stochastic optimization problem is inherently
parallel at several levels. This parallelism will be fully
investigated. Since the methodology is readily applicable to the
design and optimization of aeropropulsion components, Phase I will
seek to optimize the aerodynamic performance of an advanced
propfan blade subject to aeroelastic constraints. This work will
determine the feasibility of developing a larger scale, general-
purpose PSO methodology which treats simultaneous,
multidisciplinary optimization.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This research will identify
the optimal approach to solving global design problems using
parallel stochastic optimization and provide groundwork for the
development of commercial analysis and design tools.
***
Project Title:
Massively Parallel Computational Methods Augmented with Neural Net Technology for
92-1-04.03-0700 NAS03-26842
Massively Parallel Computational Methods
Augmented with Neural Net Technology for
Structural Analysis and Design
MRJ, Inc.
10455 White Granite Drive, Suite 101
Oakton, VA 22124
Rong C. Shieh (703-385-0700)
Abstract:
The goal of this project is to develop innovative numerical
algorithms and superefficient computational capabilities in a
massively parallel processing (MPP) environment for finite
element, method-based structural analysis and reanalysis, applying
neural net technology and structural design optimization. Phase I
will formulate numerical algorithms, and, after a screening
process, a selected subset of algorithms will be implemented on
the MPP environment of a CM (CM-2, CM-200 or CM-5) computer for
numerical testing and demonstration of the super-efficiency of the
algorithms. Phase II will develop and implement of the most
promising set(s) of algorithms, as well as develop a prototype CM
computer code. The new capabilities will not only solve some
demanding computation structural analysis and optimization
problems, but will also allow costly experiments to be replaced
with numerical simulations. Furthermore, these advances will
provide opportunities to accelerate computational time-intense
simulations, achieve multivariable optimization, and solve
otherwise unsolvable problems in conventional serial or even
vector supercomputers.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The end products, i.e., the
MPP structural analysis and design technology and an associated
general purpose CM computer code or code system, will be of
interest to various industries in providing useful structural
design and analysis tools in support of both structures research
and design activities.
***
Project Title:
Probabilistic Process Modeling for the Consolidation of Titanium-Based,
92-1-04.04-6627 NAS03-26846
Probabilistic Process Modeling for the
Consolidation of Titanium-Based,
Metal-Matrix Composites
Alpha Star Corporation
1544 6th Street, Suite 102
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Roy H. Lorenz (310-458-6627)
Abstract:
A computational model will be developed that provides a
continuous simulation of the consolidation processes and resulting
microstructural evolution associated with the powder-metallurgy-
based manufacture of continuously reinforced titanium matrix com-
posites. The model will couple the computational methods of
probabilistic simulation, distinct-element analysis, and
mechanism-based deformation mechanics. The use of probabilistic
simulation will provide the stochastic information necessary to
initialize and construct a discrete unit cell representative of
the uncertainties in both the geometry (i.e., variation of powder
mesh size and interfiber spacing) and constituent material
properties. The resulting unit cell is then implemented to conduct
a distinct-element analysis to simulate the evolution and
refinement in networking contacts and contact stresses as
temperature and pressure are applied as a function of time to the
boundary elements of the cell. As the individual contact stresses
evolve, the resulting ensemble of particle deformations are calcu-
lated incrementally using mechanism-based equations. By
iteratively calculating the changes in contact areas, neck growth
and void closure, each stage of the consolidation process can be
discretely simulated until the theoretical full density is
achieved. The development of this capability will provide a new
tool to aid in metallurgical evaluation and materials processing
parameterization to better meet the demands of new aerospace
propulsion systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The model can be integrated
into intelligent materials processing control systems to optimize
production cost, end material quality and final component
producibility for use in advanced aeropropulsion systems. It can
also be used to aid in the research and development of new
material systems, manufacturing procedures, and processing
parameter selection.
***
Project Title:
Computational Fluid Dynamics Tools for Parametric Studies in Materials Processing
92-1-04.04-8145 NAS03-26848
Computational Fluid Dynamics Tools for Parametric
Studies in Materials Processing
Daat Research Corporation
17 Montview Drive
Lyme, NH 03768
Arkady S. Dvinsky (603-643-8145)
Abstract:
A library of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes
specifically tailored and optimized for selected materials science
applications will be developed. The codes will utilize novel
numerical techniques to achieve high performance. Phase I will
demonstrate the capabilities of the CFD techniques on a sample
system. Based on the results of the numerical experiments, the
firm will develop specifications of the computer programs to be
delivered to NASA in Phase II. Furthermore, we will develop a plan
for the verification, documentation, and delivery of the developed
programs to NASA in Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A predictive tool that can
quickly and accurately model advanced materials processes would be
very useful to the electronics and aeropropulsion industries. With
the aid of such predictive tools, trial-and-error development of
new materials will be significantly improved, resulting in savings
of time and money.
***
Project Title:
Spray Droplet and Grain Size Determination by AC-Susceptibility to Facilitate Adaptive Process
92-1-04.06-4015 NAS01-19901
Spray Droplet and Grain Size Determination by
AC-Susceptibility to Facilitate Adaptive Process
Control
Quantum Magnetics, Inc.
11578 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 30
San Diego, CA 92121
A. R. Perry (619-481-4015)
Abstract:
This project addresses the need for an electromagnetic sensor
for measuring the droplet size and spray density of metals and
other conductors. A significant improvement in the quality and
reliability of metal matrix composites can be achieved by using
this sensor within the deposition process. The sensor measures
distribution of droplet sizes that are present in the deposition
spray by using a variable frequency ac-susceptibility technique to
provide real-time information about the metal spray without
affecting it. A process controller, therefore, will be able to
maintain the spray parameters within tight bounds.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this research
will be an inexpensive supplement to conventional spray-droplet
technology, particularly in improved quality in spray deposition
manufacturing processes.
***
Project Title:
Embeddable Distributed Moisture Sensor for Nondestructive Inspection of Aircraft Lap
92-1-04.08-3088 NAS01-19895
Embeddable Distributed Moisture Sensor for
Nondestructive Inspection of Aircraft Lap
Joints
Physical Optics Corporation
20600 Grammercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, CA 90501
Robert A. Lieberman (310-320-3088)
Abstract:
This project will demonstrate the feasibility of a novel,
intrinsic fiber-optic sensor whose entire length would be
sensitive to the presence of moisture. This small, lightweight,
inexpensive sensor could be retrofit into existing aircraft lap
joints, or included in the construction of new aircraft, to warn
of moisture-induced corrosion in these critical joints. Because of
the sensor's unique properties, each joint, no matter how long,
would require only a single sensor. Used in such "smart lap
joints," the sensors would improve aircraft safety and minimize
unnecessary inspections and rebuilding of lap joints in aging
aircraft by detecting the presence of water well before material
loss occurred. To demonstrate the feasibility of this concept, a
custom optical fiber will be created whose entire cladding will be
sensitive to water. The water response of this unique sensor fiber
will then be completely characterized by connecting it to a simple
optoelectronic source-detector pair and by exposing various
sections of the sensor fiber to liquid water. The end results of
Phase I will be a working "breadboard" water penetration sensor
several meters long, together with a complete set of moisture
response data.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Makers and users of aircraft
with long lap joints (like the Boeing 767) would be prime
customers for embeddable moisture sensors. Other commercial
applications could include: verification of water-tightness in
nautical and food-processing applications, "average humidity"
measurements, and in-situ integrated soil moisture determinations
for irrigation control.
***
Project Title:
Advanced Microwave Imaging Techniques for Materials Processing and Monitoring
92-1-04.08-4691 NAS01-19993
Advanced Microwave Imaging Techniques for
Materials Processing and Monitoring
Gemtech Microwaves, Inc.
1318 Chandler Court
Acworth, GA 30102
Barry J. Cown (404-425-4691)
Abstract:
This project will investigate the feasibility of adapting
novel microwave imaging hardware and software to permit quasi-real
time monitoring and control of micro- or millimeter, wave-
penetrable aerospace and commercial materials during their design,
development, processing, and operational use. The innovation
adapts modulated scattering arrays as multi-point sensors to
provide rapid Nyquist-sampled mappings of the material's local
reflection and transmission coefficients. These measured data are
then used in advanced microwave imaging algorithms based on
diffraction tomography (DT) and the electric field integral
equation (EFIE) to image equivalent currents, complex permittivity
and field distributions. Resolutions of (1/2) and (1/10) in the
material are achieved for DT and EFIE imaging, respectively. These
microwave imaging techniques directly determine electromagnetic
performance. They can also be used to detect and identify many
types of material structural defects.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial
applications include imaging of knots and other defects in wood;
delaminations in paper products; aircraft, boat, and vehicle
composites; control of microwave drying processes; detection of
concrete reinforcing bars; detection of drugs and weapons caches;
and monitoring of deep hyperthermia treatments.
***
Project Title:
Porous Refractory Carbides Made of Discontinuous Fibers for Beamed-Energy Propulsion Systems
92-1-04.09-3535 NAS01-19886
Porous Refractory Carbides Made of Discontinuous
Fibers for Beamed-Energy Propulsion Systems
Micro Composite Materials Corporation
P.O. Box 12744
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Steve R. Wright (919-361-3535)
Abstract:
One critical component for a solar-thermal propulsion concept
consists of porous hafnium carbide (HfC) or tantalum carbide (TaC)
discs, through which hydrogen flows at temperatures exceeding 3700
K (6700 R). Discs made by conventional means using HfC or TaC
powders cannot withstand the high thermal and mechanical stresses.
This project will manufacture absorber discs by sintering preforms
made of pure HfC and TaC discontinuous fibers. A proprietary
process that is used by the firm to produce TiC fiber can also
generate fibrous forms of other refractory carbides such as TaC
and HfC. Absorber discs made of these fibers would be very durable
and, by varying the composition of the preforms (i.e., fiber
aspect ratio, packing, etc.), would have uniform, controlled
porosities. Phase I will demonstrate that HfC and TaC fibers can
be created, that porosity can be controlled in discs made from
these discontinuous fibers, and that this manufacturing process
can produce durable, full-scale absorber discs. Sample quantities
of HfC and TaC will be delivered to NASA. Parameters that affect
porosity will be determined by making and analyzing a series of
porous TiC fiber plugs. Finally, a full-scale porous TiC fiber
disc will be fabricated for delivery to NASA. Phase II will fabri-
cate full-scale set(s) of porous HfC and TaC absorber discs for
bench testing by NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The fibrous carbides could be
used in nuclear power in laser, chemical and industrial high-
temperature thermal applications; in ceramic composites to
increase fracture toughness; in metal matrices as a strengthening
stiffening filler; and, in powdered ceramic binders, producing a
strong, tough, lightweight, reusable, extremely high-temperature
refractory, having excellent thermal properties for protection of
aerospace vehicles or hypersonic wind tunnel components.
***
Project Title:
Novel Additives for Perfluoropolyether Lubricants
92-1-04.10-3812 NAS03-26847
Novel Additives for Perfluoropolyether Lubricants
Exfluor Research Corporation
8868 Research Boulevard, #206
Austin, TX 78758
Thomas R. Bierschenk (512-454-3812)
Abstract:
The objective of this project is to synthesize additives to
enhance the properties of perfluoropolyether fluids. The lack of
suitable additives that are soluble in perfluoropolyether fluids
is preventing their use in high-temperature applications. The
additives will be characterized and assessed in a series of tests
that have been developed primarily by the U.S. Air Force for the
evaluation of formulated perfluoropolyether fluids. The goal of
this project is to develop an additive that will function as
either an oxidation inhibitor or a boundary lubricant for
perfluoropolyether fluids.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The new additive will extend
the useful temperature range of the fluids, thus making them
especially compatible for many new high-temperature applications.
The formulated fluids will find uses both as lubricants and as
vibration-dampening recoil fluids in space applications where
extreme environments exist.
***
Project Title:
Atomic-Oxygen Resistant Tribo-Surfaces
92-1-04.10-5940 NAS08-39800
Atomic-Oxygen Resistant Tribo-Surfaces
Colorado Engineering Research Laboratory, Inc.
1500 Teakwood Court
Fort Collins, CO 80525
Ronghua Wei (303-484-5940)
Abstract:
This project will evaluate the tribological performance of
commercially available solid and grease lubricants in a simulated
atomic oxygen (SAO) environment and will investigate innovative
lubrication concepts with long-duration tribological resistance to
atomic oxygen (AO). Spacecraft mechanisms operating in the low
earth orbit environment will be subjected to long duration (up to
30 years) exposure to AO, which can degrade the tribological
performance of epoxy-bonded, solid lubricants and organic-based
greases. This degradation can jeopardize mission success. This
project will perform tribological screening in SAO and
subsequently rank commercially available lubricants of interest to
NASA for space mechanism applications. This project will also
investigate and develop two novel solid lubricant materials: a
more adherent, SAO-resistant, diamond-like carbon coating with an
improved, intermediate-bond-layer material and a longer endurance
molybdenum disulfide coating produced by ion implantation of the
substrate. Benefits to NASA from Phase I will include quantitative
ranking of the synergistic SAO-wear resistance of commercial
lubricants and the development of two new solid lubricants of
potential application for space mechanisms that may be subjected
to long-duration, SAO exposures.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project will provide a
quantifiable screening test method to evaluate lubricant and
tribomaterials' resistances to sliding wear under a simulated
atomic oxygen environment and will provide increased-lifetime,
low-friction, and low-wear solid lubricants (i.e., diamond-like
carbon and molybdenum disulphide) for components such as bearings,
gears, shafts, cams, ways, and hinges for terrestrial and space
systems.
***
Project Title:
Processing of High-Performance Poly(Arylene Ether Benzimidazole)
92-1-04.11-6636 NAS01-19909
Processing of High-Performance Poly(Arylene Ether
Benzimidazole)
Triton Systems, Inc.
186 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
R. Ross Haghighat (508-460-9493)
Abstract:
This project will conduct a comprehensive study of the
properties, identify applications, and establish markets of a new,
ultrahigh-performance polymer, poly(arylene ether benzimidazole)
(PAEBIs), developed by NASA. These thermally stable polymers
exhibit outstanding properties, including high glass transition
temperatures (Tg) (350øC); high compressive, tensile and flexural
strengths; excellent adhesion to metals; tailorable coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE); and a low dielectric constant. These
properties can be further enhanced for specific applications. The
project will seek ways to maximize the properties of the PAEBI
polymer, including its tensile, compressive, and flexural
strengths, dielectric properties, and adhesive characteristics.
The will test the crystalline response of the polymer to annealing
and orientation, and will identify potential applications based on
the property optimizations achieved.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: PAEBI, because of its
impressive combination of properties, is a candidate for a variety
of applications, including leading edges of the aircraft,
electric, and electronic markets for insulators and next
generation connectors, switches, and electronic components. With
its tailorable CTE, potentially low friction, and good mechanical
properties, PAEBI may find a home in many general industrial uses
such as gaskets, O-rings, and bearings.
***
Project Title:
Synthesis of Reactive Toughening Polymers Based on NASA Langley Research Center
92-1-04.11-9101 NAS01-19885
Synthesis of Reactive Toughening Polymers Based
on NASA Langley Research Center
Thermoplastic Polyimides
Imitec, Inc.
1990 Maxon Road, P.O. Box 1412
Schenectady, NY 12301
Betty Tung (518-374-9101)
Abstract:
Improvements in toughness are always desirable in polymeric
systems, especially in polyimides which are often inherently
brittle. The conventional "rubbery" tougheners with sub-ambient
glass transitions are not usually suitable for polyimides due to
the required, high processing, and use temperatures. This project
will synthesize several thermally stable tougheners based on NASA
Langley Research Center thermoplastic polyimides containing
reactive end groups. Depending on the miscibility between the
matrix polymer and the toughening agent and the compositions of
each component, the new system may either possess homogeneous,
microphase-separated, phase-separated, or network morphology. The
morphology will determine the toughening mechanism as well as the
degree of toughening. The major advantages of these tougheners
should include ease in processing as well as thermal stability.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The thermally stable reactive
tougheners based on LaRC thermoplastic polyimides may find
application for high temperature composites, molding resins,
adhesives, laminating and film products.
***
Project Title:
Innovative, Low-Cost Composite Fabrication Using E-Beam Cured Pregreg Processable Siloxane
92-1-04.12-5058 NAS01-19876
Innovative, Low-Cost Composite Fabrication Using
E-Beam Cured Pregreg Processable Siloxane
Aspen Systems, Inc.
184 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
Thomas C. Walton (508-481-5058)
Abstract:
This project addresses the feasibility of a new, low-cost
composite fabrication technology that utilizes a rapid-cure
electron-beam. The technology will develop suitable composite
precursors such as pre-impregnated forms of reinforcements (e.g.
unidirectional or woven graphite or fiberglass). Currently
available electron-beam curable resin systems exhibit very low
viscosity (e.g. ÷ 50 - 100 cps). Although these viscosities are
suitable for such composite manufacturing techniques as filament
winding, pultrusion, and resin transfer molding, they are
currently unsuitable for pre-pregging. Increasing the viscosity of
the resins during pre-preg formation is key need in composite
fabrication. The company has demonstrated that facile electron-
beam and UV-induced polymerization of novel silicon-containing
epoxy (SCE) monomer resins can be carried out. Further, it has
been shown that these resins, when cured, exhibit a high degree of
resistance to oxygen plasma, perhaps the highest resistance yet
found. The objective of this project is to exploit the unique
oxygen plasma resistance of these resins in composite applications
specifically targeted to space application. However, the epoxy-
silicone monomers are free-flowing, low viscosity liquids and
cannot be directly used in composites fabrication.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This concept will provide a
cost-effective means of fabricating high quality, thermal stress-
free composites which will have applications in the aerospace and
automotive industries and the civil engineering field.
***
Project Title:
High-Power-Density Piezoelectric Actuator for Noise and Vibration Reduction
92-1-04.13-0001 NAS01-19900
High-Power-Density Piezoelectric Actuator for Noise
and Vibration Reduction
PCB Piezotronics, Inc.
3425 Walden Avenue
Depew, NY 14043-2495
Richard W. Lally (716-684-0001)
Abstract:
The application of piezoelectric materials to the control of
noise and vibration makes possible the development of high-power-
density actuators. The further development of piezo-materials,
power schemes, and a control strategy may be necessary to improve
the utility of piezoelectric actuators for noise cancellation and
vibration control.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Automotive, aerospace and
industrial machines can benefit from application of this
technology through reduced cost, weight, noise, and vibration
while improving accuracy, safety, and quality.
***
Project Title:
Continuous Feedback Smart Composites
92-1-04.13-9647 NAS01-19871
Continuous Feedback Smart Composites
Ceranova Corporation
P.O. Box 278
Hopkinton, MA 01748-0278
Mark V. Parish (508-435-9647)
Abstract:
The success of advanced commercial and military aerospace
transport apparatus depends on the development of sophisticated
smart materials and structures. This project will develop a
process to fabricate an innovative shape memory allow (SMA)-
ceramic piezoelectric array device that can actively sense and
actuate a composite system at discrete locations throughout the
composite structure in a closed-loop-feedback manner. The
innovative SMA-ceramic piezoelectric actuator-sensor array, when
embedded in a composite, will enable the intelligent actuation and
control of the smart composite's shape, at discrete locations, to
achieve aerodynamic efficiency or suppress vibrations. In addition
to shape control of the composite, our novel SMA-piezoelectric
device will enable the composite's in-process, as well as in-
service, non-destructive evaluation. Phase I focuses on
development of the novel piezoelectric device and demonstration of
shape modification of cantilever beams.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Composites that sense and
respond to vibration stimuli can be used in many NASA and civilian
applications, such as aircraft, marinecraft, and even automotive.
In addition to aero- and fluid-dynamic applications on airfoils,
marine vessel skins and rotor and/or propeller blades, "smart"
composites such as those described in this document will be
invaluable in hydrophone applications for the U.S. Navy. These
composites may also be used in motor mounts.
***
Project Title:
Vapor Deposited, Metal-Matrix Composites for Dimensional Stability without Hysteresis
92-1-04.14-8044 NAS07-1211
Vapor Deposited, Metal-Matrix Composites for
Dimensional Stability without Hysteresis
Cordec Corporation
P.O. Box 188
Lorton, VA 22079-0188
Raymond J. Weimer (703-550-8044)
Abstract:
Large, periodic thermal excursions cause significant
dimensional changes in large orbiting structures. New metal-matrix
composites (MMC's) with near-zero coefficients of thermal
expansion (CTE) developed to address this issue were generally
aluminum or magnesium alloys reinforced with pitch-based carbon
fibers. However, dimensional hysteresis effects under thermal
cycling limit the potential of such materials for high precision
space structures. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques have
been developed to manufacture continuous graphite-magnesium MMC
precursor tapes that were easily consolidated by hot-press
diffusion bonding. These MMC's had a CTE of approximately 0.1
PPM/K and a maximum dimensional change (hysteresis) less than 10
PPM during thermal cycling from 116 K to 421 K, that is, over the
entire range of temperatures anticipated for orbiting platforms.
PVD methods led to the only MMC's to exhibit such stability in the
as-fabricated condition (annealed) whereas powder and liquid metal
processes could not. As-fabricated thermomechanical properties are
crucial because large, thin-gauge MMC structures cannot be easily
heat-treated. Tentative mechanisms have been identified and will
be exploited and refined through a unique process capability in
Phase I to demonstrate CTEs less than 0.01 PPM/K with less than
1.0 PPM hysteresis over the same temperature range. Phase II will
apply this technology to production of prototype structures.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These new MMCs are easily
consolidated into long tubes, stiffeners, and skins, making them
especially well suited for advanced antennas for which tradeoff
studies predict a six decibel performance gain. They are also
attractive for optical benches and telescope parts.
***
Project Title:
Terfenol-D Active-Truss Strut
92-1-04.15-2407 NAS07-1214
Terfenol-D Active-Truss Strut
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
1370 Piccard Drive, Suite 210
Rockville, MD 20850
Leonard Haynes (301-990-2407)
Abstract:
This project will develop the conceptual design of a new
Terfenol-D active-truss strut to be used for large, high-precision
structural systems. The actuator used in the strut exploits the
magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D, which expands and contracts
under the influence of a magnetic field, as the active element of
the strut. The actuator combines the features of a Terfenol-D
inchworm mechanism for coarse control with a Terfenol-D linear
actuator. The coarse adjustment of the actuator would be limited
only by the length of the outer housing and the number and spacing
of the coils, and the vernier adjustment capability would be
approximately ñ100 microns. The strut will remain in its static
position in a power-off situation with no degradation in its force
resisting capability. The actuator would have two main features.
First, it could easily generate, plus-or-minus several thousand
newtons of active control force over a frequency range orders of
magnitude greater than 0 Hz to 100 Hz. Second, it has no moving
parts in the conventional sense; therefore, its reliability should
be excellent. The actuator can be fabricated with a hole through
its center to allow interferometric measurements to be made
through the strut. A reference shaft could also be passed through
its center for connection to a differential eddy current proximity
sensor in a manner similar to what was done by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL). The resolution of the displacement measurement
using the JPL design is better than 1 nm.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The active strut will be
directly usable by NASA for application in large space structures
and by the Department of Defense for space-based weapon and sensor
systems. Beyond vibration isolation, the strut would be an ideal
linear actuator for any high reliability, high performance
application.
***
Project Title:
High-Reliability, Long-Term Lubricator
92-1-04.17-8295 NAS03-26844
High-Reliability, Long-Term Lubricator
The Technology Partnership
8030 Coventry
Grosse Ile, MI 48138
David Bettinger (313-675-8295)
Abstract:
Mechanical devices for space require long-term, in-service
lubrication tailored to initial and continued mechanical movement.
Space bearing points are usually inaccessible so that
relubrication must be provided within the system as launched.
Certain shrink plastics can provide a reliable, lightweight
lubricator where periodic lubrication is either untimely,
inaccessible, or hazardous. Prototype heat shrink dispensers have
proven to be capable of temperature-responsive, automatic
lubricant supply. Shrink plastics may be formulated to be self-
activated by aging or ultraviolet radiation, thereby creating many
space uses. Replacing pumped and solenoid dispensers with shrink
tubes will also reduce lift-off weight. Furthermore, shrink tubes
allow lubricant purging and additive replenishment without
outgassing. Phase I will survey current and potential lubricator
applications on NASA space equipment and survey available shrink
plastic materials. The application of the materials will then be
ranked. Phase II will develop and test candidate lubricators.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Lubrication intervals for
automotive and other specialty commercial applications can be
extended using this lubricator; 200 million units a year in many
configurations could be required.
***
Project Title:
A Low-Cost, Compact, Non-Explosive Pin Puller for Aerospace Applications
92-1-04.17-9676 NAS03-26834
A Low-Cost, Compact, Non-Explosive Pin Puller for
Aerospace Applications
Tini Alloy Company
1621 Neptune Drive
San Leandro, CA 94577
John D. Busch (510-483-9676)
Abstract:
A shape-memory-alloy-actuated pin-puller that is inexpensive,
compact, reusable, and non-outgassing will be developed. Such a
device is expected to simplify and significantly lower the cost of
satellite deployment mechanisms by reducing overall spacecraft
weight, minimizing hazards to assembly personnel, and eliminating
the need for protection against gaseous discharge of pyrochemicals
or paraffin. The primary objective in Phase I is to demonstrate
the technical feasibility of a shape-memory-alloy-actuated pin
puller by investigating and evaluating two different approaches in
parallel. Initial experiments will identify the advantages and
disadvantages of each design. Test results and a deliverable
prototype of each version will be submitted to NASA for critique
and selection.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The pin-puller will be
immediately beneficial to the satellite industry for solar array
and antenna deployment and for similar remote release
applications. Additional applications include oceanographic
vehicles and instrumentation, buoy deployment, and aircraft
systems.
***
Project Title:
Highly Adherent, Conductive, and Economical Plasma-Thermal-Sprayed Siloxane-Elastomer
92-1-04.18-5058 NAS05-32411
Highly Adherent, Conductive, and Economical
Plasma-Thermal-Sprayed Siloxane-Elastomer
Thermal Control Paints
Aspen Systems, Inc.
184 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
Thomas C. Walton (508-481-5058)
Abstract:
Current thermal control spacecraft coatings are very
sensitive to handling, involve coatings that contain volatile
organic compounds, and are extremely expensive. This projects goal
is the development of an economical painting technology to make
obsolete many organic solvent and waterborne coatings. This new
coating process does not discharge toxic or polluting organic
solvents into the atmosphere, and the hypervelocity plasma-spray
conditions provide thermally for extremely high rates of heat
transfer, allowing polymer flow conditions which give very high
adhesion to substrates, eliminating the need for a primer. The
technology involves a newly designed plasma-thermal-spray painting
process which can accommodate a wide variety of atomic oxygen-
resistant polymeric and inorganic binders, some never before
considered. These binders include the following: tough,
elastomeric, off-gassing and contaminant, and commercially
available siloxane-PEI copolymers with electrically conductive
pigments. The polymers are based on a proven technique whereby
molten metals and ceramics are sprayed and yet the substrate or
coating is not harmed.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications may include
coatings in the chemical process industry and for bridge, ship,
and tanker coatings, auto body coatings, railcar coatings, and
other industrial finish coatings.
***
Project Title:
Fullerene-Based Thermal Control Coatings for Space Structures
92-1-04.19-7520 NAS08-39824
Fullerene-Based Thermal Control Coatings for
Space Structures
Hot Enterprises
1350 Golden Circle, #302
Golden, CO 80401
Howard Dunn (303-762-7520)
Abstract:
This project will develop a new type of thermal-control
coating material applying doped C60 (fullerene). The investigation
will consider dopants of magnesium, yttrium, molybdenum, or
aluminum applied exohedrally or endohedrally. Utilization of
unique properties found in a new doped C60 coating process may
provide exceptional thermal control on ceramic, polymeric, and
metal matrix components exposed to low-temperature and high-vacuum
conditions. The principal objective is a coating heat-transfer-
coefficient modification by doping with specified dopants to
produce new enhanced bonding, application, degradation resistance,
or thermo-electric properties for space materials. Doped or un-
doped C60 coating material has not yet been tested for possible
applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The project's result may be a
new thermal control coating material that will greatly enhance
material performance on space environment.
***
Project Title:
Novel Material Concepts for Improved Spacecraft Debris Protection
92-1-04.19-9669 NAS08-39801
Novel Material Concepts for Improved Spacecraft
Debris Protection
Technology Development Association, Inc.
992 Old Eagle School Road, Suite 910
Wayne, PA 19087-1803
Richard C. Foedinger (215-687-9669)
Abstract:
The design and operation of spacecraft must give serious
consideration to space debris and its effect on mission
performance. Hypervelocity impacts by micrometeoroids or orbital
space debris can cause severe damage to vital spacecraft systems
and components. Phase I addresses the investigation and
development of novel textile material concepts that offer lighter
weight and improved spacecraft debris protection compared with the
conventional dual plate aluminum shielding. Unlike other material
concepts, these concepts combine the desired material properties
and geometry to achieve the desired functionality. The material
concepts include both a multiple layer, functionally gradient
fabric and a flexible sandwich core fabric geometry. The concepts
will be developed as a result of hydrocode analyses and material
trade studies. A significant feature of the project is the
investigation and preliminary development of a numerical analysis
methodology for the design and optimization of fabric materials
for debris shield applications. The project offers significant
benefits for future NASA spacecraft which must be designed to
operate in the micrometeoroid and orbital debris environment.
Lighter weight, more flexible debris shields would provide more
efficient protection for spacecraft such as the Space Station.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Vital space systems and
components will be protected from hypervelocity impact damage
caused by orbital debris and micrometeoroids. Potential commercial
applications include improved ballistic protective equipment for
police bomb proof containers, and sporting equipment.
***
Project Title:
Finite-Element Analysis of Inflatable Antennas
92-1-04.20-0771 NAS07-1221
Finite-Element Analysis of Inflatable Antennas
L'Garde, Inc.
15181 Woodlawn Avenue
Tustin, CA 92680-6487
Arthur L. Palisoc (714-259-0771)
Abstract:
Lightweight, inflatable structures have been shown to have
tremendous potential as reflective devices in aerospace
applications. This new class of structures, referred to as
inflatable, deployable space structures, is currently under study
and development for a number of antenna applications. Inflatable
structures undergo large deflections that could range up to more
than 6,000 times the membrane thickness. This project addresses a
finite element code capable of treating large deflections of on-
axis inflatable antennas. The objective will be to extend this
code to include the analysis of off-axis inflatable parabolic
antennas. Because these structures consist of pressurized
membranes, specialized analytical tools will be required for the
characterization of their static and dynamic behavior on orbit.
The code will be able to account for such variables as nonlinear
material properties of the membrane, geometric nonlinearities,
internal pressure, and local stiffening effects. The code will
also be able to predict the responses due to arbitrary static,
thermal, and dynamic loading conditions, including natural
frequencies and mode shapes.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The code may find applications
in the analysis of deployable, inflatable space structures, for
the analysis of the deformations and dynamics of airbag automotive
deployment, and, in the medical field, to predict the deformations
and dynamics of balloons used in balloon angioplasty and to study
different kinds of embolisms.
***
Project Title:
Ultraviolet-Heat Cure Structural Adhesives
92-1-04.22-2227 NASW-4782
Ultraviolet-Heat Cure Structural Adhesives
Horizon Technology, Inc.
9737 Gilbert Road
Ravenna, OH 44266
John Petroski (216-358-2227)
Abstract:
This project will prove the feasibility of developing
structural adhesives for application and use in space. Use of
adhesives in space is now limited by the application and cure
conditions. These problems will be addressed by evaluating a heat-
curable adhesive with an embedded heat conductor and/or source and
an ultraviolet-light curable adhesive with an embedded optic-
fiber-energy transmission source. Both systems will be designed
specifically for application and end use performance in space.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: While this technology is
critical for manufacturing and/or assembly in space, it would also
increase manufacturing efficiencies on Earth. These systems would
be excellent candidates for composite laminate repairs, with low-
cure temperatures and rapid-cure times.
***
Project Title:
Porous, High-Temperature, Zirconia-Silica-Boria Refractory Insulation
92-1-04.23-1729 NAS02-13800
Porous, High-Temperature, Zirconia-Silica-Boria
Refractory Insulation
Cambridge Innovative Inorganics, Inc.
251 Albany Street
Cambridge, MA 02139-4279
Derek Mess (617-349-1729)
Abstract:
Future atmospheric entry vehicles will need new, reusable,
lightweight thermal protection systems capable of withstanding
significantly higher heat fluxes than is possible with currently
available materials. A low density foam of a zirconia-silica-boria
composition will be synthesized by a sol-gel route, using a known
method for making hollow ceramic microspheres and cast bricks of
refractory insulation material. Surface layers of such glassy
oxides are formed in-situ during plasma arc-jet testing of
zirconium diboride-silicon carbon-carbon advanced refractory
composites. The refractory foam is expected to have exceptionally
good resistance to thermal shock and to exhibit a low recession
rate at temperatures of 2400øC.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The porous refractory material
has commercial applications as a high-temperature furnace
insulation and as an insulating material for heat engines and
rockets.
***
Project Title:
Structural Ceramic-Composite Insulation - Fiber Reinforced
92-1-04.23-9224 NAS02-13803
Structural Ceramic-Composite Insulation - Fiber
Reinforced
Smart Ceramics
25R Olympia Avenue
Woburn, MA 01801
Jonghoon Han (617-938-9224)
Abstract:
Future atmospheric entry vehicles will require thermal
protection materials that are more durable and lower in weight
than materials currently available. This project will design and
develop new continuous, ceramic-fiber-reinforced, ceramic-matrix
composites (CFCCs) for structural and insulation purposes. These
fabrication techniques will demonstrate that the processes can be
applied to the manufacture of reliable, reproducible, and cost-
effective ceramic composites that exhibit excellent thermal shock
and temperature capabilities. Two material compositions that stem
from the sol-gel and silane precursor technologies coupled with
two innovative composite process techniques, will be employed to
produce a variety of ceramic composite shapes. Rudimetry
thermomechanical and physical properties will be measured.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Promising commercial
applications include engine components for automobiles and other
heat engines. Other applications include bearings, heat
exchangers, and burners.
***
Project Title:
Innovative Plasma Nozzle Techniques for Eliminating Overspray
92-1-04.24-7572 NAS08-39802
Innovative Plasma Nozzle Techniques for
Eliminating Overspray
Plasma Process
7802 Hilton Drive
Huntsville, AL 35802
George Philips Beason, Jr. (205-881-7572)
Abstract:
Overspray and undeposited powder are serious problems for
vacuum and air plasma spray processes. Overspray and unmelted
powder increase the cost of the process through wasted material
and jeopardize the material quality of the deposits for both
coatings and structures. Overspray occurs because commercially
available plasma guns have poor nozzle design. Powder injected
into the plasma flame cannot enter the plasma, overshoots the
plasma, or, because of nozzle flow characteristics, is forced out
of the center of the flame. By designing and testing new models,
investigators can create plasma gun nozzles that have the desired
flow characteristics to entrain and melt the powder, thereby
eliminating, or severely reducing, overspray and undeposited
powder. The goal of this project will be to design and produce
perfectly expanded plasma-gun nozzles for optimizing plasma spray.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications exist in many
fields, including aerospace (rocket genies, jet engines),
automotive (pistons, alternators, manifolds), and biomedical
(medical and dental implants). The nozzle could also be used in
superconductors, furnace retorts, and mills (rolling, paper).
Future applications include the spray of high cost materials such
as refractory metals, and precious metals.
***
Project Title:
Laser Brazing Process for Joining Refractory Materials to Dissimilar Metals
92-1-04.25-0655 NAS05-32407
Laser Brazing Process for Joining Refractory
Materials to Dissimilar Metals
American Research Corporation of Virginia
P.O. Box 3406
Radford, VA 24143-3406
James M. Glass (703-731-0655)
Abstract:
Joining and bonding processes are needed that can join hot,
non-metallic refractory materials to dissimilar metals for Space
Station experiments in the Gas-Grain Simulation Facility.
Permanent, low-resistance metal-graphite joints that can withstand
high temperatures and high current loads will greatly simplify the
construction and reliability of compact, high-temperature graphite
furnaces. This project suggests laser brazing as a means of
joining non-metallic refractory materials to metals while limiting
the thermal degradation to regions adjacent to the joint.
Innovative glass-ceramic materials having matched coefficients of
thermal expansion will be used as braze fillers. Phase I
objectives include evaluation of materials amenable to laser
brazing of refractory composites, modification of a laser brazing
vacuum system, selection of laser processing parameters, high-
temperature characterization of joint properties and tensile
strength, and optimization of a laser brazing system for
engineering development in Phase II . Successful completion of the
program objectives would result in a technique for producing high
temperature (1000øC ) ceramic-to-metal joints having good thermal-
mechanical properties for use in graphite furnaces, welded
reaction tubing and other high temperature applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The anticipated benefits of
the project include the development of improved methods and
materials for joining graphite or ceramic materials to metal
resulting in improved high-temperature performance and
reliability. Commercial applications of this technology would
occur in the aerospace, transportation, energy, and automotive
industries.
***
Project Title:
Thick-Film Metallization for High-Temperature Graphite Furnaces
92-1-04.25-3230 NAS05-32402
Thick-Film Metallization for High-Temperature
Graphite Furnaces
Advanced Technology, Inc.
2110 Ringwood Avenue
San Jose, CA 95131
James Intrater (408-432-3230)
Abstract:
Currently, adhesive bonding, fastening, and welding are
techniques for joining dissimilar materials used in a gas-grain
simulation furnace. Each technique has its limitations when used
repeatedly. A novel technique call "Intragene" can achieve
metallurgical bonding between various dissimilar materials in
these furnaces. This metallization process can also allow for
bonding to occur between nonmetals such as graphite and metals
such as copper. Phase I will develop reliable and stable, high-
temperature (>1000øC) joints between graphite and copper. These
joints are necessary to provide electrical and thermal performance
capabilities for many applications, especially in the development
of water-cooled, graphite glow-bar elements with high electrical
conductivity contacts found in furnaces to be used in space- and
ground-based applications. Using copper as the metallurgical end
for resistive heating bars allows for conventional brazed,
soldered, and screw-fit plumbing to the overall elements, while
allowing for low resistivity electrical contact to be made and
maintained for efficient heating.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The primary applications for
these joints are in high-temperature facilities such as furnaces.
Other applications include high-temperature, water-cooled glow
bars; graphite brushes attached to commutators; and heat sinks,
heat pipes, and radiators used in the electronics and nuclear
industries.
***
Project Title:
Matrix Resin With Particulate Reinforcement Grown In Situ for Injection Stereolithography Process
92-1-04.26-6881 NAS08-39803
Matrix Resin With Particulate Reinforcement Grown
In Situ for Injection Stereolithography Process
Advanced Ceramics Research, Inc.
841 East 47th Street
Tucson, AZ 85713
Kevin Stuffle (602-792-2616)
Abstract:
This project will develop a new composite resin system to be
used with an injection assisted stereolithography process for the
free body forming of composite parts. Since direct incorporation
of particles into the resin would make resin viscosity too high
for good nozzle injection, these particles will be formed by
hydrolysis of liquid metal alkoxides. The alkoxides will be added
to the liquid resin and will act to reduce the resin viscosity
during impregnation. Subsequent to, or during, curing the alkoxide
will be hydrolyzed to precipitate small particles of metal oxide,
such as zirconia or titania. These precipitates will increase the
modulus and compressive strength of the resin and also of the
solid free-formed component. Phase I will demonstrate a working
system that will directly read a computer CAD drawing of a
component and then generate the actual composite part with
particulate reinforcements grown in situ. Phase I will include
development of slurry formulations, optimization of the slurry
delivery and injection system, and development of operating
parameters.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This technology will enable
fabrication of complex parts with rapid prototyping and very low
set-up cost and will have tremendous commercial potential as it
will allow for smaller, lighter weight components with improved
thermal capabilities.
***
Project Title:
Neural Processing for Weld Sensors
92-1-04.27-8600 NAS08-39804
Neural Processing for Weld Sensors
Applied Research, Inc.
P.O. Box 11220
Huntsville, AL 35814-1220
Larry Z. Kennedy (205-922-8600)
Abstract:
An investigation of the feasibility of neural processing for
weld-sensor video will be performed. Fuzzy logic will be developed
for weld system control. These techniques offer robust and real
time processing potential for imagery which is difficult to make
robust with "first principles" algorithms.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial
applications would be in the area of high-technology welding.
***
Project Title:
High-Performance, Superconductor, Thick Films for Sensors and Detectors
92-1-04.28-0435 NAS01-19890
High-Performance, Superconductor, Thick Films for
Sensors and Detectors
Illinois Superconductor Corporation
1840 Oak Avenue
Evanston, IL 60201
James D. Hodge (708-866-0435)
Abstract:
The goal of this project is to produce thin-film-quality,
high-temperature, superconductor (HTSC) sensor and detector leads
using a new thick-film process. This process, by using inexpensive
processing equipment and starting materials, promises to reduce by
several orders of magnitude both the capital equipment investment
and projected part costs required to produce thin-film-quality
HTSC components. In addition, the process is not substrate-
specific and can be used effectively on a variety of substrate
materials.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The technology would be
directly applicable to the fabrication of HTSC interconnects for
electronic packaging applications. Such HTSC interconnects are
attractive because of increasing interest in cryogenically cooled
CMOS devices. "Hybrid" electronic packaging concepts may be
possible where superconducting interconnects will be incorporated
into cold CMOS systems for an incremental performance advantage
with no additional cooling costs.
***
Project Title:
A Pinning-Phase Purification Process to Produce Useful Bulks of High Temperature
92-1-04.28-2010A NAS01-19884
A Pinning-Phase Purification Process to Produce
Useful Bulks of High Temperature
Superconductors
HiTc Superconoco
P.O. Box 128
Lambertville, NJ 08530
Roland R. L. Loh (609-397-2010)
Abstract:
High temperature superconducting (HTS) materials are rapidly
approaching expected performance levels in both film and bulk
forms. This project addresses the development of two techniques
for forming oriented, high-pinning crystal alignments using
material produced by the firm's pinning-phase-purification (3-P)
technique. The technique starts with melt texture growth generated
powder, which is subsequently magnetically pinning-site refined to
provide phase-pure, clean grain boundary bulk materials. 3-P
powder is non-reactive and permits the use of binders to assist in
the forming process. Unlike previous attempts at magnetic field
forming using shake and bake' powders, this technique will combine
low-temperature forming and high-pinning powder with an
LN2/alcohol slush binder in a steel die. The die will be placed in
a magnetic field to create preferred orientation grains that will
then be hydraulically compacted. The firm will also adapt its
ceramic-fiber spinning technique to form continuous HTS multi-
filaments, under 10 microns in size, and with mechanically aligned
crystals (from extrusion through a fine spinerrette) along the 'c'
axes. Phase I will develop and evaluate HTS materials in
rudimentary bulk and fiber form. Phase II will test and deliver
functional levitation stages, wound HTS fiber coils, high Rs
cavities, and application-oriented, transport-current leads .
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Markets for HTS materials are
expected to materialize in 3-5 years. The largest market will be
for materials in bulk form and in wire (fiber) form.
***
Project Title:
Optical Waveguide Solar Energy System for Lunar Material Processing
92-1-04.29-0003 NAS09-18865
Optical Waveguide Solar Energy System for Lunar
Material Processing
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
Takashi Nakamura (508-689-0003)
Abstract:
This project will develop an optical waveguide (OW) solar
energy system for lunar material processing. In this system, solar
radiation is collected by the concentrator, which transfers the
concentrated solar radiation to the OW transmission line
consisting of low-loss optical fibers and related optical
components. The OW line transmits the high-intensity solar
radiation to the thermal reactor of the lunar material processing
plant. The system features highly concentrated solar radiation
(10,000 suns) that can be transmitted via flexible OW lines
directly into the thermal reactor for material processing. The
solar radiation intensity or spectra can be tailored to specific
materials processing steps, and solar energy can be provided to
locations or within enclosures that would not otherwise have
access to solar energy. Furthermore, the system can be modularized
and easily transported to and deployed at the lunar base. The
project calls for identification of operation requirements for
lunar material processing plants, analysis of key components of
the OW solar energy system, conceptual design of the system for
performance evaluation and feasibility assessment, and design of a
proof-of-concept model of the system to be built and tested in
Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The OW solar energy system
will be useful for a variety of in-space material processing
applications. Potential terrestrial applications of the system
include toxic waste destruction, metal refining, and surface
treatment and conditioning.
***
Project Title:
Carbothermal Reduction of Lunar Materials for Oxygen Production on the Moon
92-1-04.29-1992A NAS09-18836
Carbothermal Reduction of Lunar Materials for
Oxygen Production on the Moon
Orbital Technologies Corporation
402 Gammon Place, Suite 10
Madison, WI 53719
Sanders D. Rosenberg (608-833-1992)
Abstract:
A lunar oxygen plant will be developed based on site-
independent, cyclic, carbothermal process which will use only
resources found abundantly on the Moon. The project's primary
objectives are to develop the design and operational approach for
a lunar oxygen plant based on the three-step cyclic process for
the production of propellant oxygen and useful by-products, such
as iron, silicon, alumina, and magnesia. The critical knowledge
required to build and test a prototype subscale plant for lunar
oxygen production will be developed based on the innovative
carbothermal process. The project will culminate with the
development of a preliminary design for a fully integrated plant
and will recommend a program for Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The carbothermal process is
also applicable to gas production from coal gasification.
***
Project Title:
Vacuum Separation of Oxides for Lunar Processing to Produce Metals and Oxygen
92-1-04.29-3260C NAS09-18866
Vacuum Separation of Oxides for Lunar Processing
to Produce Metals and Oxygen
EMEC Consultants
R.D. 3, Roundtop Road
Export, PA 15632
Rudolf Keller (412-325-3260)
Abstract:
The production of oxygen and structural materials from
extraterrestrial resources is an essential part of the U.S. space
program. This project will investigate the feasibility of a vacuum
treatment of lunar oxides to either beneficiate the prospective
ore or, preferably, to separate a feed for a simple process
yielding oxygen and metal. In particular, the project will examine
the preparation of iron oxide to be further processed into oxygen
gas and metallic iron. In this envisioned process, mineral oxides
are volatilized and recondensed at relatively moderate
temperatures. This approach is new, but its fundamentals have been
previously studied as a geochemical phenomenon.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include the
commercial production of lunar oxygen and iron, the treatment of
unconventional terrestrial ores, and the treatment of waste
materials such as fly ash.
***
Project Title:
Development of an Integrated Health Monitoring System for Composite Structures
92-1-04.30-0533 NAS07-1217
Development of an Integrated Health Monitoring
System for Composite Structures
Innovative Dynamics, Inc.
95 Brown Road, Langmuir Labs M.S. 244
Ithaca, NY 14850-1252
Gail A. Hickman (607-257-0533)
Abstract:
The safety and reliability of composite structures depend
upon the development of sensors to monitor structural health.
Advanced "smart skin" systems will provide warning of such hazards
as disbonding, impact damage, and subsequent damage growth. Under
a multi-phase project, the company is developing an integrated
health monitoring system for retrofitting aircraft structures
using vibration signature analysis techniques. This research will
be advanced to the next stage of embedded systems. Phase I will
evaluate techniques for embedding sensors and actuators within a
composite. A smart composite panel with embedded sensors and
actuators will be constructed and interfaced with existing
processing electronics to determine overall health monitoring
performance. A detailed evaluation of either embedding the
processing electronics within the composite or modularizing them
into an external patch will also be performed. Phase II will
develop the optimal configuration into a full-scale, space-durable
system for future space experiments.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial and military
vehicles may be able to significantly extend their useful life by
properly monitoring the vehicle's health using a "smart" structure
sensory system to detect such hazardous conditions as ice
accretion, spin/stall conditions, corrosion and fatigue cracks,
and impact damage. This technology may also find application in
structures such as elevators, buildings, ships, storage tanks, and
dams.
***
Project Title:
Control of a Flexible Manipulator During Re-Orientation of the Payload
92-1-05.01-4035 NAS08-39825
Control of a Flexible Manipulator During
Re-Orientation of the Payload
Dynacs Engineering Company, Inc.
34650 U.S. 19 North, Suite 301
Palm Harbor, FL 34684
Sivakumar S.K. Tadikonda (813-784-4035)
Abstract:
The link flexibility in long slender arms connecting two
large payloads is often modeled using a modes approach, where it
is assumed that the mode shapes do not vary with time. However,
several maneuvers of an articulated flexible manipulator, such as
the space station remote manipulator system (SSRMS), result in a
variation in the component structural frequency by as much as 400
percent. This variation only occurs when the boundary conditions
of the component structure are charged and not because of large
overall motions. This project will develop a dynamic model to
demonstrate the changes in the structural characteristics and will
design a controller to account for the frequency changes during a
re-orientation of the payload. Re-orientation consists of a large-
angle maneuver of a one-link, flexible manipulator pinned at one
end and a large payload attached at the other. The controller is
based on an inverse-dynamics, feed-forward loop, and a robust
controller in the feed-back loop. The SSRMS, as well as other NASA
projects which contain articulated flexible multibody systems,
will benefit from the dynamic modeling approach and the controller
design.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The results of this project
will assist the development of a low-cost dynamics analysis tool
for industries and universities.
***
Project Title:
Real-Time, Video Perspective Modification for Effective Cancellation of Communication Time
92-1-05.01-5600 NAS08-39805
Real-Time, Video Perspective Modification for
Effective Cancellation of Communication Time
Delay in Vehicle Teleoperation
Telerobotics International, Inc.
7325 Oak Ridge Highway, Suite 104
Knoxville, TN 37931
Steven D. Zimmermann (615-690-5600)
Abstract:
Communication time delay and low video bandwidth produce slow
scanned imaging (one frame every 3-5 seconds), making
teleoperation of remote vehicles very difficult. This project
addresses this challenge by applying a patent-pending video
technology (Omniview), in combination with vehicle dynamic
simulation, to allow realistic teleoperation by video emulation
tweening (VET). The objectives are to use Omniview to capture a
slow, scanned image at a 30-frames-per-second output, effectively
providing the operator with real-time perception of the vehicle
operation, simulating turning (pan), climbing (tilt), forward
motion (magnify), and tipping (rotate). While the latest picture
is being scanned into the input buffer, the system is using the
previous image and the operator commands to simulate the vehicular
motion in video with no time delay. After 4 seconds have
progressed, the next image is used as the input, and the tweening
based on vehicular motion is repeated. Phase I includes a
demonstration with available subsystems to verify that vehicle
teleoperation with VET is feasible. Phase II will develop a
virtual reality unit capable of application to slow scan video
reconstitution or discrete geographic video grids for ground or
airborne vehicular simulation.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This system would have
application to NASA-planned activities, such as the lunar or Mars
rovers. It would also be useful in many time-delayed remote
operations, aircraft simulators, and vehicle teleoperation
training.
***
Project Title:
High-Performance, Programmable, Compliant Manipulators
92-1-05.02-1555 NAS09-18869
High-Performance, Programmable, Compliant
Manipulators
Nastec, Inc.
1111 Ohio Savings Plaza, 1801 East Ninth
Cleveland, OH 44114
William J. Anderson (216-696-5157)
Abstract:
This project addresses the analytic design and acquisition of
test data leading to the development of a robot with dramatically
superior manipulation capability. The key element is the use of
roller-gear drives, in which smooth rollers provide backlash-free,
low-friction, extremely smooth forward and reverse torque scaling,
while parallel conventional gears augment the rollers to increase
the maximum output torque. Two prototype drives were constructed
for NASA for evaluation as low torque-ripple devices for
microgravity mechanisms. A peripheral assessment of one of the
drives operating within a torque feedback loop demonstrated
remarkably good performance under impedance control. In this
project, one of the drives would be evaluated more extensively to
characterize its potential as a high-performance robot joint.
Using this information, a three-degree-of-freedom, all-revolute
robot would be designed around these transmissions, which would be
optimized for practical payloads and for high-performance pro-
grammable compliance. Fabrication and testing of the resulting
design will be conducted in Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: High-performance,
programmable, compliant robots which maintain high precision would
find wide application in conducting manipulative tasks involving
fragile objects and containers, in mapping surfaces and
coordinates, and in handling hazardous materials. The technology
advance also makes possible machines with increased payloads and
less costly control systems.
***
Project Title:
Intelligent Robotic Interpretation of Natural Language Instructions
92-1-05.02-4222 NAS09-18931
Intelligent Robotic Interpretation of Natural
Language Instructions
Robotics Research Harvesting
166 Springdale Way
Redwood City, CA 94062
Marcel Schoppers (415-369-4222)
Abstract:
The innovation in this project is to integrate a state-of-
the-art capability for intelligently controlling real robots with
a state-of-the-art capability for understanding and obeying spoken
instructions. Such an integration will be far in advance of
anything previously attempted. The robots' natural language
capability will also allow them to understand verbal input in a
broader variety of instructional contexts than has ever been
possible. The union of intelligent robotic control with spoken
instructions is a prerequisite for practical deployment of crew-
helper robots. These robots are the shortest and most effective
path to reducing both the costs and the dangers of astronaut time
in space. The specific technology to be used will also be
applicable to robots on interplanetary voyages. Phase I will
demonstrate existing capabilities for instructing animated agents
in virtual worlds, will provide a preliminary integration of
English input with the EVA retriever's intelligent control plan,
and will specify the competence needed to allow predictable
robotic help. Phase II will deliver a working software system to
make free-flying robots intelligently follow spoken instructions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Self-propelling robots that
can understand verbal instructions will be especially useful in
space because they allow for less risk to humans, reduce human-
time costs, and possess more physical strength. These benefits
will also be attractive to military, mining, deep ocean, and
demolition operations. The company plans to license the resulting
technology to robot manufacturers.
***
Project Title:
Robotic, Whole-Body Dexterity and a Software Architecture for Task Performance in
92-1-05.02-4222A NAS09-18861
Robotic, Whole-Body Dexterity and a Software
Architecture for Task Performance in
Uncontrolled Environments
Robotics Research Harvesting
166 Springdale Way
Redwood City, CA 94062
Marcel Schoppers (415-369-4222)
Abstract:
A robotic, whole-body dexterity and a software architecture
for multi-limbed robotic systems that admits perception
processing, while still guaranteeing hard real-time response, will
be developed. Both innovations are critical to address NASA's need
for robotic systems capable of mobility and manipulation in
uncontrolled environments, especially to navigate space, planetary
surfaces, corridors, and cramped areas, and also to achieve stable
postures allowing the robot to reach into awkward spaces to
replace malfunctioning parts. Phase I objectives will show that
robotic, whole-body dexterity and real-time, model-based vision
are feasible, while Phase II will show that they are ready for
integrated deployment in real robots. The project will integrate
state-of-the-art, real-time robotic motion planning (reconciling
geometry, redundant degrees-of-freedom, torques, and moving
obstacles) with a capability for on-line dynamics analysis. It
will also separately embed a state-of-the-art image-understanding
system into a software architecture which guarantees hard real-
time control. The project will then bring the real-time motion and
the real-time perception together to yield a capability for
robotic, whole-body dexterity that supports task performance in
uncontrolled environments such as space stations and lunar bases.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The capability for robotic,
whole-body dexterity in uncontrolled environments will initiate a
new generation of self-propelling assistant robots. The arguments
for using such robots in space (less risk to humans, less cost of
human time, robotic strength) apply also for military, mining,
deep ocean, and demolition operations. The company plans to
license the resulting technology to robot manufacturers.
***
Project Title:
Distributed, Autonomous Robotics Integration System for Space Applications
92-1-05.02-9546 NAS09-18926
Distributed, Autonomous Robotics Integration
System for Space Applications
Modulus Technologies, Inc.
1916 Carroll, Suite 4
Houston, TX 77030
Lawrence A. Ciscon (713-797-9546)
Abstract:
An environment for integrating and managing distributed,
autonomous robotics systems will be designed and implemented. The
supervisory system will provide rapid prototyping, status and
information monitoring, and dynamic reconfiguration of autonomous
robotics systems operating over extraterrestrial distances.
Heterogeneous software and hardware systems will be coordinated
within the environment, with the actions of several robotics
systems coordinated simultaneously. The environment will itself be
a distributed program, thereby allowing several operators to
supervise robot activity and to pass control among them. A
prototype system will be developed over a six-month period by
company staff in coordination with NASA personnel. The system is
expected to provide an extensible, fault-tolerant management
environment for autonomous robots in space applications and to
lead to a sustained, but modifiable, supervision system for
combined man-robot missions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include the
management of flexible manufacturing facilities, process control
systems, distributed database systems, home automation, and
offices.
***
Project Title:
A Piezoelectric, Crawling Minirobot
92-1-05.03-0402 NAS07-1205
A Piezoelectric, Crawling Minirobot
Bonneville Scientific, Inc.
918 East 900 South
Salt Lake City, UT 84105
Allen R. Grahn (801-359-0402)
Abstract:
This project investigates an insect-like robot that uses
linear and rotary piezoelectric motors for actuating the limbs and
end-effectors. The piezomotors are low-mass, high-energy-density
devices that do not require transmissions to meet the speed and
torque requirements for miniature robots. Moreover, these motors
use redundant actuators which provide a degree of fail-safety, and
they have a built-in, powerful brake which consumes negligible
energy. The envisioned minirobot will have two prehensile legs
having six-degrees-of-freedom (for positioning end-effectors).
Integrated tactile and force-torque sensors can be used in guiding
and testing foot placement and detecting contact with obstacles.
When walking on smooth surfaces, the tactile sensors in the soles
of the feet can be used to determine adequate coverage of a
volatile, sticky fluid secreted through pores in the soles for
providing adhesion to the surface.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Small, self-contained,
crawling robots will have a wide variety of commercial
applications, including reconnaissance during disasters
(earthquakes, building fires, explosions), surveillance, security,
inspection, sample collection, and retrieval.
***
Project Title:
92-1-05.03-7830 NAS07-1236
Mini-Robot Rover
Omnitech Robotics, Inc.
6448 South Parfet Way
Littleton, CO 80127
David W. Parish (303-933-7830)
Abstract:
This project will develop a mini-rover that incorporates an
array of innovations, such as mechanics suitable for space and
earth applications, a walker-locomotion system that provides three
degrees-of-freedom from only three actuators, a multipurpose foot-
contact pad, and a free-flying capability using nitrogen gas
thrusters for locomotion in space. The main contributions consist
of mechanical design, electronics and controls system design,
sensors selection, autonomous architecture design, and overall
integration.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications
include Department of Energy waste tank inspection, Federal
Aviation Administration aircraft fuselage inspection, and marine
application for ship hull inspection.
***
Project Title:
Mini-Robotic-Arm System for IVA Experiment Servicing
92-1-05.03-9570 NAS07-1226
Mini-Robotic-Arm System for IVA Experiment
Servicing
Robotics Research Corporation
P.O. Box 206
Amelia, OH 45102
Keith A. Kowalski (513-831-9570)
Abstract:
Miniature robotic manipulator systems, designed to automate
repetitive experiment tending and similar IVA servicing duties
aboard Space Station Freedom, could increase crew efficiency
during astronaut-tended operations and provide a means to maintain
experiments remotely from Earth. Articulated manipulators,
approximately 500-700 millimeters in length, are envisioned to
work at fixed locations in the laboratory module and support
material and life science experiments. Although intended only for
IVA applications, this new class of mini-robots must be designed
in a form suitable for flight-qualification, with a basic design
which affords lightweight and low-power requirements, and which
incorporates those features demanded by NASA safety and
reliability standards. This project aims to develop and
demonstrate a mini-robotic-arm system which meets the functional
requirements for IVA experiment tending in the laboratory module
and employs a design that could be flight-qualified. Since
different levels of dexterity may be needed for different
installations, the system will be designed to be configurable,
such that a family of arms--number of joints and kinematic
arrangement--can be assembled from the same set of qualified
modules to fit specific experiment requirements.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This research will expand the
use of laboratory robots and teleoperators in tending biological
experiments and processing pharmaceuticals on Earth; provide
automation of routine servicing tasks (greenhouse tending, animal
specimen cage servicing) and production tasks in controlled
environments; and provide teleoperated manipulation and inspection
of hazardous biological specimens and chemical samples in
quarantined environments.
***
Project Title:
Multi-Sensory, Feature Recognition Networks for Space Robotics
92-1-05.04-4511 NAS07-1220
Multi-Sensory, Feature Recognition Networks for
Space Robotics
Standard International, Inc.
4040 Spencer Street, Suite A
Torrance, CA 90503
Shaomin Zhou (310-371-4511)
Abstract:
In space robotics and teleoperator systems, communication
delays, limited resources, and the inaccessibility of human
manipulation require the design and development of increasingly
intelligent, built-in robotics-pattern-recognition and
classification capabilities. The innovation of this project is
found in the capitalization of the massive parallelism of optics
and the advanced algorithms of neural networks. The objective is
to create a multi-sensory, space robotics, target-recognition-via-
feature-extraction, and a neural-associative-retrieval network
which is expandable to an aggregate throughput up to the order of
terabits/second. This approach is based on principles of neural
association and optical correlation architectures. Successful
results will display a high-level capability of optically
multiplexing each input and comparing this input with many
different reference matrices. Through a convergent, nonlinear,
optical-thresholding process, this technology will produce an
oscillatory, optical-resonance mode where input variation and
error is eliminated in the reconstructed output.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications
include parallel database search; image and signal understanding
and synthesis; robotics manipulation and locomotion; natural
language processing; and real-time, multi-sensory target
recognition.
***
Project Title:
A Cableless Joint for Space Robotic Manipulators
92-1-05.05-0661B NAS05-32423
A Cableless Joint for Space Robotic Manipulators
Honeybee Robotics
204 Elizabeth Street
New York, NY 10012
Thomas Myrick (212-966-0661)
Abstract:
This project concerns the development of a modified,
planetary, gear-based cableless joint capable of transferring
electrical signals and power across continuously rotating robotic
or mechanism joints similar to slip rings but without their many
limitations. In addition to surpassing the performance of general
slip rings, the electrical transfer elements will also transmit
torque, fostering a more compact design. The effort will determine
the feasibility of transmitting signal and power through the
cableless joint in a practical setting, investigate the torque
transmission potential of the joint, design in detail a first
iteration of the cableless joint, and fabricate and test a
comprehensive breadboard version of the design. The research
should lead to increased signal and power transfer capabilities of
NASA mechanisms currently employing slip rings and to the removal
of the main limitations of slip rings. The innovation will also
foster the development of new types of high-performance robotic
manipulators and other spacecraft mechanisms.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Cableless joints will find
direct application in the future design and construction of
improved automotive transmissions, commercial robot wrists, and
satellite solar array and antenna mechanisms. Many other
commercial mechanism designs could be generated by the advent of a
cableless joint.
***
Project Title:
Sensor-Based Control for a Piezoelectrically Operated Dexterous Hand
92-1-05.06-0402 NAS09-18856
Sensor-Based Control for a Piezoelectrically
Operated Dexterous Hand
Bonneville Scientific, Inc.
918 East 900 South
Salt Lake City, UT 84105
Allen R. Grahn (801-359-0402)
Abstract:
This project will investigate and develop control techniques
for the company's miniature dexterous hand currently under
development for NASA. This hand uses high-energy-density
piezoelectric motors to achieve direct-drive of the digit
segments. These motors have unique characteristics and
unconventional modes of operation which can provide important
advantages over conventional motors. The goal of this project is
to research and develop a low-level control system for the hand's
piezomotors. Phase II will develop high-level, tactile-sensor-
based control of the hand using the scheme developed in Phase I.
The successful completion of this project will result in the
development of a human-scale, robotic hand and controller with
integrated tactile sensing, which will be suitable for adaptive
grasping, manipulation, force and slip sensing, and haptic
exploration.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The dexterous hand system can
be used in advanced robotic and telerobotic applications. Other
uses include manufacturing, prosthetics, laboratory studies in
dexterous manipulation and grasping, aides to the handicapped, and
service industry robots.
***
Project Title:
Whole Arm and Hand-Finger Force Reflecting Masters
92-1-05.06-2567 NAS09-18855
Whole Arm and Hand-Finger Force Reflecting
Masters
Cybernet Systems Corporation
1919 Green Road, Suite B101
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Charles Jacobus (313-668-2567)
Abstract:
Force reflection substantially improves teleoperated and
virtual reality systems. A force-reflecting hand and fingers
system will be developed, which will be coupled to a mature, six-
axis, force-reflecting master. This combined system provides ideal
control for a teleoperated robot and its attached multi-fingered
dexterous manipulator. The advantages of this approach and concept
over previous efforts in this area are: the dexterous manipulator
device will only be moderately complex, translating into low cost
and high reliability; the physical size and weight of the device
will be small; the approach will allow the device to accommodate a
wide range of operator wrist, palm, and finger sizes; and the
project will be highly focused because the effort needs only to
develop a dexterous master for the operator's hand and fingers.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A force-reflecting arm and/or
hand master controller would be of great use in hazardous
environments (toxic chemicals, nuclear radiation, disease carrying
materials), space-based applications, construction, and the
medical profession (e.g., microsurgery, where large movements
could be scaled down to smaller movements while preserving the
haptic cues).
***
Project Title:
92-1-05.07-3200 NAS01-19889
Truss Climbing Robot
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
Richard Fontana (617-890-3200)
Abstract:
A miniature, self-contained, modular robot capable of
climbing on the members of truss structures will be developed. It
will be able to negotiate the nodes of a truss and can serve a
dual function as a manipulator arm. The robot could perform non-
destructive testing of the truss members and large, smooth-curved
structures mounted on or near the truss. The robot could also
deploy instruments, retrieve samples, build structures, and
perform simple repairs. This robot will safely perform repetitive,
dangerous and difficult tasks that would otherwise waste valuable
astronaut-EVA time. The mini-robot will be smaller, safer, and
more versatile than any existing space robot designed to perform
similar functions. Phase I will result in a layout of the system,
including the mechanical components, sensors, communications and
controls. Phase II will produce a working prototype.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The self-contained truss
climber's ability to move autonomously through a truss and also
act as a manipulator arm makes it ideal for a variety of
commercial uses. Inspection or light-duty manipulative tasks such
as installation, repair, or cleaning can be performed anywhere
human access is difficult or dangerous. The robot can be adapted
to work on any truss or lattice and can inspect bridges, towers,
buildings, and cranes.
***
Project Title:
Advanced, Coherent Laser-Radar-System Components
92-1-05.07-9200 NAS01-19873
Advanced, Coherent Laser-Radar-System
Components
Coleman Research Corporation
5950 Lakehurst Drive
Orlando, FL 32819
Anthony Slotwinski (703-719-9200)
Abstract:
Phase I will investigate the feasibility of developing an
electro-optically tunable, miniature, solid-state laser and a
miniature, fiber-optic-coupled, automatic focussing lens for use
with robotic-coherent, laser-radar vision- and proximity-sensing
systems. Systems equipped with such components will be small,
lightweight, flexible, and compatible with robotic end-effectors
for sensing and control applications. These components will
provide for longer range more sensitive and accurate sensing than
is currently possible.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential applications are in
the areas of factory automation, robotic sensors, process control,
non-contact sensing and gauging, and coherent communications.
***
Project Title:
Autosteroscopic Video Monitor for Computer Graphics
92-1-06.01-4562 NAS02-13805
Autosteroscopic Video Monitor for Computer
Graphics
Perceptual Images
15951 Los Gatos Boulevard, Suite 7
Los Gatos, CA 95032
John L. Miller (408-356-4562)
Abstract:
This project will develop computer monitor that allows the
viewer to see a full-color, full-motion image in three dimensions,
with motion parallax. and without the need for viewing glasses.
The concept for this display is based on relaying a CRT image onto
a back-to-back lenticular viewing screen. The relayed image passes
through a large diameter optical system and a liquid-crystal
shutter array. The shutter is synchronized to the CRT refresh rate
to pass light from the CRT to the viewing screen through multiple
horizontal shutter positions, thus allowing light to strike the
rear-facing lenticular surface at a specific angle relative to the
open shutter position. By switching the shutter and CRT at a rate
above which flicker is noticed, a composite three-dimensional
image is formed on the viewing screen. The observer views the
composite image through the forward-facing lenticular from a
distance of about 24 inches. The sequential-view, autostereoscopic
monitor will provide the scientist with more tools to analyze
complex phenomena, which can be modeled with computers. This
monitor will allow the viewer to use depth perception and motion
parallax along with color and motion as tools for scientific
visualization. Phase I calls for image simulation and component
selection for the monitor.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This monitor can be used for
computers, radiographic inspection, radar, remotely piloted
vehicles, medical displays, television, and virtual reality.
***
Project Title:
A C++ Virtual, Shared-Grid Model for Architecture-Independent Programming
92-1-06.01-4807 NAS02-13802
A C++ Virtual, Shared-Grid Model for
Architecture-Independent Programming
Front Range Scientific Computation, Inc.
Campus Box 170, P.O. Box 173364
Denver, CO 80217-3364
Daniel J. Quinlan (303-556-4807)
Abstract:
This project will investigate the P++ user environment to
simplify the development of efficient software for portable use
across the widest variety of computer architectures. The major
target architectures are distributed memory computers with
different kinds of node architectures (vector or superscalar). A
simplifying environment for the development of software is needed
to take advantage of current and future developments in advanced
computational hardware which the P++ environment does by using a
standard language, C++, with absolutely no modification of the
compiler. Such work is directly related to development of runtime
parallel interpretation for FORTRAN 90 D. The advantage of using a
standard C++ is that the runtime interpretation of parallelism can
be more quickly developed and researched without the construction
of a special FORTRAN compiler thereby allowing for the runtime
parallel interpretation of FORTRAN to be explored with greater
efficiency than would otherwise be possible. Such work also
extends the usage of the object-oriented C++ language for
development of architecture-independent numerical codes. Such an
environment would allow existing C++ language compilers to be used
to develop software in the preferred serial environment, and the
software could be efficiently run, unchanged, in all target
environments. In this way, the investigators introduce an
innovative development to permit architecture-independent
programming for large-scale scientific applications, which is
directly related to existing NASA work on FORTRAN for the parallel
environment.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This work will simplify the
development of software for advanced computers and will be made
generally available as a commercial product through Dyad Software
Corp. and Pallas GmbH product lines of tools for the support of
scientific programming. Additionally, the runtime environment will
be provided a FORTRAN interface that will permit the direct
incorporation of the P++ environment into the design of the FORTRAN
90 D compiler.
***
Project Title:
A Knowledge-Based System for Analyzing Technical Data
92-1-06.01-9457 NAS01-19893
A Knowledge-Based System for Analyzing Technical
Data
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-2287
Laura C. Rodman (415-968-9457)
Abstract:
Recent technical advances have made numerical simulations of
physical phenomena very efficient at generating large amounts of
data. In some fields, the inability to analyze all the collected
data may impede the understanding of increasingly complex
phenomena. The goal of this project is to produce an automated
technique that will filter large amounts of data in order to
identify interesting trends and relationships. This approach uses
knowledge-based systems to replicate the reasoning steps that
would be taken by an investigator to find trends and relationships
in a set of data. For example, the program can look at the
sensitivity of a quantity to other variables in the data, or for
strong correlations among specified quantities. The automation of
this process would allow very large amounts of data to be studied
much more rapidly than is currently possible, and may allow the
discovery of certain trends that might have been otherwise missed.
This system will filter through data more quickly in order to
pinpoint areas of interest so that the scientist can concentrate
on studying those particular areas.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project addresses a
critical need to analyze more efficiently large quantities of
data. Potential aerospace applications are in computational fluid
dynamics, satellite imaging, and ground testing.
***
Project Title:
92-1-06.02-4881 NAS05-32401
Icon Code Environment
Advanced Technologies, Inc.
34054 U.S. Highway 19 North, Suite 368
Palm Harbor, FL 34648
Mark Gardinier (813-391-4881)
Abstract:
This project will develop a new method of creating system-
software applications--the icon code environment (ICE). ICE will
greatly benefit NASA's flight control software for space missions.
Development of software from traditional flight-control diagrams
has resulted in the identification of numerous difficulties with
performance, maintenance, documentation, and integration testing.
The problem of block-diagram changes, which result in dramatic
changes to the structure of the code, has caused significant cost
and schedule impacts for verifying and validating the flight
control software. Compounding the problem is the need for software
developers to build custom software development environments for
each unique set of requirements.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The icon code environment,
which is independent of target processor, software languages, and
software toolsets, can be used by commercial developers of any
type control system.
***
Project Title:
Methodology and Mapping Between Problem Requirements and Solution Scheduling
92-1-06.02-8817 NAS05-32406
Methodology and Mapping Between Problem
Requirements and Solution Scheduling
Approaches in Mission-Planning Expert
Scheduling Systems
American Minority Engineering Corporation
10422 Armory Avenue
Kensington, MD 20895
Jay Liebowitz (301-933-8817)
Abstract:
Expert scheduling systems are successfully being used in a
variety of aerospace industry applications, including scheduling
the requests for NASA Goddard-supported satellites. Even though
expert scheduling systems are being used at Goddard and other NASA
centers, an important and troubling question that many Goddard
managers involved in expert systems are asking is, "When is it
most appropriate to use a particular scheduling approach in an
expert system?" This project will map requirements to scheduling
approaches for use in mission-planning expert scheduling systems.
The answer to this question will lead to software reusability and
could save Goddard and NASA thousands of dollars.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project could lead to the
development of an expert system which will first assess the
situation and then select the appropriate scheduling technique
based on the requirements of the scheduling problem.
***
Project Title:
Quantifying Confidence in the Correctness of Parallel or Distributed Software
92-1-06.03-1219 NAS01-19896
Quantifying Confidence in the Correctness of
Parallel or Distributed Software
Reliable Software Technologies Corporation
1001 North Highland Street, Penthouse Suite
Arlington, VA 22201
Jeffrey M. Voas (703-276-1219)
Abstract:
This project will develop a new technique for assessing the
testability of parallel/distributed software systems. Since many
critical software systems are being considered for deployment in
parallel or distributed environments, and since the need for
extremely high levels of reliability exists, there must be a
feasible means of assessing reliability. Non-exhaustive, random
black-box software testing is frequently used for demonstrating
system reliability but is generally infeasible for high levels of
reliability. This project addresses whether particular software
systems can be tested to high levels of reliability by predicting
whether the testing has missed hidden faults. This is an improved
technique for assessing how confident a developer is in a
software's reliability. The project's objective is to augment a
software testability model created for sequential software systems
and apply it to parallel or distributed systems. Anticipated
results are a complete model for assessing the testability of
parallel or distributed systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The benefit of testability
analysis, both for sequential and parallel or distributed systems,
is its power to reveal whether even thoroughly tested software is
still hiding faults although testing has suggested the contrary.
This analysis will benefit the commercial development of software
by reducing the likelihood of undetected faults.
***
Project Title:
System for Effective Evaluation of Requirements
92-1-06.03-3370 NAS01-19904
System for Effective Evaluation of Requirements
Software Productivity Solutions, Inc.
122 4th Avenue
Indialantic, FL 32903
James N. McGhan (407-984-3370)
Abstract:
Phase I will focus on the definition of a comprehensive
requirements analysis process that eliminates errors through
automated verification of the requirement set, testability
analysis, and traceability control. The system for effective
evaluation of requirements (SEER) methodology will demonstrate
that the requirements verification process, when applied to a
large-scale software system, provides a solution that exhibits the
potential for ensuring correct software, delivered on time and
within budget. This project will define methods, techniques, and
tools which can dramatically improve the software requirements
process. SEER is a systematic approach for testability analysis
and a formal verification of software specifications. SEER will
also provide visibility and valuable process status feedback to
software managers, developers, and assurance engineers. The firm's
research in current requirements verification methodologies and
natural language processing techniques has resulted in an
innovative integration of technologies that exhibit a high
potential for increasing the correctness of a software product
while reducing cost and risk. SEER will define specifications for
tools which incorporate expert system technology that can be
integrated with existing project toolsets and databases.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The firm's requirements
optimization techniques, requirements verification approach, and
automated toolset will improve the reliability of mission-critical
software and commercial applications with stringent accuracy
requirements, such as the finance and banking communities,
commercial avionics, air traffic control, and nuclear power
industries.
***
Project Title:
Feasible Path Analysis for Ada Test Case Generation
92-1-06.03-6871 NAS09-18831
Feasible Path Analysis for Ada Test Case
Generation
Kestrel Development Corporation
3260 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Allen T. Goldberg (415-493-6871)
Abstract:
The use of a theorem prover to aid automated test case
generation of Ada programs will be explored. A theorem prover is
used to determine if a control flow path, or a class of control
flow paths, is feasible. Control path feasibility is in turn used
to minimize test set size and to establish that test sets meet
coverage criteria. This project will build upon the company's work
in scaling analysis to production programs which are closely
related to flight-critical systems. One such analytical tool is
the Ada testing workbench (ATW), jointly developed by Kestrel and
Reasoning Systems. This project will extend the capabilities of
the ATW to process larger-sized Ada procedures, extend the Ada
subset it uses, and provide automatic test case generation from
test specifications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: An Ada structural testing tool
will minimize the test set size and will generate high-quality
test cases in which the user is assured of coverage.
***
Project Title:
Ontology-Driven Information Integration
92-1-06.04-7979 NAS09-18839
Ontology-Driven Information Integration
Knowledge Based Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 9930
College Station, TX 77842
Paula S. Dewitte (409-696-7979)
Abstract:
Useful integration of information from heterogeneous
knowledge bases requires both a platform for access to the
information and intelligent support for the interpretation of the
acquired data within the frame of reference of the target
application. Building on the DARPA Ontolingua and the Air Force
IDEF5 technology, this project will explore the use of domain
specific ontologies as the basis for constructing intelligent
information integration mechanisms. These mechanisms would make
easier locating and accessing relevant information as well as
fusing and applying the shared data.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These mechanisms can be used
in electronic commerce networks, concurrent engineering, corporate
information management, flexible computer-integrated
manufacturing, and agile manufacturing.
***
Project Title:
A Knowledge-Based System Developer for Aerospace Applications
92-1-06.04-9915 NAS02-13788
A Knowledge-Based System Developer for
Aerospace Applications
ERC, Inc.
205 Research Park Drive, P.O. Box 417
Tullahoma, TN 37388
Y.C.L. Susan Wu (615-455-9915)
Abstract:
A knowledge-based system developer (KBSD) will be developed
that can be utilized to acquire knowledge directly from domain
experts and to extract heuristic rules from that knowledge in
aerospace application fields. A KBSD will raise the state-of-the-
art of knowledge acquisition and expert system technology by
removing the need for knowledge engineers. The primary research
will be directed to solve the knowledge acquisition, verification,
validation, rule extracting, knowledge presentation, and database
integration problems using artificial intelligence technology, in-
cluding dynamic interfaces, expert systems, and hypertext. Phase I
will design and implement a prototype KBSD on a Macintosh computer
using selected knowledge from the Project Engineers' Intelligent
Assistant, an existing knowledge-based system recently developed
at the NASA Ames Research Center. Phase II will refine and develop
the prototype KBSD into a fully functional software shell and
extend it into a more general software tool applicable to all
aerospace applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The resulting software will
help NASA to preserve its domain-experts' knowledge and increase
the productivity of NASA personnel. The KBSD software shell could
also be used commercially as a repository for all types of
knowledge.
***
Project Title:
Virtual Reality Software Toolkit
92-1-06.05-5700 NAS09-18828
Virtual Reality Software Toolkit
Lincom Corporation
1020 Bay Area Boulevard, Suite 200
Houston, TX 77058
J. Mark Voss (713-488-5700)
Abstract:
A rapid-prototyping software environment for virtual reality
(VR) applications will be developed. This project will address the
need for VR software development tools to allow the technology to
be integrated into engineering applications. The objectives of
Phase I include the definition and architectural design of the VR
application toolset that will consist of a graphical model
builder, hardware I/O module library, networking library, user
interface and a code generator. Phase I will specifically address
these areas and extensively document the software design in
preparation for Phase II. The expected NASA applications are in
utilization of VR for astronaut training and engineering part-task
simulator analysis and training. Astronauts and engineers will be
able to train and evaluate space systems while feeling as if they
are in the environment. This technology will both provide a more
realistic training environment and reduce costs.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial
applications of this project include telepresence and telerobotics
that will allow robotic devices to be controlled from remote
locations, will enhance medical research and education by allowing
students to enter a virtual human body, and will create
entertainment and interactive virtual-reality videos.
***
Project Title:
Loss-Tolerant Speech Coding for Manned Space Flight
92-1-06.05-5700B NAS09-18870
Loss-Tolerant Speech Coding for Manned Space
Flight
Lincom Corporation
1020 Bay Area Boulevard, Suite 200
Houston, TX 77058
Jaime Prieto (713-488-5700)
Abstract:
Manned-space-flight speech communications are vital to ensure
mission success and crew safety. Mission goals are compromised
when speech communications are interrupted by environmental and
man-made noise on the space network. Noise can cause loss of
information and decoder failure in reproducing the original coded
speech. Conventional digital speech coding algorithms do not
maintain high-quality audio in the presence of information loss.
The goal of this project is to develop a real-time, loss-tolerant
speech coder for manned space flight where a high degree of speech
quality and intelligibility is maintained in the event of speech
data loss. Space-time neural network (STNN) technology in tracking
and predicting the time-frequency energy content of speech will be
incorporated as the first step of the project. The STNN
effectively models spatial-temporal relationships and the loss-
tolerant speech coder using STNN represents a breakthrough in
speech communications for manned space flight.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential applications include
integration of speech communications with other services on packet
networks. The prime candidates for this technology are channel
sharing on telephone lines, meteor-burst speech transmission,
cellular telephones, aviation communications, and global satellite
communication networks.
***
Project Title:
Knowledge-Based Mechanisms for Plan Generation
92-1-06.05-7979 NAS09-18849
Knowledge-Based Mechanisms for Plan Generation
Knowledge Based Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 9930
College Station, TX 77842
Benjamin Perakath (409-696-7979)
Abstract:
The increasing complexity of task planning for aerospace
applications has led to the need for improved systems to
coordinate multiple activities in diverse application areas. A
plan is useful when it can identify the precise requirements of
activities and accurately represent the complex interactions
between multiple agents working to achieve mission objectives.
This project will use descriptions to develop knowledge-based
support for planning. The Air Force IDEF3 description-capture-
support method will be used as the basis for plan knowledge
capture and representation. The project will develop mechanisms to
validate descriptive knowledge relevant to process plans and will
investigate the constraint propagation paradigm as a mechanism to
propagate the effects of plan changes made in a dynamic
environment. As a last step in the plan validation process, a plan
simulation analysis mechanism will be developed which will
visually present alternative plan scenarios. The project will
provide an adequate testbed for an innovative application of the
IDEF3 method. The knowledge-based planning technology resulting
from this project has the potential to benefit planning activities
in many areas.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The description-centered
paradigm represents a new approach to knowledge-based planning and
will benefit concepts and tools in project and product planning,
systems simulation, and systems analysis and design.
***
Project Title:
Improved Genetic Algorithm for Plan Scheduling and Optimization
92-1-06.05-8321 NAS09-18829
Improved Genetic Algorithm for Plan Scheduling
and Optimization
New Light Industries, Limited
3610 South Harrison Road
Spokane, WA 99204
Stephen P. McGrew (509-456-8321)
Abstract:
Genetic algorithms have been shown to be superior to other
approaches for finding global optima in large, complex
multidimensional data spaces. Their strength is attributable to
two features: their ability to sample quickly large volumes of
solution space and their capacity for discovering features common
to high-quality solutions and combining those features in novel
ways. However, to date, genetic algorithms have been found to be
less efficient than simple hill-climbing methods for finding
optima in simple solution spaces. Current genetic algorithms often
get trapped in local suboptimal solutions due to premature
convergence. Furthermore, their capacity for discovering features
common to good solutions is limited by a tendency to break up
substructures more than a few genes long. A new genetic algorithm,
one that corrects several deficiencies of past genetic algorithms
by explicitly providing for the evolution of large gene
substructures, has been developed. It provides for a genetic
coding scheme that is self-optimizing for the problem at hand and
combines the techniques of genetic crossover, mutation, and hill
climbing with an overseer genetic algorithm module.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This genetic algorithm will
become a commercial-quality, user-friendly software package with a
graphic user interface, designed to serve as a plug-in, general
purpose optimizer for spreadsheets, scheduling programs, CAD/CAM
programs, etc. Possible applications are in solving partial
differential equations, game playing, architectural design,
pattern recognition, CAD, and machine control.
***
Project Title:
Analog Optical Vector-Matrix Computer
92-1-06.06-8181 NAS02-13779
Analog Optical Vector-Matrix Computer
Photonic Systems, Inc.
1800 Penn Street, Suite 4B
Melbourne, FL 32901-2625
James A. Carter, III (407-984-8181)
Abstract:
Vector-matrix multiplication is a fundamental operation in
the field of linear algebra. Since the development of the Stanford
analog vector matrix-processor in 1978, substantial improvements
have been made in optical components and in the field of optical
engineering. High-performance, multichannel Bragg cells can now
encode the vector data in real-time while matrix data can now be
encoded by spatial light modulators in real-time. More
importantly, the state-of-the-art in photodetector array and image
acquisition technology has advanced to the point where packaged
optical processors can be used in instrumentation. For example,
this project will build a high-performance, optical vector-matrix
processor with 8-bit accuracy for optical computing research.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The project's Phase II
product, a high speed analog computer with accuracy equivalent to
8 bits, will have many commercial applications such as seismic
data analysis and real-time data compression. Solutions to
problems in aerodynamics or ultrasonic image processing will be
more tractable with this computational device. Various high
computing initiatives will study or integrate the analog vector-
matrix computer into their systems.
***
Project Title:
High-Resolution, High-Speed, Spatial Light Modulator
92-1-06.06-8321 NAS02-13784
High-Resolution, High-Speed, Spatial Light
Modulator
New Light Industries, Limited
3610 South Harrison Road
Spokane, WA 99204
Stephen P. McGrew (509-456-8321)
Abstract:
Improved spatial light modulators are needed to implement
many of optical computing schemes. This project will develop a
high-resolution, high-speed, spatial light modulator employing a
zero-order, diffractive relief "AZTEC" structure. The device will
be expected to attain a pixel diameter of 10 microns or less and
could be configured to be addressed optically or electrically and
to operate in either binary or analog mode.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The AZTEC modulator can be
incorporated into holographic stereogram printers currently being
developed to increase production capacity and image quality.
Additionally, the modulator can be used in optical computing,
optical interconnects, video projection, and image processing.
***
Project Title:
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Package for Massively Parallel Supercomputing
92-1-07.02-0101 NAS05-32432
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Package for
Massively Parallel Supercomputing
Nektonics, Inc.
875 Main Street, 4th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139
Einar M. Ronquist (617-868-0101)
Abstract:
Parallel processing offers exciting possibilities for
computational modeling. This project will develop a general
purpose, parallel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software
package which can perform large-scale fluid dynamics calculations
for NASA and the aerospace and manufacturing industries. This
package will ultimately run on advanced parallel MIMD
supercomputers such as the Intel Gamma and Paragon series, the TMC
CM-5, and next generation Cray based upon DEC's Alpha chips. Phase
I activities will develop a parallel CFD code based upon the
methods found in the spectral element general-geometry CFD code,
NEKTON. This new code will incorporate the innovative features of
generalized adaptive meshing, NURBS-based geometry modelling,
object-oriented program and data structures, and fast parallel
solution techniques. The company will demonstrate these features
by solving CFD problems beyond the capability of current CFD
technology. In Phase II this new code will serve as a basis for an
advanced, comprehensive, parallel CFD tool to be delivered to
NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A general purpose, accurate,
and robust parallel CFD tool is important to airframe
manufacturers, material processing industries, and any industries
in which fluid flow is important. The advances in efficiency for
parallel computation will enable the cost-effective solution of
significantly more difficult problems in these industries. This
parallel tool will enable industry to shorten their design cycles
and improve reliability and competitiveness.
***
Project Title:
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Package for Massively Parallel Supercomputing
92-1-07.02-0101 NAS05-32432
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Package for
Massively Parallel Supercomputing
Nektonics, Inc.
875 Main Street, 4th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02139
Einar M. Ronquist (617-868-0101)
Abstract:
Parallel processing offers exciting possibilities for
computational modeling. This project will develop a general
purpose, parallel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software
package which can perform large-scale fluid dynamics calculations
for NASA and the aerospace and manufacturing industries. This
package will ultimately run on advanced parallel MIMD
supercomputers such as the Intel Gamma and Paragon series, the TMC
CM-5, and next generation Cray based upon DEC's Alpha chips. Phase
I activities will develop a parallel CFD code based upon the
methods found in the spectral element general-geometry CFD code,
NEKTON. This new code will incorporate the innovative features of
generalized adaptive meshing, NURBS-based geometry modelling,
object-oriented program and data structures, and fast parallel
solution techniques. The company will demonstrate these features
by solving CFD problems beyond the capability of current CFD
technology. In Phase II this new code will serve as a basis for an
advanced, comprehensive, parallel CFD tool to be delivered to
NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A general purpose, accurate,
and robust parallel CFD tool is important to airframe
manufacturers, material processing industries, and any industries
in which fluid flow is important. The advances in efficiency for
parallel computation will enable the cost-effective solution of
significantly more difficult problems in these industries. This
parallel tool will enable industry to shorten their design cycles
and improve reliability and competitiveness.
***
Project Title:
Parallel-Architecture-Based Feature Extraction and Sensor Fusion for Object-Oriented Image
92-1-07.02-3223 NAS05-32429
Parallel-Architecture-Based Feature Extraction and
Sensor Fusion for Object-Oriented Image
Database Operations
LNK Corporation, Inc.
6811 Kenilworth Avenue, Suite 306
Riverdale, MD 20737
Srinivasan Raghavan (301-927-3223)
Abstract:
Imagery gathered by the earth observation systems (EOS)
places a heavy burden on computational resources. Retrieving and
archiving massive image databases generated using EOS requires
efficient and real-time algorithms. This project's approach to
solving this problem is to use the object-oriented design theme.
This theme allows image features, such as land cover, vegetation,
and other important image characteristics, to be used as an index
for the images in the database. To aid the process of feature
extraction, Phase I will develop a synergic framework of neural
networks and an expert system supported by fuzzy logic.
Specifically, parallel algorithms will be developed in conjunction
with this framework to achieve sensor fusion and feature
extraction. The company will show a proof-of-concept demonstration
of the parallel algorithms on a parallel machine, Zephyr
(Wavetracer Inc.), that is available in-house.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include remote
sensing for agricultural purposes, EOS data management, coastal
feature extraction and habitat loss analysis, weather
understanding, and environmental monitoring.
***
Project Title:
Electro-Optical and Optical Nodes for Integrated Data Systems
92-1-07.03-0230 NAS01-19888
Electro-Optical and Optical Nodes for Integrated
Data Systems
Dove Electronics, Inc.
227 Liberty Plaza
Rome, NY 13440
John F. Dove (315-336-0230)
Abstract:
NASA and DoD have a documented need for data and signal
processing and communication bandwidths which are far greater than
today's system capability. The optical data and signal processing
function came into prominence in the mid-to-late fifties with the
development of the optical correlator and spectrum analyzer. One
partial solution is to develop high-performance electro-optical
and optical nodes. In Phase II, this project investigates 100 to
1000 gigabit/second optical nodes, and their implementation is
tested in Phase II. The company is developing a waveguide
holographic-pulse-distribution and combining technique that in-
creases transmission data rate capability by order of magnitude.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Electro-optical and optical
nodes can be used by airline and hotel reservation networks, in
closed-circuit digital television networks, educational networks,
high-speed networks for the Fortune 500 companies' information
exchange, state-wide optical networks, and high-speed computer
networks.
***
Project Title:
Individually Addressable Array of Blue Laser Sources
92-1-07.03-9411 NAS01-19908
Individually Addressable Array of Blue Laser
Sources
Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.
80 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134-1356
R. Waarts (408-943-9411)
Abstract:
The goal of this project is to design, fabricate, test, and
deliver an array of individually addressable, frequency-doubled
laser diodes for optical data storage applications. The emission
wavelength of the laser source is 415 nm at an output power of 10
mW per channel in a diffraction-limited beam. Phase I will
investigate the critical components and Phase II will integrate
the components into a two-channel, individually-addressed compact
blue laser array. The array will not only be compact and efficient
but also will be designed to be manufacturable within the
requirements for optical data storage systems. The individually
addressable laser source will increase data storage for the
spaceflight optical disk recorder through a four-times smaller
read-write spot on the optical disk. A compact blue laser source
is also useful for other technologies such as commercial optical
recording and color printing and is critical to U.S.
competitiveness in these markets.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include optical
data storage, printing, medical diagnostics, and displays.
***
Project Title:
A Query System for Heterogeneous, Distributed Database Management Using a Massively
92-1-07.04-8100 NAS09-18853
A Query System for Heterogeneous, Distributed
Database Management Using a Massively
Parallel Hyper-Index
Data Parallel Systems, Inc.
4617 East Morningside Drive
Bloomington, IN 47408
Latha S. Colby (812-334-8100)
Abstract:
Performance problems associated with accessing data that is
distributed among various sites, computers, and relational
database management systems are not amenable to purely software
solutions. The relative performance of commercial databases on a
variety of queries and hardware systems, the relative size and
location of tables, and network bandwidth and loading are issues
that must be addressed in order to balance loads and produce
reasonable response times. These factors also increase the
complexity of associated software. Even if all of these parameters
can be taken into account, current database technologies do not
provide the performance needed for such very large databases as
those maintained by NASA sites. The company has developed the
Hyper-Index Parallel Database Accelerator to accelerate query
processing on single relational databases by up to three orders-
of-magnitude, using the massive degree of parallelism of the
MasPar MP-1 supercomputer and other proprietary storage structures
and algorithms. The hyper-index is potentially a very powerful
network management tool for distributed databases because it can,
for many queries, use a limited amount of centralized data and
indexes to produce fast results while reducing network traffic.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A network-based, distributed
database management system, one that delivers the query
performance and the reduced network load offered by the hyper-
index approach, is a product for which government and business
will find many applications.
***
Project Title:
Fractal and/or Wavelet Real-Time Image Compression
92-1-07.05-2577 NAS07-1234
Fractal and/or Wavelet Real-Time Image
Compression
Fastman, Inc.
1414 Millard Street
Bethlehem, PA 18018
Michael Tucker (215-691-2577)
Abstract:
Higher data rates and increasingly complex and sophisticated
spacecraft instruments tax the limited bandwidths available for
transmission to the ground and make necessary onboard data
reduction. The goal of this project is to develop a highly
efficient, image compression algorithm which is adaptable to
electronic still photography, video data compressions for
satellite communications, and image compression for manned space
systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This data compression
algorithm has significant commercial potential because it can
operate in real-time. Digital-signal-processing-chip sets and
circuit boards will be developed for sale and licensing to
original equipment manufacturers in the telecommunications,
medical and industrial imaging, and defense industries. Some
initial applications include image compression for medical images,
industrial images, multimedia, and teleconferencing.
***
Project Title:
92-1-07.06-7978 NAS05-32400
The NetBook System
Advanced Applications Corporation
3 Woodsend Place
Potomac, MD 20854
Kimberly Huang (301-424-7978)
Abstract:
This project will develop a NetBook system that provides
mechanisms for modeling, integrating, accessing, searching, and
managing software, data, and bibliographic repositories in a
manner that is transparent to the user. The approach is based on
the object-oriented book paradigm and the client-server model to
combine separately developed information resources into an
integrated entity so that the user has a global uniform view of
the information. With a simple protocol and a set of tools, the
information can be retrieved, viewed, and easily managed across
heterogeneous environments. Furthermore, as client applications
and multiple servers are installed over the networks, the
information resources will be distributed and shared. As a result,
the NetBook will solve the complexity of the integration of
heterogenous, distributed-information, repository management
problems and fulfill a goal of the high-performance computing and
communications program. Phase I will result in a prototype demon-
stration on a UNIX platform connected over the Internet network
accessing all participating repositories. Phase II will be focused
on a generic NetBook system that can be used on PCs, Macs, and
other workstations.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The methodology will
facilitate the exchange of information across the heterogeneous
distributed environment among enterprises. It is applicable to any
application in which the storage and maintenance of heterogeneous
object types is essential.
***
Project Title:
A High-Energy, Efficient, Diode-Pumped, Narrow Band, Tunable Laser for the Near-Infrared
92-1-08.01-1896 NAS05-32439
A High-Energy, Efficient, Diode-Pumped, Narrow
Band, Tunable Laser for the Near-Infrared
Wavelength
Science & Engineering Services, Inc.
4040 Blackburn Lane, Suite 105
Burtonsville, MD 20866
Hyo Sang Lee (301-989-1896)
Abstract:
Compact, high-efficiency, short pulse, high-energy lasers
operating in the near infrared region are required for many of
NASA's space-based sensors, such as laser altimeters for high
resolution topographic mapping, and differential absorption lidars
(DIAL) for profiling atmospheric temperature, pressure, and
concentrations of molecular constituents. Efficient, tunable, Q-
switched laser operation from 720 to 900 nm is possible with the
new laser crystal Cr:LiCAF pumped by laser diodes arrays emitting
in the 670 nm region. This project will develop a high-energy, 20
mJ/pulse, compact, efficient, tunable, Q-switched, diode-pumped
Cr:LiCAF laser suitable for the above applications. The system
will have several novel features, including a ring cavity incorpo-
rating the tuning element and an innovative side pumping geometry
for coupling multiple, pump-diode bars to the laser rod. Injection
seeding with a stabilized tunable InGaAs diode laser will achieve
stable (0.0005 cm-1), narrow band (0.001 cm-1) single-mode
operation. By combining the new, efficient laser material LiCAF
(wall-plug efficiencies >20 percent) with the emerging technology
of high-power diode lasers, the laser represents a major
advancement of solid-state lasers. The inherent reliability of the
laser will also satisfy the requirement for autonomous spaceborne
operation.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The laser can be easily
modified for mode-locked operation, or its wavelength can be
extended to a tuning range by frequency doubling. Many commercial
applications are anticipated, such as portable DIAL lidars for
monitoring pollutants and other species, high-resolution spectro-
scopy, photochemical reaction dynamics, hydrocarbon detection,
petroleum exploration, and medical applications.
***
Project Title:
Q-Switched, Diode-Pumped, Microchip Laser Arrays for Laser Altimetry
92-1-08.01-2114 NAS05-32431
Q-Switched, Diode-Pumped, Microchip Laser Arrays
for Laser Altimetry
Micracor, Inc.
696 Virginia Road
Concord, MA 01742
K.F. Wall (508-371-2114)
Abstract:
As part of laser altimeter systems, Q-switched, diode-pumped,
solid-state lasers are desirable for producing high-resolution
topographic measurements of earth, lunar, and planetary surfaces.
Laser altimeter transmitters must be compact, lightweight, power
efficient, reliable, and long-lasting. They also must be able to
produce 20 mJ/pulse and to operate in wavelengths between 700 to
950 nm. Phase I will study the feasibility of producing a
microchip laser array that meets laser altimetry requirements.
Microchip laser arrays employ a single, monolithic laser medium
that is pumped by an array of pump sources to produce an array of
individual emitters. Microchip array technology represents an
innovative approach to producing lasers because it employs a
parallel architecture and very compact laser cavities. Microchip
laser arrays are better than conventional laser technology because
they are reliable, very bright, rugged, and compact.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These laser arrays can be used
in lidar, materials processing, medicine, spectroscopy, and blue
light sources via frequency doubling.
***
Project Title:
Advanced, Diode-Pumped, Cavity-Dumped Laser for Space-Based Altimetry
92-1-08.01-7671 NAS05-32421
Advanced, Diode-Pumped, Cavity-Dumped Laser for
Space-Based Altimetry
Fibertek, Inc.
510 Herndon Parkway
Herndon, VA 22070
Alan Hays (703-471-7671)
Abstract:
This project will demonstrate the feasibility of a
nanosecond, diode-pumped, cavity-dumped laser for application in
space-based altimetry. Under this project, a diode-pumped laser
testbed will be set up in order to test resonator cavity
configuration and electro-optics switch materials. The performance
of two different electro-optic materials, KD*P and KTP, will be
evaluated in the testbed. Alternate solid-state laser materials
for use in generating 0.7 to 0.95 æm output will be critically
evaluated for use in the cavity-dumped laser, based on their
optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Phase I will
establish the feasibility of developing a space-qualified, diode-
pumped laser for NASA applications in space-based, high-resolution
topographic mapping and atmospheric remote sensing.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The nanosecond, diode-pumped
laser will have commercial application as a pump laser for tunable
dye and titanium-sapphire lasers. Commercial applications in
aircraft-based topography and bathymetry, as well as precision
ranging, are possible.
***
Project Title:
Using a Solid-State Coherent Lidar for Precision Inflight Measurement of Turbulent Air Motion
92-1-08.02-8736 NAS01-19872
Using a Solid-State Coherent Lidar for Precision
Inflight Measurement of Turbulent Air Motion
Coherent Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 7488
Boulder, CO 80306
Stephen M. Hannon (303-449-8736)
Abstract:
The objective of this project is to design an airborne, two-
micron pulsed, coherent, solid-state lidar system that can measure
time variations of the three-dimensional, atmospheric, turbulent
velocity components with a precision of 0.05 meters/second or
better. These measurements will be made at a point far enough from
the aircraft (10 meters or greater) to avoid disturbance.
Atmosphere aerosols or cloud droplets will provide the desired air
motion tracers, while simple conical scan of the optical-system
focal point, along a helical path traced out by the translation of
the aircraft, will be used to infer the instantaneous wind vector
along the flight path. Pulsing the laser provides high peak power
and enables a much higher signal-to-noise-ratio per pulse at
modest mean power. The speckle errors, which affect the velocity
precision at high signal-to-noise-ratios, are reduced in a focused
system because the illumination has a short depth of field. This
project will determine design parameters using detailed lidar
simulations and will conduct demonstration experiments using an
existing 2 æm pulsed, focused, coherent lidar system.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The principal application will
be for optical air-data systems for commercial and military
aircraft, particularly for on-board wind shear detection. The
three-dimensional wind field measurement capability will be useful
on research aircraft.
***
Project Title:
An Autonomous Lidar for Remote Monitoring of Polar Stratospheric Clouds
92-1-08.03-6250 NAS01-19902
An Autonomous Lidar for Remote Monitoring of
Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Research Support Instruments, Inc.
10610 Beaver Dam Road
Hunt Valley, MD 21030-2288
Jack A. McKay (410-785-6250)
Abstract:
Lidars can observe the structure and formation dynamics of
polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) which play a critical role in
ozone depletion. Fielding conventional lidars in remote polar
regions is expensive, manpower-intensive work that must be
confined to limited-duration research campaigns at only a few
scientific sites. This project will design (Phase I) and build
(Phase II) a highly reliable, low maintenance, autonomously
operable, eye-safe lidar suitable for fielding at remote, harsh-
environment sites. Because building and operating the lidar will
be relatively inexpensive, the equipment can be used at many loca-
tions. While the combination of high reliability, low maintenance
needs, stratospheric measurement capability, and absolute eye-
safety is not currently available in existing lidars, a successful
Phase I design will encourage the development of a network of
stratospheric lidars, providing inexpensive geographical coverage
of PSC formation and dissipation throughout the polar night and
into the polar spring.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial
applications include eye safe, autonomous, tropospheric lidars for
weather monitoring in remote areas and visibility monitoring near
airports. Eye safety and low maintenance is especially important
for pollutant monitoring from such particulate emitters as power
plants in urban areas. Another application is the monitoring of
cloud cover in remote locations for atmospheric energy balance
data.
***
Project Title:
Quantum-Well Cloud Sensor
92-1-08.04-7001 NAS05-32441
Quantum-Well Cloud Sensor
Space Instruments, Inc.
4403 Manchester Avenue, Suite 203
Encinitas, CA 92024
James W. Hoffman (619-944-7001)
Abstract:
The radiation characteristics of clouds are important factors
in understanding the Earth's climate. Cloud properties in the
infrared region have not previously been well measured from space.
The quantum-well cloud sensor (QCS) is an innovative spaceborne
instrument for imaging clouds and measuring their thermal
brightness and bi-directional reflectance in selected long
wavelength spectral bands. It also provides stereo viewing of
clouds for altitude measurements. The QCS utilizes a GaAs,
quantum-well, infrared photodetector (QUIP) array. This detector
array has extremely good pixel-to-pixel uniformity and negligible
i/f noise, which is important for future geostationary sensors
that will use long signal integration times to compensate for
their narrow field of views. In contrast to doped-silicon and
HgCdTe arrays which are expensive, difficult to produce, and low
yielding, the QUIP arrays promise to be more easily and uniformly
producible and significantly less expensive. The anticipated
results of Phase I are a feasibility analysis and a conceptual
design for a complete instrument which could be built in Phase II
and flown on a get-away special on the shuttle.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Due to the lower manufacturing
cost and negligible i/f noise of the QUIP detector array, the
quantum-well cloud sensor is intended to be the forerunner of a
line of commercial mid- and long-wavelength sensors.
***
Project Title:
Measurement of Solar Radiation Variations as an Influence on Climate
92-1-08.04-8442 NAS05-32409
Measurement of Solar Radiation Variations as an
Influence on Climate
Applied Research Corporation
8201 Corporate Drive, Suite 1120
Landover, MD 20785
Andrew Endal (301-459-8442)
Abstract:
The solar disk sextant (SDS) is a spaceborne instrument for
precise measurement of the apparent solar diameter. These
measurements, with simultaneous measurements of the solar
irradiance, will calibrate the historical record of solar diameter
measurements to determine whether changes in the total solar
radiation at the top of the atmosphere have contributed to climate
change. A critical component of the SDS instrument is the beam-
splitting wedge (BSW) that provides the reference angle for
measurement of the solar diameter. This project will develop and
evaluate several BSW designs to determine which can be used in a
long-duration space environment. Specifically, this project will
evaluate molecular bonding of the BSW optical components to
provide a stable wedge angle; a double-wedge design to correct for
chromatic aberration; fabrication processes for the wedge filter;
interferometric methods for pre-flight calibration of the wedge
angle; and on-orbit wedge calibration procedures using the orbital
variations in the Sun-to-SDS distance. The SDS has been selected
as a joint NASA/Italian Space Agency experiment to complement
other NASA climate programs such as the precipitation and
radiation measurements to be provided by the Tropical Rainfall
Measurement Mission.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The effort will expand the
firm's capabilities for providing specialized space hardware
subsystems. The potential for penetrating the European market is
particularly important in terms of U.S. participation in this
rapidly expanding area.
***
Project Title:
Synthesis and Crystal Growth of New Nonlinear Optical Materials in the System
92-1-08.05-0060 NAS01-19881
Synthesis and Crystal Growth of New Nonlinear
Optical Materials in the System
KTiOPO4-CsTiOPO4
Crystal Association, Inc.
15 Industrial Park
Waldwick, NJ 07463
G. M. Loiacono (201-612-0060)
Abstract:
This project will test whether tailoring the refractive index
ellipsoid of potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) will permit Type II
phase matching at wavelengths shorter than 900 nm. If this
procedure is possible, it will permit the second harmonic
generation (SHG) of laser diodes and Ti:Al2O3 solid-state lasers.
The system of solid solutions derived from mixing KTP with
CsTiOPO4 will be studied, and the crystals for evaluation grown.
The nonlinear optical, mechanical, and electrical properties of
these crystals will be determined, and the data will be compared
with pure KTP.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The benefits of this project
will be the identification of a new, nonlinear optical material
suitable for SHG of laser diodes and solid state lasers operating
in the wave-length range of less than 900 nm. Commercial-size
crystals of quality refinement will then be grown to permit a
domestic source of large, inexpensive nonlinear crystals for
military and commercial applications.
***
Project Title:
An Improved 2.0/2.1 Micron Laser
92-1-08.05-3772 NAS01-19903
An Improved 2.0/2.1 Micron Laser
Scientific Materials Corporation
310 Icepond Road
Bozeman, MT 59715
Ralph L. Hutcheson (406-585-3772)
Abstract:
Two variables have been discovered by the firm in the
structure of CTH:YAG (Chromium, Thulium, Holmium:yttrium,
aluminum, garnet). These variables, which influence lasers by as
much as 40 percent, relate to the internal chemistry of the
crystal and are believed to be significant factors related to the
performance and damage in all solid-state lasers. This project
will quantify these variables to establish tolerances and relate
these quantified values to laser performance. Phase II will
deliver to NASA improved hardware based on these improved
materials.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include medical
lasers and optical parametric oscillators.
***
Project Title:
High-Power, Visible, Semiconductor Laser Diodes for Solid-State Laser Pumping
92-1-08.05-9411A NAS01-19905
High-Power, Visible, Semiconductor Laser Diodes
for Solid-State Laser Pumping
Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.
80 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134-1356
Randall S. Geels (408-943-9411)
Abstract:
The company will develop a high power, AlGaInP-based, five-
bar stack of diode lasers emitting at 660 to 680 nm at a reliable
output power of 250 W quasi-continuous wave (QCW) for pumping
tunable Cr:LiSrAlF6 and Cr:LiCaAlF6 lasers. These Cr-doped
materials address NASA's need for tunable solid-state lasers
emitting at 0.7 to 1.1 æm. Development of diode pumps for these
materials represents a significant advancement in the technology.
Recently, the firm has pioneered high-powered visible lasers with
output powers greater than 10 W CW and 60 W QCW; however, the
reliability at 20 W QCW has not been developed beyond 105 pulses.
The project will further advance the characteristics of AlGaInP
lasers to achieve high-powered reliable operation. Phase I will
study a one-bar laser with a goal output power of 50 W QCW and a
goal lifetime exceeding 107 pulses. Phase II will build on this
technology to demonstrate a five-bar stack emitting 250 W QCW with
a lifetime 109 pulses.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial
applications include atmospheric sensing of gases and aerosols,
spectroscopy, and Ti:Sapphire laser replacement. Applications of
the laser diodes alone include photodynamic therapy, color display
systems, and illumination systems. The technology will also foster
advancements in printing and optical data storage.
***
Project Title:
A Spectroscopic Imaging Sensor Using Parallel Pixel Filtering
92-1-08.06-3088 NAS08-39837
A Spectroscopic Imaging Sensor Using Parallel
Pixel Filtering
Physical Optics Corporation
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, CA 90501
Shudong Wu (310-320-3088)
Abstract:
This project will develop a novel spectral separation
technique, parallel pixel filtering (PPF), for two-dimensional
imaging with high spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution. The
technique uses a pixel filter array at the focal plane to enable
an imaging system to reject light from all out-of-focus planes and
to demonstrate high-depth discrimination. By using a highly
dispersive, diffractive imaging element, images at different wave-
lengths are axially separated. Consequently, only the image at the
in-focus-wavelength can pass through the pixel filter array, and
two-dimensional images with narrow spectral widths can be
obtained. This project pioneers the use of three-dimensional
spatial filtering to perform the spectral separation. The
instrument will be compact, rugged, and lightweight and may lead
to the development of a new generation of spectroscopic imaging
sensors.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The PPF technique can be used
for three-dimensional microscopic imaging in biomedicine,
opthamology, and microelectronics.
***
Project Title:
Thermally Stable, Large-Aperture, High-Resolution Optics
92-1-08.06-6000 NAS08-39826
Thermally Stable, Large-Aperture, High-Resolution
Optics
Composite Optics, Inc.
9617 Distribution Avenue
San Diego, CA 92121
Eric N. Thorstenson (619-586-6000)
Abstract:
Empirical data will be generated to support analysis modeling
assumptions. This project will explore core design, facesheet
laminate design, and various assembly techniques, and the latest
in mold and replication technology will be attempted.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These lightweight, large,
stable optics can be used for airplane and satellite sensors.
***
Project Title:
Diffractive Optics Technology for Earth Observing Instruments in Geostationary Orbit
92-1-08.06-7990 NAS08-39806
Diffractive Optics Technology for Earth Observing
Instruments in Geostationary Orbit
Rochester Photonics Corporation
80 O'Connor Road
Fairport, NY 14450
Dean Faklis (716-377-7990)
Abstract:
Diffractive (or binary) optics may provide a key technology
for the development of lightweight, high-performance optical
systems for space applications. In particular, diffractive optics
technology may make significant improvements in several of the
instruments that are being planned for the Geostationary Earth
Observatory (GEO). Phase I will investigate the following topics:
the design of an all-diffractive, narrow-band telescope for the
lightning mapper sensor (LMS); the design of diffractive-
refractive hybrid lenses for application in the aft-optical
systems, such as the GeoPlatform High-Resolution Interferometer
Sounder (GPHIS) and the NOAA GOES N multi-spectral imager; and the
use of diffractive elements to athermalize infrared optical
systems. Using computer ray-traced methods, this project will
characterize the imaging properties of the optical systems. In
addition, the fabrication processes that can be used to
manufacture the diffractive elements will be specified, and a cost
analysis for a prototype optical system will be provided. Phase II
will be devoted to fabricating a prototype diffractive optics
system for an instrument slated for geostationary observations.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This work will benefit space,
military, and commercial applications that require lightweight,
high performance optical systems. System applications include
lidar systems for atmospheric and pollution monitoring; coherent
communications; and narrowband and broadband imaging systems for
the ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelength regions.
***
Project Title:
Earth Observing Sensor Development for Geostationary Orbit
92-1-08.06-8211 NAS08-39845
Earth Observing Sensor Development for
Geostationary Orbit
Irvine Sensors Corporation
3001 Redhill Avenue, Building 3, Suite 208
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Chris H. Saunders (714-549-8211)
Abstract:
An advanced integrated circuit (IC) will be developed to read
out high-density visible and infrared detector arrays for earth
observation from geostationary orbit. The IC will contain a low-
noise preamplifier that uses Bi-CMOS technology and a high degree
of on-chip signal processing functionality, including
preamplification, temporal filtering, digital-pulse-amplitude
readout, and digital-pulse-width readout. The project will design
the IC to be compatible with the HYMOSS Z-plane architecture to
provide functional modules with the resolution capability of 220 x
220 pixels on 60 micron centers. The desired noise level is 100
electrons in an integration bandwidth of 500 Hz.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A focal plane composed of
these modules would be ideal for applications such as lightning
detection. The IC can be used in low-power neurological sensing.
***
Project Title:
A Disposable Optical Ozonesonde for Airborne Stratospheric and Tropospheric Ozone
92-1-08.07-0003 NAS02-13812
A Disposable Optical Ozonesonde for Airborne
Stratospheric and Tropospheric Ozone
Measurements by Small Balloons
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
W.T. Rawlins (508-689-0003)
Abstract:
A laboratory pre-prototype of an optical ozonesonde will be
designed, built, and tested for disposable, balloon-borne sounding
of the stratosphere and troposphere. The device will use short-
path UV absorption and high-precision signal processing circuitry
to enable high-sensitivity, absolute determinations of ozone
concentrations from the ground to 40 km. The laboratory tests will
evaluate the instrument sensitivity, thermal stability, and
operating characteristics upon exposure to low pressures and
temperatures. The end result of Phase I will be a working design
of prototype flight instruments to be built and flown in Phase II.
The eventual flight instrument will be superior to current
disposable sonde technology because it will be much easier to
implement in the field, will provide higher altitude coverage for
satellite validation, and will provide accurate absolute ozone
determinations without the need for ground-based corroborations.
The instrument can be used reliably at any accessible location,
and will provide previously unavailable sounding capabilities for
determinations of ozone depletion in the high-latitude polar
winter.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The optical ozonesonde has
commercial applications for worldwide atmospheric monitoring
networks for tropospheric ozone and climatology research.
***
Project Title:
Fiber-Optic Sensor for Low-Level Humidity Measurement in the Upper Atmosphere
92-1-08.07-3088 NAS02-13787
Fiber-Optic Sensor for Low-Level Humidity
Measurement in the Upper Atmosphere
Physical Optics Corporation
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, CA 90501
Edward Schmidlin (310-320-3088)
Abstract:
This project will examine using porous silica optrodes to
sense upper atmospheric water vapor. The sensor head is a cylinder
made of porous glass positioned between two non-imaging optic
(NIO) elements. Light is passed through the sensor head, and the
intensity of transmitted light is measured with a detector. A
filter is used to select the wavelength of light that demonstrates
the greatest change in optical transmission. Using the new NIO
elements will increase the sensor head volume over that of
demonstrated porous silica sensors and will lead to sensitivities
at ppm levels. Commercially available hygrometers (frost-point and
Lyman-alpha) for upper atmospheric humidity measurement are expen-
sive, heavy, and require routine maintenance. Because the humidity
sensor is based on fiber optics, it has the advantages of being
compact, lightweight, and potentially low in cost. During Phase I,
a proof-of-concept sensor will be constructed and tested in an
atmosphere simulation test chamber.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Since porous fiber humidity
sensors have a wide dynamic range, 0-80 percent relative humidity,
and potential for very high sensitivity, they could be used for
enclosed plant growth chambers, combustion monitoring, and
humidity measurements in ovens heated to 500øC.
***
Project Title:
Open-Path IR Absorption for Airborne Measurements of Stratospheric Trace Gases
92-1-08.07-9500 NAS02-13772
Open-Path IR Absorption for Airborne
Measurements of Stratospheric Trace Gases
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road
Billerica, MA 01821
Mark S. Zahniser (508-663-9500)
Abstract:
Infrared absorption, using tunable diode lasers from aircraft
and balloon platforms measures stratospheric trace gas. The goal
of this project is to develop a new open-path absorption cell
suitable for in situ measurements of reactive trace species from
an aircraft platform. The open-path design, in which the laser
beam undergoes multiple reflections between two mirrors located on
the wing and the fuselage, is preferable to more commonly used
enclosed path sampling cells because reactive gases may be
perturbed by sampling inlets and surfaces. This project will test
a multipass cell that uses a novel astigmatic mirror system which
can obtain sufficient path length (600 m) with relatively small
diameter mirrors ( 10 cm). This cell will minimize size, weight,
and aerodynamic perturbations and will make the system
particularly suitable for deployment on small, unmanned aircraft
being developed for stratospheric research. Phase I research would
optimize the design of the mirrors, develop an automated alignment
method, and evaluate the applicability of the open-path absorption
system for detecting target stratospheric trace gases such as
HNO3, HOCl, HCl, ClONO2, and the HO2 radical.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The astigmatic mirror system
would be useful in assessing stratospheric ozone depletion and in
monitoring atmospheric trace gas from aircraft or balloon
platforms. The long path, low-volume cell would also be useful in
laboratory and industrial applications requiring high sensitivity,
small sample size, or rapid time response when using optical or
infrared absorption techniques.
***
Project Title:
Construction of a Liquid-Crystal Tunable Filter for Visible Light
92-1-08.08-4068 NAS07-1206
Construction of a Liquid-Crystal Tunable Filter for
Visible Light
Meadowlark Optics, Inc.
7460 Weld County, Road 1
Longmont, CO 80504-9470
Thomas G. Baur (303-776-4068)
Abstract:
This project will demonstrate a prototype liquid crystal
tunable filter for use in remote sensing. It will be a hybrid Solc
Lyot filter for maximum transmission, and it will use standard,
nematic liquid-crystal variable retarders as wavelength tuning
elements. Most of the fixed, multiwave retarders will be made
using low-cost birefringent polymers similar to the firm's
standard product. The filter will have a passband width of about 6
nm, and it will be wavelength tunable from 400 nm to 750 nm. While
the package is small and lightweight, requiring only low power and
low voltage for tuning, it will have a wide angular field of view
of ñ14ø, a clear aperture of 30 mm, and a tuning time of 4 to 5
milliseconds. The firm will manufacture all optical components and
will characterize the filter performance. The firm will also
supply an electronic controller for tuning the filter.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The filter will have
commercial applications wherever imaging spectrophotometry is
useful, for example, in paint color analysis, video display color
analysis, solar physics, submarine communications, and fiber
optics communications.
***
Project Title:
Ferroelectric, Liquid-Crystal, Tunable Optical Fibers
92-1-08.08-8958 NAS07-1229
Ferroelectric, Liquid-Crystal, Tunable Optical Fibers
Boulder Nonlinear Systems, Inc.
1898 South Flatiron Court
Boulder, CO 80301
Gary Sharp (303-786-8958)
Abstract:
Liquid crystals offer an attractive method for electronically
tuning optical filters. Nematic liquid-crystal, tunable filters,
based on polarization interference and absolute phase interference
(Fabry-Perot etalons), have been successfully demonstrated in UV
through IR wavelengths. However, due to their slow tuning speeds,
they offer little improvement over mechanical methods for tuning
optical filters. Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) have been
used recently to tune, both discretely and continuously,
polarization interference filters and have shown potential for
tuning Fabry-Perot filters with a 104 increase in tuning speed
over nematic materials. This project applies an approach developed
at the firm for optimal tuning of birefringent filters as well as
for a completely novel method for tuning Fabry-Perot filters. The
project's goal is to develop continuously tunable filters using
FLC materials for operation in the visible and near-infrared
wavelength bands. All techniques for tuning optical filters will
be considered in Phase I research.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: An FLC optical filter has
benefits over nematic filters for all applications where rapid
tuning is required. Because progress in FLC tunable frequency
design indicates that broad, continuous tunability is easily
achieved, enormous potential exits for its use in broadband remote
sensing applications.
***
Project Title:
High-Resolution, Ultra-Low Power, Superconducting, Analog-to-Digital Converter
92-1-08.09-1190 NAS07-1219
High-Resolution, Ultra-Low Power,
Superconducting, Analog-to-Digital Converter
Hypres, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, NY 10523
Sergey Rylov (914-592-1190)
Abstract:
A low-power, high-performance, superconducting, analog-to-
digital converter (ADC) will be developed. This ADC is based on
principles of counting single magnetic flux quanta and high-speed
differential coding. The ADC will have wide bandwidth and high
accuracy in operation. Implemented in 1-micron design rules, this
ADC is expected to have 16 effective bits at a sampling rate of 1
MS/s (500 kHz bandwidth) and a sensitivity better than 1 æA/LSB.
If equipped with an on-chip decimation filter, the ultimate
performance is calculated to be 17.1 effective bits at 50 MHz
bandwidth with an internal sampling at 100 GS/s. This performance
cannot be achieved with any other technology. More importantly,
the superconducting ADC power dissipation is three orders of
magnitude lower than semiconducting ADCs, typically 1 to 3 mW in
an area smaller than 1 cm2. The counter-type ADC requires a flux
quantizer feeding into multi-bit counters and a timed readout
circuit. The firm has already demonstrated full operation of the
flux quantizer and of the counters. Phase I will design, fabricate
(using the company's niobium technology), and demonstrate the
necessary timing circuit (synchronizer) connected to short (4-bit)
counters based on novel designs utilizing rapid, single-flux
quantum circuits. This demonstration, coupled with the results
already achieved for the remaining ADC components, will establish
for the first time the complete feasibility of a practical flux-
counting ADC. A fully operational 16-bit ADC will be demonstrated
in Phase II through signal reconstruction for frequencies
exceeding 50 kHz and with power dissipation less than 3 mW. These
ADCs have an immediate application in the readout circuits of
focal plane sensor arrays being developed for NASA missions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: There are numerous commercial
applications for this type of A-D converters including precision
electronic instrumentation, digital RF equipment, and biomedical
imaging arrays.
***
Project Title:
Back-Illuminated, Charge-Coupled-Device Image Sensor
92-1-08.10-0774 NAS05-32438
Back-Illuminated, Charge-Coupled-Device Image
Sensor
Princeton Scientific Instruments, Inc.
40 Autumn Hill Road
Monmourh Junction, NJ 08852
John L. Lowrance (908-274-0774)
Abstract:
This project will develop a back-illuminated image sensor
based on charge-coupled-device (CCD) technology with improved
stable quantum efficiency in the ultraviolet as well as the
visible spectrum. The CCD will also have high quantum efficiency
in the soft x-ray region and be useful in electron bombarded
applications. The high quantum efficiency that can be attained
with this back-illuminated CCD, combined with the very low readout
noise at wide bandwidth, makes it possible for this CCD to replace
image intensifier-CCD image sensors currently used for night
vision and low light surveillance applications. Unlike other
cameras, the CCD sensor is small and reliable, has a longer life
and broader spectral response, and, therefore, has significant
commercial and NASA applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The CCD image sensor can be
used in NASA astronomical missions, ground-based scientific
imaging instruments, and for low-light surveillance cameras in law
enforcement and industrial applications.
***
Project Title:
Silicon-Carbide, High-Resolution, Room-Temperature X-Ray Detector
92-1-08.10-1100 NAS05-32404
Silicon-Carbide, High-Resolution,
Room-Temperature X-Ray Detector
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Drive
Danbury, CT 06810
Bo Yang Lin (203-794-1100)
Abstract:
A semiconductor's usefulness as a high-resolution, room-
temperature radiation detector is dictated primarily by the
requirement for small leakage currents. Most work in this area has
been focused on silicon diodes which have achieved significant
advances in recent years. Wide-bandgap semiconductors have
inherently low leakage currents but have so far been overlooked
because of their relatively early development stage. Recent
advances in the fabrication of 6H-silicon-carbide (SiC) devices
have changed this situation since diodes with extremely low
leakage currents have been made and characterized. 6H-SiC
detectors should have significantly higher resolution at or near
room temperature than their silicon counterparts. Furthermore, 6H-
SiC has excellent stability in severe physical and chemical
environments, and is more resistant to radiation damage than
silicon. This project will examine the use of SiC diodes as sub-
keV x-ray detectors at or near room temperature. The feasibility
of this concept will be demonstrated in Phase I, while Phase II
will focus on device optimization and testing in conjunction with
NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The ability to produce high-
resolution, room-temperature x-ray detectors will lay the
groundwork for a broad spectrum of commercial detectors including
ultra-violet, particle, and other types of detectors where
radiation-hardness and room-temperature operation are required.
***
Project Title:
Silicon-Carbide, High-Resolution, Room-Temperature X-Ray Detector
92-1-08.10-1100 NAS05-32404
Silicon-Carbide, High-Resolution,
Room-Temperature X-Ray Detector
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Drive
Danbury, CT 06810
Bo Yang Lin (203-794-1100)
Abstract:
A semiconductor's usefulness as a high-resolution, room-
temperature radiation detector is dictated primarily by the
requirement for small leakage currents. Most work in this area has
been focused on silicon diodes which have achieved significant
advances in recent years. Wide-bandgap semiconductors have
inherently low leakage currents but have so far been overlooked
because of their relatively early development stage. Recent
advances in the fabrication of 6H-silicon-carbide (SiC) devices
have changed this situation since diodes with extremely low
leakage currents have been made and characterized. 6H-SiC
detectors should have significantly higher resolution at or near
room temperature than their silicon counterparts. Furthermore, 6H-
SiC has excellent stability in severe physical and chemical
environments, and is more resistant to radiation damage than
silicon. This project will examine the use of SiC diodes as sub-
keV x-ray detectors at or near room temperature. The feasibility
of this concept will be demonstrated in Phase I, while Phase II
will focus on device optimization and testing in conjunction with
NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The ability to produce high-
resolution, room-temperature x-ray detectors will lay the
groundwork for a broad spectrum of commercial detectors including
ultra-violet, particle, and other types of detectors where
radiation-hardness and room-temperature operation are required.
***
Project Title:
Wide-Dynamic-Range, Digital, Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Amplifiers for
92-1-08.10-1190 NAS05-32424
Wide-Dynamic-Range, Digital, Superconducting
Quantum Interference Device Amplifiers for
Multiplexing and Readout of Cryogenic Detector
Arrays
Hypres, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, NY 10523
Masoud Radparvar (914-592-1190)
Abstract:
Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are
extremely sensitive detectors of magnetic flux and can be used as
low noise amplifiers for cryogenic detectors. In order to use a
SQUID as an amplifier, its transfer characteristics should be
linearized. This linearization, however, requires extensive
peripheral electronics, thus limiting the number of SQUID channels
in a practical system. The digital SQUID integrates the processing
circuitry on the same cryogenic chip as the SQUID amplifier and
eliminates the sophisticated peripheral electronics. Such a system
will be compact, cost effective, and require minimal electronic
support. This project will lead to the development of all-thin-
film digital SQUID chips. Each chip, in addition to having on-chip
processing circuitry coupled to a SQUID, will also have an
integrated superconducting transformer to facilitate its interface
to an external multiplexer coupled to a cryogenic detector. As a
result of this effort, it will be possible to design and fabricate
single chips that will contain arrays of digital SQUIDs for
integration in a multi-channel SQUID system, thereby reducing the
cost and complexity of such systems. Due to the company's recent
progress in superconducting electronics, the design, fabrication,
and evaluation of digital SQUID chips will be conducted under
Phase I.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project will lead to the
development of all-thin film SQUID chips as ultra-low noise
amplifiers. The chip is a self-contained digital SQUID amplifier
with on-chip processing circuits and will require minimal support
electronics. Consequently, arrays of such chips are cost-effective
for integration in cryogenic detector array systems.
***
Project Title:
A New Approach to Silicon X-Ray Spectrometers
92-1-08.10-1859 NAS05-32426
A New Approach to Silicon X-Ray Spectrometers
Intraspec, Inc.
P.O. Box 4579
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-4579
John Walter (615-483-1859)
Abstract:
This project identifies a new approach to silicon x-ray
detector technology. This technology involves changing the
detector geometry to provide much lower capacitance for a given
active area and volume; replacing the Si(Li) detector with a
stable oxide-passivated, low leakage-current, high-resistivity Si
element, and the conventional field effect transistor in the pre-
amplifier with an onboard ASIC preamplifier having improved high-
frequency noise. The low capacitance and lower preamplifier noise
will allow operation at higher frequencies, thereby further
reducing the peak broadening from detector leakage current noise.
In addition to making a major change in the noise at or near room
temperature, this approach will allow faster counting rates.
Because it is compatible with hermetic encapsulation, this
approach will provide an environmentally stable detector-
preamplifier package that should have sub-keV x-ray energy
resolution at or near room temperature and improved
characteristics, including larger active areas and better count
rate capability, at low temperatures.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Current Si x-ray spectrometers
require cooling of the detector with liquid nitrogen, which is an
expensive and sometimes logistically impractical process.
Replacement of Si(Li) technology with a temperature-stable, low-
capacitance, Si substrate, which has low-leakage current at room
temperature, and an improved preamplifier, will have a major
impact on this important market.
***
Project Title:
Intensified Imager for Detection of Ultraviolet and Particles
92-1-08.10-4759 NAS05-32440
Intensified Imager for Detection of Ultraviolet and
Particles
Siegmund Scientific
2970 Honeysuckle Circle
Antioch, CA 94509
J.V. Vallerga (510-754-4759)
Abstract:
The detector concept consists of a windowless, microchannel
plate image intensifier viewed by a charged-coupled-device (CCD)
camera that detects and images ultraviolet (UV) radiation and
particles. This project will take advantage of recent improvements
in photocathode, microchannel plate, phosphor and fiber-optic
technologies, as well as current CCD technology and optimized
detector configurations. Image processing algorithms and fast
signal processors will provide analog and/or photon counting
imaging modes. This project will show that the optimized detector
schemes can provide high spatial resolution (40 line pairs/mm
analog, 10 æm photon counting), high quantum efficiency (greater
than 50 percent on average), large counting rates (1010 photons/sec
analog, greater than 5 x 104 events/sec photon counting) and high
dynamic range with low background, small and large formats, and
solar blindness.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: It is anticipated that the
detector will find applications in future rocket, shuttle, and
satellite instruments, for high performance imaging and
spectroscopy in astrophysics, aeronomy, and solar and planetary
physics. Specifically, the detector can be used in high-resolution
UV spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectroscopy, biological
sample imaging, microscopy, and crystallography.
***
Project Title:
High-Temperature Superconductor, Yttria-Stabilized, Zirconia Membrane Bolometer
92-1-08.10-6700 NAS05-32412
High-Temperature Superconductor, Yttria-Stabilized,
Zirconia Membrane Bolometer
Conductus, Inc.
969 West Maude Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Vincent Kotsubo (408-737-6700)
Abstract:
An array-compatible bolometer for operation at 90 K will be
developed for use at long wavelengths and very long wavelengths of
infrared radiation. The device will consist of a YBCO high-
temperature-superconducting thin film as a temperature sensor, and
an yttria-stabilized, zirconia membrane as the supporting struc-
ture. The use of the membrane is innovative because it has low
heat capacity and thermal conductivity, which should provide a
noise-equivalent power of 4.6 x 10-12 W/Hz«, a factor of 4
improvement over the best existing bolometer technology of 1.88 x
10-11 W/Hz«. Because microfabrication and photolithographic
techniques will be used, this bolometer will be compatible with
array fabrication. NASA will use the new infrared sensor
technologies in the 65-90 K temperature range during long-life
missions where the use of liquid helium is not practical.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: University, government, and
commercial laboratories will use these bolometers in commercial
infrared spectrometers for chemical analysis.
***
Project Title:
Infrared-Transmissive, Diamond-Like Carbon Films for Protecting High-Temperature
92-1-08.10-8278A NAS05-32420
Infrared-Transmissive, Diamond-Like Carbon Films
for Protecting High-Temperature
Superconducting Detectors
Excel Superconductors, Inc.
140-29 Keyland Court
Bohemia, NY 11716
L. Ganapathi (516-563-8278)
Abstract:
High-temperature superconducting detectors have a unique
place in sensor technology because they can operate over a broad
range of wavelengths from infrared to beyond microwaves. They can
be used as bolometers as well as quantum detectors. Their use,
however, will be determined by their resistance to damage from
numerous degrading agents in a typical working environment.
Therefore, protecting the superconducting elements in these
instruments with passivating techniques is necessary. This project
will develop a process that will form a composite thin-film
structure by depositing infrared-transmissive, hard, diamond-like
carbon (DLC) film as a protective top layer over a high-
temperature superconducting thin film. The room-temperature-
deposited DLC film should not alter the composition of the
underlying superconductor while it provides an excellent, hard,
hermetic, conformal coverage. The protective layer will be
deposited by a laser-plasma hybrid technique which produces hard,
chemically resistant, hydrogen-free, DLC films at room
temperature. The deposited films will be evaluated by various
surface techniques to probe the surface as well as the interface
of the films, and pH measurements will be applied to evaluate
inertness of the surface to ambient moisture. Phase I will
concentrate on depositing and characterizing these films and
optimizing the deposition parameters to obtain the desired
characteristics. Using several samples, the firm will evaluate how
the protective coverage affects the superconducting properties of
the underlying film and the mechanical stability of the protective
layer and the interface, especially during the cooldown and warmup
cycles typical of their usage. Phase II will fabricate and
characterize a robust YBCO detector with a protective coating of
DLC film.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project may result in
thick and thin, high-temperature superconducting films with long
shelf life and no need for special storage procedures.
Encapsulated devices may also be made from superconducting thin
films.
***
Project Title:
Low-Temperature Fabrication of Barium-Strontium- Titania Films for Room-Temperature Infrared
92-1-08.10-9090A NAS05-32418
Low-Temperature Fabrication of Barium-Strontium-
Titania Films for Room-Temperature Infrared
Detectors
EMCORE Corporation
35 Elizabeth Avenue
Somerset, NJ 08873
Chyi S. Chern (908-271-9090)
Abstract:
Highly oriented or epitaxial Ba1-xSrxTiO3 thin films on
substrates are necessary for dielectric bolometers used in room-
temperature, infrared (IR) detectors. Ba1-xSrxTiO3, due to its good
dielectric properties and composition dependent curie temperature
in the vicinity of room temperature, is an ideal material for
high-performance dielectric bolometers. Making multilayered
structures for IR sensing devices is difficult; therefore, the
low-temperature, plasma-enhanced, metal-organic, chemical vapor
deposition process, which incorporates a 1.5 KW microwave cavity
generating an activated oxidizer, will be used to enhance the
growth of epitaxial or highly oriented Ba1-xSrxTiO3 thin films on
diamond and other technologically important substrates.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project will lead to
large-scale fabrication of high-dielectric-constant material with
curie temperature close to room temperature. This material will
both promote IR sensing technology and provide dynamic random
access memory technology for the computer manufacturing industry.
***
Project Title:
An Infrared Focal Plane Array with User-Selectable Spectral Response
92-1-08.11-0610 NAS07-1232
An Infrared Focal Plane Array with User-Selectable
Spectral Response
Sensors Unlimited, Inc.
3490 U.S. Route 1
Princeton, NJ 08540
Gregory H. Olsen (609-520-0610)
Abstract:
A novel focal plane array will be developed where the
spectral response and noise properties of the array can be
selected externally by the user. This project will produce a
epitaxial wafer that has layers with longer wavelength response
which are successively grown and then selectively removed so that
the p-n junctions are formed in regions with different wavelength
response (i.e. different bandgap or material composition). Phase I
will use epitaxial layers of InGaAs/InAsP to make a linear
detector array with cutoff wavelengths of 1.7, 2.2, and 2.7 æm at
room temperature. Phase II will employ InGaAsSb alloys to extend
these concepts out past 5.5 æm with 128 x 128 element focal plane
arrays. Both room-temperature and thermo-electrically cooled
device performance will be tested. The project will also demon-
strate schemes for electronic and optical addressing of various
pixel regions, as well as alternate configurations of the
epitaxial layers.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A focal plane array for novel
imaging applications in the 0.9 to 5.5 æm spectrum will allow
images formed by different wavelengths but by the same camera to
be compared through the electronic selection of pixels. The
response could also be expanded to the visible and ultraviolet
region.
***
Project Title:
Beamsplitters for Far Infrared to Millimeter Wavelengths
92-1-08.11-1548 NAS02-13771
Beamsplitters for Far Infrared
to Millimeter Wavelengths
Nemo Filters
740 G Sierra Vista
Mountain View, CA 94043
Verne R. Costich (415-962-1548)
Abstract:
The development of beamsplitters having high efficiency,
improved signal-to-noise ratio, and increased bandwidth is the
goal of this project. This project will make both a prototype
beamsplitter operating from 40 to 1000 microns and a beamsplitter
operating from 160 to 4000 microns. It is anticipated that an
increase of 200 to 800 percent increase will be made in the value
of reflection time transmission. Other projected benefits include
improved anti-reflection coatings and more efficient beamsplitters
throughout the submillimeter region, faster data collection, and
fewer splices needed between data sets. These beamsplitters will
be used in fast-Fourier, Michelson interferometers, and other
broadband submillimeter equipment which support ground-based
astronomy and satellite experiments.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications
include far-infrared and submillimeter wavelength beamsplitters,
interferometer beamsplitters, and broadband and antireflection
coatings.
***
Project Title:
Inductive Sensing for a Superconducting Membrane Bolometer at 90 Kelvin
92-1-08.11-6700 NAS07-1227
Inductive Sensing for a Superconducting Membrane
Bolometer at 90 Kelvin
Conductus, Inc.
969 West Maude Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Vincent Kotsubo (408-737-6705)
Abstract:
A bolometer will be developed that uses a non-contacting,
inductive method for sensing the superconducting transition in a
high-temperature-superconductor thin film. The bolometer will be
designed for wavelengths longer than 20 microns where HgCdTe loses
sensitivity and will be operated near 90 K. The change in mutual
inductance of a sense coil in close proximity to a superconducting
film will be detected as the film goes through the superconducting
transition. This method will improve performance over the conven-
tional method of measuring resistance because it avoids the use of
current leads to decrease thermal conductance and increase
sensitivity, and alleviates the problems of optimizing current-
biased superconducting bolometers, such as self-heating, excess
noise at high-bias levels, and impedance matching to amplifiers.
Cooled infrared sensors in the low and very-low wavelength
infrared range are needed that can outperform current room-
temperature sensors, particularly since long-life mechanical
coolers can now make feasible 5 to 10 year missions with focal-
plane temperatures in the 65 to 90 K range.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These bolometers will be used
in commercial infrared spectrometers and will have improved
sensitivity over existing room temperature sensors. The
spectrometers are widely used for chemical analysis in university,
government, and commercial laboratories.
***
Project Title:
A Compact, Space-Qualified, 2.5 THz Local Oscillator for the Study of Ozone Chemistry
92-1-08.12-4538 NAS07-1213
A Compact, Space-Qualified, 2.5 THz Local
Oscillator for the Study of Ozone Chemistry
Innovative Research & Technology
843 Yale Street
Santa Monica, CA 90403
W. A. Peebles (310-828-4538)
Abstract:
The terahertz spectral region remains one of the last
frontiers of the electromagnetic spectrum. NASA is developing
radiometers for investigation of the Earth's upper atmosphere. In
particular, there is currently great interest in monitoring the
stratospheric ozone chemistry so that the destruction of the ozone
layer and the accumulation of greenhouse gases associated with
global warming can be understood. Space missions will utilize
submillimeter-wave radiometers via the microwave, limb-sounding
technique to probe various constituents related to ozone
chemistry. However, difficulties associated with local oscillator
availability for space missions has restricted the choice of
radiometers to frequencies below 700 GHz. A local oscillator
source at 2.51 THz would allow the crucial role of the OH radical
to be directly monitored. The optically-pumped methanol FIR laser
operates at this frequency. However, existing commercial lasers
are bulky, inefficient, and incapable of space-flight. The primary
goal of this project is to revolutionize this technology area and
to develop an efficient, compact, integrated CO2-FIR 2.5 THz laser
system capable of space qualification and low loss operation with
output powers ò5 mW. Careful mechanical and rf design will limit
prime power requirements to ó75 W and provide an entire package
with a volume about 0.5 m3. Phase I will establish the feasibility
of the innovation and generate preliminary designs. Phase II will
design, fabricate, and test a 2.5 THz FIR laser system suitable
for spaceborne missions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A successful completion of the
Phase II project would generate a variety of research and
commercial applications. For example, compact, moderate power,
turn-key, submillimeter-wave sources are required in the diagnosis
of magnetic confinement fusion plasmas, in non-destructive
testing, and for molecular spectroscopy research.
***
Project Title:
In Situ Particle Size Measurement Instrument for Aerosols in Microgravity
92-1-08.13-1330 NAS02-13815
In Situ Particle Size Measurement Instrument for
Aerosols in Microgravity
Insitec, Inc.
2110 Omega Road, Suite D
San Ramon, CA 94583
Donald J. Holve (510-837-1330)
Abstract:
This project will develop an instrument for in situ
measurement of particle-size-distribution for non-intrusive
measurements of aerosols inside an environmentally controlled,
microgravity chamber for the size range of 0.01 to 1000 microns.
This real-time, remotely operated instrument uses optical light
scattering methods to measure conditions appropriate to a variety
of ground and flight-based research experiments of interest to
NASA. This project will address the application requirements of
both microgravity and ground-based experiments for the study of
aerosol growth in low pressure environments which simulate
extraterrestrial environments. Phase I work will perform
preliminary experiments with a modified, in situ, light scattering
device to determine specific instrument design requirements. The
wide dynamic range of the experiment, coupled with limitations on
concentration and external access, will require careful synthesis
of optical scattering measurement techniques. Phase II work will
require further specialized development and fabrication of a
prototype instrument for ground and microgravity applications.
This project's work is relevant to the study of exobiology--the
origin and evolution of life and life-related processes and
materials throughout the universe.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The anticipated result is
development of a modified optical instrument for aerosol particle
measurements for application to particle size measurements in the
range of 0.01 to 1000 microns. This instrument will have
commercial applications such as carbon-black manufacturing and
silica soot preparation for fiber optics manufacturing.
***
Project Title:
A Dual, Diode-Pumped, Difference-Frequency, Mixing Source of 3 to 5 æm Radiation
92-1-08.13-9411 NAS02-13775
A Dual, Diode-Pumped, Difference-Frequency,
Mixing Source of 3 to 5 æm Radiation
Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.
80 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134
Robert J. Lang (408-943-9411)
Abstract:
Mid-infrared sources of coherent radiation are required for
measurements of gas concentration and isotopic composition in
exobiological measurements. Current sources of mid-IR radiation
require either cryogenic temperatures or large, high-power ion,
solid-state, and/or dye laser systems for driving nonlinear mixing
processes such as optical parametric oscillators and difference-
frequency mixing (DFM). This project will develop a rugged,
compact 3 to 5 æm source of coherent radiation based upon
difference-frequency mixing of the radiation from two, high-power,
single-mode semiconductor laser diodes in a nonlinear crystal.
This system offers room-temperature operation, wavelength
tunability, a simple optical system, and simple control
electronics. This all-diode-laser DFM system could be extremely
compact, rugged, reliable, and would require no cryogenic cooling
while providing tunable infrared radiation throughout the 3 to 5
æm region for laser spectrometry on terrestrial and planetary
missions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Mid-IR sources are required
for monitoring molecular composition in process control, medical
monitoring, and pollution and environmental sensing. A small,
rugged diode-based laser spectrometer based on the DFM source
would help the development of a portable field instruments that
can measure gas concentration and/or composition.
***
Project Title:
A Combined Optical Property Sensor for In Situ Characterization of Ocean Waters
92-1-08.14-5650 NAS05-32448
A Combined Optical Property Sensor for In Situ
Characterization of Ocean Waters
Western Environmental Technology Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 518
Philomath, OR 97370
Casey Moore (503-929-5650)
Abstract:
This project addresses the need for better tools to determine
of the fundamental optical properties and bio-geochemical
composition of ocean waters. Global climate changes, widespread
pollution, and increased ocean resource extraction have created an
unprecedented need to better understand global ocean processes.
With the advent of satellite-based remote sensing of ocean color,
scientists now have a viable tool for the global study of the
oceans. However, in order to correlate, interpret, and calibrate
information from the remotely sensed data, a new class of in situ
optical sensors are required. This project will develop a single
sensor package to measure spectral downwelling irradiance,
upwelling radiance, absorption, backscattering, and beam
attenuation. Phase I will test a bundled optical package and
design a tightly coupled inline instrument to be developed as the
Phase II objective. The Phase II instrument will be designed for
deployment on shipboard and towed profiling and moored
applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications
include satellite remote sensing, calibration, and validation;
environmental research and surveying; oceanic waste disposal
studies; engineering turbidity studies; mine tailing disposal
monitoring and other environmental turbidity studies; underwater
lidar communications; and fundamental ocean optics research.
***
Project Title:
Instrumentation for In Situ Measurement of Apparent Bio-Optical Properties
92-1-08.14-6522 NAS05-32408
Instrumentation for In Situ Measurement of
Apparent Bio-Optical Properties
Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc.
4760 Walnut Street, Suite 105
Boulder, CO 80301
Brian Curtiss (303-444-6522)
Abstract:
While underwater spectroradiometers for the in situ
measurement of apparent optical properties of seawater have been
in use for some time, current in-water sensors do not fully meet
the needs of the bio-optics research community. They either
immediately measure a few selected wavelengths or require a minute
or more to scan the spectrum. A high-speed, high-spectral-
resolution spectroradiometer will be developed that can be
autonomously deployed away from the influence of a ship's
moorings, drifters, or towed profiling systems. The instrument
allows reasonable sounding rates while providing simultaneous,
high-spectral-resolution, in-water upwelling and downwelling
measurements. NASA's planned advanced ocean color missions and the
bio-optic research community require such an instrument to support
calibration, in-water algorithm development, and validation of
derived products. During Phase I, the project will complete the
design for a high-speed, high-spectral-resolution radiometer
capable of making simultaneous upwelling and downwelling radiation
measurements in the 380 to 900 nm wavelength region. Next, the
project will evaluate the performance of this design relative to
the performance of a prototype instrument based on an existing
design. Finally, a calibration plan will be formulated as will the
work to be performed in Phase II of this research.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This research will lead to the
development of a high-spectral-resolution spectroradiometer for
the in situ measurement of apparent optical properties of water
and for applications in water quality monitoring and assessment.
***
Project Title:
A Compact, Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Source Based Upon Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Technology
92-1-08.15-0003A NAS05-32437
A Compact, Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Source Based
Upon Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Technology
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
Lawrence G. Piper (508-689-0003)
Abstract:
Phase I will conduct an experimental approach to demonstrate
the innovative application of dielectric-barrier discharge
technology for producing compact, high-flux, vacuum ultraviolet
(VUV) light sources. This project will demonstrate a wide range of
dielectric-barrier discharge VUV light sources, including line,
molecular and continuum sources, and will explore in detail each
source's long-term stability and reproducibility. The project will
also compare the relative performance of dielectric-barrier and
low power microwave discharge lamps. This project expects to
demonstrate the superiority of dielectric-barrier discharge
sources over currently used rf discharge sources in terms of
compactness, flux, energy efficiency, and mechanical and
electrical simplicity.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These sources will find ready
application in space experiments as onboard spectroscopic
calibration sources and as sources of resonance radiation that can
measure the number densities of upper atmospheric constituents.
Their laboratory applications include use as calibration sources,
light sources in spectroscopic and kinetic studies, and as sources
of radiation for materials degradation studies. Commercially, the
dielectric-barrier discharge light sources developed in this
project will have application as calibration light sources, light
sources for contaminant removal from surfaces, photoetching of
semiconductor surfaces, photo-assisted CVD processes, and various
air and water purification processes.
***
Project Title:
Silicon Photodiodes with Integrated, Thin-Film Filters for Bandpass in the Extreme-Ultraviolet
92-1-08.15-3661 NAS05-32425
Silicon Photodiodes with Integrated, Thin-Film
Filters for Bandpass in the Extreme-Ultraviolet
International Radiation Detectors
2501 West 237th Street, Suite E
Torrance, CA 90505
Raj Korde (310-534-3661)
Abstract:
The company has recently developed silicon, p-n, junction
photodiodes with stable, theoretically predictable quantum
efficiencies in the vacuum-ultraviolet, extreme-ultraviolet, and
soft x-ray (XUV) spectral regions, thereby leading to the diodes'
use to establish an independent responsivity scale in these
spectral regions. However, the developed diodes are sensitive to
visible and near-infrared photons, which limits their versatility
in many applications. This project will limit the bandwidth of the
XUV photodiodes at selected extreme ultraviolet wavelengths by
direct deposition of thin film filters. Phase I will investigate
the fabrication of visible-blind, XUV silicon diodes with
tellurium, titanium, tin, and aluminum-tin thin-film filters to
obtain pass bands in 300 to 400 �, 400 to 500 �, 550 to 780 �, and
530 to 720 �, respectively. Phase II will investigate the direct
deposition of interference filters for narrower pass bands in the
vacuum and extreme ultraviolet region. In space research, these
integrated detector-filter devices are in better than presently
used, separate, free-standing thin-foil filters and detectors
because they are more compact, bandpass stable, flexible, and
reliable, as well as more easily manufactured and handled. This
performance improvement occurs because the device's filter
thickness is determined by the optical constants only and not by
the mechanical strength requirement.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The developed integrated
filter-detector device will have a wide range of applications in
the scientific fields, including soft x-ray radiometry, x-ray
lithography, XUV astronomy, biological imaging in the "water
window", and XUV spectroscopy. XUV spectroscopy is presently being
used to determine chemical reactions at surfaces and chemical
bonding information of different atomic species and to study
spectra of the sun and distant stars.
***
Project Title:
Compact, Reliable Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Source
92-1-08.15-6000A NAS05-32444
Compact, Reliable Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation
Source
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396
Yi-Kang Pu (617-275-6000)
Abstract:
Ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet (UV and VUV) light sources
are needed for space simulation, flight experiments, and
calibration of UV and VUV detection systems used in space science
and plasma diagnostics. However, the performance of current
commercially available UV and VUV radiation sources is limited by
instabilities in lamps, irreproducibility, window deterioration,
uncertain aging characteristics, very narrow beams, and
sensitivity to operating parameters. A compact, vacuum-UV
radiation source based on electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR)
heated plasmas will be developed as a standard light source for
space simulation and flight applications. The plasma will be
produced by microwave heating of electrons. Light output can cover
a wide wavelength range from visible to VUV with a broad uniform
light beam so that UV degradation of large samples can be studied.
This light source would be compact, efficient, inexpensive, and
durable. Phase I will analyze and design the ECR, vacuum-UV
radiation source based on experimental results from our current
ECR source and theoretical calculations. Radiation spectra as a
function of neutral gas pressure will be obtained. A compact ECR
radiation source will be built and tested in Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The VUV radiation source can
be used as an intensity standard for plasma diagnostic calibration
and development of photon detectors and optical components used by
fusion and space science research laboratories and optical compo-
nent manufacturers.
***
Project Title:
Oblique-Angle, Ion-Beam Sputtering for Mirror Finishing and Polishing
92-1-08.15-6000D NAS08-39820
Oblique-Angle, Ion-Beam Sputtering for Mirror
Finishing and Polishing
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396
Charles C. Blatchley (617-275-6000)
Abstract:
The firm will ion mill lightweight metals at cryogenic
temperatures to demonstrate that amorphous surfaces and isotropic
sputtering can be created in this way. If successful, this process
will overcome the principal limitation of ion milling for many
otherwise ideal mirror metals that tend to recrystallize and form
texture due to differential sputtering. For each of several
metals, the project will determine the angle of maximum sputtering
at liquid nitrogen temperature. Since ions reaching the sides of a
crack will necessarily sputter more slowly, typically by a factor
of several times, this relatively oblique angle will rapidly
remove micro-cracks. Asperities can similarly be removed by near-
normal incidence, provided no new features are created in the
process. The combination of select angles and low temperature
should make it possible to ion polish virtually any mirror metal
through an easily automated, highly deterministic process.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The expected result is
computer-controlled, one-load figuring and polishing of optical
components to replace iterative mechanical finishing and
measurement. Space and terrestrial telescopes, guidance, tracking,
and remote imaging systems would benefit from both reductions in
cost and improvements in mirror quality.
***
Project Title:
Thin-Shell Replication of Grazing Incidence Silicon-Carbide Mirrors
92-1-08.15-8112 NAS08-39827
Thin-Shell Replication of Grazing Incidence
Silicon-Carbide Mirrors
Sandia Systems, Inc.
2655-A Pan American Freeway, NE
Albuquerque, NM 87107
Scott R. Wilson (505-343-8112)
Abstract:
This effort will investigate the potential of chemical vapor
deposition (CVD) silicon-carbide (SiC )with ion beam figuring to
provide a fabrication technology for grazing incidence x-ray
mirrors. The main goal of the effort is to develop the substrate
technology for thin shell, very-near-net-shape and/or precision
replication of single mirror elements for a Wolter type-I
telescope. Attainment of this goal would demonstrate significant
cost reduction and improved performance. A further objective is to
design a Wolter type-I mirror for a Phase II demonstration. In
Phase II, elements of a thin-shell design will be fabricated by
the CVD, ion-beam figuring process. Another major portion of the
effort is to demonstrate the applicability of ion beam figuring
for processing the SiC elements, including the effects of a
spatially variant ion beam removal profile.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Thin-shell, low-cost, x-ray
telescope mirrors for focusing synchrotron radiation would be
applicable to biology, geology, materials science, and the
commercialization of x-ray lithography.
***
Project Title:
Ultra-Lightweight, Silicon-Carbide Mirrors for Cryogenic Infrared and Sub-Millimeter Reflectors
92-1-08.16-0204 NAS07-1240
Ultra-Lightweight, Silicon-Carbide Mirrors for
Cryogenic Infrared and Sub-Millimeter Reflectors
and Grazing Incidence Applications
SSG, Inc.
150 Bear Hill Road
Waltham, MA 02154
Michael Anapol (617-890-0204)
Abstract:
NASA's advanced instrumentation requirements call for the
development of large, ultra-low mass mirrors as a replacement for
current glass and beryllium technologies. This project uses
silicon-carbide (SiC) honeycomb, foam, and chemical vapor
composites to achieve a revolutionary reduction in areal density
from current 20 -50 kg/m2 to 2 - 5 kg/m2. The company has demon-
strated near-diffraction-limited performance at < 1 æm at 20 K on
sample lightweight SiC mirrors. An IR&D program has produced a 3-
inch sample mirror weighing only 15 grams and an ultra-lightweight
structural assembly. This project extends the SiC lightweight
mirror development to larger sizes with near-net-shape surfaces.
Another application for SiC composites is grazing incidence EUV
mirrors; forming of the intricate mirror surface to near net shape
is a critical attribute. Thin layers of silicon applied to the
mirror surface easily achieve high quality, low-scatter surfaces
by diamond turning and/or conventional polishing. SiC has superb
stiffness, allows lightweight designs (equal to or better than
beryllium), has superior thermal stability to cryogenic
temperatures, and can be produced at low cost. The demonstration
mirror fabricated in Phase 1 will have a ÷9" diameter with a
weight goal of <0.2 kg.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These mirrors can be used in
infrared reflectors and airborne extreme-ultraviolet telescopes.
***
Project Title:
Concurrent, Local Wavefront Control Algorithms for Segmented Mirrors
92-1-08.16-6357 NAS08-39821
Concurrent, Local Wavefront Control Algorithms for
Segmented Mirrors
Applied Mathematical Physics Research
P.O. Box 383
Lexington, MA 02173
Brian Hatfield (617-862-6357)
Abstract:
Building segmented primary mirrors from small identical
segments allows the construction of large, active, and inexpensive
optical telescopes. If the main purpose of the segmented primary
is to provide atmospheric compensation, e.g., for power beaming,
then diffractive effects which arise from this segmentation must
be accounted for in the segment control objectives. These
diffractive effects must also be considered in the physical design
of the segmented primary mirror. This project addresses a
variational calculation which would be the basis for a PC-based
systems model for use at the system design stage. The systems
model optimizes system performance, defined as the fraction of
power on target for a power beaming system, by varying segment
size, shape, and laser wavelength. Two parallel algorithms for
segment control based on functional methods and a statistical
database will be tested on a simulated segmented mirror (<100 seg-
ments). Phase II plans extend the parallel algorithms to large
mirrors while optimizing parallel communication between segments.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The segmented mirror control
algorithms will have commercial application wherever inexpensive
large optics are required or where compensating optics are needed.
Applications include optical and infrared astronomy on the ground
or in space, wireless power transport, optical communications, and
real-time image recovery.
***
Project Title:
Sub-Wavelength Structured Surfaces for Infrared Optical Elements
92-1-08.16-7990 NAS07-1238
Sub-Wavelength Structured Surfaces for Infrared
Optical Elements
Rochester Photonics Corporation
80 O'Connor Road
Fairport, NY 14450
Dean Faklis (716-377-7900)
Abstract:
An important innovation for infrared optical systems is the
use of sub-wavelength-period diffractive structures for the
synthesis of polarizers, beamsplitters, and graded-phase optics.
By patterning a substrate with a sub-wavelength-period structure,
one can synthesize an effective refractive index distribution to
implement certain optical functions including antireflection
surfaces. This project's approach will be based on one- and two-
dimensional, binary- and multi-phase-level diffraction gratings to
synthesize various optical elements for the thermal infrared
spectrum. A series of computer simulations, using rigorous
coupled-wave theory and effective medium theory, will be
performed. The dependence on such grating parameters as groove
depth, duty cycle, and wavelength will be analyzed. Manufacturing
constraints will be integrated into the designs, and key
technologies required for fabrication of these advanced optical
elements will be identified. Phase II will develop, fabricate, and
test lightweight, infrared optical elements.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Sub-wavelength structured
surfaces may offer superior optical solutions for infrared sensor
systems with applications in low observable technology, improving
the efficiency of solar radiation detectors, high-density WORM
optical data storage, and fiber-optics-based biosensors.
***
Project Title:
Collimators for X-Ray, Gamma Ray, and Neutron Astronomy
92-1-08.17-6484 NAS05-32410
Collimators for X-Ray, Gamma Ray, and Neutron
Astronomy
Artep, Inc.
6432 Elffolk Terrace
Columbia, MD 21045
Ronen Feldman (410-381-6484)
Abstract:
This project will develop a technique that will enable the
construction of very-high-precision collimators with diameters of
at least 10 cm. The collimators will be capable of modulating 90
percent or more of gamma rays to 200 MeV and neutrons to 500 MeV.
The collimators will be constructed from thin foils of high
density metal (presumably tungsten). The foils will be assembled
to form collimators with slit dimensions equal to the foil
thicknesses. The foil thickness can be 20 microns or wider. The
foils will be held together by low-Z spacers, which will obscure
in the visible less than 50 percent of the slits' field-of-view
for 20-micron foils and less than 25 percent of the field-of-view
for 100-micron foils. The standard deviation of misplacing the
foils in the collimator assembly, which is defined as the differ-
ence between the measured and the ideal locations, will be less
than 10 percent of the collimators pitch (foil plus slit widths)
for the 20-micron-foil assemblies and on the order of 5 percent
for the 100-micron-foil assemblies.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: High-precision collimators may
be used in laboratory x-ray and gamma-ray imaging of radiation
emitted by accelerators or in future, modulating, Fourier
transform microscopes which may be employed in medical and
metallurgical applications. Future NASA missions may use
collimators for imaging high-energy radiation from astrophysical
objects. In particular, the collimator can be used on the high-
energy solar physics (HESP) satellite.
***
Project Title:
High-Power, Single-Mode Diode Lasers for 2 to 5 æm
92-1-08.18-0610 NAS07-1208
High-Power, Single-Mode Diode Lasers for 2 to 5 æm
Sensors Unlimited, Inc.
3490 U.S. Route 1
Princeton, NJ 08540
Gregory H. Olsen (609-520-0610)
Abstract:
GaInAsSb diode lasers will be fabricated for the 2 - 5 æm
mid-infrared spectrum. This project will develop a method to grow
these materials, both n- and p-type, by metalorganic chemical
vapor deposition (MOCVD). Although MOCVD is the preferred
fabrication method for diode lasers, due to its uniformity and
manufacturing potential, no one to date has been able to grow n-
type AlGaAsSb with more than 15 percent Sb (it always grows p-
type). To accomplish this tasks, a radically new generator of
stibine (SbH3) gas, along with recently developed metalorganic
precursors of Al- and Ga-compounds, will be used. Methyl
precursors of Al, Ga, and Sb are believed responsible for the
carbon incorporation that dopes the alloys p-type. Phase I will
grow both n- and p-type AlGaAsSb and GaInAsSb, from which 3.5 æm
lattice-matched lasers could be grown on GaSb substrates. Phase II
will optimize other alloy compositions and device structures to
make high-power, single-mode lasers for 2 to 5 æm emission at 200 -
300 K.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The use of MOCVD to produce
AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb semiconductor lasers would reduce their cost so
that they could supplant lead-salt lasers, which are the only ones
now commercially available for 2 to 5 æm, although they have
reliability problems, low power output, modal instabilities, and
require cryogenic cooling.
***
Project Title:
Optical Fiber Pre-Amplifier for Infrared Detectors
92-1-08.20-0755 NAS05-32428
Optical Fiber Pre-Amplifier for Infrared Detectors
Lightwave Electronics Corporation
1161 San Antonio Road
Mountain View, CA 94043
Henry Plaessmann (415-962-0755)
Abstract:
The project will develop a diode-laser-pumped, Nd2O3-doped,
phosphate glass, single-mode-fiber pre-amplifier operating at
1.054 æm. The innovative aspect of the design is a pumping cavity.
To make the pre-amplifier, a length of doped fiber is contained in
a small volume. Next, the cavity is pumped by a high-power diode
laser designed so that the pumped light cannot escape. Eventually,
all the pump energy is absorbed by the Nd2O3-doped core. With a
pump power of 500 mW and a 30 percent absorption efficiency, the
expected gain is > 30 dB, the bandwidth is 10 GHz, and the DC-
input equivalent dark signal is 2 nW. The design is compact and
efficient, has an excellent lifetime, and is limited only by those
systems which require detection of very weak signals such as those
used in long distance communications and sensing. A single-mode-
fiber pre-amplifier offers high gain, high sensitivity, and high
bandwidth. The pre-amplifier is also suitable for laser
amplification and laser oscillation as well. The Phase I objective
is to determine the feasibility of the pump cavity concept. Next,
the project will design, construct, and demonstrate a fiber pre-
amplifier based on the pump cavity with performance approaching
the above values. Laser performance will be demonstrated and
characterized as well.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Single-mode fiber pre-
amplifiers and lasers are useful for long-distance, free-space,
and fiber-optic communications; free-space and fiber-optic
sensing; and optical ranging.
***
Project Title:
Optical Fiber Pre-Amplifier for Infrared Detectors
92-1-08.20-0755 NAS05-32428
Optical Fiber Pre-Amplifier for Infrared Detectors
Lightwave Electronics Corporation
1161 San Antonio Road
Mountain View, CA 94043
Henry Plaessmann (415-962-0755)
Abstract:
The project will develop a diode-laser-pumped, Nd2O3-doped,
phosphate glass, single-mode-fiber pre-amplifier operating at
1.054 æm. The innovative aspect of the design is a pumping cavity.
To make the pre-amplifier, a length of doped fiber is contained in
a small volume. Next, the cavity is pumped by a high-power diode
laser designed so that the pumped light cannot escape. Eventually,
all the pump energy is absorbed by the Nd2O3-doped core. With a
pump power of 500 mW and a 30 percent absorption efficiency, the
expected gain is > 30 dB, the bandwidth is 10 GHz, and the DC-
input equivalent dark signal is 2 nW. The design is compact and
efficient, has an excellent lifetime, and is limited only by those
systems which require detection of very weak signals such as those
used in long distance communications and sensing. A single-mode-
fiber pre-amplifier offers high gain, high sensitivity, and high
bandwidth. The pre-amplifier is also suitable for laser
amplification and laser oscillation as well. The Phase I objective
is to determine the feasibility of the pump cavity concept. Next,
the project will design, construct, and demonstrate a fiber pre-
amplifier based on the pump cavity with performance approaching
the above values. Laser performance will be demonstrated and
characterized as well.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Single-mode fiber pre-
amplifiers and lasers are useful for long-distance, free-space,
and fiber-optic communications; free-space and fiber-optic
sensing; and optical ranging.
***
Project Title:
Stabilized Diode Laser for Laser Metrology
92-1-08.20-7786A NAS05-32419
Stabilized Diode Laser for Laser Metrology
Environmental Optical Sensors, Inc.
3704 North 26th Street
Boulder, CO 80302
S. Eric Wheatly (303-440-7786)
Abstract:
NASA requires compact, rugged optical sources which have a
stable reproducible center frequency and a long coherence length
(narrow linewidth) for laser metrology applications. This project
will use a Doppler-free, two-photon absorption (DF2PA) transition
in an alkali vapor as an absolute frequency reference that in turn
is used with negative electrical feedback to stabilize a diode
laser and narrow its linewidth. This approach offers a wider
choice of wavelengths (including visible) than an approach using a
saturated resonance line. The objectives in Phase I are to
demonstrate stabilization and line narrowing using DF2PA, to
identify and minimize the factors which affect the absolute
stability of the laser, and to build a compact prototype packaged
laser using this approach. The Phase I effort includes modeling
specific 2PA transitions, constructing and evaluating various
reference cells, and constructing a prototype packaged laser. The
result of Phase I will be operational prototype laser hardware and
an understanding of how to design flight-qualified hardware to
NASA specifications. The availability of a space-qualified
stabilized diode laser will be useful to NASA for laser metrology,
especially absolute distance measurements in space to assist in
assembly of structures. Other applications include improved
optical sensors, remote sensing, and communication.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial
applications for stabilized lasers are precision metrology (such
as distance measurement), fiber optic sensors (such as laser
gyroscopes), and wideband optical communications systems.
***
Project Title:
Visible Laser Diodes Operating from 0.45 to 0.7 æm
92-1-08.20-9411 NAS05-32442
Visible Laser Diodes Operating from 0.45 to 0.7 æm
Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.
80 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134
Jo S. Major, Jr. (408-943-9411)
Abstract:
This project will develop visible semi-conductor laser
materials and devices spanning the wavelength range of 0.45 to 0.7
microns. The approach allows for lattice-matched growth of high-
bandgap III-V semiconductors on lattice-matched III-V substrates
with similar processing parameters to that of GaAs. It is
anticipated that efficient generation will span the entire visible
spectrum. Laser diodes fabricated in high-bandgap III-V materials
will represent a breakthrough technology resulting in the
development of reliable visible laser diodes that operate CW at
elevated temperatures and high power.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These compact visible sources
will find applications in the technology bases of NASA, the U.S.
military, and the world marketplace. Specific applications for
visible light emitters include illuminators, high-density optical
storage, high-temperature electronic devices, visual displays,
color printing, color reprographics, media-specific electronic
communication links, and medical applications. NASA will be able
to use the visible laser diodes for high-brightness visible
displays, illuminators, and high-performance optical data read-
write operations.
***
Project Title:
A Rugged, Compact, Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometer
92-1-08.21-0610 NAS07-1230
A Rugged, Compact, Near-Infrared Reflectance
Spectrometer
Sensors Unlimited, Inc.
3490 U.S. Route 1
Princeton, NJ 08540
Marshall J. Cohen (609-520-0610)
Abstract:
A compact, low-power, near-infrared reflectance spectrometer
will be developed for use in spacecraft missions. The innovation
consists of integrating a custom-designed, dielectric stack
"wedge-filter" with a low-noise, room-temperature InGaAs
photodiode array. In Phase I, a prototype system for the 0.9 to
1.7 æm wavelength band will be built and delivered. In Phase II, a
complete system for 0.9 to 2.5 æm, including all hardware and
associated electronics, will be built and delivered.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This spectrometer will have
such terrestrial industrial applications as the determination of
the water content of grains and food products, the on-line
measurement of the octane rating of gasoline, the measurement of
the alcohol content of beverages, and the control of coating
processes.
***
Project Title:
A Very Compact, Light-Weight, High-Speed, Rugged, Near-Infrared Spectrometer
92-1-08.21-7200 NAS07-1209
A Very Compact, Light-Weight, High-Speed,
Rugged, Near-Infrared Spectrometer
Brimrose Corporation of America
5020 Campbell Boulevard, Suite E
Baltimore, MD 21236
Sean X. Wang (301-931-7200)
Abstract:
This project will develop a miniature infrared spectrometer
based on an integrated-optic, acousto-optic tunable filter
(IOAOTF) fabricated in an optical waveguide. The optical spectral
analysis is accomplished by the TE-TM mode conversion in the
optical waveguide due to the anisotropic acousto-optic
interaction. The fast wavelength tuning (10 æs) with narrow
passband (several nm) over a wide bandwidth (0.9 to 2.5 æm) is
made possible by an acoustic dynamic grating controlled by simply
changing the acoustic frequency. In combining state-of-the-art
guide-wave technology, integrated optics, and acousto-optics, this
IOAOTF infrared spectrometer offers advantages of light weight
(<1 gram), small size (10 x 5 x 1 mm), low power consumption
(<100 mW), high sensitivity, reliability, ruggedness, self-
calibration, and potentially very low cost.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The device will have
applications in remote sensing, chemical process control, medical
diagnostics, and control and monitoring of environmental
pollutants and contaminants.
***
Project Title:
A Simultaneous, Electronically Variable, Multi-Spectral Imaging System
92-1-08.22-8181 NAS07-1222
A Simultaneous, Electronically Variable,
Multi-Spectral Imaging System
Photonic Systems, Inc./MVM Electronics, Inc.
1800 Penn Street, Suite 4B
Melbourne, FL 32901-2625
Manhar L. Shah (407-984-8181)
Abstract:
This project will develop a simultaneous, electronically
variable, multi-spectral imaging system using two polychromatic
acousto-optic tunable filters and a set of dichroic beam
separators. The approach offers advantages in simplicity,
electronic tunability, large field-of-view, small size, and high
optical throughput that make it highly desirable for spaceborne
applications. The system will be designed to obtain twelve narrow-
band images in two groups for two polarizations at six spectral
positions that can be varied over a designated range without any
dead region within the visible range. This system is expected to
provide maximum flexibility, minimum size, and lower power
consumption. In addition, the orthogonally polarized,
simultaneous, narrow-band images and experience with charge-
coupled-device array control and image acquisition will enhance
the system's polarimetric, analytic, and image processing
capabilities.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A simultaneous, multi-spectral
imaging system, with its parallel processing capabilities, would
be a powerful tool for understanding and analyzing the composition
of galaxies, the atmosphere and terrain of planets, and rocks; the
dynamics of weather, explosions, and flames; and the distribution
of crops, minerals, and pollutants. Uses in chemistry, mining,
metals, ceramics, drugs, image processing, and mapping are also
possible.
***
Project Title:
Optical Sensor Calibration by the Touchstone Technique
92-1-08.24-2116 NAS13-556
Optical Sensor Calibration by the Touchstone
Technique
Computer Optics, Inc.
120 Derry Road
Hudson, NH 03051
Jack Schwartz (603-889-2116)
Abstract:
In Phase I, non-invasive optical sensors will be calibrated
by a unique method of applying interpolating transformations
anchored by calibration points. This sensor characterization
method is called the Touchstone technique of calibration.
Calibration in the optical spectrum requires two disciplines:
understanding the nature of electro-optical signal generation and
the mechanism of precise correction of the sensor output for the
known input signal. Normally, point by point corrections do not
automatically apply between calibration points. With the
Touchstone technique, maximum errors between these points are
controlled. For each desired sensor response characteristic,
position, intensity, MTF, field-of-view, and S/N, suitable test
inputs and a corresponding mapping algorithm will be designed
using the Touchstone technique. This dynamic calibration system
will be directly applicable to NASA requirements for calibrated
sensors for the visible, near-infrared, and far-infrared spectral
ranges.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include
calibration devices for the machine vision industry and the
automotive, aircraft, pharmaceutical, and electronics industries.
Other uses are in measurement of steel sheet, wire, pharmaceutical
units, and micro-electronic circuit production lines.
***
Project Title:
An Adaptive Filter Approach to Auto-Calibration of Spectroscopic Instruments
92-1-08.24-2650 NAS13-554
An Adaptive Filter Approach to Auto-Calibration of
Spectroscopic Instruments
Biotronics Technologies, Inc.
W226 N555B East Mound Drive
Waukesha, WI 53186
Kenneth J. Schlager (414-896-2650)
Abstract:
Spectroscopic instruments used in chemical analysis have made
significant advances in "re-agentless" quantitative assays
performed in industrial, environmental, medical, and space
applications. These instruments are noninvasive because they
perform measurements nondestructively and without interference to
the process. While progress has been particularly noteworthy in
the near infrared spectral region, quantitative spectrometric
analysis has been handicapped by the continuing need for complex
calibration procedures. Typical regimens require 50 to 200 labeled
samples in "learning sets" to calibrate each instrument. These
calibration procedures must also be repeated periodically to
reflect changes in process characteristics or instrument drift.
The goal of this project is to develop a new approach to
spectroscopic instrument calibration that does not require
multiple labeled samples. This new technique is based on adaptive
filter technology that allows the instrument to continually re-
adjust its calibration in the field. The only exogenous input
requirement is a standard spectrum of each sample of interest.
This innovation in calibration promises to greatly expand the
applications of many forms of spectrometry in quantitative
analysis.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Adaptive spectroscopic
calibration will greatly expand the market for on-line and
noninvasive near-infrared absorption, ultraviolet-visible
absorption, fluorometric, and atomic-emission spectrometry in
environmental, medical, industrial, and space applications.
***
Project Title:
Hydrogen-Chloride Sensor Based on Conducting Polymers
92-1-08.25-9049 NAS13-555
Hydrogen-Chloride Sensor Based on Conducting
Polymers
Gumbs Association, Inc.
11 Harts Lane
East Brunswick, NJ 08816
Guang-Way Jang (908-257-9049)
Abstract:
The project addresses the problem of monitoring the emissions
from the exhaust plumes of solid rocket propellant engines. The
approach involves sensitive hydrogen-chloride (HCl) sensor systems
that consist of arrays of basic sensor cells constructed using
chemical-electrical response characteristics of conducting poly-
mers. The concept is based on the very sensitive and highly
reversible dependence of electrical conductivity and absorption
peak of certain conducting polymers when exposed to HCl gas. The
specific conducting polymer systems to be studied include
polyaniline, substituted polyaniline, and poly(diphenylamine).
Other -NH- bridged conducting polymers will also be examined to
optimize the desired operational characteristics of sensor
systems. The resulting protonation and/or doping of the -N= sites
leads to characteristic conductivity versus HCl concentration
curves, which can be calibrated to produce reliable instantaneous
readings of the HCl concentrations at various points in the active
rocket exhaust area. It should be possible to couple highly
sensitive nuclear-magnetic-resonance microprobes to the sensor
cells to monitor quantitatively the proton levels in the sensor
elements.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The technology has wide
applicability and commercial potential for chemical and
biochemical sensors, including gases, vapors, smokes and other
contaminants. Using a matrix of microsensor elements, the
technology can be extended to sense chemical compounds with
specific structures.
***
Project Title:
Surface Acoustic Wave Device as Micro-Deposition Sensor
92-1-08.26-0099 NASW-4783
Surface Acoustic Wave Device as Micro-Deposition
Sensor
Microsensor Systems, Inc.
62 Corporate Court
Bowling Green, KY 42103
H. Wohltjen (502-745-0099)
Abstract:
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology is a promising
approach for the development of microsensors for monitoring the
deposition of small amounts of ion-sputtered material in a
spacecraft environment. SAW sensors and their supporting
electronics have the inherent advantages of being very small,
lightweight, low power, and low cost. They can also accurately
detect changes in mass of deposited material of 1 nanogram or
less. The only disadvantage of SAW sensors is their known
temperature sensitivity. Therefore, this project will develop a
method for reducing the effect of the temperature of SAW sensors
over the temperature range anticipated for spacecraft
applications. Many approaches will be used to reduce SAW
temperature dependence: selection of a quartz substrate with well-
characterized temperature response, active control and measurement
of the SAW surface temperature, and development of a temperature
compensation algorithm to correct automatically for any residual
temperature dependence.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Reduction or elimination of
SAW temperature sensitivity will greatly extend the technology's
range of commercial application for environmental and industrial
monitoring.
***
Project Title:
A 200 MHz Surface-Acoustic-Wave Resonator Micro-Deposition Monitor
92-1-08.26-6239 NAS07-1228
A 200 MHz Surface-Acoustic-Wave Resonator
Micro-Deposition Monitor
Femtometrics
1001 West 17th Street, Suite R
Costa Mesa, CA 92627
W.D. Bowers (714-722-6239)
Abstract:
The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been the accepted
instrument to monitor molecular deposition on a spacecraft surface
so that the level of surface contamination can be determined. The
mass sensitivity of the present QCM, 0.23 Hz cm2/nanogram for a 10
MHz crystal, cannot meet the 1 nanogram/cm2 required by NASA. A
new type of piezoelectric crystal, a 200 MHz surface-acoustic-wave
(SAW) resonator, piezoelectric crystal, could increase the mass
sensitivity two orders of magnitude over the conventional bulk
crystals. A 200 MHz, SAW-resonator, mass microbalance has been
developed for aerosol measurements and could be used to measure
microdepositions. With a sensitivity of 90 Hz cm2/nanogram, such a
SAW device can monitor the 1 nanogram/cm2 deposits with a
frequency shift of 90 Hz, which is about 400 times that of a
10 MHz bulk crystal (per unit area). By transferring the firm's
SAW mass microbalance technology and by using the existing QCM
technology, an efficient and cost-effective program is possible to
develop a small, lightweight, space-certifiable microdeposition
monitor.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A small, lightweight, space-
certified, SAW-resonator microdeposition monitor would provide an
economical, compact, reliable, and extremely sensitive instrument
to measure molecular mass deposition in both vacuum chambers and
space simulation chambers, and in applications such as the space
station.
***
Project Title:
Feedback-Controlled, MetalOrganic-Chemical-Vapor- Deposition Reactor for the Indium-Gallium-
92-1-08.27-6000 NAS07-1210
Feedback-Controlled, MetalOrganic-Chemical-Vapor-
Deposition Reactor for the Indium-Gallium-
Arsenic-Phosphorus Materials System
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396
Nasser H. Karam (617-275-6000)
Abstract:
MetalOrganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is the leading
material technology for fabricating III-V multilayer structures
for semiconductor devices. Whereas these devices require precise
control of composition and thickness to maintain high yield and
performance, current MOCVD growth processes operate in an uncon-
trolled mode and require frequent calibration runs to maintain
reproducibility. These deficiencies result in reduced yield and
throughput and, therefore, increased costs. The goal of Phase I is
to identify and demonstrate the feasibility of compatible sensor
technologies which can provide in-situ monitoring and feedback
control of wafer growth in the InGaAs(P)/InP material system. The
approach will implement two types of sensors. The first measures
the concentration of the reactant sources in the gas phase. This
information is then used to provide real-time control for the
growth-rates and compositions of the deposited thin films. The
second sensor is a wafer that measures thicknesses and
compositions of films as they are deposited. The project will
design a highly uniform, single-wafer, reaction chamber that
incorporates the control sensors. Next, Phase I will establish the
feasibility of the key sensors by conducting a breadboard
demonstration. In Phase II, the reaction chamber will be built and
real-time feedback control will be demonstrated.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Development of a feedback-
controlled reactor will significantly advance the state-of-the-art
in MOCVD materials growth. Feedback-controlled reactors will be
attractive to manufacturers of multi-layer III-V devices such as
diode lasers and solar cells. Additionally, the ability to produce
complex structures at significantly improved yields will result in
the lower cost of commercial wafers.
***
Project Title:
X-Ray Analysis of Materials Degradation in Space
92-1-08.28-7780 NASW-4787
X-Ray Analysis of Materials Degradation in Space
Advanced Research & Applications Corporation
425 Lakeside Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Jonathan A. Kerner (408-733-7780)
Abstract:
The project will develop and demonstrate a portable, x-ray
dispersive analysis instrument which supports the non-intrusive
characterization of the chemical degradation of materials in
space. The instrument integrates a powerful chemical-state
analysis capability into a portable, space-deployed package. The
objective of the Phase I project is to establish the sensitivity
of the instrument to the surface chemical state of a
representative spacecraft material, a thermal control film. To
achieve this objective, the Phase I effort will assemble, operate,
and analyze data produced by a breadboard instrument. The
anticipated result of the project will be an experimental database
that supports selection of applications for the instrument in
Phase II. This project will give NASA a new capability for
conducting non-intrusive maintenance examinations during long-
duration missions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The x-ray dispersive analysis
instrument is expected to serve multiple process-control and
quality-assurance non-destructive examination roles in the
semiconductor device and other materials-intensive industries and
to support portable monitoring applications for environmental
compliance.
***
Project Title:
Detection of Thermal Damage in Space Vehicles Using A Fourier-Transform-Raman Spectrometer
92-1-08.28-9806 NASW-4796
Detection of Thermal Damage in Space Vehicles
Using A Fourier-Transform-Raman Spectrometer
Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
P.O. Box 380379
East Hartford, CT 06138-0379
Stuart Farquharson (203-528-9806)
Abstract:
A number of advanced, fiber-reinforced, organic-matrix
composites are being developed and applied in the aerospace
industry. In these applications, the composites may be exposed to
a variety of harsh environments that may induce chemical and
physical changes in the composite material and ultimately lead to
component failure. Therefore, the successful use of these
composites requires methods to reliably detect and assess these
changes. Although numerous techniques have been developed and
employed to analyze the chemical, physical, and mechanical
properties of composites as well as to define material flaws, none
of these techniques is amenable to at-site inspection of in-use
components with the capability of assessing the effect of damage
on future product performance. This project will develop and
employ a fiber-optic-based, Fourier-transform-Raman spectrometer
for the nondestructive evaluation of thermally damaged composite
materials. The system will correlate thermally induced changes in
Raman spectral features to changes in mechanical properties.
During Phase I, these measurements will be used to quantify the
degree of thermal damage. During Phase II, this information will
be used to develop a methodology to predict future component
performance. Also during Phase II, a prototype instrument with an
extended fiber optic probe will be developed with the potential of
accessing an entire space vehicle.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The anticipated result of this
project is an instrument with a flexible sample probe capable of
assessing the effect of thermal damage on future performance of
composite materials. It could also be applied to the analysis and
assessment of a broad range of composite and substrate materials.
Because the instrument is designed to be rugged, portable, and
user friendly and can perform analysis in near real-time, it is
capable of use in process-control situations.
***
Project Title:
Robust Control Integration Software for Spacecraft Applications
92-1-09.02-0092 NAS05-32405
Robust Control Integration Software for Spacecraft
Applications
American GNC Corporation
9131 Mason Avenue
Chatsworth, CA 91311
Ching-Fang Lin (818-407-0092)
Abstract:
Future spacecraft are required to have high precision in the
presence of disturbances, uncertainties, and component failures.
Consequently, the task of modeling and control becomes extremely
demanding. To be developed in this project, a package of robust
control integration software that augments the existing inter-
active control analysis (INCA) program will provide a set of
robust control design and modeling methods using a unified
algorithm and common framework. It will be able to perform linear
quadratic Gaussian design, Hì design, æ synthesis, covariance
control, mixed H2/Hì design, robust eigenstructure assignment,
mixed Hì/Hì design, positivity design, and many others for large
order space systems. The software also features an interactive
interface so that the control analysis and design of space systems
can be simplified. The deliverables include a design and analysis
tool that is totally compatible with the existing INCA program,
together with comprehensive documentation and training courses.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The development of the robust
control integration software can significantly enhance the
spacecraft control analysis capability. The tool will be
commercialized for other control-related applications.
***
Project Title:
Robust Control Design by Q-Parameterization
92-1-09.02-5500 NAS05-32447
Robust Control Design by Q-Parameterization
Swales & Association, Inc.
5050 Powder Mill Road
Beltsville, MD 20705
Nicholas G. Stamatakos (301-595-5500)
Abstract:
As stability and performance specifications for controls
systems become more and more challenging, controls designers will
be forced to implement complex, multivariable control laws. This
trend has created the need to upgrade software tools, such as
interactive controls analysis (INCA), to incorporate these new
control methodologies as they are being developed and implemented
for aerospace and other engineering applications. Currently,
system or component transfer functions are entered to
mathematically model control systems in INCA. The new control
methodologies require that the system dynamics be modeled in
state-space form. The objective of this project will be to modify
INCA to accept input for a control system model in state-space
form, to convert transfer functions to state-space (and vice
versa), and to implement robust control laws first for SISO
(single input, single output) systems and then for MIMO (multi
input, multi output) systems in Phases II and III. Once developed
and tested, these additions to INCA will give the controls
engineer a tool for developing and implementing robust control
methodologies for control systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The software developed will be
useful in government and commercial applications requiring
classical and/or modern design techniques (e.g., unmanned
spacecraft, payload pointing systems, instrument control systems,
aircraft, factory automation). The software will serve as a useful
learning tool for engineers and graduate controls students.
***
Project Title:
Integrated Control System for Aerospace Plane Using Stochastic Nonlinear Optimal Control
92-1-09.03-9106 NAS01-19892
Integrated Control System for Aerospace Plane
Using Stochastic Nonlinear Optimal Control
Neurodyne, Inc.
8 Marlborough Street, Suite 4
Boston, MA 02116
Theresa W. Long (617-437-9106)
Abstract:
The design of the vehicle control system for an aerospace
plane presents a tremendous challenge due to the strong coupling
between translational, rotational, structural, thermal and engine
dynamics and control, and the extensive range of operating
conditions. While the conventional approach begins by dividing the
overall vehicle control task into subtasks, this approach must be
augmented with higher level controllers that coordinate the lower
level controllers and insure that more global control system
requirements are achieved, such as adaptation and fault tolerance.
This effort will develop and evaluate an integrated controls
approach that combines optimal control methods with neural-
network-based system identification. These techniques will be
applied to the NASA-Langley hypersonic vehicle model. The
investigators will leverage current research programs in neural
computing applications to integrated flight and propulsion control
and NASP thermal management. The system will be developed to
integrate with the ascent guidance logic in a hierarchical manner
using an inner-outer loop configuration developed by the firm for
decentralized control of distributed coolant flow for hypersonic
vehicles.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Adaptation of control systems
to unanticipated changes in aircraft dynamics provides not only a
method for optimal performance over the life of the engine but the
potential ability to reconfigure integrated flight and propulsion
control laws in the event of in-flight damage or failure.
Furthermore, the development of neural software-hardware
optimization methods could significantly enhance future mission
effectiveness of NASA and commercial flight vehicles.
***
Project Title:
Intelligent Spacecraft Guidance and Control
92-1-09.04-0092 NAS07-1212
Intelligent Spacecraft Guidance and Control
American GNC Corporation
9131 Mason Avenue
Chatsworth, CA 91311
Ching-Fang Lin (818-407-0092)
Abstract:
Future spacecraft are required to achieve pinpoint accuracy
in the presence of onboard disturbances, uncertainties, and
component failures. The design challenges of precision control,
structural vibration suppression, health monitoring, autonomous
operation under an unknown dynamic model, severe disturbances,
significant uncertainties, and unexpected failures are
accommodated using an intelligent control approach. The
intelligent, fuzzy neural system is able to identify on-line the
multivariable dynamics of the spacecraft; realize the robust
stabilization and slewing control requirements; detect, isolate,
and accommodate faults in real time; and perform autonomous
decision-making and control operations. The intelligent control
approach can improve the precision control, fault tolerance,
reliability, availability, and life-cycle cost effectiveness of
future space systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The development of intelligent
control technologies can be applied to many industrial and
commercial systems. The fuzzy neural controller can be used for
flying vehicle stability margin augmentation, ground vehicle
active suspension control, and underwater vehicle acoustic level
reduction. The product developed can also be used for the design
of autonomous systems.
***
Project Title:
A Low-Cost, Feedback-Controlled, Anti-Gravity Suspension System
92-1-09.05-0540 NAS01-19897
A Low-Cost, Feedback-Controlled, Anti-Gravity
Suspension System
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
Richard L. Hockney (617-661-0540)
Abstract:
A system is needed to simulate the unconstrained boundary
conditions of orbital flight in ground vibration testing on a
variety of highly flexible (low frequency) structures. Existing
approaches introduce undesirable mass, damping, and stiffness into
the test article-suspension device system, reducing the
effectiveness and validity of the ground tests. The company will
develop a suspension system for simulating on-orbit boundary
conditions in dynamic testing of very low frequency structures.
The suspension device consists of low-cost cable support modules
that actively control the support cable tension to a precise,
constant value. These modules are capable of providing vertical
rigid-body suspension frequencies low enough to isolate highly
flexible structures without adding unwanted mass, stiffness or
damping. The suspension device will allow unconstrained vertical
test article motion of +/- 6 inches, a large enough envelope to
perform meaningful vibration tests. The device will also be able
to operate in a vacuum chamber without significant loss of
performance. Phase I will include construction and testing of a
single-point suspension device for proof-of-concept demonstration.
Phase II will develop the concept into a full system using
multiple devices of the same design.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A convenient means of testing
light, flexible space structures in a one-gravity environment
offers many advantages to commercial or federal organizations
involved in building and testing structures for use in a zero-
gravity environment. The low-cost, feedback-controlled, anti-
gravity suspension system offers an "off the shelf" modular means
of achieving this aim and distinct technical advantages compared
to existing facilities and concepts.
***
Project Title:
Graphical Interactive Control Design and Implementation Environment
92-1-09.05-1500 NAS01-19891
Graphical Interactive Control Design and
Implementation Environment
Integrated Systems, Inc.
3260 Jay Street
Santa Clara, CA 95054-3309
Robert L. Kosut (408-980-1500)
Abstract:
This project will develop an integrated control design and
real-time implementation environment. The user will interact
solely through a high-level, graphical user-interface and will no
longer need to know the low-level functionalities. With this type
of environment, the control designer can focus on the specific
design problem at hand. The complexity of the underlying tool is
advantageous because less conservative control design problems can
be formulated. The problem is posed and solved without being
overloaded by the details of the underlying toolbox. The
environment will prove its efficacy by its ease in handling
repetitive design and implementation stages for large space
structure problems. Phase I will research the feasibility of such
an environment with currently available tools. Phase II will
develop and test software on an actual system using real-time
hardware.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The potential product from
this work will complement the newly developing, object-oriented,
computer-aided control system design tools. Such tools will impact
significantly on prototyping and real-time implementation for
commercial and government applications.
***
Project Title:
Unobtrusive Sensor and Effector Technology with Optical Applications
92-1-09.06-0520 NAS08-39836
Unobtrusive Sensor and Effector Technology with
Optical Applications
Garman Systems, Inc.
One Blue Ridge Court
Getzville, NY 14068
Marco D'Amore (615-343-0520)
Abstract:
This project's goal is to develop an unobtrusive sensor and
effector (USE) to provide nanometer-level displacement control
with bandwidths to 20 kHz and beyond. The effector will need a
displacement of 20 micrometers with a resolution of 20 nanometers.
A self-sensing circuit will allow a single active element to serve
as both a sensor and an actuator for this device. This self-
sensing actuator generates both position and time rate of position
signals. A simple proportional-derivative or a proportional-
integral-derivative control in the system will set performance
parameters such as settling time and overshoot. Various smart
and/or active materials, such as piezoceramics and
electrostrictives, will be investigated for application in the
USE. Smart materials have hysteresis between the applied voltage
and displacement; this project will determine the degree to which
this displacement effect will change the utility of the
servomechanism. The USE actuator will then be incorporated into
the design of a precisely controlled, optical antenna subsegment.
This work will provide a feasibility study for the development of
the USE and determine if both the USE and the antenna subsegment
can meet their targeted specifications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Although the work will
investigate its application to adaptive optical systems, the USE
device has potential applications in both acoustics and as a
micromanipulator. The self-sensing technology that allows a single
active element to act both as a sensor and an actuator will be
developed for commercial applications.
***
Project Title:
Passive and Active Damping Enhancement Using Magnetostrictive Transduction
92-1-09.06-0540 NAS08-39828
Passive and Active Damping Enhancement Using
Magnetostrictive Transduction
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
Ralph C. Fenn (617-661-0540)
Abstract:
The controller-to-mass ratio of space structures can be
reduced by devices which combine sensing and actuation functions.
Magnetostrictive materials are well-suited for self-sensing but
have typically been used only for actuation. "Reverse"
transduction from the mechanical into the electrical domain
presents the opportunity to remove large amounts of strain energy
from the magnetostrictive material and the adjacent structure.
This project describes how the effective material loss factor of a
magnetostrictive material can be very high when used with a
passive dissipation network. This method of damping is superior to
competing piezoelectric, viscoelastic, and proof-mass dampers
because of its low mass, low volume, durability, mechanical
simplicity, low voltages, remote dissipation capability, and
temperature insensitivity. This project will also address the use
of magnetostrictive transducers to sense strain rate for active
damping enhancement. Both techniques will provide high damping,
bandwidth, and resolution in a low mass device suitable for use in
space structures. This work includes modeling and optimizing a
passive magnetostrictive damper. A magnetostrictive strut will
also be modeled as a velocity sensor, optimized for active
control, and tested for its validity. A Phase II application will
be determined, and a baseline configuration and network will be
designed. The expected result will be a low mass, self-sensing
magnetostrictive damper design with high loss factors, high
bandwidth, and high resolution.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The magnetostrictive damper
will be dramatically lighter, smaller, mechanically simpler, and
less temperature sensitive than existing designs. Lightly damped
structures such as robotic arms will benefit from the design's
high damping, low mass, small size, and zero backlash. Machinery
and vehicle vibrations and noise will be damped by
magnetostrictive struts used as mounts and structural members.
***
Project Title:
Packaging of Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuits for Space-Based Applications
92-1-09.07-0200 NAS05-32434
Packaging of Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuits for
Space-Based Applications
Optivision, Inc.
4009 Miranda Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Robert F. Kalman (415-855-0200)
Abstract:
The emerging generation of opto-electronic integrated
circuits (OEICs) can be used to implement very compact, rugged
optical interconnects ideal for space-based applications. OEICs
have demanding packaging requirements, including multiple fiber-
optic interfaces and large electrical pin-out and may dissipate
significant power. New packaging techniques will be developed to
address the needs of OEICs such as optical crossbar switches in
space-based environments. This project will investigate and
develop multi-fiber optical interfacing techniques based on the
use of planar SiO2 optical waveguides on a silicon substrate.
SiO2/Si waveguide technology may provide high-performance, low-
cost, compact, rugged optical interfaces that can be applied to a
broad class of OEICs. The application of current advanced
electronic and opto-electronic packaging to OEICs will be
explored, including the use of advanced metals and ceramics,
thermoelectric cooling, and flip-chip device mounting. Package
performance over a range of environmental conditions (temperature,
acceleration, radiation) will be investigated. A candidate OEIC
will be selected for packaging during Phase II, and a detailed
package design will be developed for this device.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This research project
addresses key design and feasibility issues in the packaging of
opto-electronic integrated circuits. The research will provide
needed packaging technology for the use of OEICs in a wide variety
of NASA, DoD, and commercial applications, including fiber-optic
networks, optical backplanes, and phased array antennas.
***
Project Title:
Dielectric Isolation for Silicon Carbide
92-1-09.07-1100B NAS05-32403
Dielectric Isolation for Silicon Carbide
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Drive
Danbury, CT 06810
Charles P. Beetz, Jr. (203-794-1100)
Abstract:
This project addresses the need for semiconductor devices
capable of withstanding long-time exposures in harsh environments
to high radiation levels and elevated temperatures. An isolation
technology for SiC will be developed that is similar to the SIMOX
process developed for silicon, which permits fabrication of ex-
tremely radiation resistant, nonvolatile memory devices. The next
generation of high-performance, radiation-tolerant electronic
device technology will be based on wide bandgap semiconductor
materials such as SiC, GaN, and diamond. Of these, silicon carbide
is the most promising material for near-term applications. This
isolation technique is based on a novel co-implantation and rapid
thermal annealing process that will enable the formation of a thin
SiC layer, electrically isolated for the bulk wafer that can be
used for epitaxial film growth and device fabrication. This method
of device isolation has many advantages for reducing leakage
currents, increasing data storage times, reducing power consump-
tion, and lowering costs by simplifying device design and
fabrication. In Phase II, the barrier implantation and surface
recrystallization processes will be optimized, and simple
nonvolatile charge storage devices will be fabricated on prototype
substrates. Long-term feasibility will be assessed, and a simple,
nonvolatile memory device prototype will be fabricated.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications of this
technology will include in-situ sensors for radiation-intense
environments and on-board control circuitry for aircraft engine
control, power electronics for the space station, instrumentation
for nuclear power systems, and tactical air-launched missile
systems.
***
Project Title:
Waveguide Hologram Star Coupler
92-1-09.07-4545 NAS05-32427
Waveguide Hologram Star Coupler
Jackson & Tull Chartered Engineers
7375 Executive Place, Suite 200
Seabrook, MD 20706
Qiang Huang (301-805-4545)
Abstract:
An innovative optical interface technique that allows for
new, fiber-optic coupler designs will be developed. This new
waveguide hologram (WGH) coupler will utilize holographic gratings
to couple optical signals from fiber optic cables into and out of
a waveguide. The waveguide performs the power combining and
splitting functions of the star coupler. This new coupling tech-
nique will allow the development of a rugged, reliable, multiport
star coupler that allows for more capacity in NASA spaceflight
data systems. This work will determine the critical parameters for
designing a prototype WGH star coupler for fiber optic systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Fiber optic interfaces have
constrained and limited the use of fiber optics technology in both
commercial and government applications. This work will introduce
innovative methods that will provide new packaging solutions and
products for interfacing fiber optics and integrated optics. The
WGH coupler technology, when it is applied to commercial products,
has the potential for eliminating fiber pigtails and providing
size, weight, and reliability advantages.
***
Project Title:
Cryogenic, Capillary, Pumped Loop
92-1-09.08-0292 NAS05-32415
Cryogenic, Capillary, Pumped Loop
Cullimore & Ring Technologies, Inc.
49 Dawn Heath Circle
Littleton, CO 80127
Brent A. Cullimore (303-971-0292)
Abstract:
A capillary pumped loop (CPL) will be developed for use in
cryogenic applications such as infrared sensor cooling and long-
term cryogenic storage. CPLs not only overcome some of the
obstacles encountered in missions requiring cryogenic heat pipes,
their important performance improvements extend their use into
applications not currently within the reach of heat pipes.
Important advantages of CPLs over heat pipes include improved
ground testability due to greater capillary pressures; improved
mechanical isolation due to the use of long, thin flexible lines;
faster diode shut down and fewer reverse heat leaks; elimination
of thermal switches in redundant cryocooler applications through
the use of proven condenser flow control techniques; tighter
control of detector temperatures without increasing the rejection
load; and higher performance and greater ease of integration
because CPLs can be assembled from components. Phase I will
experimentally verify the operation of a capillary evaporator pump
using a cryogenic working fluid and will analytically explore
design options that enable start up from a supercritical state.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Immediate applications in the
aerospace industry include the production of cold temperatures for
cryogenic sensors and detectors, and the long term storage of
cryogenic liquids for propulsion, environmental control, and
sensor cooling applications. Another emerging application is in
the cooling of cryogenic electronics for the next generation of
computers.
***
Project Title:
Microcomputer-Based Spacecraft Thermal Analysis Software
92-1-09.08-5500 NAS05-32446
Microcomputer-Based Spacecraft Thermal Analysis
Software
Swales & Association, Inc.
5050 Powder Mill Road
Beltsville, MD 20705
Nicholas M. Teti (301-595-5500)
Abstract:
Thermal analyses of large-scale spacecraft are currently
being performed with industry standard programs such as SSPTA,
TRASYS, and SINDA. These software packages, however, are based on
solution algorithms that were developed for hardware manufactured
as much as 25 years ago. In recent years, the computer industry
has made tremendous technological advances in providing powerful,
yet inexpensive, desktop computers capable of competing with small
mainframe computers. Using currently available software and
hardware tools, this project will develop a new thermal analysis
package for spacecraft to replace the current SSPTA and TRASYS
programs. The program will include both diffuse and specular
analysis capabilities, a user-friendly graphical interface,
interactive model generation and plotting capabilities, and an
interface to read existing SSPTA and TRASYS geometry files as well
as output in SINDA and GSINDA compatible formats.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Software developed under this
project will provide the aerospace industry with an efficient and
inexpensive tool for analyzing spacecraft thermal problems. The
modularity of the software will allow for customization to meet
specific customer requirements and will facilitate future upgrades
to meet the growing needs of the industry.
***
Project Title:
Bubble Tolerant Capillary Pumps
92-1-09.08-7500 NAS05-32417
Bubble Tolerant Capillary Pumps
Dynatherm Corporation
One Beaver Court, P.O. Box 398
Cockeysville, MD 21030
David A. Wolf (410-584-7500)
Abstract:
Small-diameter capillary pumps are currently being considered
for capillary pumped loop (CPL) applications because they are
smaller and lighter than large pumps. Unlike large-diameter pumps,
however, small pumps are especially susceptible to bubbles in the
pump's liquid channel, which results from the behavior of the two-
phase interface during ground tests. Small pumps properly
replicate micro-gravity bubble behavior in one-g, whereas large
pumps allow fluid stratification. This project addresses a number
of pump design modifications intended to increase the bubble
tolerance of capillary pumps. In Phase I, promising pump design
modifications will be integrated into small-diameter breadboard
pumps which will be benchtested in parallel with standard pump
designs. Phase II will make and test a cold plate containing
several pumps of the modified pump design selected in Phase I. The
performance of the new cold plate will be characterized in a large
CPL during side-by-side tests with a cold plate containing
conventional capillary pumps. Cold plate performance will be
compared over a wide range of steady state and transient
conditions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Capillary, two-phase heat
transfer loops are baselined as the next generation of thermal
control systems in large manned or unmanned space systems.
Applications are emerging for communication satellites requiring
heat rejection from a highly concentrated source to a remote
radiator. CPLs can also be made flexible, permitting their use in
two-phase radiators.
***
Project Title:
Low-Temperature, Stirling Cycle Refrigerator for Spacecraft Refrigeration Systems
92-1-09.09-4000 NAS08-39808
Low-Temperature, Stirling Cycle Refrigerator for
Spacecraft Refrigeration Systems
Stirling Technology Company
2952 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
Carl D. Beckett (509-375-4000)
Abstract:
A proof-of-principle design of an electrically driven
Stirling cycle refrigerator will be developed to assist in
refrigeration for manned spacecraft. The major advantages of this
refrigeration system include modular capability, efficient
operation over many heat rejection temperatures to minimize heat
rejection requirements, elimination of fluid property temperature
limits and zero-G fluid management problems present in
conventional vapor compression systems, and flexible response to
unexpected environmental conditions or spacecraft refrigeration
system partial failures. The Stirling cycle refrigerator will also
have low system-specific weight, simplified integration with
spacecraft heat transport systems, and maintenance-free operation.
The objectives of Phase I are to evaluate the concept's perform-
ance over a range of operating conditions, identify critical
technology issues, select a target size and operating conditions,
develop and optimize a conceptual design with an associated design
layout making maximum use of existing technology, and project the
device performance over the specified range of operating
conditions. The design will be attractive for spacecraft
refrigeration applications because of its effectiveness in a
variety of operating conditions, and its high reliability, long
life, and modular capability.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The free-piston, Stirling
cycle refrigerator technology has clear applications for other
spacecraft applications such as cryogenic cooling of specialized
sensors and instruments. Terrestrial application include freon-
free refrigeration systems for conventional temperatures and
biological, superconductive, and electronic cooling functions at
lower temperatures.
***
Project Title:
Real-Time, Graphical, Thermal-Fluid System Simulation
92-1-09.10-0292 NAS09-18847
Real-Time, Graphical, Thermal-Fluid System
Simulation
Cullimore & Ring Technologies, Inc.
49 Dawn Heath Circle
Littleton, CO 80127
Brent A. Cullimore (303-971-0292)
Abstract:
Thousands of pounds of cryogenic shuttle fuel were once
inadvertently dumped into a Florida swamp because technicians
monitoring the fluid transfer system were overwhelmed by a
bewildering array of sensors and switches. An interactive, real-
time, thermal-fluid system simulation tool could have helped the
technicians both to trouble-shoot the operations ahead of time and
to monitor their progress. Similarly, the design and testing of
advanced spacecraft thermal transport loops is being hampered by
the lack of such analysis tools. This project will develop a new
class of computer simulation tools, improving upon current tools
which still evidence their batch-style, mainframe origins. The new
tools will both improve analysts productivity as they work with
detailed simulations and enable the generation of real-time
predictions to support test and ground operations.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Resulting products will be
immediately marketable because they fill a current void in the
aerospace community. With slight modifications, these tools can be
used in industries such as electronics packaging, energy,
automotive, and architecture (HVAC).
***
Project Title:
Carbon Brush Heat Exchanger
92-1-09.10-2034 NAS09-18844
Carbon Brush Heat Exchanger
Energy Science Laboratories, Inc.
6888 Nancy Ridge Drive
San Diego, CA 92121-2232
Timothy R. Knowles (619-552-2034)
Abstract:
This project will investigate the use of carbon-fiber brush
structures to enhance heat transfer between surfaces in vacuum.
Short brush structures of suitable density are applied both to
mating surfaces and for interpenetration when the surfaces are
contacted, forming a large effective area heat exchanger. The
extraction force required to separate the two brush surfaces is
low, and the interface is reusable. Fibers are recommended that
have desirable thermal and mechanical properties. The carbon brush
heat exchanger also improves heat transfer at wet interfaces
without the need for clamping. Phase I will focus on fabricating
and testing sample fiber heat exchangers for thermal conductance.
The project will also study the extraction force and degradation
under separation-join cycling. Heat exchanger performance will be
studied analytically and numerically to quantify potential
benefits in external space thermal control systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: High-flux thermal interfaces
reduce spacecraft payload temperatures and allow longer service
life. Diverse power system interfaces would benefit batteries,
radiators, and heat pipes. The brush interface has commercial
application to energy, electronics, propulsion, and medical
technologies.
***
Project Title:
Passive, Modular, Heat-Driven Heat Pump for Lunar and Martian Explorations
92-1-09.10-6551A NAS09-18928
Passive, Modular, Heat-Driven Heat Pump for Lunar
and Martian Explorations
Thermacore, Inc.
780 Eden Road
Lancaster, PA 17601
Nelson J. Gernert (717-569-6551)
Abstract:
A self-contained, modular, passive, low-to-medium
temperature, heat-driven, heat pump refrigerator will be developed
for cooling components in a Lunar or Mars environment. The heat
pump uses a gravity-assisted capillary pump loop, heat pipes, and
"steam jet" ejector principles requiring no moving parts. Phase I
will test the principle of the heat pump system. A non-optimized,
scaled, proof-of-concept, heat-pipe heat pump will be tested to
demonstrate the concept's feasibility. Estimates of performance
show a 50øC lift, from 10øC to 60øC, is possible using lunar
gravity and existing wick technology. A lift of 70øC could be
achieved if existing wick pore radii can be reduced in size by a
factor of 2. This passive, heat-driven, heat pump is effective,
and using a capillary pump and "steam jet" ejector principles
provides a reliable, compact system that is easy to operate and
maintain. This heat pump concept provides a mechanism for
rejecting heat during the lunar day. Improvements in wick pumping
capability can also lead to overall reductions in main radiator
sizes.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A number of industries, such
as steel, refineries, chemical, marine, and electrical utilities
projects have waste heat that could be used to power air
conditioning. This project's passive design may prove cost-
effective for these applications, but an automobile air
conditioning system powered from engine heat seems to be the most
attractive commercial opportunity.
***
Project Title:
Increased Lifetime Electroluminescence Phosphors
92-1-09.11-0700 NAS09-18845
Increased Lifetime Electroluminescence Phosphors
Implant Sciences Corporation
107 Audubon Road #5
Wakefield, MA 01880
Anthony J. Armini (617-246-0700)
Abstract:
Electroluminescent flat-panel displays are useful because
they are lightweight, thin, and can generate their own light, thus
permitting operation in ambient lighting conditions. A desirable
goal is a color display which requires red, green, and blue
phosphors. The best blue electroluminescence phosphor has
exhibited inadequate lifetime, but no alternatives have been
found. This project will investigate ion implantation techniques
that can be used to counteract the factors leading to rapid aging.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Flat-panel displays are
currently one of the most important technologies for the next
generation of information systems and computers. Full-color
displays are required, but advances in phosphor lifetime must be
made before the displays are practical.
***
Project Title:
Field-Emitter Display Development for Workstations
92-1-09.11-9118 NAS09-18842
Field-Emitter Display Development for Workstations
Fed Corporation
P.O. Box 12802
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Gary W. Jones (919-781-6667)
Abstract:
The development of a new type of field-emitter-based display
for NASA is the goal of this project. These field-emitter displays
have the potential to provide high-resolution pixels, high
brightness, full color, wide viewing angle, high energy
efficiency, and low driver cost. They would be flat and possess
small overall volume. The displays will be built from the
company's unique, etched emitter tips with self-aligned gates.
This workstation application will permit the level display devices
to be designed to operate at high voltage levels, approaching the
level of CRTs, where high-efficiency phosphors are commonly
available. High levels of emitter redundancy are coupled with
vertical current flow through current limiting resistors. First,
this project will develop a near-ideal workstation display for
many applications, including those in space. Next, this project
will demonstrate the feasibility of a process to improve yield,
economy, reliability, and performance of field-emitter displays
using etched emitters instead of evaporated emitters. The project
would produce in Phase II a static, addressable array of pixels on
a 50 mm x 50 mm field and would develop an over one million pixel
usable video display.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The display can be used in
workstations, portable electronics, and other handheld
instruments; avionics; control panels; virtual reality and/or
three-dimensional, wall-hanging, high-definition television;
projection TV; multimedia, printing, and other display, indicator
or light panel applications.
***
Project Title:
A Flexible, Artificial Intelligence Testbed
92-1-09.12-7700 NAS09-18857
A Flexible, Artificial Intelligence Testbed
Nomadic Technologies
858 Lapara Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94306
David Zhu (415-493-7700)
Abstract:
For future exploration missions, artificial intelligence (AI)
will play an important role in the development of intelligent
systems. However, because programming and experimenting with
physical hardware is difficult, AI techniques are often developed
using unrealistic and overly simplified assumptions. Consequently,
there is a large gap between the AI theories and the envisioned
applications of intelligent systems in space exploration. The
nomadic, flexible, robotic, AI testbed presents a solution to
bridge this gap by providing a fully-integrated robotic system
with flexible hardware and software design, an adaptive robot
simulator, and a library of robot reasoning and introspection
functions. In addition to being a flexible AI testbed, the
adaptive simulator provides a dynamic description of the robot and
its environment so that the robot can modify this description
using its introspective reasoning capabilities to improve its
performance.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Since the nomadic, flexible,
robotic, AI testbed encourages the experimentation of a wide range
of AI techniques on general purpose robotic system, the testbed
will be an integral part of potential commercial applications that
require intelligent motion capabilities.
***
Project Title:
Polarization-Sensitive, Thermal Imaging Sensors
92-1-09.13-3284 NAS09-18841
Polarization-Sensitive, Thermal Imaging Sensors
Physics Innovations, Inc.
3213 Evergreen Drive
St. Paul, MN 55121-1767
Cornell Chun (612-452-3284)
Abstract:
This project will develop a novel, polarization-sensitive,
thermal imaging system. Polarization-sensitive thermal imaging has
the following advantages over conventional imaging methods used in
tracking systems: the new method senses the infrared thermal
emissions of objects, operates without controlled lighting or in
darkness, and can measure the degree of polarization and the angle
of polarization for each image pixel. The degree and angle of
polarization give the two angles that specify the local surface
orientation of the object, from which information the object's
shape and attitude can be determined. The polarization-sensitive,
thermal imaging sensor is suitable for use in spacecraft tracking
systems for rendezvous and proximity operations. Phase I will be a
design study of specific polarizer and photodiode configurations.
Design criteria for optimizing polarization-sensitive imaging
performance will be determined for a range of operating
conditions. Phase II will include the construction of a prototype
system for polarization-sensitive imaging.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These sensors can be used in a
variety of applications including automated assembly; automated
quality control; remote sensing of earth resources, agriculture,
pollutants, and weather; area surveillance for police; intrusion
detection; biomedical applications such as remote thermal imaging
to detect cancer; search and/or track systems for detection and
discrimination of aircraft and ballistic missiles; forward looking
infrared sensors (FLIR); and night vision navigation.
***
Project Title:
Aeolian Tone Flow Meter Using Optical Fiber
92-1-09.14-3088 NAS03-26915
Aeolian Tone Flow Meter Using Optical Fiber
Physical Optics Corporation
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, CA 90501
Lev Sadovnik (310-320-3088)
Abstract:
An innovative, vortex-shedding, optical-fiber flow meter will
be developed. A single optical fiber passing through a flow-
carrying pipe vibrates due to the natural phenomenon of vortex
shedding. Information about the vibration, and thus the flow rate,
is conveyed to monitoring stations. The measurement utilizes
theoretically and experimentally proven linear relationship
between the flow rate and the flow-induced vibration frequency of
the vortex shedding body. Several candidate fiber sensor
techniques will be investigated. With electronic signal
processing, the accuracy of the flow rate measurement is expected
to be 0.5%. This high accuracy will allow early detection of gas
leaks and increase the safety of space missions. Other advantages
of the fiber sensor are its extremely low interference with gas
flow, its high immunity to any electromagnetic field, and its
ready integrability into gas monitoring systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The success of this project
may lead to a new class of compact, robust, optical-fiber flow
meters for improved monitoring of various industrial processes and
for use by gas utilities.
***
Project Title:
Electrochemical Compressor to Recover Hydrogen Boil-Off Gas from Cryogenic Tanks
92-1-09.14-7270 NAS03-26917
Electrochemical Compressor to Recover Hydrogen
Boil-Off Gas from Cryogenic Tanks
Giner, Inc.
14 Spring Street
Waltham, MA 02154
Larry Swette (619-899-7270)
Abstract:
NASA has identified the need for high-efficiency, small
compressors to compress the boil-off gas from cryogenic tanks from
34 to 70 kPa to greater than 7000 kPa. Hydrogen is of particular
interest, and the design should minimize weight and power usage.
An innovative concept developed by the company to meet the NASA
requirement is a highly efficient, all-solid proton-exchange
membrane, electrochemical, hydrogen compressor system containing
no moving parts. Phase I will develop advanced components and
concepts and show the feasibility of efficient performance of the
resulting compressor at elevated pressures when combined with a
regenerable water management system. In particular, this project
will develop an efficient electrochemical cell that features a
perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid membrane with bifunctional hydrogen
electrode structures integrally bonded to each side of the
membrane. Further, sealing concepts that allow 7000 kPa operation
with no gas leakage will be investigated. The electrochemical
hydrogen compressor cell and regenerative water management system
developed in Phase I will ultimately be integrated into a recovery
system for the boil-off gas from the hydrogen cryogenic tanks and
adapted for use in spacecraft.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The potential for
commercialization of the hydrogen compressor system is excellent.
It could be used as part of a system for cryogenic cooling or to
recover hydrogen from diluted or contaminated streams such as
outputs from gasifiers (Luirgi), biomass streams, and reformate
streams. Special anode catalysts may be used when CO, H2S, and
certain hydrocarbons are present in the contaminated streams.
***
Project Title:
Cryogenic Quick-Disconnect Seals
92-1-09.15-2900 NAS08-39809
Cryogenic Quick-Disconnect Seals
Stress Engineering Services, Inc.
13800 Westfair East Drive
Houston, TX 77041-1101
S. Allen Fox (713-955-2900)
Abstract:
A reusable seal for cryogenic quick-disconnect connectors
will be developed. To design the seal, this project will use
knowledge gained from related applications, experience from prior
test programs, application of finite-element analysis methods, and
a test program. Finite-element analysis, combined with empirically
derived relations for the flow of a fluid at a seal interface,
will be used to verify that the seal designs satisfy the
temperature, pressure, and leak requirements. This approach will
demonstrate that the seal design is viable, manufacturable, and
reusable and that the design process can be applied to related
NASA and commercial programs.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The seal can be used in
liquification processes, firefighting, industrial and hazardous
materials, advanced propulsion engines, advanced life support
systems, and satellite servicing.
***
Project Title:
A Quick-Disconnect Cryogenic Joint
92-1-09.15-3800 NAS08-39829
A Quick-Disconnect Cryogenic Joint
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
William E. Nutt (603-643-3800)
Abstract:
The goal of this project is the development of a quick-
disconnect cryogenic joint that meets all of NASA's requirements:
Helium leak rates less than 1.0 x 10-6 cc/s; 50 operating cycles
over 5 years; withstand the environment at the NASA Kennedy Space
Center and in space; and handle diameters of 10-15 cm, 350 kPa,
and shuttle vibrations. The joint will incorporate a seal that, in
smaller sizes and different joints, has proven leak-tight from
ambient to superfluid helium temperatures at pressures ranging
from vacuum to 2100 kPa. The overall objective is to demonstrate
the feasibility of the quick-disconnect joint. The specific
technical objectives are to demonstrate a joint, determine the
feasibility of fabricating seals in the 10-15 cm range, and
determine the vibration handling capabilities of the joint. A
small, quick-disconnect joint will be designed, built, and tested
to liquid helium temperatures. A fabrication technique for larger
seals will be identified, and the vibration handling capabilities
of the joint will be analyzed. A preliminary joint design for a
NASA application will be developed. Phase I will demonstrate the
feasibility of the joint.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The quick-disconnect joint
will have immediate applications wherever cryogenic equipment is
used or developed. MRI units, high energy physics, and super-
conducting, electric energy storage rings are a few of the
potential applications.
***
Project Title:
High-Performance, Regenerative Sorption Compressor Element
92-1-09.16-3800 NAS07-1207
High-Performance, Regenerative Sorption
Compressor Element
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
William E. Nutt (603-643-3800)
Abstract:
A novel compressor element will be developed for fluid-loop
regenerative sorption compressors which will improve the
efficiency and reliability of the devices and reduce their mass
and complexity. The project objectives are to demonstrate that the
concept is feasible from thermodynamic, heat transfer, structural,
material, and fabrication perspectives. Analyses will be conducted
to demonstrate the feasibility of the first four perspectives,
after which will follow the identification of a fabrication
technique. When fully developed, the concept will be valuable to
the sorption cooler technology development program at the NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratory and useful to space-borne cryocooler
technology. It is anticipated that development of this concept
will make sorption compressors the "compressor of choice" for many
space applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The primary application of the
sorption compressor cartridge is in spaceborne cryogenic
refrigeration systems. If sufficiently high efficiencies and low
costs can be obtained, the technology may find applications
wherever cryogenic equipment is used or proposed: MRI units,
particle accelerators, magnetically levitated trains,
superconducting energy storage devices, etc.
***
Project Title:
Miniature, Cryogenic Turboalternator
92-1-09.17-3800 NAS05-32413
Miniature, Cryogenic Turboalternator
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
Herbert Sixsmith (603-643-3800)
Abstract:
The company will develop a miniature, cryogenic
turboalternator that will be an enabling technology for future
low-power, vibration-free, space cryocoolers. The concept uses an
alternator rotor incorporating a high-energy permanent magnet of
uniquely simple construction and a novel ironless stator to absorb
power from the cryogenic expansion turbine in a reverse Brayton
cryocooler. Its advantage over more conventional turboexpanders is
its avoidance of the parasitic heat leak from the room-temperature
brake impeller typically used to absorb power from the turbine.
Although this heat leak is of minimal importance in conventional
reverse-Brayton cryocoolers designed for relatively high cooling
loads, it is a major power penalty in the low-power instrument
coolers that NASA needs for upcoming scientific space missions. By
avoiding this heat leak, the turboalternator will enable
vibration-free Brayton cycle machines to provide the same low-
power advantage to these missions as the vibration-prone Stirling
cycle machines currently in use.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The result of this development
will be a technology for miniature, high-speed electrical machines
which offers both high reliability and high electrical efficiency
with potential uses in specialty high-speed, low-power miniature
motors for medical applications.
***
Project Title:
Integral Stirling and Joule-Thomson Cryocooler for Low Temperature Applications
92-1-09.17-4000 NAS05-32445
Integral Stirling and Joule-Thomson Cryocooler for
Low Temperature Applications
Stirling Technology Company
2952 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
L. Barry Penswick (509-375-4000)
Abstract:
The company will design a free-piston, Stirling cycle
cryocooler demonstrator that will incorporate an integral gas
compressor to provide a high pressure gas supply for a Joule-
Thomson (JT) expansion valve. Pre-cooling of the JT working fluid
will be performed by the Stirling cycle cryocooler. The integral
Stirling and Joule-Thomson Cryocooler (SJTC) demonstrator will
provide a nominal 0.2 watts capacity at 4.5 K. The SJTC will be
innovative because it uses a Stirling cycle drive motor integrated
with a gas compressor for the JT expander; it uses flexural
bearings for non-contact operation of the Stirling cycle piston
and displacer as well as the gas compressor pistons; it eliminates
the need for lubricants; and it has the potential to demonstrate
long life. The SJTC will employ components and technology spin-
offs from the company's successful developments in long-life,
domestic refrigeration system, and low-temperature spacecraft
cryocoolers. Phase I will focus on the design of a SJTC
demonstrator. Phase II includes the fabrication, assembly, and
performance testing of the SJTC.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This low-temperature
refrigeration system is ideally suited for applications where
long, maintenance-free operating life and good cooling performance
are required. These applications include medical diagnostics and
imaging systems, superconducting sensors, and the cooling of
advanced computer components or superconducting motors.
***
Project Title:
Adaptive Vibration Suppression Mount for Cryogenic Coolers
92-1-09.17-7351 NAS05-32414
Adaptive Vibration Suppression Mount for
Cryogenic Coolers
CSA Engineering, Inc.
2850 West Bayshore Road
Palo Alto, CA 94303-3843
Eric M. Austin (415-494-7351)
Abstract:
Cryocoolers produce vibration levels that cause unacceptable
jitter of infrared sensors. This movement leads to reduced
performance because of increased line-of-sight jitter. These
harmful forces, should, therefore, be suppressed before they reach
sensitive components. The traditional method, passive isolation,
relies on soft mounts between the disturbance machinery and the
structure. However, isolators have low mount stiffness which leads
to problems such as static misalignment, increased travel
requirements, and decreased mount strength. This project will
develop an innovative mounting system for cryocoolers--
specifically, mounts with adaptively-tuned dynamic compliance
characteristics and high static stiffness. Using a combination of
piezoceramics and passive isolators, the hardmounts will be
designed to be stiff at all frequencies except the discrete
disturbance frequencies of the cryocooler at which point the
mounts will be soft. This system will effectively isolate the
structure from the disturbances without the problems that
traditional isolators cause. The Phase II "adaptive hardmount"
will be able to track changes in the disturbance frequencies and
adjust the "notches" in the stiffness to follow these changes. The
adaptive hardmount will be lightweight, have no moving parts, and
will require very little power to operate.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The "adaptive hardmount" will
solve many vibration isolation problems that cannot be solved with
available techniques. Near-term commercial markets are likely to
be found in performance-driven applications: machinery such as
cryocoolers and control moment gyros in spacecraft; machinery for
submarines, torpedoes and other naval vessels; turbines and
gearboxes in aircraft and helicopters; and equipment for making
computer chips.
***
Project Title:
Compact, Real-Time Sensor for Non-Volatile Residues
92-1-09.18-6100 NAS05-32416
Compact, Real-Time Sensor for Non-Volatile
Residues
Deacon Research
2440 Embarcadero Way
Palo Alto, CA 94303
Douglas J. Bamford (415-493-6100)
Abstract:
Non-volatile residues that have harmful effects on the
performance of optical elements in space are difficult to detect
and control. Current techniques yield no information about the
identity of the contaminants and are too slow to provide real-time
information. This project will develop a compact, inexpensive
sensor based on diode laser technology to provide species-specific
information about contaminants in real time. Phase I will measure
the performance of a device based on this concept. If Phase I is
successful, the design of the sensor will be optimized, and a
prototype will be constructed during Phase II for delivery to
NASA. The information provided by this sensor will allow NASA
personnel to identify and eliminate sources of contamination on
spacecraft.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The sensor's main application
will be monitoring contaminants in clean rooms used in
manufacturing such as the semiconductor industry.
***
Project Title:
Man-Machine Interaction Models for Advanced Spacecraft and Robotic Applications
92-1-09.19-1522 NAS05-32436
Man-Machine Interaction Models for Advanced
Spacecraft and Robotic Applications
Photon Research Association, Inc.
1033 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
James D. Turner (617-354-1522)
Abstract:
This project consists of two major parts. First, the Human-
Machine-Task-Computer-Aided-Design (HMT-CAD) software, a NASA SBIR
product, will be upgraded with advanced multibody dynamics
modeling capabilities for analyzing surface contact interactions
such as rolling, sliding, and penetration. This capability is
required for biodynamic simulations of musculoskeletal systems
(e.g., bone-cartilage-bone interactions at joints, design of
prosthetics), operator-object contact and manipulation (e.g.,
analysis of a hand holding a tool), robotic-object contact and
manipulation (e.g., analysis of docking, berthing, grasping, and
seating), and cybernetics (e.g., using contractile jells as
artificial muscle). Second, this project will take control design
approaches for mechanical systems and apply them to both recently
developed general systems performance models (GSPT) and task
optimization strategies developed for mimicking human
capabilities. These methodologies are useful when applications
have redundant ways to accomplish a task.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The upgraded HMT-CAD product
will permit NASA to study the consequences of machine design
alternatives relative to the performance of both the machine and
the operator. This product will be broadly useful for mechanical
designs or performance assessments that require interactions
between industrial, biodynamic, clinical, and rehabilitation
applications.
***
Project Title:
Evaluation of Plume Impingement Effects
92-1-09.20-0003 NAS08-39810
Evaluation of Plume Impingement Effects
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
George E. Caledonia (508-689-0003)
Abstract:
Spacecraft thrusters and vents send gas streams of various
species onto spacecraft surfaces and can either directly or
indirectly cause localized heating and contamination. This project
will build a test facility that uses a laser breakdown technique
to produce supersonic and hypersonic beams of species combinations
which simulate anticipated exhaust species. This device will also
evaluate surface interactions between exhaust species and
spacecraft materials. These beams could be composed of individual
species or full exhaust simulations so that individual and
collective effects on surfaces can be evaluated. A range of
velocities between 2 to 5 km/s should be achievable for molecular
species of interest. Phase I will construct and characterize two
beam sources for several gases (CO, H2, and N2H4/NH3) and
demonstrate a heating measurement on one surface. Phase II will
evaluate how plume and vent species interact with specific
spacecraft surfaces, and will provide NASA with a quantitative
data base for the design and analysis of future space vehicles.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The device would have general
use in the aerospace community as a test facility to evaluate
materials for space applications. There is also some potential for
applying this technology to harden and/or modify materials.
***
Project Title:
Measurements of Gas-Surface Interactions from Plume Constituents on Spacecraft Surfaces
92-1-09.20-8581 NAS08-39830
Measurements of Gas-Surface Interactions from
Plume Constituents on Spacecraft Surfaces
Remtech, Inc.
3304 Westmill Drive
Huntsville, AL 35805
Eugene C. Knox (205-536-8581)
Abstract:
The project will measure plume impingement gas-surface
interactions (GSI) for current and new exterior coatings so that
safe rendezvous can be assured with Space Station Freedom (SSF).
Currently, these measurements have not been taken for surfaces
used on spacecraft, and the firm's prior work has illustrated the
extreme sensitivity of the momentum exchange between a surface and
an impinging gas. The measurements will be obtained in the NASA
Marshal Space Flight Center's low-density flow chamber, where a
thruster, like those used on vehicles docking with SSF, will
impinge on surfaces typical of the space station exterior. The
impingement force will be measured over a range of impact angles
for several representative surfaces and coatings. Phase I will
develop the test plan, and Phase II will execute it. Results will
be installed into an existing program for computing the GSI
effects of plume impingement on SSF.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial
applications are a gas/surface interaction data base for space-
certified materials, a material certification laboratory,
microbalance fabrication, gas/surface interaction control
coatings, and a revised GSI code.
***
Project Title:
A System for the Control of Balloon-Lifting Gas Temperature
92-1-09.21-3400 NAS05-32449
A System for the Control of Balloon-Lifting Gas
Temperature
Winzen International, Inc.
12001 Boulevard, Suite 200
San Antonio, TX 78249
Thomas M. Lew (512-690-3400)
Abstract:
To improve the performance of zero-pressure stratospheric
balloons, this project addresses the need that a radiating curtain
be installed in the balloon. The curtain will be designed and
positioned so that it extracts heat from the lifting gas during
the daytime and radiates this heat externally to the balloon. The
curtain will be deactivated at night. Depending on the curtain's
efficiency, the daytime heating and venting of the lifting gas
will be reduced or eliminated, thereby reducing or eliminating the
need for night ballast drop and allowing the maintenance of a
constant altitude. Using less or no ballast permits longer
missions and/or increased payload.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Enhanced balloon performance
should result in longer and more stable missions that will result
in more valuable scientific data with greater commercial
potential.
***
Project Title:
Lightweight Graphite-Aluminum Space Radiators for Thermal Management
92-1-10.01-3200 NAS03-26405
Lightweight Graphite-Aluminum Space Radiators for
Thermal Management
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
Uday Kashalikar (617-890-3200)
Abstract:
Graphite-fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC) are
well suited for space radiator applications because of their high
specific thermal conductivity, stiffness, and excellent resistance
to space environment. The objective of Phase I will be to
demonstrate the feasibility of pressure casting a lightweight
graphite-aluminum (Gr-Al) structural radiator panel with a built-
in metallic heat pipe. The weight will be reduced by using a
corrugated-radiator-panel design that provides the requisite
flexural stiffness without the weight penalty of a honeycomb core.
The high thermal conductivity of the MMC material (over 3 times
that of aluminum) will enable a radiator panel with a 250 percent
improvement in the specific power dissipation capability while
meeting structural characteristics of the baseline aluminum
sandwich component. Additionally, the heat pipe will be cast in
place, thereby eliminating a separate joining operation. The
corrugations will increase effective emissivity of the panel,
producing further performance enhancement. During Phase I, Gr-Al
corrugated panel specimens with a built-in metallic pipe will be
fabricated to net shape using a low cost pressure casting process
developed by the company. Test results on these specimens will be
used to project performance improvements for a baseline radiator
component. Phase II will optimize the designs and processes and
demonstrate the reproducibility of high thermomechanical
properties in the resulting components.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications for
this high-performance material exist in ultrahigh-power density
electronic circuits, uncooled automotive and aircraft engine
components, and several thermal management applications in mining
and oil drilling equipment and in nuclear power plants.
***
Project Title:
Multi-Hundred-Watt, Stirling Technology Demonstrator for Space Power
92-1-10.01-4000A NAS03-26722
Multi-Hundred-Watt, Stirling Technology
Demonstrator for Space Power
Stirling Technology Company
2952 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
Brad A. Ross (509-375-4000)
Abstract:
A free-piston, linear alternator Stirling power convertor
will be designed that will demonstrate the technology needed for a
dynamic isotope power system (DIPS) with a nominal end-of-mission
output of 500 watts. The multi-hundred-watt Stirling technology
demonstrator (MSTD) will be innovative for many reasons, including
its use of flexural bearings for noncontacting operation of the
piston and displacer, the lack of gas springs and center ports in
a Stirling convertor, the radiative coupling of the Stirling
convertor heater head to the heat source, and the system's
potentially long life. The MSTD will be a spin-off of the
company's successful development of technology used for a 300-watt
domestic refrigerator. Phase I will design the MSTD and Phase II
will assemble and shake-out testing of the MSTD and Phase III will
test the endurance of the MSTD.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This novel energy conversion
concept is ideally suited for applications where the high
efficiency, reliability, and uniform performance, of a DIPS has
high priority. These applications include space power systems and
some remote terrestrial power systems.
***
Project Title:
Indium-Phosphide Solar Cells Grown on Zinc-Selenide-Coated Silicon Substrates
92-1-10.02-1795 NAS03-26908
Indium-Phosphide Solar Cells Grown on
Zinc-Selenide-Coated Silicon Substrates
Matrix Science, Inc.
2952 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
F. William Addis (509-375-1795)
Abstract:
This project investigates the use of zinc-selenide (ZnSe)
buffer layers for growing highly efficient indium-phosphide (InP)
cells on silicon. Prior experimental results indicate that the
ZnSe interlayer for InP films grown on ZnSe-coated silicon
substrates may reduce the dislocation density below 106/cm2 in the
InP films. The objective of Phase I will be to deposit low-defect-
density InP films on ZnSe-coated Si substrates to establish the
feasibility of using ZnSe buffer layers to grow highly efficient
InP cells on silicon. After developing an approach for growing InP
on ZnSe-Si substrates, the InP films will be characterized with
respect to dislocation density and minority carrier properties.
Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of ZnSe and
InP will be done at Washington State University. Phase I will be
structured into four tasks: MOCVD growth of In0.53Ga0.47As on ZnSe-
coated silicon; MOCVD growth of InP on ZnSe-coated silicon;
electro-optical characterization; and physical characterization.
The primary objective of the tasks is to demonstrate the
feasibility of fabricating highly efficient InP cells on ZnSe-
coated silicon substrates. Phase II would focus on the growth of
highly efficient InP cells on silicon substrates with ZnSe buffer
layers.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: InP solar cells are being
considered as a source of electrical power for space terrestrial
applications. This project could also have spin-off applications
in optoelectronics.
***
Project Title:
Thirty-Percent-Efficient, Tandem Solar Cell String for a Line-Focus Photovoltaic Concentrator
92-1-10.02-5992 NAS03-26909
Thirty-Percent-Efficient, Tandem Solar Cell String
for a Line-Focus Photovoltaic Concentrator
Array
JX Crystals
4617 174th Place, SE
Issaquah, WA 98027
Mark Kuryla (206-643-5992)
Abstract:
NASA has previously sponsored ENTECH, Inc., to develop a
photovoltaic concentrator array using a point focus lens and a 30-
percent-efficient tandem cell-stack, with our firm supplying the
GaSb wafers used in those cell-stacks. An experimental array that
uses the firm's material and this new technology will be launched
into orbit this fall as part of the PASP+ program. This point-
focus design suffers from two drawbacks: the domed lens is
difficult to manufacture, and the array requires two-axis
tracking. ENTECH believes these two problems can be overcome by
using a line-focus Fresnel lens. However, a line-focus lens
operates at low concentration and does not leave room for the
tandem-cell leads. This project will develop a line-focus, tandem-
cell receiver assembly using an optical secondary that
simultaneously increases the concentration ratio, provides room
for the tandem-cell leads, and provides for radiation shielding.
The objective of Phase I is to design and fabricate the first
line-focus tandem cell receiver. Once a developed receiver is
combined with ENTECH's new lens, a high-performance, low-cost
module will become available to space power array suppliers.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The low-cost, line-focus
tandem concentrator module will have very high power density and
specific power, and it will be radiation resistant. It can be used
by NASA for power upgrade on Space Station Freedom, by DOD in high
radiation orbits, or on commercial satellites.
***
Project Title:
Micromachined Evaporator for Wicked AMTEC Cells
92-1-10.03-3800 NAS07-1216
Micromachined Evaporator for Wicked AMTEC Cells
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
Christopher J. Crowley (603-643-3800)
Abstract:
An evaporator component that completely eliminates the need
for electro-magnetic (EM) pumps in the alkali-metal, thermal-to-
electric conversion (AMTEC) cells being developed by NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratory will be investigated. AMTEC power conversion
is attractive with radioisotope power sources at 1100 K because of
its high conversion efficiency, low mass, modularity, and
redundancy. AMTEC and a general purpose heat source will operate
at conversion efficiencies greater than 20 percent, thereby
increasing specific power by a factor of three compared with
present thermoelectric converter designs. Currently, the EM pump
component presents potential problems for cell reliability because
of freezing and thawing, physical blockage by contamination, or
vapor lock. This project will research a stable, mechanical,
micromachined evaporator which should experience a long life
unlike porous sintered wicks. The micromachined structure has
small capillary size (4 æm radius) so it can achieve the operating
pressures for high temperatures ( 1100 K) that result in high
AMTEC conversion efficiencies and eliminate the need for an EM
pump. Porous sintered wicks, however, are limited to lower
pressures and temperatures. Phase I will experimentally
demonstrate the feasibility of using sodium to make a high-head
capillary evaporator. Phase II will complete the development by
building a working AMTEC cell and demonstrating its operation.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Compatibility of AMTEC power
conversion with a wide variety of heat sources makes AMTEC
attractive for NASA, DOE, Air Force, and SDIO space missions or
for terrestrial applications with combustion systems, vehicle
propulsion, or silent power conversion for submarines.
***
Project Title:
Thermophotovoltaic Devices for High-Efficiency Thermal-to-Electric Conversion
92-1-10.03-5992 NAS07-1237
Thermophotovoltaic Devices for High-Efficiency
Thermal-to-Electric Conversion
JX Crystals
4617 174th Place, SE
Issaquah, WA 98027
Peter Gruenbaum (206-643-5992)
Abstract:
Radioisotopes have been used as a source of energy for space
applications where there is insufficient solar energy to use
standard photovoltaic arrays. Boosting the efficiency of these
systems is possible by using a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system
where the radioisotope heats a radiator, which in turn emits
infrared photons. Photovoltaic cells then absorb these photons and
convert them into electrical power. This project will assemble an
innovative thermophotovoltaic cell string using gallium antimonide
(GaSb) cells which will convert infrared light at wavelengths as
long as 1.8 microns and reflect the rest back onto the radiator.
Calculations using measurements of existing GaSb cells show an
energy conversion efficiency as high as 28 percent for a 1000øC
temperature radiator. Several new design features will be
developed in making this TPV cell string.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: GaSb cell strings can be used
in radioisotope thermoelectric generators that are converted into
TPV generators for higher efficiency. Applications for
terrestrial, gas-burning TPV generators as small, quiet,
lightweight electric power supplies for remote locations are
possible.
***
Project Title:
Advanced Electrode Materials for Silver-Metal- Hydride Batteries
92-1-10.05-3260 NAS03-26906
Advanced Electrode Materials for Silver-Metal-
Hydride Batteries
EMEC Consultants
R.D. 3 Roundtop Road
Export, PA 15632
Rudolf Keller (412-325-3260)
Abstract:
Advances in energy density and in the life of rechargeable
storage systems are sought for space and other applications. This
project will explore the performance of novel metal-hydride
electrodes for their incorporation into silver-metal-hydride
cells. Plate compositions containing various rare earth components
will be developed. The development of a high-performance cell for
space application is targeted, but the information will also be
valuable in efforts to replace nickel-cadmium cells.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project will encourage
the replacement of silver-zinc batteries with advanced batteries
that have increased cycle life and better storage capabilities.
***
Project Title:
Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Battery System with Sulfur-Dioxide-Based Electrolyte
92-1-10.06-1100 NAS07-1218
Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Battery System with
Sulfur-Dioxide-Based Electrolyte
Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
82 Mechanic Street
Pawcatuck, CT 06379
Sohrab Hossain (203-599-1100)
Abstract:
The introduction of carbonaceous material as anode in the
development of rechargeable lithium batteries (Li-ion technology)
is a major breakthrough because of the system's excellent cycle
life, energy density, and safety characteristics. The present
state-of-the-art of Li-ion systems, however, exhibits low rate
capability and high self-discharge characteristics (12 percent per
month). This project will investigate S02-based electrolytes in
the Li-ion system in order to improve performance. The
investigation will be carried out in an experimental
electrochemical cell with suitable carbonaceous anode, a cathode
using lithiated transition metal oxides (LiCoO2 or LiNiO2), and
SO2-based LiAlCl4 electrolyte.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The anticipated improvements
in rate capability and self-discharge behavior will make Li-ion
battery systems more attractive than Ni-Cd and Pb-acid systems for
various commercial applications.
***
Project Title:
Novel Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
92-1-10.06-7565B NAS07-1223
Novel Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium
Rechargeable Batteries
Moltech Corporation
Engineering Building-SUNY
Stony Brook, NY 11794-2800
Terje Skotheim (516-632-7565)
Abstract:
The technology for efficient and economical generation and
storage of electrical power should be improved. To further this
objective, new solid polymer electrolytes are needed to advance a
broad class of electrochemical energy systems. Polymer
electrolytes have a relatively low ion mobility at room
temperature, thereby necessitating operation at elevated tempera-
tures. The project's specific technical objective is to synthesize
new solid polymer electrolytes with high cationic conductivity at
room temperature. In particular, the project will focus on the
design of highly dissociated salts that can be incorporated into
polymer gel electrolytes to produce high cationic conductivity.
Another approach to enhance the cationic conductivity will be the
covalent attachment of highly delocalized anion groups to a
flexible polymer backbone (single-ion conductor).
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The successful development of
highly conductive polymer gel electrolytes will provide solid
polymer electrolytes for a variety of thin film electrochemical
devices, such as advanced rechargeable batteries with long life
and high energy storage capacity.
***
Project Title:
High-Energy-Density, Nickel-Metal-Hydride Batteries
92-1-10.07-1750 NAS05-32435
High-Energy-Density, Nickel-Metal-Hydride Batteries
Ovonic Battery Company
1826 Northwood Drive
Troy, MI 48084
Srini Venkatesan (313-362-1750)
Abstract:
This project will demonstrate the performance characteristics
of a high-energy-density, rechargeable battery based on the
nickel-metal-hydride system with an energy density of 70 Wh/Kg and
over 200 Wh/l. These values are almost three times that of a lead-
acid and more than two times that of a nickel-cadmium system.
Nickel-metal-hydride batteries, under development by the firm for
some time, have demonstrated good energy density, easy
manufacturability, and environmentally benign disposition. By
utilizing some of the new high-specific-capacity, metal-hydride-
alloy negative electrodes and new lightweight positive electrodes,
the project will fabricate and test prismatic starved cells of
greater than 5 Ah, yielding 70 Wh/Kg in gravimetric energy density
and more than 200 Wh/l in volumetric energy density. The cells
will be tested for capacity, rate capability, and temperature
performance. Phase II will make and test many individual
prismatic, starved cells. Once reproducible results are obtained,
Phase II will make and test battery modules using these individual
cells.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This technology can be used on
earth in portable computers, cordless power tools, cellular
telephones, walkie-talkie radios, medical appliances, household
battery-operated appliances, toys, and portable c.d. players.
These batteries will be useful to equipment manufacturers and
designers who have sought long-running and high-powered cordless
power sources.
***
Project Title:
A Novel, Negative, Hydride Electrode for Nickel-Metal-Hydride Batteries
92-1-10.07-1980 NAS05-32430
A Novel, Negative, Hydride Electrode for
Nickel-Metal-Hydride Batteries
Materials & Electrochemical Research
7960 South Kolb Road
Tucson, AZ 85706
R.O. Loutfy (602-574-1980)
Abstract:
The newly discovered C60 carbon material exhibits unique
electrochemical and physical properties. By vapor deposition and
dry pressing, this project will make C60 and catalyzed C60
electrodes for hydrogen storage and supplies. These electrodes
will be fully characterized as hydrogen electrodes in a nickel-
hydride battery concept. The research will establish the nature of
the electrochemical hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of C60 as a
function of environmental conditions. A single cell will also be
examined for its efficiency self-discharge, and charge and
discharge characteristics, which will establish the viability of a
low-cost, lightweight, high-power-density, secondary battery for
aerospace applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Preliminary results indicate
that C60 electrodes could be used to store energy which could be
used for secondary batteries and fuel cells. This concept could
lead to a new class of secondary batteries and to other
electrochemical systems for energy storage and generation.
***
Project Title:
High-Energy-Density, Rechargeable, Nickel-Zinc Cells with Improved Cycle Life
92-1-10.08-1100A NAS09-18846
High-Energy-Density, Rechargeable, Nickel-Zinc
Cells with Improved Cycle Life
Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
82 Mechanic Street
Pawcatuck, CT 06379
Robert Hellen (203-599-1100)
Abstract:
This project focuses on improving the cycle life of nickel-
zinc cells. The objective will be to develop an electro-permeable
membrane (EPM) that, together with a novel electrolyte developed
at Lawrence Berkely Laboratory, will control the shape change of
the zinc plate. Zinc electrodes and two types of separators will
be coated with the electro-chemical membrane. Sixteen cells will
be built to determine the effect of the EPM. Half of the cells
will be filled with the novel electrolyte, while the other half
will be filled with 3% KOH. The cells will be characterized and
then cycled at a 100 percent depth of discharge to failure. The
test data will be analyzed, and a final report summarizing the
results will be submitted.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: In addition to potential use
for electric vehicles, nickel-zinc cells with improved cycle life
would provide manufacturers of portable-computers, power tools,
and electronic equipment with a cost-effective alternative to
nickel-cadmium and/or nickel-metal-hydride cells.
***
Project Title:
Safe, High Energy Aqueous Batteries for Manned Applications
92-1-10.08-2699 NAS09-18860
Safe, High Energy Aqueous Batteries for Manned
Applications
Electrochimica Corporation
2487 Spring Street
Redwood City, CA 94063
M. Eisenberg (415-369-2699)
Abstract:
Manned space activities require high-energy, portable,
rechargeable batteries for cameras, tools, instrumentation, and
back-packs. These batteries must be absolutely safe and resist
abuse because they come into direct contact with space station
crews. As a developer of high-energy electrochemical systems,
including several patented lithium systems, the firm believes that
no lithium rechargeable system will be available for at least 5 to
10 years. The next choice among safe, aqueous batteries is the
stabilized, long-cycle-life, nickel-zinc system with an energy
density range of 55-84 Wh/Kg and 125-200 Wh/l, using conventional
or new, lightweight composite nickel plates. The high-rate and
power capabilities and long cycle life of 600-1000 deep cycles
have been verified in numerous government tests on large vented
cells. The goal of this project will be to redesign this system to
completely seal the units as required for the aerospace
environment. In the laboratory, this approach has already been
shown to be feasible. The detailed work plan consists of the
initial development of cells at two capacity levels (2 Ah and 4-10
Ah) in 4-cell modules and the electrochemical evaluation of all
pertinent aspects.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Sealed cells and batteries
with projected high-energy density capabilities would find
numerous applications in military and commercial communications,
in portable instrumentation, computers, communication, and
consumer electronics, as well as in electric vehicles.
***
Project Title:
Safe, High Energy Aqueous Batteries for Manned Applications
92-1-10.08-2699 NAS09-18860
Safe, High Energy Aqueous Batteries for Manned
Applications
Electrochimica Corporation
2487 Spring Street
Redwood City, CA 94063
M. Eisenberg (415-369-2699)
Abstract:
Manned space activities require high-energy, portable,
rechargeable batteries for cameras, tools, instrumentation, and
back-packs. These batteries must be absolutely safe and resist
abuse because they come into direct contact with space station
crews. As a developer of high-energy electrochemical systems,
including several patented lithium systems, the firm believes that
no lithium rechargeable system will be available for at least 5 to
10 years. The next choice among safe, aqueous batteries is the
stabilized, long-cycle-life, nickel-zinc system with an energy
density range of 55-84 Wh/Kg and 125-200 Wh/l, using conventional
or new, lightweight composite nickel plates. The high-rate and
power capabilities and long cycle life of 600-1000 deep cycles
have been verified in numerous government tests on large vented
cells. The goal of this project will be to redesign this system to
completely seal the units as required for the aerospace
environment. In the laboratory, this approach has already been
shown to be feasible. The detailed work plan consists of the
initial development of cells at two capacity levels (2 Ah and 4-10
Ah) in 4-cell modules and the electrochemical evaluation of all
pertinent aspects.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Sealed cells and batteries
with projected high-energy density capabilities would find
numerous applications in military and commercial communications,
in portable instrumentation, computers, communication, and
consumer electronics, as well as in electric vehicles.
***
Project Title:
Electrically Conductive, Atomic Oxygen Protective Coatings for Space Power Systems
92-1-10.09-7501 NAS03-26907
Electrically Conductive, Atomic Oxygen Protective
Coatings for Space Power Systems
J.A. Woollam Company
650 J Street, Suite 39
Lincoln, NE 68508
Duane E. Meyer (402-477-7501)
Abstract:
Spacecraft charging, thermal management, and atomic oxygen
(AO) degradation are spacecraft problems that are usually
independently addressed. The goal of this project will be to
demonstrate the effectiveness of coatings which simultaneously
conduct electric charge and heat and resist the atomic oxygen
degradation that occurs in the low earth orbit (LEO) environment.
Three candidate materials will be investigated: indium-tin-oxide
(ITO); titanium-nitride (TiN); and ruthenium-dioxide (RuO2). ITO
is a well-known, transparent conducting oxide used in display
technologies, but little is known about using ITU in space. TiN is
used for interconnects in microelectronics and is a better
electrical conductor than even pure Ti metal (nitrides are known
to resist oxidation). RuO2 is a metal with good electrical
conduction and an oxide that should resist further oxidation in
the LEO environment.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Protective coatings,
especially those resisting oxidation and corrosion, have enormous
commercial uses. The coating developed on this project will have
improved thermal conduction, electrical conduction, and
environmental stability.
***
Project Title:
Planar, Integrated-Magnetic Power Components
92-1-10.10-8443 NAS07-1225
Planar, Integrated-Magnetic Power Components
E/J Bloom Association, Inc.
115 Duran Drive
San Rafael, CA 94903-2317
Gordon E. Bloom (415-492-8443)
Abstract:
In space, power-supply subsystems are needed that have high
power-processing densities and low product profiles. New core and
winding geometries for the magnetic components of these subsystems
have been developed to match the specifications for use in space.
These innovations include the use of both rigid and flexible
printed-circuit methods for windings, matrix arrays of miniature
toroidal cores, as well as various "flattened" magnetic core
shapes. Another proven technique to reduce the volume and weight
of the magnetic content of power converters is the design art of
integrated-magnetics. with this design, only one magnetic core
structure is needed for a multiplicity of transformer and
inductive functions of a power converter circuit. The goal of this
project is to develop new methods so that planar-magnetic design
concepts can be blended and extended with integrated-magnetic
design approaches to obtain superior magnetic components for power
applications. The project will also make and test sample magnetic
components to verify the design methods.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications are possible in
any electronic power-processing product requiring low-profile,
cost-effective, and high-density power magnetic components such as
an AC-DC or DC-DC power supply.
***
Project Title:
High-Efficiency, Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cell for Near-Ambient Operation
92-1-10.11-3383 NAS03-26721
High-Efficiency, Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel
Cell for Near-Ambient Operation
Electrochem, Inc.
400 West Cummings Park
Woburn, MA 01801
Brian Morriseau (617-932-3383)
Abstract:
Due to a combination of membrane resistance, limited catalyst
utilization, hydration, and pressure and temperature requirements,
fuel cells based on conventional proton exchange membranes (PEMs)
have yet to achieve their full potential as compact, efficient,
lightweight power supplies for aerospace and terrestrial
application. Recent research has shown that the catalyst loading
can be decreased by two orders of magnitude with relatively little
effect on performance. Further improvement in the ionic-electronic
interface combined with newly available PEM materials will result
in a simple, low-cost, high-performance fuel cell that will
operate at ambient conditions with virtually no ancillary
equipment. This project will prepare several types of advanced
membrane-electrode assemblies, incorporating newly available
ultra-thin perfluorosulfonic (PFSA) membranes and a high-
conductivity solubilized PFSA ionomer, and test them in fuel cells
for performance at near-ambient conditions. The decreased
complexity will result in a system with higher power density,
greater reliability, smaller volume, and improved operational
flexibility than previously available for aerospace, satellite,
and Mars and Lunar missions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The advanced, near-ambient-
operating solid polymer fuel cells developed in this program will
replace batteries and power generators in such applications as
military and civilian aerospace, backup power sources, field
generators, remote power, and non-polluting vehicles.
***
Project Title:
Near-Ambient Solid-Polymer Fuel Cell
92-1-10.11-9450 NASW-4788
Near-Ambient Solid-Polymer Fuel Cell
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062
Gerhard L. Holleck (617-769-9450)
Abstract:
All fuel cells, particularly polymer-electrolyte-membrane
fuel cells, are extremely attractive for space and earth
applications because of their high-energy conversion efficiency.
This project will develop a solid polymer fuel cell that can
efficiently operate at near-ambient temperatures without ancillary
components for humidification and/or pressurization of the fuel or
oxidant gases. This fuel cell will be made with a novel,
integrated-catalyst, proton-exchange polymer unit that has no
interfacial barriers so that water diffusion from the cathode to
the anode will not be impeded. The catalysts for both electrodes
will be electro-precipitated in a highly dispersed form within the
proton exchange membrane in close proximity to the gas-polymer
interface. This fuel cell will offer significant gains in weight
and volume power density. It will reduce complexity and make fuel
cells attractive for smaller and portable power supplies which at
present, is not feasible because the fuel cell stack is a vital
but only small part of the total system.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Near-ambient, solid-polymer
fuel cells extend fuel cell technology to small units making it
suitable for remote distributed power, marine power, power tools,
computers, video cameras, rovers, and automated sampling
equipment.
***
Project Title:
A Fast Algorithm for Transient All-Speed Flows and Finite-Rate Chemistry
92-1-11.01-0660 NAS08-39807
A Fast Algorithm for Transient All-Speed Flows and
Finite-Rate Chemistry
Engineering Sciences, Inc.
4920 Corporate Drive, Suite K
Huntsville, AL 35805
Yen-Sen Chen (205-721-0660)
Abstract:
A novel algorithm derived from a pressure-based methodology
will be developed to improve the calculation of time-accurate
chemically reacting flows at all speeds. The algorithm will
combine the non-iterative strong coupling between fluid-dynamics
and chemistry with a penalty function within a fast, stiff,
ordinary differential equation solver to speed up convergence. The
operator-splitting technique is used to derive the non-iterative,
strong coupling, predictor and corrector procedure. Sensitivity
and parametric studies will be carried out for one-dimensional and
multi-dimensional flame propagation flows in low-speed and high-
speed situations to assess and verify this unified algorithm. If
this algorithm is valid, it will result in more efficient and
stable computational fluid dynamics (CFD tools that include other
propulsion-related physics such as atomization, spray, and
turbulence. This algorithm can be used to create more reliable
designs and to perform diagnostic analyses of rocket-engine flow
fields.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A validated, highly efficient
algorithm, that can be incorporated into any CFD code utilizing
pressure-based methodologies to create a more efficient and more
reliable CFD design and diagnostic tool, can be expected from this
study.
***
Project Title:
Radiation-Convection Coupling in Rocket Motor and Plume Analysis
92-1-11.01-2008A NAS08-39811
Radiation-Convection Coupling in Rocket Motor and
Plume Analysis
Seca, Inc.
3311 Bob Wallace Avenue, Suite 202
Huntsville, AL 35805
Richard C. Farmer (205-534-2008)
Abstract:
A coupled radiation-convection analysis utilizing state-of-
the-art computational fluid dynamic (CFD) flow solvers will be
developed to accurately describe main-chamber and plume radiation
for chemical and nuclear rocket. Despite several decades of
intensive research in rocket plume radiation analysis, both
thermal environments and infrared (IR) signatures are still
modeled with an uncoupled simulation. First, the flow field is
predicted, and then the radiation is predicted from the thermal,
pressure, and species fields but without accounting for the
radiated energy losses in the flow field solutions. Even inside
the rocket motor, the radiation to the motor walls is only crudely
approximated. Currently, radiative transport is not adequately
treated in any of the CFD solvers used for rocket propulsion
system analysis. This project will apply the modified differential
approximation in various forms, which represent specific
propellant systems, to solve the radiative equation of transfer in
order to fully couple the radiation and convection in a CFD code.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The radiation-convection-
coupled CFD analysis will provide a new design tool to improve the
simulation of chemical and nuclear rocket motors, coal-fired power
plants, and other industrial processes. All of these uses have
potential for commercial applications of the new code.
***
Project Title:
Optical Diagnostics for Solid Rocket Motor Nozzles
92-1-11.02-0003 NAS08-39838
Optical Diagnostics for Solid Rocket Motor Nozzles
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
Evan R. Pugh (508-689-0003)
Abstract:
The radiative and convective heating experienced by materials
in solid rocket motor nozzles has been inferred from plume
radiation measurements and from the measured thermal response of
nozzle materials. Nevertheless, the heating loads within nozzles
are still not well understood. This project will develop an
optical diagnostic method for the direct measurement of the
temperature of the combustion products within the nozzle and the
radiative heating experienced by interior nozzle surfaces. This
radiometric diagnostic could also measure the thermal response of
nozzle material close to the nozzle throat. The successful
application of this diagnostic could provide NASA with
experimental verification of solid rocket motor design codes and
an ability to optimize and calibrate experimentally the solid
rocket motor simulators currently under development by NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These diagnostic techniques
could produce valuable new instrumentation for the rocket motor
industry and would aid the development of future high-performance
rocket motors.
***
Project Title:
Low-Cost Analysis Tool for Concurrent Engineering Applications
92-1-11.02-4747 NAS08-39831
Low-Cost Analysis Tool for Concurrent Engineering
Applications
Huntsville Sciences Corporation
150-102 West Park Loop
Huntsville, AL 35806
James V. McAnally (205-830-4747)
Abstract:
The development of a low-cost, simple-to-use software package
to construct geometric models and grids for concurrent engineering
analysis applications is the goal of this project. The software
package will consist of an interactive CAD program to construct
the geometric model, an unstructured finite-element grid generator
to develop the computational grid network, a post processing color
graphics package for displaying the results, and interface
software which restructures the grid and sets up the required
boundary conditions for SINDA, TRASYS, and ANSYS computer
programs. The tool will be structured for an engineering work-
station with a UNIX operating system. Each software module in the
analysis package can be run in an independent mode; however, each
module will be linked with menus to permit interactive sequential
runs of the individual codes. The user will have the option to
construct a geometric model with CAD, compute a finite-element
grid network for the model, and compute structural temperature
distributions using the grid network with the finite-element
thermal analyzer (FEHEAT) or transform the grid for SINDA
application using a finite-element to finite-difference
translator. The user can also output the surface grid for a TRASYS
radiation analysis, or interpolate structural temperatures
computed with either FEHEAT or SINDA onto an ANSYS grid for
structural analysis. Operation codes will be restricted to only
those developed by the company.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This tool can be used in
spacecraft and launch vehicle thermal, propulsion, and
environmental control system design; power generation system
design; electronic component design and packaging; automobile
engine cooling, lubrication, and hydraulic systems; HVAC systems;
and fire protection systems.
***
Project Title:
Virtual Design Tools for Thermo-Fluid Analysis of Liquid Rocket Engine Thrust Chambers
92-1-11.02-6576 NAS08-39812
Virtual Design Tools for Thermo-Fluid Analysis of
Liquid Rocket Engine Thrust Chambers
CFD Research Corporation
3325-D Triana Boulevard
Huntsville, AL 35805
Yong Lai (205-536-6576)
Abstract:
Modern thermo-fluid design methodology of rocket engines
involves several computational components including CAD/CAM, CFD,
thermal-analysis, structural analysis, and data visualization
tools. These components are strongly interlinked through boundary
conditions, grids, and property data. Nevertheless, engineers find
that they use the components in a stand-alone form or by manual
interfacing via external files. A novel, virtual design tool
linking the codes with object oriented programming will be
developed to allow individual codes to evolve without affecting
their interaction. The key components, the CFD REFLEQS code and
thermal SINDA code, will be coupled, thereby allowing their
simultaneous execution. An innovative, multi-domain, multi-media
capability will be implemented in the REFLEQS code. One-to-one,
one-to-many, and arbitrary match grid among different domains will
allow different grid topologies in different domains so that
structural, thermal, and CFD codes (e.g. ANSYS, SINDA, and
REFLEQS) can interchange data. In Phase I, the design tool will be
verified on a 40 K engine and demonstrated on the STME
configuration. In Phase II, the code will be extended to allow
simultaneous analysis of two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional
configurations by using an advanced distributed-shared memory
approach.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This approach will find
extensive use in the prediction of thermo-fluid phenomena in
liquid rocket engines, in automotive engine cooling, and in heat
exchanger design.
***
Project Title:
Comprehensive Model for Combustion Instability in Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
92-1-11.03-0660 NAS08-39832
Comprehensive Model for Combustion Instability in
Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
Engineering Sciences, Inc.
4920 Corporate Drive, Suite K
Huntsville, AL 35805
Yongmo Kim (205-721-0660)
Abstract:
This project will develop a comprehensive model for
simulating the combustion instability in the liquid propellant
rocket engine. The linear and nonlinear analytical solution for
the three-dimensional chamber wave phenomena will be used to
validate the numerical model. The approach will study the overall
behavior of nonlinear combustion instabilities; effects of
acoustic oscillations on subcritical and supercritical
vaporization and combustion process in stable and unstable engine
operating conditions; and oscillating flow fields and liquid-fuel
trajectories during combustion instability. The successful
completion of Phase I will provide a reliable numerical model for
the combustion instability analysis as well as information about
the effects of various design parameters, fluid dynamics
interplay, atomization, vaporization, and turbulent mixing.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A validated comprehensive
model will serve as a design aid and a diagnostic tool to resolve
the combustion instability problems in actual liquid propellant
rocket engines or gas turbine combustors and to optimize the
combustor design.
***
Project Title:
Mixing Efficiency Diagnostic Using Spectroscopic Analysis
92-1-11.03-4770 NAS08-39839
Mixing Efficiency Diagnostic Using Spectroscopic
Analysis
Spectral Sciences, Inc.
99 South Bedford Street, #7
Burlington, MA 01803-5169
Michael Gersh (617-273-4770)
Abstract:
Development of efficient rocket engines requires a technique
to measure their mixing and combustion efficiency, both for
assessing the efficiency of specific engines and for evaluating
computer models of propellant mixing and combustion. The objective
of this project is to develop a mixing efficiency diagnostic using
a spectroscopic analysis (MEDUSA) instrument that can
quantitatively measure the results of incomplete mixing in rocket
engines. This process uses a novel, diode-laser absorption
spectroscopy technique to measure the spatial distribution of
acetylene and oxygen at the rocket nozzle exit plane. This is a
relevant measurement since these species are characteristic of the
low and high oxidizer-to-fuel ratio regions of the plume flow
field that result from incomplete mixing and combustion. Such
spatial mapping of the nozzle exit plane has not previously been
achieved. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of developing a
MEDUSA instrument by understanding the few residual uncertainties
concerning the utilization of the laser, the absorption by C2H2,
and the possible spectral interferences from other plume species.
These experimental results would then facilitate the development
of the MEDUSA in Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial uses include
optimizing commercially developed rockets and analyzing rocket
plume radiation data. In addition, there is a possible market for
the optimization of large combustion sources for power generation
and industrial uses.
***
Project Title:
Acoustic Interactions with Spray Combustion in Liquid Propellant Rocket Thrust Chambers
92-1-11.03-6576 NAS08-39813
Acoustic Interactions with Spray Combustion in
Liquid Propellant Rocket Thrust Chambers
CFD Research Corporation
3325-D Triana Boulevard
Huntsville, AL 35805
Maciej Pindera (205-536-6576)
Abstract:
Combustion instabilities in liquid rocket motors result from
complex, transient, nonlinear interactions between gas flow,
pressure waves, and processes associated with heat release. Recent
developments in numerical technology, allow for viable simulations
of these interactions. The current numerical models for combustion
instability, however, do not make use of available highly accurate
schemes. This project will develop a high accuracy numerical model
capable of resolving nonlinear interactions among liquid fuel
sprays, fluid dynamics, and chemistry, and understanding their
effects on combustion instabilities in the rocket motor environ-
ment. Phase I will concentrate on the coupling between spray
characteristics and droplet transport, using simple chemistry in a
two-and three-dimensional compressible flow field. After the flow
field has been calculated using highly accurate TVD or Godunov
schemes, it will be tested and made available at the company.
Spray physics will include a correlation type spray model coupled
to existing unsteady droplet evaporation and Lagrangian tracking
algorithms. Simulations will be performed to study the response of
combustion to different spray configurations. This research will
result in an advanced multi-dimensional combustion instability
code that can be used by NASA to design future rocket thrust
chambers and predict combustion stability limits.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project will produce an
advanced numerical methodology for studies of nonlinear combustion
instabilities in liquid rocket engines. The developed computer
code will be of interest to all injection spray designers and
rocket chamber manufacturers where accurate simulations of
acoustically coupled flow transients is of paramount importance.
***
Project Title:
Improved Temperature Measurement in Composite Material for Aerospace Applications
92-1-11.04-1756 NAS08-39814
Improved Temperature Measurement in Composite
Material for Aerospace Applications
Analysis & Measurement Services Corporation
AMS 9111 Cross Park Drive, NW
Knoxville, TN 37923-4599
H.M. Hashemian (615-691-1756)
Abstract:
In developing composite materials for aerospace applications,
the thermostructural material behavior is of paramount importance.
Efforts to measure temperature variations within this material,
during rapid transients when stresses may be critical, have been
hampered by the uncertainties in the thermal bond between the
thermocouples and the material. To date, no method is available to
evaluate the quality of a thermocouple installation in a solid
material. Consequently, it is not possible to determine how well
the output of a bonded or embedded thermocouple actually
represents the temperature of the surrounding material under
transient conditions. Neither is it possible to determine the
extent to which the transient outputs of separate thermocouples
are different due to actual existing material temperature
differences as opposed to differences in the integrity of the
installations. This project will develop technology to measure the
integrity of a thermocouple installation so that the actual
response time of the thermocouple can be identified and used for
correction of transient temperature data.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The technology to be developed
will be useful to NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and for all scientific
and industrial applications that require timely temperature
measurements for process control, safety, or efficiency, such as
the steel industry, the chemical industry, and industrial manufac-
turing processes.
***
Project Title:
High Reliability, Low-Cost RTM Preforms for Solid Rocket Motor Nozzles
92-1-11.04-3200 NAS08-39844
High Reliability, Low-Cost RTM Preforms for Solid
Rocket Motor Nozzles
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
Glenn Freitas (617-890-3200)
Abstract:
Solid rocket motor (SRM) nozzles are currently fabricated by
wrapping a compliant bias (+/-45ø), carbon-phenolic prepreg tape.
Because conventional weaving looms cannot produce bias fabrics,
nozzle manufacturers must procure dry standard 0ø-90ø fabric, slit
short strips along the bias direction, and sew them together to
form a continuous tape. This process is labor intensive, has a
high scrap factor, and produces a tape with substantial
variability. Furthermore, this construction often leads to quality
problems during the subsequent prepregging operation. This project
will adapt the company's unique textile process--flat braiding--to
produce continuous lengths of bias tape of consistent quality. The
dry tape is wound directly onto a male nozzle tool to produce the
desired "shingled" preform architecture. The lay-up is then placed
in a female resin transfer mold (RTM) for infusion with phenolic
resin. This method should yield consistent quality (no stitches,
no edge quality problems) at a lower cost (less fabric handling,
no prepregging). In Phase I, machinery will be modified to produce
continuous bias tape. The tape will be wound onto a tool supplied
by Thiokol, Inc., who will also produce a demonstration article.
Phase II will involve machine scale-up to support manufacturing
methods development for full-scale SRM nozzles.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The textile technology may be
applied to any composites application, RTM or otherwise, where
fiber orientations other than 0ø or 90ø are desired. These may
include aircraft components, automotive parts, and sporting goods.
***
Project Title:
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Solid Rocket Motor Liners, Insulators, and Propellants
92-1-11.04-4015 NAS08-39840
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Solid Rocket Motor
Liners, Insulators, and Propellants
Quantum Magnetics, Inc.
11578 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 30
San Diego, CA 92121
Lowell J. Burnett (619-481-4015)
Abstract:
Recent test results have shown that it is feasible to use
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to monitor liner thickness and
state-of-cure during fabrication of large, composite-case, solid
rocket motors (SRMs). In addition, these results indicate that NMR
will provide useful information regarding propellant uniformity,
the presence of contaminants, and the state-of-cure of the
insulation layer. However, these results are not directly
applicable to steel-case SRMs since the presence of the case will
distort both the RF and the steady magnetic fields needed for
measuring the NMR. In addition, the liner, insulation, and
propellant materials used in steel-case SRMs are not identical to
those used in composite-case SRMs. This project will develop a
prototype NMR system to determine thickness and state-of-cure of
the SRM liner for both steel-case and composite-case SRMs. The NMR
system will also be capable of determining the insulator state-of-
cure and identifying local regions of contamination in both the
liner and insulator. In addition, it should be possible to use
this NMR system, with suitable modifications, to monitor
propellant uniformity at specific points in the fabrication
process.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Using composites, laminates,
and composite-metal hybrids for fabrication is becoming
increasingly important in the commercial sector. The NMR
technology will be readily applicable to many commercial
fabrication and assembly processes where nondestructive inspection
and nondestructive evaluation of individual components are
required.
***
Project Title:
Effective Porosity of Rayon-Based Carbon-Phenolics
92-1-11.04-8900B NAS08-39833
Effective Porosity of Rayon-Based
Carbon-Phenolics
PDA Engineering
2975 Redhill Avenue
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Douglas A. Marx (714-540-8900)
Abstract:
The effect of pore pressures resulting from the pyrolytic
decomposition of carbon-phenolics is to add an internal force on
the solid phase of the remaining char. The effective porosity
represents a measure of the area over which this pore pressure
acts as well as defining the area of the solid phase material over
which internal stresses are developed to counteract the pore
pressure. Tests have demonstrated that volume porosity is a poor
measure of the effective porosity. Also, in the presence of
confining boundary conditions, the effective porosity can vary
greatly due to the compressibility of the solid phase. In order to
perform precise thermostructural calculations of stresses and
strains, as well as accurate predictions of structural margins of
safety, both the magnitude of the pore pressure and the effective
porosity must be known. To date, laboratory data have failed to
isolate these two parameters from each other. Therefore, the
intent of this study is to design a test specimen that will
accurately measure the effective porosity in precharred specimens
of carbon-phenolic. This design test will be developed by
performing thermostructural analyses and a limited amount of
experimental testing. The project's main goal is to derive a test
methodology suitable for rayon-based carbon-phenolics. In
addition, the project will research how variations in pore
morphology influence the effective porosity.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A means to significantly
increase the reliability of carbon-phenolic rocket nozzle
structural components will be of particular value to NASA and to
the rocket nozzle industry that must contend with maintaining a
high degree of reliability and performance.
***
Project Title:
Improved Electroformed Structural Copper and Copper Alloys for Rocket Components
92-1-11.05-4707 NAS03-26918
Improved Electroformed Structural Copper and
Copper Alloys for Rocket Components
Electroformed Nickel, Inc.
283 Winfield Circle
Corona, CA 91720
Glenn Malone (714-371-4707)
Abstract:
Because of high thermal conductivity requirements, OFHC
(oxygen-free, high-conductivity) copper and certain copper alloys
are primarily used as the liner materials for regeneratively
cooled rocket engines. Unfortunately, the wrought alloys and
electroformed pure metal do not exhibit the structural strengths
of electroformed nickel or wrought nickel alloys having less than
desired thermal conductivity. This project offers a new way to
improve the "as deposited" structural properties of a pure,
electroformed OFHC equivalent. Preliminary test results have
indicated that unusually high yield strengths in copper can be
obtained (while maintaining low oxygen content) using less
conventional deposition techniques. Once the optimum deposit
parameters and deposition current manipulation cycles are
established, further enhancement of yield strength (with suitable
ductility) may be obtained by minor alloying and/or dispersion
strengthening through co-deposition so that these improved
properties are retained over a fairly wide thermal range and
stress-strain cycling service.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This material can be used for
rocket engine thrust chambers, barrier layers for prevention of
hydrogen embrittlement, high-performance heat exchangers subject
to high coolant pressures, and high-energy eximer laser
components. A possible military application is for anti-armor-
shaped charge devices.
***
Project Title:
Metalized-Cryogen for Advanced Hybrid Engines
92-1-11.06-1992B NASW-4789
Metalized-Cryogen for Advanced Hybrid Engines
Orbital Technologies Corporation
402 Gammon Place, Suite 10
Madison, WI 53719
Eric E. Rice (608-833-1992)
Abstract:
An innovative, metalized, hybrid solid rocket motor will be
developed. While many approaches to solid propellant delivery to a
combustion chamber have been investigated, in general, these
devices are complex, heavy, and expensive. This project will
couple two areas of propellant enhancement: propellant
metalization and cryogen solidification. Because the performance
enhancement capability of metalized propellants has received much
study since the 1960s, the system simplifications associated with
solid cryogens are both promising and attractive. Phase I will
demonstrate the basic metalized-cryogen solidification process.
Phase II will build and fire a small motor in the 100-200 lb
thrust range.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The hybrid engine may be
adaptable to thrust ranges from 20 lb to 20,000 lb or higher and
may operate at chamber pressures of 200 to 400 psia. Smaller sizes
may operate as pulse thrusters for attitude and velocity trim.
Larger sizes would be suited to upper-stage applications and space
tug uses. The engine's major strengths are its simplicity, long-
term space storage, and low-cost reliability without complex
metalized propellant delivery systems.
***
Project Title:
Engine Design and Testing of Metalized Propellants
92-1-11.06-5888 NAS03-26919
Engine Design and Testing of Metalized Propellants
Truax Engineering, Inc.
5925 Farnsworth Court
Carlsbad, CA 92008
Andrejs Vanags (619-931-5888)
Abstract:
This project will test the performance of LOx/RP1-A1
propellants in rocket engines that have an innovative stage
combustion chamber and improved chamber and nozzle contouring. To
this end, injector and engine designs will be generated during
Phase I. The flow properties of the metalized fuel will also be
investigated.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Metalized propellants will
improve the performance of pressure-fed sounding rockets and
rocket boosters.
***
Project Title:
Enhanced Fuel Burning Rate in Hybrid Chemical Rockets
92-1-11.06-9500 NAS03-26914
Enhanced Fuel Burning Rate in Hybrid Chemical
Rockets
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road
Billerica, MA 01821
David B. Stickler (508-663-9500)
Abstract:
The low mass burning rate of solid fuel constrains the
engineering design and application of hybrid rockets. This project
will synthesize and conduct burn-rate tests of a modified solid
fuel that will establish and maintain a prescribed high level of
surface roughness as it regresses. A hydrodynamically rough wall
results in substantially enhanced net heat flux to the fuel
surface and a correspondingly higher fuel burn rate. Phase I will
experimentally demonstrate this process, with the overall
objective of retaining the inherent safety, low cost, and
controllability of hybrids, while simplifying rocket engine
design, lowering hardware cost, and providing a much higher burn-
rate than is achievable with homogeneous fuel grains. Phase I will
emphasize fuel synthesis, burn rate experiments, data analysis,
and projection of performance gains for real, full-scale hybrid
rocket engines. A fuel burn-rate improvement of at least a factor
of two is anticipated without compromising safety or fuel cost.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Hybrid rocket engine
technology is currently being developed for commercial
implementation. The fuel modification demonstrated in this project
will encourage hardware simplification and better performance,
thereby improving the commercial potential of this rocket engine
technology. NASA applications include lower-cost, next-generation
launch vehicles that can be used in man-rated systems.
***
Project Title:
Grid Optimization Tools for Complex Structural Models
92-1-11.07-2246 NAS08-39822
Grid Optimization Tools for Complex Structural
Models
Alabama Research
7809 Doubletree Lane
Huntsville, AL 35802
Lawrence W. Spradley (205-883-2246)
Abstract:
Computer software for optimizing finite-element grids used in
complex structural models will be developed. The grid optimization
tools will operate directly on existing models from standard
industry and government codes. The new software will extend
existing packages and will act as a stand-alone processor to
optimize, remesh, and perform special functions and then replace
the grid on a compatible file for reprocessing by the finite
element package. The result will be a higher quality grid that has
a more accurate and reliable stress analysis and vehicle component
design. By using the automatic optimizer code, NASA can conduct
more accurate structural analyses and introduce special functions
such as flaws, holes, and weld misalignment. Phase I will test and
verify the grid optimizer tools by using two-dimensional models
and theories. Extension of the methods to three dimensions will be
investigated. Phase II will further extend the software to three-
dimensional tetrahedral and hexahedral grids. A comprehensive test
problem set will then be selected in conjunction with NASA and the
results analyzed and compared to previous solutions and test data.
Phase II will end when the software and documentation is delivered
to NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The grid optimization tool
will be used by aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineers in all
disciplines who design high-rise buildings, analyze damaged
buildings, perform fatigue analyses of commercial airplanes,
design bridge structures, and perform safety analyses of dams,
bridges, highways, and automobiles.
***
Project Title:
Modulation of Solar Momentum for Satellite Attitude Control
92-1-11.08-9450 NAS03-26916
Modulation of Solar Momentum for Satellite Attitude
Control
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062
James D. Klein (617-769-9450)
Abstract:
A non-chemical and non-mechanical means of achieving attitude
control of satellites is the goal of this project. Even the
relatively low thrusts required for attitude control eventually
deplete stored chemical propulsion fuels and limit the operational
lifetime of satellites. This project will develop with
electrically tunable optical properties that allow active control
of momentum transfer with the solar radiation and provide attitude
control without propulsion fuels or moving parts. The resulting
low-thrust propulsion system will provide reliable, low-power
attitude control using materials suitable for long-term operation
in the space environment. Both commercial and defense satellites
could realize enhanced lifetimes and greater reliability from the
use of a non-chemical and non-mechanical attitude control and
stationkeeping system. Phase I seeks to demonstrate the necessary
spectral and thermal performance in a thin-film prototype panel.
More advanced switching mechanisms, spectral enhancements, and
scale-up technology would be developed in Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The successful development of
non-mechanical solar momentum control systems for spacecraft will
have commercial application in communications, meteorological, and
scientific research satellites.
***
Project Title:
Small Composite Combustion Chambers
92-1-11.09-0236 NAS09-18840
Small Composite Combustion Chambers
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331
Robert H. Tuffias (818-899-0236)
Abstract:
Under NASA support, the company has developed iridium-rhenium
(Ir-Re) technology that has demonstrated the ability of liquid
rocket engines to operate above 2200øC for tens of hours. Units
having thrust ratings of 22N and 445N have been built and tested
and have demonstrated an improvement in specific impulse /of some
20 seconds, which translates into a productivity increase of 5-10
percent. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating
the next-generation small combustion chamber through the
application of composite structures.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Upper-stage rocket engines are
typically regeneratively cooled, resulting in a large performance
penalty and high launch loads. This Ir-Re technology applied to
launching communications satellites could save $2-to-4 million per
launch.
***
Project Title:
Lightweight, Oxidation Resistant, High-Temperature Composite Thrusters
92-1-11.09-5911 NAS09-18872
Lightweight, Oxidation Resistant, High-Temperature
Composite Thrusters
Fiber Materials, Inc.
5 Morin Street
Biddeford, ME 04005-4497
Clifford F. Baker (207-282-5911)
Abstract:
An advanced thruster is needed that can meet the high-
temperature, weight-sensitive applications of modern satellite
propulsion systems. A composite structure, manufactured using low-
density materials such as carbon fibers encased in a ceramic
matrix, can provide thrusters that meet these requirements. The
choice of ceramic matrix will define the operating temperature of
the composite and the type of propellent which can be burned.
Using very-high-temperature ceramic materials will result in
thrusters able to withstand flame temperatures of 2700øC, thereby
precluding the need for active cooling of the nozzle and
eliminating a complex manufacturing step. Ceramic materials will
also reduce manufacturing costs and improve system reliability by
eliminating a possible failure point.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The resulting composite
thrusters will benefit boost motors and attitude control thrusters
on commercial communications satellites. These materials may also
find applications as nozzle materials for other high temperature
environments such as furnace nozzles and plasma nozzles.
***
Project Title:
An Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Power Source for Electric Propulsion
92-1-11.10-3772 NAS07-1235
An Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Power Source
for Electric Propulsion
Rockford Technology Association, Inc.
912 West Armory
Champaign, IL 61821
Heinrich Hora (217-333-3772)
Abstract:
Experimental studies of a unique, inertial electrostatic
confinement (IEC) fusion concept will be conducted. The IEC
concept has the potential to generate a high power-to-weight ratio
power supply for electric propulsion during deep space missions.
Phase I will use existing equipment to carry out a proof-of-
principle experiment which, if successful, will define the design
basis for more rapid testing in Phase II. IEC involves the
injection of ions and electrons in a spherical configuration
arranged so that ions are trapped into a potential well, giving a
high fusion reaction rate in a small "core" region in the center.
The inertia of the injected ions combined with the internal
potential well provide the necessary confinement. Since magnets
and laser drivers are not involved, this system offers a much
higher specific power than conventional fusion approaches. The IEC
concept was originally addressed in the 1950s by Farnsworth, but
since then the concept has received little attention. The present
version relies on improved operation under special, pulsed, high-
current injection and preliminary experiments with lower currents
using this configuration have been quite encouraging. Since the
concept results in beam-beam reactions, it is ideally suited for
burning advanced fusion fuels like D-3He, which in turn, allows
for the use of direct conversion of the fusion energy to a high
voltage output, offering very efficient coupling to an advanced
electric propulsion unit.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The lightweight, high-power
IEC system will enable future deep space missions. Many commercial
applications may develop, especially spinoffs for terrestrial uses
which require a high-power density.
***
Project Title:
Porous Cathode for Alkali Propellant MPD Thrusters
92-1-11.10-6551A NAS07-1224
Porous Cathode for Alkali Propellant MPD Thrusters
Thermacore, Inc.
780 Eden Road
Lancaster, PA 17601
William G. Anderson (717-569-6551)
Abstract:
This project will develop a porous cathode that will
eliminate cathode erosion as the mission-limiting factor of alkali
propellant MPD thrusters. A porous cathode delivers lithium
directly to the cathode tip, lowering the effective work function
of the cathode surface. During start-up, the arc spots vaporize
the lithium instead of heating and vaporizing tungsten. During
steady state, the increased lithium concentration near the surface
increases backscatter and reduces tungsten evaporation.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: If successful, this concept
will remove cathode erosion as a factor for limiting the duration
of space missions.
***
Project Title:
A Methodological Approach to Improving Pre-Flight Adaptation Training
92-1-12.01-5090A NAS09-18830
A Methodological Approach to Improving Pre-Flight
Adaptation Training
Essex Corporation
1040 Woodcock Road, Suite 227
Orlando, FL 32803
Robert S. Kennedy (407-894-5090)
Abstract:
NASA is currently employing a pre-flight adaptation trainer
(PAT) to pre-adapt astronauts to conditions that cause space
motion sickness (SMS). This project will develop an approach that
will aid in enhancing the fidelity and effectiveness of this
device and its associated training regimens. Specifically, the
project will develop a "profile analysis" technique so that a
direct comparison of the pattern of SMS symptoms experienced aloft
and after re-entry can be made with the pattern obtained in the
PAT. The project will also develop a video-based measurement
technique to provide quantitative information concerning the
nature of the visual stimulus delivered to trainees in the PAT.
This two-phase methodology will help modify the fidelity of the
PAT configuration and will aid in verifying the effectiveness of
training received in the PAT. This effort will also produce a
biocybernetic video measurement technique that can be applied to
other space flight simulation and virtual environment systems in
which measurement of the visual stimulus for motion and
orientation is important.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The availability of an
automated system that links visual display parameters (flow and
edge rate, pitch and roll rate, etc.) with the magnitude of the
perceptual experience can be used to provide engineering
specifications for all manner of virtual reality systems, whether
they are used for training or recreation.
***
Project Title:
Compact, Digital, Flash X-Ray Imager for Quantitative Physiological Studies in Space
92-1-12.01-8492 NAS09-18867
Compact, Digital, Flash X-Ray Imager for
Quantitative Physiological Studies in Space
Vehicles
Advanced Optical Technologies, Inc.
141 Davis Road
Storrs, CT 06268
Yong-Sheng Chao (203-429-8492)
Abstract:
Continuous and progressive bone loss is a major health hazard
in prolonged manned-space flight. Internal body organs, especially
the heart, lungs, and blood vessels of brain, also experience
complicated adaptations to weightlessness. Therefore, systematic
research is necessary to understand these adaptations and to
identify possible countermeasures. An accurate, fully automated,
dual-energy, digital, flash x-ray imaging system will be developed
for the quantitative monitoring of bone mineral content (BMC) and
for anatomical imaging of the internal body organs of humans or
animals in space. A recently developed, large format (8" x 11"),
integrated, amorphous-silicon, photodiode array is used with most
efficient scintillators (CsI(Tl) and BGO) for energy-selective, x-
ray image detection. The novel x-ray imager is designed to have
its key imaging quality parameters comparable with those of
computed radiography. The imager has an accuracy of better than 1
percent in BMC determination and can ensure distinctive separation
of bone and internal body organs for monitoring physiological
change under weightless conditions. A compact, flash x-ray source
with microsecond pulse-width, synchronized with the selected
action of the imaged objects, will precisely find the imaged
object without requiring the immobilization of animals in space
vehicles.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This device can be used in the
clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis and in portable x-ray imaging.
***
Project Title:
System for Rapid Detection of Microbial Contamination in Water
92-1-12.01-9357 NAS09-18864
System for Rapid Detection of Microbial
Contamination in Water
New Horizons Diagnostics
9110 Red Branch Road
Columbia, MD 21045
Marjorie Wier (410-992-9354)
Abstract:
Rapid, simple methods for detection of microbial
contamination of water are needed to replace the tedious and
complex standard culture methodology. Systems based on detection
of microbial ATP through the bioluminescent reaction of luciferin-
luciferase have been developed. However, of these systems has been
hampered by the instability of luciferin and by the complexity of
the instrumentation used to measure for light emission. To
overcome these problems, the company has developed unique methods
of immobilizing and stabilizing luciferin-luciferase in a solid
phase format, including a hand-held photo-multiplier-tube-based
luminometer capable of very sensitive measurement of emitted
light. This project will use these technologies to devise a system
which detects microbial contamination of water samples. The system
will be based on a filter unit with a port for insertable cards
holding glass fiber filters. Once the sample is processed, the
card can be inserted into the luminometer for measurement.
Especially during space flight, this system offers an easy-to-use
and sensitive method to measure microbial contamination. The
method can also be extended to measure microbial contamination on
surfaces, in food, and in the air.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This system can be used for
rapid clinical testing for urinary tract infections, bacteria in
cerebral spinal fluid, and in peritoneal fluid from peritoneal
dialysis patents, other possible applications will be in the food
industry testing for microbial contamination of processed
beverages, milk, and prepared foods; the industrial, quality
control monitoring of sanitation processes and clean room
processes; and in environmental monitoring for bacterial load in
drinking water and at remediation sites.
***
Project Title:
Sensor Performance Enhancements for Process-Control, Water-Quality Monitor for
92-1-12.02-2484 NAS09-18851
Sensor Performance Enhancements for
Process-Control, Water-Quality Monitor for
Space Application
Astro International Corporation
100 Park Avenue
League City, TX 77573
E.L. Jeffers (713-332-2484)
Abstract:
The firm is developing a process-control, water-quality
monitor (PCWQM) for the Space Station Freedom, which measures the
potable water supply's temperature, conductivity, pH, iodine, and
total organic carbon content. The baseline design contains conven-
tional technology pH probes as limited life items. Newly developed
ion-selective, field effect transistor (ISFET) pH probes could
improve pH sensor life, reliability, maintainability, and accuracy
and enhance performance during long duration missions. The
baseline PCWQM design does not require turbidity measurement. Tur-
bidity, however, measures process water total dissolved solids and
is useful in detecting breakdown of water processor ion-exchange
bed or filter. This proposal has two objectives: 1) determine the
feasibility of using ISFET technology to improve pH measurement,
and 2) determine the feasibility of using compact, low-power,
nephelometer-based, solid-state, electro-optical technology to
measure turbidity.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The process-control, water-
quality monitor can be used for aqueous cleaning solvents and
ultrapure water, agricultural sensors, real-time blood monitoring,
and oceanographic monitoring.
***
Project Title:
Microwave Sterilizable Access Port
92-1-12.02-7770 NAS09-18863
Microwave Sterilizable Access Port
Umpqua Research Company
P.O. Box 791, 125 Volunteer Way
Myrtle Creek, OR 97457-0118
James E. Atwater (503-863-7770)
Abstract:
A reliable means is needed to access biologically sensitive
systems, including the ECLSS water stream and flight experiments.
The ability to aseptically remove samples and products, as well as
to add materials to sterile or susceptible systems, has always
been compromised by the lack of a reliable means of sterilizing
the mating fixtures. The microwave sterilizable access port
consists of three subsystems: an in-line valve-port assembly, a
portable microwave sterilization chamber, and external hardware
such as a sample container or connection to another sterile
system. Before and after the systems being connected, microwave
energy is used to sterilize all mating surfaces. The systems are
joined by the combined use of microwave transparent materials and
geometries that permit exposure to all desired surfaces. This
project will present designs and prepare an extensive bibliography
on the use of microwaves to sterilize contaminated surfaces.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: In addition to NASA, the
Centers for Disease Control, and military laboratories, the
microwave sterilizable access port will be readily adapted to meet
the needs of the semiconductor, food processing, and
pharmaceutical industries.
***
Project Title:
Portable Fiber-Optic Particulate Monitor
92-1-12.02-7831 NAS09-18862
Portable Fiber-Optic Particulate Monitor
Research International, Inc.
18706 142nd Avenue NE
Woodinville, WA 98072
Elric W. Saaski (206-486-7831)
Abstract:
The goal of this project is the development of a hand-held,
fiber-optic-based monitor to survey for high concentrations of
airborne, organic, or inorganic particulate debris. The device
will be based on the collection and ratiometric detection of
diffractively scattered light from suspended material and will use
Fourier optics in combination with optical fibers to provide high
sensitivity and small overall size. This project will test the
capacity of sensing-head optical output to be converted to an
equivalent particulate concentration by a microcontroller-based
electronics package that provides an liquid crystal display (LCD)
read-out, and, as needed, serial-digital-transfer of the data to a
mainframe computer. On-board memory will maintain a moving data
window or will be set to store events that meet certain criteria,
thereby allowing the user to later review and permanently record
significant readings.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This hand-held device could be
the basis for a "smart" smoke detector or could be used as a
personal data logger that monitors the dust inhalation by miners
or others working in dirty, potentially hostile environments.
***
Project Title:
Fourier-Transform Infrared Instrumentation for Analysis of Organic Contamination in Water
92-1-12.02-9806 NAS09-18837
Fourier-Transform Infrared Instrumentation for
Analysis of Organic Contamination in Water
Supplies
Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
P.O. Box 380379
East Hartford, CT 06138-0379
Chad M. Nelson (203-528-9806)
Abstract:
Current practice relies on laboratory analysis for
quantifying organics in water supplies. However, this analysis is
time-consuming and leads to possible changes in the sample during
handling. A system is needed that can directly measure the
concentration of organics down to parts-per-billion levels,
thereby allowing continuous monitoring of water quality. A fast
response time would help prevent unacceptable levels of
contamination from reaching the potable water supply. This project
will develop a water monitoring system that uses attenuated total
reflectance-Fourier-transform-infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy.
FTIR can simultaneously and rapidly quantify many different
contaminants. Since water is highly absorbing in the infrared,
direct absorption measurements are impossible. Therefore, aqueous
analysis requires using internal reflection, which yields an
extremely short pathlength. Phase I will consider two different
materials for the internal reflection elements (IREs) with surface
modifications to enhance low-level detectability limits. To
increase the sensitivity, the surface of the IRE will be modified
to increase hydrophobicity and/or surface area available for
absorption. The goal of this project (Phase I and Phase II) is to
develop an instrument that will rapidly monitor aqueous systems
for hydrocarbon contamination.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project may result in two
commercial products: a rugged instrument for continuous monitoring
of organic contamination in water; and a new IRE for detecting
trace amounts of organics in highly absorbing liquids and gases.
***
Project Title:
Direct Osmotic Concentration of Waste Water
92-1-12.04-1297 NAS02-13774
Direct Osmotic Concentration of Waste Water
Osmotek, Inc.
P.O. Box 1882
Corvallis, OR 97339
Edward G. Beaudry (503-753-1297)
Abstract:
This project will demonstrate the feasibility of using, as a
pretreatment, a direct-osmosis technology to concentrate raw waste
water models. This pre-treatment can improve the performances of
other treatment processes, such as electrodialysis, by reducing
secondary treatment volumes and increasing conductivity. This
project will evaluate membrane and osmotic agent performance over
an extended time period. This concentration technique requires no
phase change, has minimal energy and space requirements, and no
expendables. Fouling limitations of other membrane techniques make
them unsuitable.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This technology can be used in
waste treatment, biomedical protein purification, and in food
processing.
***
Project Title:
Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Materials by the Excited States of Metal Surfaces
92-1-12.04-1483 NAS08-39841
Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Materials by
the Excited States of Metal Surfaces
Interfacial Sciences, Inc.
2362 Walsh Avenue
Santa Clara, CA 95051
Karl W. Frese, Jr. (408-492-1483)
Abstract:
This project concerns utilizing the excited states on a metal
surface to accelerate the oxidation of organic materials. The
novel catalyst consists of a highly doped semiconductor covered
with a layer of metal such as Pt or Ag. The semiconductor property
is required so that electronic holes in the underlying
semiconductor layer may be injected into the metal film or small
metal catalyst particle. Following injection into the metal film,
the holes are transported ballistically and arrive at the metal
electrolyte interface at an energy below the Fermi level of the
metal. When such holes reach the metal electrolyte interface,
their energetic state represents an excited state of the metal
surface and, as such, they should possess high reactivity towards
oxidation of organic molecules such as alcohols and acids. When
optimized, the resulting electrocatalyst will be used to oxidize
organic compounds at enhanced rates with less poisoning by
strongly bound intermediates. The choice of metal layer will
determine the product. For Pt layers, complete combustion is
expected, giving CO2.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: If successful, this project
would improve the energy efficiency and lifetime of electrodes
used for electrochemical combustion of organic materials. The
research would open the possibility of direct fuel cells without
reforming. Energy savings would be realized because the
electrocatalyst would operate at lower overpotential. With these
improved features, the market for electrochemical devices would
expand.
***
Project Title:
Water Treatment by a Pervaporation Removal of Gas and Volatile Organic Compounds
92-1-12.04-2228A NAS09-18929
Water Treatment by a Pervaporation Removal of
Gas and Volatile Organic Compounds
Membrane Technology & Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road, Suite 103
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Richard W. Baker (415-328-2228)
Abstract:
Dissolved ammonia, air, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
interfere with the performance of current water reclamation
systems developed for space mission applications. Pervaporation is
a compact, energy-efficient technology that is able to remove
these troublesome contaminants from a water stream, producing
small, concentrated waste streams. Phase I will evaluate existing
membranes and modules with model streams containing the dissolved
gases and VOCs. Based on these results, a preliminary design of a
system suitable for a space application will be prepared. The
performance of this system and how it might best be integrated
into a complete water reclamation process will be addressed. In
Phase II, a proof-of-concept system based on the design will be
built and demonstrated.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Pervaporation of the removal
of VOCs from water is already at the pre-commercialization stage.
This project would provide data relevant to additional
applications such as the de-aeration of boiler feed water and the
removal of ammonia, sulphur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide from
industrial waste streams.
***
Project Title:
Water Polishing by Directional Freeze Crystallization
92-1-12.04-2852 NAS09-18843
Water Polishing by Directional Freeze Crystallization
Polar Spring Corporation
3501 Edison Way
Menlo Park, CA 94025
William M. Conlon (415-368-2852)
Abstract:
Future human planetary exploration and habitation require the
development of closed systems for recycling water. Present methods
of water reclamation use expendable membranes, cleaning agents and
acids, and/or regeneration by vacuum desorption to space. Novel
concepts to provide potable and hygienic water are needed that
eliminate the expendables, are highly reliable, and operate in micro-
or partial gravity. This project addresses this need with a
directional freeze crystallization system operating in a batch
process. Freeze crystallization can remove more than 90 percent of
dissolved solids, organic chemicals, particulates, and
microorganisms from water. This approach would not require
expendables, would have an energy consumption comparable to
membrane distillation, and would use proven vapor compression
refrigeration technology. This approach also builds upon the com-
pany's experience with crystallization for household water
purification appliances. Water to be reclaimed would fill a
cylinder and be cooled through the cylinder wall by a refrigerant.
Crystals of purified ice would form on the wall, thereby
concentrating the impurities within an unfrozen core. Typically
one-half or more of the water would be crystallized in each batch.
The liquid core would then be drained from the vessel, and the
purified ice melted using heat rejected from the refrigerant
condenser.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Applications include water
polishing on Space Station Freedom, industrial water treatment,
wastewater treatment, and food processing.
***
Project Title:
Solid Waste, Chemical Oxidation Unit for Closed Environments
92-1-12.04-3149 NAS09-18854
Solid Waste, Chemical Oxidation Unit for Closed
Environments
Lynntech, Inc.
111 East 27th Street, Suite 204
Bryan, TX 77803
G. Duncan Hitchens (409-822-3149)
Abstract:
The company has developed an innovative oxidation process
capable of treating solid organic wastes for recovery of highly
valued materials in a controlled, ecological life-support system
(CELSS) environment. Regenerative systems for food, air, and water
will largely depend upon recovery of reusable resources from solid
wastes. This new catalytic reaction process is highly effective
for oxidizing a wide range of typical CELSS materials, including
inedible biomass and plastic (e.g. Teflon). This process would
completely convert waste, operate without expendables, and present
several physical and chemical system advantages. During the
company's preliminary study, a laboratory bench-scale reactor
system was assembled and tested, and organic oxidation tests were
carried out in a temperature range of 600 to 700øC at ambient
pressure. Test results showed that waste pretreatment was not
required, oxidation was extremely rapid, the offgas was
essentially free of toxic substances, and the inorganic materials
formed during the process were predominantly simple salts. These
results have provided a sound technical basis for the design and
implementation of the Phase I project. The objectives of Phase I
will be to demonstrate the feasibility of the reactor system, to
conduct experiments to obtain parametric data for mass balance
calculations, and to determine the fate of nitrogen compounds and
mineral salts.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This technology can be used
for hazardous waste treatment and industrial effluent clean-up.
The process is attractive for the destruction of chlorinated
hydrocarbon pollutants and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
***
Project Title:
Resistance Heating of Zeolites and Silica Gels for the Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor
92-1-12.04-3200 NAS08-39834
Resistance Heating of Zeolites and Silica Gels for
the Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
Harris Gold (617-890-3200)
Abstract:
Because future space travel will involve long periods of
time, closed-loop environmental control and life-support-systems
must be changed to meet the demands of these missions. A
regenerable carbon-dioxide removal system involving four zeolite
beds will be developed for the Space Station Freedom. While
current designs present power consumption and system weight
problems, this project may dramatically reduce the energy required
for thermal regeneration and provide for the removal of carbon
dioxide without the use of a desiccant bed, thereby reducing the
system's power, weight and volume. The system will add small
quantities of conducting filler material to the adsorbent beds,
which will be fitted with electrodes connected to a power supply.
Uniform and efficient heating of the beds is accomplished by
resistance heating of the conductive material which serves as a
current path. The objectives of Phase I are to demonstrate on a
laboratory-scale that zeolites and silica gels can be efficiently
regenerated with resistance heating; to develop conceptual
designs; and to conduct mission requirements analysis to determine
the most suitable design for the Space Station Freedom.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This system's commercial
applications would include the increased use of adsorbent systems
for dehydration (desiccation); purification of nonpolar gases
(such as natural gas or hydrogen) containing contaminant polar and
unsaturated compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide,
carbon dioxide, ammonia, carbonyl sulfide and mercaptans; odor
removal; and the removal of hydrocarbons from manufactured and
coke-oven gas.
***
Project Title:
Integrated Oxygen Recovery System
92-1-12.04-3291 NAS08-39843
Integrated Oxygen Recovery System
Life Systems, Inc.
24755 Highpoint Road
Cleveland, OH 44122
M.G. Lee (216-464-3291)
Abstract:
An innovative, integrated oxygen recovery system (IORS)
applicable to advanced mission air revitalization will be
developed. Within a single assembly, the IORS can
electrochemically generate metabolic oxygen (O2) and recover O2
from the space habitat atmosphere via a carbon dioxide (CO2)
reduction process. To do these functions, the IORS utilizes a
novel, solid-metal-cathode (SMC) water electrolysis unit that
simultaneously serves as the Sabatier CO2 reduction reactor. The
IORS enables two major life-support systems currently baselined in
closed loop air revitalization systems to be combined into one
smaller, less complex system. This concept reduces fluidic and
electrical interface requirements and eliminates a hydrogen (H2)
interface. Furthermore, since the IORS utilizes an SMC, the system
can also generate high pressure O2 (i.e., >1,000 psia) for
recharging extravehicular-activity O2 bottles. This capability is
not available with current baselined or planned technologies. The
company will perform a process evaluation on the IORS, which will
demonstrate performance and quantifying key system physical
characteristics including power, weight, and volume. This
evaluation should provide the feasibility results to proceed with
Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: In addition to potential
applications in life support systems of future advanced missions,
the IORS process may also be used as part of a military air
revitalization system for a defense shelter. Furthermore, due to
increasing energy-related concerns, the IORS process may be
applied to commercial hydrogenation processes such as CO2
methanation and coal gasification.
***
Project Title:
Sterilization of Drinking Water on Human Planetary Missions
92-1-12.04-5628 NAS02-13778
Sterilization of Drinking Water on Human Planetary
Missions
Maine Research & Technology Company
Mit Branch, P.O. Box 266
Cambridge, MA 02139-0902
Milan Tekula (617-233-5628)
Abstract:
The primary objective of water treatment is to take water
from any available source and to process it so that it both tastes
good and is safe for human consumption. Water treatment must,
therefore, remove, toxic chemicals and biological pathogens. In
space, this process must also minimize consumables; therefore, a
waterfiltering device must be efficient, lightweight, and able to
sterilize filtered urine, washwater, and condensates. This project
will use a contact glow charge to test a new device for the
sterilization of water. This effort will analyze the concept and
test the approach's feasibility. Specifically, the process will
use hydroxyl radicals to make water, thereby requiring no
consumables and operating in a partial gravity environment. The
devices based on this concept will be especially useful in NASA's
future human planetary space exploration missions because these
regenerative life support systems do not require expendable
materials, are lightweight, operate in partial gravity, and have
high reliability.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The research in this program
will provide NASA with a plentiful supply of good, healthy
drinking water for long term space flights. It will also find use
at water purification plants on Earth, which will help to reduce
the long-term financial burden that can result from
bacteriological and chemical contamination of drinking water.
***
Project Title:
In Situ Polymerization of a Reverse Osmosis Membrane for a Regenerative ECLSS
92-1-12.04-7505 NAS08-39815
In Situ Polymerization of a Reverse Osmosis
Membrane for a Regenerative ECLSS
King Lee Technologies
6440 Lusk Boulevard, Suite D102
San Diego, CA 92121
David L. Kronmiller (619-457-7505)
Abstract:
As manned-mission profiles change from short duration, small
crew to prolonged larger crew missions, the environmental control
and life-support system (ECLSS) changes from an open to a closed
system. Therefore, water recycling is a major consideration.
Currently, the most cost efficient process for H2O recovery is a
reverse-osmosis (RO) filtration system. RO filtration does not
require a gas-liquid phase separator in zero gravity and has lower
energy consumption than phase change processes. The types of
reverse osmosis membranes considered to date have either the
hollow-fiber (HF) or dual-layer (DL) membrane. HF membranes suffer
from a high fouling rate, low throughput, and lower salt
rejection. DL membranes have high-flow throughout but also suffer
from a high fouling rate and chemical instability. This project
will develop a new semipermeable membrane material that operates
at pressures of less than 690 kPa (100 psi), with better flow
throughput, and less fouling potential. The RO membrane materials
will be produced by laser-initiated in-situ polymerization of
pyrrolidone, substituted pyrrolidones, maleimide, and maleic
anhydride derivatives. This new semipermeable membrane will allow
more efficient energy use on missions requiring closed or
partially closed ECLSS.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The project is a basic
material science, proof-of-concept effort. If successful, it will
introduce a new semi-permeable membrane material into the reverse
osmosis, high-purity water technology. The material could replace
the current RO semi-permeable membranes.
***
Project Title:
Efficient, Full-Spectrum, Long-Lived, Non-Toxic Lamp for Plant Growth
92-1-12.05-0300 NAS10-11978
Efficient, Full-Spectrum, Long-Lived, Non-Toxic
Lamp for Plant Growth
Fusion Systems Corporation
7600 Standish Place
Rockville, MD 20855
Donald A. MacLennan (301-251-0300)
Abstract:
A mercury-free, low-infrared, efficient lamp has been
developed using proprietary, benign lamp-fills optimized for
visible light. The project will investigate lamp-fill parameter
variations with the goal of optimizing the lamp's spectral output
and efficacy (efficiency) for plant growth while maintaining its
non-toxic and low infrared properties. The lamp's spectral output
will be improved to include substantial blue, red, and far-red
components required by many plants. The new lamp is a microwave-
powered, bright, long-lived, stable, light source with a
continuous, visible spectrum. Other benefits include its small
size and spherical shape which provide ease of optical control,
and its reduced IR- and UV-radiated outputs which are
significantly lower than most discharge lamps. The company will
perform energy balances for various benign lamp-fills and lamp
parameters. In an iterative process, electrical, thermal, and
optical variables, including lamp spectra, will be measured.
Potentially successful candidate lamp-fills and parameters will be
cataloged using spectral guidelines obtained from NASA scientists.
A successful Phase I effort should lead to Phase II production of
efficient, low-infrared, non-toxic lamps and lamp-system
components for NASA's plant growth requirements.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications for
this plant growth lighting innovation are in three areas:
experimental plant growth chambers in use at colleges, bio-
technology concerns, and government; enclosed, artificially
lighted plant growth factories pioneered in this country and now
in use primarily in Japan; and supplementary, early season
lighting for commercial nurseries and farms.
***
Project Title:
An Ultrasonic Biocidal System for Hydroponic Plant Nutrient Solutions
92-1-12.05-2650 NAS02-13770
An Ultrasonic Biocidal System for Hydroponic Plant
Nutrient Solutions
Biotronics Technologies, Inc.
W226 N555B East Mound Drive
Waukesha, WI 53186
Kenneth J. Schlager (414-896-2650)
Abstract:
Ultrasonic cavitation has been shown in a number of
experimental studies to have a destructive (biocidal) effect on
bacteria and other microorganisms. This project calls for an
experimental investigation to determine the feasibility of an
integrated ultrasonic system to control levels of bacteria and
fungi in a closed, environmental life-support system environment.
The stable and transient forms of cavitation will be investigated
over a range of frequencies from 25 kHz to 1.9 MHz. Both pulsed
and continuous wave systems will be evaluated with a variety of
transducers and power supply configurations. Two experimental
ultrasonic generators will be designed, constructed, and tested to
demonstrate the feasibility of the ultrasonic biocidal system
concept. These two experimental systems will be evaluated at The
Land, EPCOT Center, under the direction of Dr. Andrew Schuerger,
senior plant pathologist. Two new developments have greatly
increased the probability of success of this project: the concept
of ultrasonic treatment in the nutrient solution reservoir that
allows time for cavitation action; and the availability of all of
the principal components of the experimental system including the
ultrasonic transducers that have recently become available.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: An ultrasonic biocidal system
would have tremendous market potential in the water and wastewater
treatment industry. Current environmental concerns and new
environmental regulations have stimulated great interest in
finding alternatives to chlorination for control of pathogenic
bacteria.
***
Project Title:
Selective Ligand Surfaces for Nutrient Solution Monitoring and Control
92-1-12.05-7070 NAS10-11980
Selective Ligand Surfaces for Nutrient Solution
Monitoring and Control
Geo-Centers, Inc.
7 Wells Avenue
Newton Centre, MA 02159
Mary Beth Tabacco (617-964-7070)
Abstract:
Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating
ligand surfaces of crown ether macrocycle which exhibit selective
binding for metal ions. The project will use state-of-the-art
research in self-assembled monolayers and molecular assemblies.
The selective ligand surfaces developed under this project can be
applied to monitor and control essential ionic nutrients in
hydroponic growth media as required for the regenerative pro-
duction of food. The primary goal in Phase I will be to synthesize
the functional ligand surfaces of chromogenic macrocycles and to
verify metal complexation. This process will demonstrate that
several crown ethers can be successfully chemisorbed on a
substrate, that functionality is maintained, and that there are
notable differences in the uptake for individual metal ions of
interest to NASA.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Self-assembling and selective
ligand surfaces hold tremendous potential for custom engineering
of microsensors, electronics, micro-scale pumping and switching,
and in biotechnology. The specific macrocycle ligand surfaces
developed in this program can be used for detection of toxic heavy
metals in both natural and process control waters and in
commercial hydroponic and aquaculture ventures.
***
Project Title:
Carbon-Dioxide Monitoring System for CELSS Applications
92-1-12.05-7070A NAS10-11979
Carbon-Dioxide Monitoring System for CELSS
Applications
Geo-Centers, Inc.
7 Wells Avenue
Newton Centre, MA 02159
Mary Beth Tabacco (617-964-7070)
Abstract:
This project will apply chemical optrode technology to the
difficult problem of CO2 detection. The Phase I objective is to
design, construct, and evaluate an all-optical probe to detect
carbon dioxide from 0 to 3000 ppm with resolution ñ2 ppm. This
probe will meet NASA's need for monitoring variable CO2 levels in
controlled, ecological life-support systems (CELSS) as required
for the regenerative production of food. The sensor is innovative
because it will be suitable for monitoring both atmospheric and
dissolved CO2, which may be required in various subsystems of a
CELSS, such as resource recovery. In addition, by virtue of its
size, weight, electromagnetic interference immunity, compatibility
with microprocessor control systems, and minimal manning and
expertise requirements, the sensor is well suited for use on
flight experiments. The development of an integrated, multisensor,
CO2 monitoring system in a subsequent Phase II effort will provide
NASA with a reliable, highly portable and analytical instrument
that is ready to meet several monitoring and control applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The CO2 monitoring system
would be useful for NASA, NASA contractor, and domestic and
international space-oriented business applications. The system
should also find broad application in the agricultural community,
particularly for hydroponic and emerging aquaculture applications.
The CO2 sensors could be used in monitoring fermentors and as a
patient monitor in surgical procedures.
***
Project Title:
Supercritical Water Oxidation of Inedible Biomass
92-1-12.05-7071 NAS02-13769
Supercritical Water Oxidation of Inedible Biomass
Modar, Inc.
14 Tech Circle
Natick, MA 01760
Glenn T. Hong (617-237-7071)
Abstract:
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has been shown to be a
promising technique for water recovery and waste management. The
process can be useful for the regenerative production of food in
space because it effects a rapid and complete conversion of waste
biomass to well-defined inorganic materials that are then made
available for new crop growth. Phase I of this project will design
a SCWO unit specifically intended to treat inedible biomass. The
unit would be constructed under Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project will broaden the
existing database of information used to design SCWO systems for
use on Earth to destroy hazardous wastes.
***
Project Title:
Solid-State Microionic Oxygen Sensor for Closed, Environmental Life-Support Systems
92-1-12.05-9450 NAS10-11977
Solid-State Microionic Oxygen Sensor for Closed,
Environmental Life-Support Systems
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062
Dennis N. Crouse (617-769-9450)
Abstract:
Monitoring the content and local variability of free oxygen
is fundamentally important in regenerative and controlled biomass
production environments. These atmospheres, which NASA anticipates
for long-duration space missions and planetary base habitats,
encompass a relatively narrow range of conditions (pressure,
temperature, and gas composition), where O2 levels must be rather
precisely controlled. The goal of this project is to develop an
all solid-state, thin-film, self-powered, galvanic, O2 sensor that
is operable in weightless environments under ambient conditions.
The sensor, which would have negligible weight and power
consumption, would be fueled by a regenerable storage electrode
that should operate for more than 10 years. The goal of Phase I is
to fabricate such a sensor and to demonstrate its operation under
earth-ambient conditions in 1 to 100% gaseous oxygen
concentrations. In addition, the project will assess the sensor's
operation in a typical greenhouse environment. Phase II's work on
the device will improve its long-term operation and calibration
under typical plant growth conditions, integrate it with a thin-
film or optical CO2 sensor, and tailor it for specific NASA
missions.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The amperometric O2 monitor
would represent an improvement over existing galvanic, ambient
temperature O2 analyzers and could serve in process control and
safe entry applications.
***
Project Title:
Fiber-Optic Immunoassay Sensor for Monitoring Life-Support Systems
92-1-12.06-1010 NAS07-1233
Fiber-Optic Immunoassay Sensor for Monitoring
Life-Support Systems
TACAN Corporation
2330 Faraday Avenue
Carlsbad, CA 92008
Ron Grayson (619-438-1010)
Abstract:
A need exists in non-terrestrial environments to be able to
rapidly and accurately identify pathogenic microbial and chemical
contaminants in regenerated air and water streams. Present chemical-
or bio-sensors are impractical because they have parameter defi-
ciencies in size, weight, complexity, power requirements,
specificity, response times, and accuracy. Small, in situ,
continuously operating, highly selective, and reliable, fiber-
optic-waveguide, immunoassay-chemical sensors and immunoassay-bio-
sensors (FOWG-ICs and -IBs) can provide accurate, rapid detection
with multiplexing capabilities. This project will demonstrate a
laboratory version of a small FOWG-IB incorporating two major
innovations. The first is a side-coated, multi-layer probe
architecture containing monoclonal antibodies, which results in
high specificity and much higher sensitivity than other designs.
The second innovation uses micro-optic blocks to reduce the size
of the sensor optics. Both innovations are extendable to many
types of fiber-optic, chemical- and bio-sensors. In addition to
in-situ monitoring of regenerated air and water streams, many
other applications can be found for these sensors, including the
assurance of safe public water supplies and the determination of
wastewater treatment effectiveness. Other versions of this sensor
can be used to monitor propellants and other toxic materials.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This work will yield a small,
highly sensitive bio-sensor which can monitor water supplies for
microbes. Other uses include monitoring coliform levels in
wastewater and swimming areas and monitoring public places for
airborne diseases. Versions can be used in pollution monitoring,
tank leak detection, biomedical applications, food testing, and
hazardous materials monitoring.
***
Project Title:
Reagentless Oxidation Reactor for Total Organic Carbon Analyzer
92-1-12.06-2009 NAS09-18859
Reagentless Oxidation Reactor for Total Organic
Carbon Analyzer
Sievers Instruments, Inc.
1930 Central Avenue, Suite C
Boulder, CO 80301
Richard Godec (303-444-2009)
Abstract:
The project will develop a new technology for the oxidation
of organic compounds that will then form carbon dioxide without
the use of chemical reagents but as part of a system for the
measurement of total organic carbon (TOC) in water. Using a
combination of electrolytic and photolytic oxidation should permit
complete and rapid oxidation for a wide range of organic compounds
to form CO2. Preliminary experiments indicate that complete
oxidation of methanol can be obtained at concentrations as high as
43 ppm of carbon, although additional research and development are
required to provide long-term, high-oxidation efficiency. The oxi-
dation reactor will be incorporated into a TOC analyzer developed
by Sievers Instruments for the Crew Health Care System program and
should find application in the environmental control, life-support
system for Space Station Freedom and future manned missions.
Successful completion of the research will lead to the development
of an accurate TOC analyzer compatible with operation in a
microgravity environment, with minimal use of chemical reagents,
low maintenance, and almost no astronaut interaction required.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications
include water quality measurement and water purification. Typical
commercial users of this technology include electronics and
pharmaceutical manufacturing, biotechnology, hazardous waste
management, and electrical power industries.
***
Project Title:
Eliminating Glare in Space Crew Flight and Habitat Environments
92-1-12.07-2567 NAS09-18835
Eliminating Glare in Space Crew Flight and Habitat
Environments
Advanced Environmental Research Group
Route 2, Box 2948
Davis, CA 95616
Richard Ian-Frese (916-757-2567)
Abstract:
The project will develop a light-guide device with controlled
scattering capabilities. The device is intended to eliminate glare
or high-contrast lighting conditions. Its primary use is with
high-efficiency fluorescent and halogen light sources. Because
habitats create a total environment within which the space crew
will live and work, lighting conditions can have a significant
impact on the mental and psychological conditions of the
inhabitants. In space, high-quality illumination will positively
affect human-factor considerations. Project objectives are to make
and characterize a prototype device that will best guide the
source light to a mathematically determined density profile of
scatterers suspended within a thin, optically transparent
material. The device should permit long use while making its light
intensity more even. NASA crew comfort and associated performance
improvements will result from an enhanced lighting environment.
The result efficient distribution of light will also impact
available energy reserves by displacing in-flight and long,
diurnal-cycle power requirements which otherwise, ultimately,
compromise mission objectives.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: In the U.S., about 25 percent
of total electrical output is used for lighting. By using
efficient lighting, Americans could save about $20 billion a year
and prevent millions of tons of additional air pollution. The
high-quality, high-efficiency lighting innovation has strong
potential in the existing international commercial marketplace.
***
Project Title:
Cognitive and Performance Readiness of Space Crews
92-1-12.07-5090A NAS09-18832
Cognitive and Performance Readiness of Space
Crews
Essex Corporation
1040 Woodcock Road, Suite 227
Orlando, FL 32803
Robert S. Kennedy (407-894-5090)
Abstract:
Substantial physiological changes occur with protracted
exposure to microgravity. Upon return to earth, space crews must
go through a period of re-adaptation. While it is not known
whether any of the biomedical changes seen upon return are present
during the course of space flight, it is reasonable to assume that
they are. Documenting potential performance decrements during a
mission is problematic because the performance requirements of
space crews are so complex and varied that no single metric exists
for indexing performance in space. The approach in this project is
to use a standardized, well-documented performance battery that
will be augmented for the particular potential problems that are
likely to coincide with the known physiological changes produced
by microgravity. When administered for less than 10 minutes, the
tests have excellent psychometric properties (stability,
reliability) and elsewhere have been shown to be sensitive to
sleep loss, hypoxia, halon, and alcohol. In Phase I, the project
will test this battery and other tasks during lengthy flights on a
commercial airliner. In Phase II, the tests in the battery will be
housed in a fully automatic, in-flight performance measurement
system, and an aircrew self-testing program will be implemented.
To shorten the battery, multiple regression analyses using agents
which occasion decrement will be employed.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: An automated, in-flight,
aircrew performance measurement system could be used in fitness-
for-duty settings where task demands include control of dynamic
vehicles such as aircraft, trucks, cars, and ships. The test could
also be employed to assess the effects of those environments where
fatigue, environmental agents (motion, vibration) and work
conditions (confinement, exercise) alter human performance.
***
Project Title:
Three-Dimensional Displays with A 360ø View for Space Crew
92-1-12.08-3088 NAS02-13787
Three-Dimensional Displays with A 360ø View for
Space Crew
Physical Optics Corporation
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, CA 90501
Tin Aye (310-320-3088)
Abstract:
The firm will develop a class of innovative, real-time,
autostereoscopic, three-dimensional displays capable of providing
a 360ø view of an observer's immediate surroundings as would be
perceived from a distant, back-shifted imaginary platform. This
approach is especially beneficial for space crews performing dy-
namic maneuvering tasks (such as docking or robot control),
because they will be able to view their spatial location with
respect to their immediate surroundings and, therefore, will
maintain peak situational awareness. The firm will implement this
concept by using a multiplexed-volume, holographic display panel
as well as simple projection systems that have conventional
optics. Due to the specificity of holographic optical elements,
the display will provide bright, full-color, high-resolution,
three-dimensional images with many perspective views and will
overcome the drawbacks of current state-of-the-art, three-
dimensional display devices. The device is compatible with current
liquid-crystal-projection TVs or AMLCD technologies and, because
of its possible reflective mode, it can also be integrated on top
of a conventional display panel. Phase I research will involve a
thorough study of three-dimensional display concepts that have a
real-time, 360ø view for space crew onboard systems and for robot
management.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Because it uses real-time, the
firm's three-dimensional holographic display system will find a
wide range of applications in military and commercial space
products. Near future applications include surveillance
photogrammetry training and simulation, three-dimensional video
and cinema, molecular modeling, telerobotics, industrial
inspection, and CAD applications in manufacturing and medical
imaging.
***
Project Title:
Virtual Reality Ultrasonic Positioning System
92-1-12.09-0769 NAS08-39816
Virtual Reality Ultrasonic Positioning System
Tomorrowtools
P.O. Box 6083
Huntsville, AL 35824
Ricky J. Roberson (205-721-0769)
Abstract:
A two-part, anthropometric, position-monitoring system will
be developed. First, small electronic perimeter units will flood a
volume of space with precisely controlled ultrasonic and infrared
pulses. Second, these invisible, inaudible pulses within the
volume will be detected by sensors mounted on a user-worn
bodysuit. Position and pointing of the user's head, torso, calves,
thighs, feet, upper arms, forearms, and hands will be measured in
real-time with millimeter accuracy at 30 samples per second. This
process improves upon existing technology because infrared links
replace unwieldy cables, ultra-sound replaces inadequate magnetic
and tension sensors, and more accurate positioning data will be
obtained at lower cost. The company will write BodyElectric
software module to interface this device with the existing NASA
Marshall Space Flight Center, Human Factors Laboratory's virtual
reality system. The device will be called VIRUPS (virtual reality
ultrasonic positioning system).
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: VIRUPS offers a new way to
input position data into virtual reality simulations, thereby
significantly improving the existing commercial methods. The
VIRUPS hardware promises to be cheaper, more accurate, and more
convenient to use. These factors, combined with the explosive
growth foreseen in the virtual reality market, should make VIRUPS
a commercial success.
***
Project Title:
HeadMouse: A Head Direction, User-Computer Interface
92-1-12.09-1142 NAS08-39842
HeadMouse: A Head Direction, User-Computer
Interface
Eyetech Corporation
416 S. Linn Street, Suite 9
Iowa City, IA 52240
Shaugun Pan (319-339-1142)
Abstract:
HeadMouse is an inexpensive, microprocessor-controlled,
infrared-light-based system that indicates head position in real-
time. This system enables an operator to control the cursor
movement on a computer or a display by using only head movements
without the need for head constraints or head-mounted equipment
(glasses, helmet, etc.). By changing head direction, the user can
position the cursor in the same manner as a conventional mouse.
Therefore, any software that incorporates a mouse can be used with
this system. The HeadMouse can establish the user's habitual
motion dimensions in partial-gravity environments and can
incorporate the user's postural input in real-time, fully
interactive, virtual reality systems, which will free the user's
hands to accomplish other manual tasks.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Such a head direction, man-
machine interface will be competitive for the general personal-
computer "mouse" market and have significant advantages in laptop,
disabled, oriental character, entertainment, and military markets.
It could also be easily adapted to operate as a three-dimensional
head-mouse.
***
Project Title:
Computer-Operated, Nictating Telemetry, Remote-Operation, Lightweight System
92-1-12.09-4561 NAS08-39835
Computer-Operated, Nictating Telemetry,
Remote-Operation, Lightweight System
Energy Optics, Inc.
224 North Campo
Las Cruces, NM 88001
Edward N. Laughlin (505-523-4561)
Abstract:
The project will develop and demonstrate an infrared, free-
space control system which is operated by purposeful eye-blink
commands that permit hands-free operation. The computer-operated,
nictating telemetry, remote-operation and lightweight (CONTROL)
system meets the need for a man-machine interface that will enable
the human operator to control the surrounding systems while
simultaneously performing hands-on tasks. Using pulsed infrared as
the communication medium, the CONTROL system will, via purposeful
eye blink, transmit to the remote receiver unit, which will have
output control capabilities for surrounding systems. Advancements
in the CONTROL system could have far reaching benefits, leading to
an interface tool for personal computers mounted in headgear.
During an extravehicular equipment repair or seizure, an astronaut
could, with eye blink control, flip through a technical manual or
view mechanical blue prints on a flip-down, heads-up display in
the headgear visor. During preflight checks, an operator could
process all of the nonflight equipment for removal verification
while using the infrared communications link.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The CONTROL system could be
expanded to television and radio receivers, tape recorders, and
other devices that require hands-free operation--lights, antenna
panels, and manipulators. This remote technology could also be
developed into a consciousness monitor for vehicle operators.
Other applications include control needs for an assembly line
operator, safety stops, and line-of-sight voice communications.
***
Project Title:
Low-Cost Inventory Management and Crew-Tracking System
92-1-12.10-5801 NAS09-18871
Low-Cost Inventory Management and Crew-Tracking
System
Direct Current-Light
3940 Marine Avenue, Unit G
Lawndale, CA 90260
Stephen Dale Smith (310-973-5801)
Abstract:
The space station must have accurate inventory management of
consumables and crew equipment. The individual crew members must
also be constantly monitored. These tasks should be accomplished
with a system using the least amount of power, size, and cost,
while at the same time demonstrating ease of use, reliability, and
acceptable interface with other space station systems. Radio
frequency identification (RFID) systems can locate a specific tag
within an RF field. However these systems are based on
sophisticated data transmission techniques along with complicated
and expensive tag circuitry. One of these systems was previously
studied and determined to be beneficial to the space station
effort. This project will investigate a new, empirically conceived
process that will simplify the tag-interrogator system by a
magnitude of five. In addition, the system will be faster than
previous RFID systems, have lower power consumption, potentially
smaller tag sites, and a greatly reduced cost. Accuracy and
reliability will be determined while measuring actual power
consumption and EMI interference. As part of this project,
prototype hardware will be delivered to NASA for future testing
and evaluation.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A low-cost RFID system would
suggest commercial applications such as a tracking system for lost
or missing people--babies from hospitals and children lost in
malls or amusement parks. Also, hikers, skiers, and hunters will
enjoy a greater degree of safety while utilizing this tracking
system. This device could also be integrated into a complete
management system to control various home or business functions,
i.e., lights, locks, doors, HVAC, alarms, and machinery.
***
Project Title:
Active Microwave Elements for Space Station Food Preparation Systems
92-1-12.10-8100 NAS09-18834
Active Microwave Elements for Space Station Food
Preparation Systems
Aptek, Inc.
1257 Lake Plaza Drive
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
Daniel C. Osborn (719-576-8100)
Abstract:
To enhance comfort, performance, and productivity of crew
members, the concept of reusable, active microwave elements (AME)
will be developed for daily meal preparation aboard the Space
Station Freedom (SSF) and future manned missions. The innovative
AME, placed adjacent to or surrounding a food package in the
Station's oven, will redirect microwave energy, retain heat, and
monitor food package temperature and water content. The
anticipated results are a significantly improved control of
thawing, heating, and holding procedures for individual food
packages, problem-free preparation of hot meals for the entire
crew, and savings in heating time and Station power.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The AME concepts should have
application in commercial airline food preparation systems, the
higher quality fast food industry, future NASA and SDIO missions,
the DOD food services, and rail and busline food preparation
systems. In addition, specific microwave measurement techniques
may be used to characterize the electrical properties of foods and
to control quality in food package assembly.
***
Project Title:
Manual Apparel Cleaning System for Extended- Duration-Orbiter Shuttle Missions
92-1-12.10-8152 NAS09-18868
Manual Apparel Cleaning System for Extended-
Duration-Orbiter Shuttle Missions
Johnson Engineering Corporation
3055 Center Green Drive
Boulder, CO 80301-5406
John A. Ciciora (303-449-8152)
Abstract:
This project's objective is to develop and evaluate an
austere manual apparel cleaning system (MACS) for use in
laundering selected items of clothing on extended duration orbiter
(EDO) shuttle missions. Plans to extend shuttle missions to 30,
60, and perhaps 90 days would strain the onboard stowage
capability for clothing and other consumables. The laundry system
currently being considered for Space Station Freedom (SSF) would
be costly and difficult to integrate into the existing shuttle
crew compartment. This project addresses these problems with a
simple, compact, lightweight system that does not consume orbiter
power or involve complex interfaces. Phase I will demonstrate the
feasibility of a safe, comfortable, productive, and effective MACS
through thorough requirements analysis and testing, and design.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential commercial users of
the MACS include travelers in motels, motor homes, trains, or
boats, as well as people in isolated settings such as campgrounds,
scientific outposts, and military expeditions and installations.
Other NASA users include manned missions to Mars.
***
Project Title:
A Magnetostrictive Water Pump for Use in Extra-Vehicular Activity
92-1-12.11-0540 NAS09-18852
A Magnetostrictive Water Pump for Use in
Extra-Vehicular Activity
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
Michael J. Gerver (617-661-0540)
Abstract:
The firm will test a new concept for a water pump using a
magnetostrictive actuator which has a stroke of 100 æm at 490
newtons. The actuator will periodically push against the diaphragm
of a water reservoir about 70 cm2 in area, connected via input and
output valves to a water line, pumping against a pressure of 5
psi. A frequency of 100 Hz adequate to achieve the desired flow
rate of 100 kg/hr, and the mechanical power will be comparable to
or greater than the resistive loss in the actuator coil, the
inertia loss, and the valve loss. A frequency of 100 Hz noise
could be greatly reduced by using two reservoirs that are 180ø out
of phase. This design has essentially no moving parts except for
the valves, so it should be more reliable than conventional pumps.
Magnetostrictives are superior to piezoelectrics for this purpose
because they use much lower voltage, do not age, and have somewhat
greater maximum stroke. The objectives of Phase I are to
demonstrate the principle with an inexpensive test and to optimize
the design for a fully packaged prototype to be built in Phase II.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Potential uses are in
cryogenic pumps or any pump where reliability or durability is
critical, and in the replacement of hydraulic actuators (e.g. on
aircraft) with hybrid electric-hydraulic actuators.
***
Project Title:
Fullerene Hydrides Cooling System for Extra-Vehicular Activities
92-1-12.11-1980 NAS02-13776
Fullerene Hydrides Cooling System for
Extra-Vehicular Activities
Materials & Electrochemical Research
7690 South Kolb Road
Tucson, AZ 85706
R.O. Loutfy (602-574-1980)
Abstract:
A new form of hydride - fullerene-hydride - will be developed
as an innovative approach to meet new extensive requirements for
extravehicular activities (EVAs) of future, complex manned space
missions. Fullerene-hydrides, C60Hx, have a significantly improved
volumetric and weight density for hydrogen storage than the best
metal-hydrides. Preliminary thermal calculations also indicate
that this novel material could offer additional thermal
advantages. Thermal and physical properties of the C60Hx will be
determined, and the use of fullerene-hydrides in heat pump
concepts mode will be evaluated experimentally. Preliminary
engineering system design will be performed to establish the
mission suitability of the concept.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Lightweight, high volumetric
density, thermally efficient hydride compounds, such as fullerene-
hydrides, are anticipated to have a wide commercial application
beyond the EVA applications, such as Ni-hydride batteries,
hydrogen purification refrigeration, and energy storage.
***
Project Title:
Piezoelectric Water Pump for Use in Extra-Vehicular Activities
92-1-12.11-2900 NAS09-18850
Piezoelectric Water Pump for Use in Extra-Vehicular
Activities
Stress Engineering Services, Inc.
13800 Westfair East Drive
Houston, TX 77041-1101
Christopher Matice (713-955-2900)
Abstract:
The objective of the Phase I effort is to define
requirements, perform trade studies, and to develop a working plan
for fabricating and testing a prototype, low-power piezoelectric
pump for the distribution of coolant fluid in portable life-
support systems. Two general design approaches merit Phase I
analysis. The fundamental principle of the first concept is a
changing-volume "drive block" within a fixed-volume housing. The
piezoelectric pump drive block is composed of a number of biconvex
unit cells arranged to obtain the required flow and pressure. When
the drive block is at a maximum volume, fluid is forced out
through a check valve. Conversely, when the drive block collapses
to a minimum displacement, fluid is drawn into the pump. The
second type of device takes advantage of the unstable buckling of
a piezoelectric plate fixed in a rigid frame. As the plate buckles
from one metastable position to the next, fluid is drawn into and
out of the pump body. Analysis of the basic system will be used to
develop the most promising concepts to a preliminary design stage.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Small pumps are commonly used
in a wide variety of applications. In addition to active thermal
cooling applications, piezoelectric pumps can act as electro-
mechanical actuators. As an actuator, this pump may provide
solutions to control system problems in robotics, bioengineering,
advanced remote control, and telepresence technologies. There is
also great demand for output devices that are more energy
efficient, rugged, economical, and easier to control than
conventional actuators.
***
Project Title:
Miniature High-Resolution Display
92-1-12.11-8933 NAS09-18858
Miniature High-Resolution Display
Displaytech, Inc.
2200 Central Avenue
Boulder, CO 80301
Mark Handschy (303-449-8933)
Abstract:
The miniaturization of high-resolution information displays
presents a problem that will be difficult to solve by extending
existing display technologies. Phase I will investigate a solution
that utilizes a novel combination of existing technologies, namely
ferroelectric, liquid-crystal light modulators and active-matrix
backplanes made of conventional, crystal-silicon integrated
circuits. This project will demonstrate that the displays overcome
fundamental resolution limitations of more orthodox technologies.
The Phase I effort will concentrate on designing and demonstrating
a small array of the highest resolution pixels feasible in 1.2 æm
design-rule CMOS processing. Phase I will also identify the
development paths to even higher resolutions for work conducted
during Phase II. In particular, Phase II will develop display
elements with more than one million pixels which are suitable for
full-color, head-mounted displays. These elements can be used as
stereoscopic-virtual-reality or telepresence displays and as
computer and communications displays in space suit helmets.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: In addition to commercial
virtual reality applications similar to NASA's, the technology can
be extended to high-definition projection displays and ultra-
resolution flat panels.
***
Project Title:
Charge-Coupled-Device and CMOS High-Efficiency, Low-Voltage Regulator
92-1-12.12-1112 NAS09-18833
Charge-Coupled-Device and CMOS High-Efficiency,
Low-Voltage Regulator
Q-Dot, Inc.
1069 Elkton Drive
Colorado Springs, CO 80907-3579
Donald L. Herman, Jr. (719-590-1112)
Abstract:
The firm will develop an innovative "no-drop" regulator (NDR)
for micropower systems. Based upon charge-couple devices (CCDs),
the NDR provides both voltage multiplication unattainable from
linear regulators and higher efficiency with less noise than
switch-mode regulators. While the NDR is designed for battery or
solar-cell systems, it also has zero-volt, input-to-output
differential for no-drop regulation. A 3 V, NDR-based system
requires only one ÷1.5 V battery (or solar cell), which results in
less size and weight while providing more efficient operation. On
the other hand, a linear regulator's inherent diode drop requires
three batteries and a switch-mode regulator includes an isolation
diode, which therefore reduces its efficiency and limits its
maximum input voltage to a diode drop above the desired output
voltage. The NDR provides isolation without a diode, allowing
operation with higher voltages. Multiphase CCDs produce lower
noise and ripple than conventional switch-mode regulators. Thus,
more efficient, lower-noise operation over a wider voltage range
than competing regulators is possible. In particular, the NDR can
be applied to electronic (CCD) cameras that use CMOS-support
circuitry because the NDR can be readily integrated for a single-
chip solution.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The regulators can be used in
hand-held telecommunication, global positioning, or imaging
systems; notebook and laptop computers; cellular phones and mobile
radios; remote sensors and data collection systems; pagers,
beepers, and other remote signalling devices; and any low-powered,
battery or solar-cell operated system.
***
Project Title:
Multi-Layered Optical Data Storage
92-1-12.12-6465 NAS09-18930
Multi-Layered Optical Data Storage
Strickler Optical Technology, Inc.
109 Harvard Place
Ithaca, NY 14850
James H. Strickler (607-277-6465)
Abstract:
Multi-layered optical data storage will potentially provide
"read-only", "write-once", and rewritable disk media with data
densities up to 100 times that of conventional single layered
media. Data may be written to a selected plane without corrupting
data in neighboring planes by two-photon excitation of the
recording photochemistry. Quadratic dependence of the two-photon
absorption rate on incident intensity confines writing to the
focal plane. Data may be read from a selected plane without
crosstalk from neighboring planes by wavefront shearing
interferometry. In the firm's early experiments, data densities
exceeding 1012 bits per cm3 were achieved in 30-layer, "write-once-
read-many", photopolymeric refracting samples. Commercial
development of multi-layered technology requires improved
reflective media and focus and tracking control systems that are
adapted to the multi-layered format. During Phase I, the firm will
calculate expected performance for a multi-layered "read only"
medium and disk drive which will be made into prototypes in Phase
II. The project will make calculations based on modulation
transfer functions, laser performance, and material parameters.
The firm will also determine optimum values for key design
parameters, including layer spacing, track pitch, and media
contrast. Finally, a multi-layered, "read-only" medium sample will
be fabricated and tested.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Optical read-only, write once,
and rewritable data storage devices are already preferred for data
dissemination, archival, and storage in many areas, including
imaging sciences, because of their high capacity, durability, and
rapid access. A one or two order of magnitude increase in media
capacity will have many commercial applications.
***
Project Title:
Biotechnology Instrumentation for the Support of Embryogenesis
92-1-12.13-9591 NAS02-13809
Biotechnology Instrumentation for the Support of
Embryogenesis
Space Hardware Optimization Technology, Inc.
P.O. Box 351
Floyd Knobs, IN 47119
John C. Vellinger (812-923-9591)
Abstract:
Two goals of NASA's Space Life Sciences program --basic human
adaptation to space and human exploration and habitation of space-
-require that biological research models be established along with
the support biotechnology instrumentation. This project will
develop an experimental tool that will provide maximum control of
both experimental and flight variables, thereby giving
developmental biologists extraordinary research opportunities.
While it helps to monitor developing vertebrate organisms, this
instrumentation also provides new ways to collect specimens and to
detect viability. Further, this apparatus gives life scientists
the controls for exact duplication of experimental variables.
Phase I will investigate the feasibility of an advanced,
biotechnological spaceflight instrument that will support embryo-
genesis in microgravity.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This new instrument will
foster the commercialization of the biotechnological industry.
Using this biotechnological instrumentation, researchers may also
discover important data which could help develop medical and
biological systems and equipment to overcome human physiological
problems associated with microgravity, such as the loss of bone
mass, muscle atrophy, the loss of fluids and electrolytes,
cardiovascular changes, and vestibular disturbances.
***
Project Title:
307 KSC
92-1-13.01-0054 NAS10-11981
Comprehensive Predictor of Lightning Strikes by
Place and Time
Ktaadn, Inc.
1340 Centre Street, Suite 202
Newton, MA 02159
Donald S. Frankel (617-527-0054)
Abstract:
This project will evaluate an innovative neural-network,
natural lightning predictor that uses new types of meteorological
parameters (e.g. temperature, humidity) as inputs and training
data histories from several epochs earlier than the 'current'
epoch. The predictor will indicate where future lightning strikes
will occur in time (T=0, 15 min., 30 min., 1 hr., 2 hrs.) over 16
different (5 x 5 nmi.) 'tiles' covering the Kennedy Space Center.
The predictor's feasibility will be demonstrated with its
increased probability of predicting a lightning strike above the
0.50 value (with a probability of false alarm < 0.001) over the
current state-of-the-art system described by Frankel and Draper
(1990). Based on Phase I results, will be made for a comprehensive
(natural and initiated) lightning predictor will be recommended
for the Phase II pre-commercialization prototype.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A maker of tactical weather
stations has indicated strong interest in the predictor's
commercial possibilities, and the utility industry has also
expressed interest. With the expertise gained in this project, a
prediction capability for agricultural crops, rainfall, forest
fires, and protection of commercial airports could be developed.
***
Project Title:
Improved Lightning Forecast for Kennedy Space Center
92-1-13.01-8430 NAS10-11976
Improved Lightning Forecast for Kennedy Space
Center
Command Control, Inc.
8800 Roswell Road, Suite 130
Atlanta, GA 30350
Jerrold S. Foster (404-992-8430)
Abstract:
A cloud-to-ground lightning forecast model will be
constructed from historical meteorological data using an
innovative technique known as goal oriented pattern detection
(GOPAD). The model will generate 0 to 12 hour probability of
lightning forecasts for Kennedy Space Center, with expected
forecast accuracies exceeding those of human experts and current
forecast models. GOPAD makes predictive indices from the
historical databases, which can then be used to provide analogies
for forecasts, possibly detecting patterns not discernible to
human weather experts. The result is a forecast model that can be
used with real-time input data.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Accurate weather forecast
models are important to public utilities, transportation
companies, government agencies, and agricultural companies. GOPAD
is also capable of forecasting or diagnosing in domains other than
weather.
***
Project Title:
Sensor System to Monitor Cloud-to-Stratosphere Electrical Discharges
92-1-13.02-1355 NAS10-11974
Sensor System to Monitor Cloud-to-Stratosphere
Electrical Discharges
Aster, Inc.
P.O. Box 466
Ft. Collins, CO 80522
Walter A. Lyons (303-221-1355)
Abstract:
The cloud-to-stratosphere (CS) electrical discharge extends
from the top of convective storms and propagates vertically
several tens of kilometers. Once thought rare, recent evidence
suggests the CS may be much more common and thus a potential
hazard to aerospace operations in the region 10 to 50 km above the
earth. This is of importance to stratospheric photochemistry,
magnetospheric and ionospheric physics, and for improving our
understanding of cloud electrification. Phase I will extend and
synthesize data on the CS event. Additional atmospheric data from
known CS events will be used in a detailed statistical analysis of
CS characteristics. Extant theories on the cause and nature of the
CS event will be reviewed. Next, the feasibility of designing,
building, and operating a system capable of monitoring the
phenomenology and frequency of CS events will be assessed. Field
studies will be designed for Phase II to include low-light
television monitoring of intense distant storm tops, correlated
with multispectral RF signatures (8 Hz and >10 kHz) and Schumann
Q-bursts. Isolating a characteristic signature and deploying a
relatively low-cost, operational monitoring system is believed
feasible.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: With the advent of travel by
SST aircraft and/or spaceplanes, the need may arise to monitor the
CS phenomenon. Commercial applications may include providing the
system components or offering a service to aerospace operations
analogous to the current commercial lightning ground-stroke
monitoring networks.
***
Project Title:
In Situ Measurements of Electric Charge Using the Perseus Unmanned Aircraft
92-1-13.02-3633 NAS10-11975
In Situ Measurements of Electric Charge Using the
Perseus Unmanned Aircraft
Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation
10601 Observation Road, Manassas Municipal
Manassas, VA 22111
John S. Langford (703-369-3633)
Abstract:
Electric charge resident in clouds, along or near the path of
a space vehicle, presents the hazard of triggered lightning.
Ground-based electric field mills remotely sense electric charge
but alone cannot provide the structure of the electric field
aloft. While aircraft-based electric field mills have been used on
an experimental basis, they are probably too expensive for
operational use. The recently developed NASA Perseus unmanned
science research aircraft, however, offers a potential
breakthrough in electric field measurements. One Perseus aircraft
could carry multiple field mills along with drop-windsondes and
perform in situ measurements of water vapor, cloud properties, and
radiation at altitudes from the surface up to 30 km for durations
of 2 to 3 days at altitudes up to 20 km, and for costs an order of
magnitude below those of larger manned aircraft. The data could be
telemetered to the ground and integrated into the existing NASA
Kennedy Space Center electric charge measuring networking. Phase I
will conduct a feasibility study of this concept. Phase II will
use the Perseus proof-of-concept aircraft as a testbed for field
experiments.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: If this work is successful, it
could lead to routine airborne monitoring of electric fields and
other meteorological data for all future shuttle launches.
***
Project Title:
Compact Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometer
92-1-13.03-7565 NAS10-11983
Compact Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometer
Moltech Corporation
Engineering Building - SUNY
Stony Brook, NY 11794-2280
Vitaliy E. Shoub (516-632-7565)
Abstract:
A compact, desktop-sized instrument will be developed for
real-time trace microprobe analysis of a large variety of
industrial and environmental samples. The instrument is based on
ultrafast ablation and ionization of a microarea of the sample
surface using a tightly focussed nanosecond-duration laser pulse.
The ions formed as a result of the interaction of the laser pulse
with the solid surface are then analyzed according to their
mass/charge ratio using a miniature time-of-flight mass
spectrometer. The spot to be analyzed can be observed and
positioned for analysis using the laser microscope and X-Y-Z
sample positioning and focusing manipulator. This project will
define the fundamental and instrumental limitations of the
technique and device, prove the concept, and find ways to
significantly improve the performance. The new instrument will
greatly enhance real-time in-situ analysis of advanced materials,
in field or laboratory conditions, down to the ppm level.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A desktop, real-time,
transportable, microprobe trace analyzer will be able to detect
traces of elements and molecules on the surface of a wide variety
of industrial and environmental objects as well as in liquid
samples. Such an instrument will be widely used in environmental,
materials research, and nuclear energy applications.
***
Project Title:
Diode-Laser Hydrazine Monitor
92-1-13.04-4770 NAS10-11988
Diode-Laser Hydrazine Monitor
Spectral Sciences, Inc.
99 South Bedford Street, #7
Burlington, MA 01803-5169
Mitchell Zakin (617-273-4770)
Abstract:
Hydrazine concentrations as low as 10 ppb represent a
significant health hazard to people who work where these fuels are
used. This project's goal is to develop a diode-laser-based sensor
to selectively and sensitively quantify hydrazines in the
workplace. The approach combines the technology of reliable
gallium-arsenide-based lasers developed for the communications
industry with an innovative absorption line-locking and laser-
wavelength modulation technique. Line-locking insures rejection of
potential interferents, while wavelength modulation allows for
much greater sensitivity than can be obtained with conventional
absorption methods. In Phase I, a laboratory breadboard will be
constructed and used to perform a proof-of-concept demonstration
of this approach. The results will be used to complete a
preliminary design of a brassboard hydrazine monitor that will be
constructed and tested in Phase II. The anticipated result is a
sensitive, species-selective, real-time sensor for long-term,
unattended monitoring of hydrazines in the 10 to 1000 ppb
concentration range. This device can be used at NASA for
monitoring hydrazines to ensure worker safety. In addition, it may
find use in vehicle health-monitoring programs.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The monitor can be used for
monitoring hydrazines in the agricultural, plastics,
pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. In addition, the diode-
laser technology can be applied to a broad range of molecular
species and thus further commercial applications in environmental
and workplace monitoring are possible.
***
Project Title:
Fiber-Optic-Based Hydrogen Monitor
92-1-13.04-7831 NAS10-11985
Fiber-Optic-Based Hydrogen Monitor
Research International, Inc.
18706 142nd Avenue, NE
Woodinville, WA 98072
Elric W. Saaski (206-486-7831)
Abstract:
The development of a portable hydrogen monitoring system is
the goal of this project. The approach will be based on
interferometric optical principles. The hydrogen detecting element
is a thin, sub-micron, multilayer film that changes spectral
properties in direct response to changes in hydrogen
concentration. The film assembly is deposited on a transparent
substrate that can be remotely interrogated over large distances
via fiber-optic cable, thereby ensuring safe measurements in
explosive atmospheres. Small cross-section probes and sensor tips
can be built for pin-point leak detection. This project will
develop an all solid-state electronics package that interrogates
the sensor with multiple wavelengths derived from long-lived LEDs
while providing output data via an LCD readout and digital data
link. The optoelectronics is designed so that the base unit can be
used as a hand-held survey instrument or a remote readout. Phase I
will focus on developing and testing prototype sensors to
specifications typical of those needed for detecting hydrogen
leaks during prelaunch hydrogen loading of space vehicles.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Hydrogen is an offgassing
product of electrical equipment that is suffering a dielectric
breakdown. The device's most important application would be to
monitor large power transformers for unusual levels of offgassing
that could indicate an imminent failure and/or explosion. Hydrogen
is also used in processes such as ammonia manufacture and
hydrogenation.
***
Project Title:
Selective Sensor for Hydrazine Detection
92-1-13.06-1910 NAS09-18838
Selective Sensor for Hydrazine Detection
Inrad, Inc.
181 Legrand Avenue
Northvale, NJ 07647
Zhenyu Zhang (201-767-1910)
Abstract:
Many problems can arise from the use of hydrazine and its
derivatives as fuels in rockets and missile systems. To support
operations, space flight and ground equipment require state-of-
the-art detection and monitoring devices for these propellants.
The project's objective will be to develop a moderate-cost, highly
sensitive detection system that will operate for long periods of
time with little maintenance. Currently, the two techniques used
for monitoring hydrazines are electrochemical cells and sensitized
papers. However, these techniques are costly and require frequent
servicing. This project will use a new technique to prepare a
hydrazine-selective polymer film and to use surface acoustic waves
(SAWs) to detect an accumulation of hydrazine and its derivatives
on this chemically sensitive surface film. These selective sensors
can provide highly sensitive, on-line continuous detection of the
hydrazines. Therefore, these sensors will greatly simplify testing
for hydrazine at NASA facilities.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The SAW sensor is designed to
detect and quantify hydrazine in space flight and spacecraft
assembly for NASA. In addition, it will also be applicable to
monitoring hydrazine for missile and other weapons systems and for
environmental monitoring of hydrazine. The basic approach can be
expanded to other toxic propellants.
***
Project Title:
Flexible Insulation System Using Ultra-Low Density Aerogels
92-1-13.08-5058 NAS10-11973
Flexible Insulation System Using Ultra-Low Density
Aerogels
Aspen Systems, Inc.
184 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
Jaesoek Ryu (508-481-5058)
Abstract:
The project will investigate an innovative insulation system
that employs ultra-low-density aerogel powder in a flexible, easy-
to-use configuration. The design uses the low solid conductivity
and reduced gas conduction of aerogel powders and a flexible
radiation inhibiting layer to minimize each mode of heat transfer
and maximize applicability. The system could be used in either
evacuated or non-evacuated environments and as internal or
external insulation. The objective of Phase I is to demonstrate
the feasibility of the design concept by producing the ultra-low
density aerogel in the configuration and by measuring the apparent
thermal conductivity of key insulation element prototypes. The
material stability issues, including out-gassing and sensitivity
to moisture, will also be investigated. Phase II will develop a
detailed insulation system design through thermal analysis,
optimization of material properties, and integration of system
elements. The final product will be an easy-to-use cryogenic
insulation that exhibits ultra-high insulation effectiveness and
is easily applied to NASA's ground and flight cryogenic
applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Cryogenic fluids and processes
are important to a wide range of industrial and commercial
endeavors from food processing to fuel transport. Any advances in
insulation effectiveness that are easy to implement should find
ready markets. Because of current environmental concerns about the
CFC-based insulation commonly used in commercial refrigeration,
this system will offer an attractive insulation alternative.
***
Project Title:
High-Pressure, Cryogenic Liquid-Level Sensor
92-1-13.10-0085 NAS13-558
High-Pressure, Cryogenic Liquid-Level Sensor
Blazetech Corporation
145 Highland Avenue
Winchester, MA 01890-1435
N. Albert Moussa (617-721-0085)
Abstract:
This project will develop a non-intrusive technique to
determine liquid levels in large, cryogenic, high-pressure
vessels. The basic operating principles will be investigated
through analysis, tests, and the design and development of a
proof-of-principle prototype. This project will also examine
technical and practical issues associated with this system.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This sensor can non-
intrusively determine liquid levels in any storage tank, under
static or dynamic conditions, over a range of pressures and
temperatures. The concept is particularly well-suited for use
where liquid level is not uniform, such as in aircraft, ships, and
other forms of transportation.
***
Project Title:
Diode-Laser Liquid Level Sensor
92-1-13.10-2100 NAS13-559
Diode-Laser Liquid Level Sensor
OPTRA, Inc.
461 Boston Street
Topsfield, MA 01983-1290
Michael Hercher (508-887-6600)
Abstract:
This project will address the problem of measuring the level
of liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen contained in a cryogenic tank.
The approach is to measure the optical path from the top of the
tank to the bottom and back again. Using a diode-laser light
source modulated at ÷500 MHz, the phase of the modulation of the
light reflected from the bottom of the tank provides a linear
measure of the height of the liquid in the tank. If the modulation
frequency is f, the refractive index of the liquid is n, and if Ho
and HL are the heights of the tank and the liquid level
respectively, then the phase difference between the transmitted
and return beams is í=C[Ho + (n-1)HL]/f. This optical technique
can achieve a 0.1% accuracy and offers the advantages of having
the sensor outside the tank and using a double window to get the
light in and out of the tank without thermal loading. The
objective of Phase I is to prove the feasibility of this approach.
A prototype sensor will be built and tested first on a water
container at 300ø K, and then on a liquid nitrogen dewar.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Commercial applications
include not only liquid-level sensors for cryogenic fluids but
also liquid level sensors for any transparent liquid at any
temperature. A large market exists for precise and non-intrusive
measurement of liquid levels in gasoline storage tanks.
***
Project Title:
Algorithm for Measurements of Effectiveness of Corrosion Protection of Structures
92-1-13.13-1127 NAS13-553
Algorithm for Measurements of Effectiveness of
Corrosion Protection of Structures
Technology International, Inc.
429 West Airline Highway, Suite S
Laplace, LA 70068
Laila El-Marazki (504-652-1127)
Abstract:
In order to measure the potentials associated with metal
structures and piping systems, an analytical model producing
robust numerical algorithms will be developed for evaluating an
impressed current cathodic protection system. The algorithms will
use boundary measurements of potentials to provide solutions to
the inverse problem of determining the conductivity of a bounded
region. The algorithms will be incorporated into a software
package for determinating the effectiveness of cathodic protection
and for quantifying the difference between corrosion-accelerating
potentials and normal non-harmful potentials. The algorithms could
be used to construct diagnostic capabilities to specify which sys-
tems and structures are using different (or no) protection
schemes, which are attached to protected systems, and which must
be isolated to prevent accelerated deterioration of either system.
The application of the software will also result in identifying
alternate protection systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This method can be used for
measuring the effectiveness of the corrosion protection on
underground metal structures and piping. Potential users include
NASA, the oil industry, and municipalities.
***
Project Title:
Hybrid, Inductive-Capacitive Microsensor Arrays for Evaluating the Integrity of Thermal Barrier
92-1-13.14-9102 NAS08-39817
Hybrid, Inductive-Capacitive Microsensor Arrays for
Evaluating the Integrity of Thermal Barrier
Coatings
Karta Technology, Inc.
1892 Grandstand
San Antonio, TX 78238
Satish M. Nair (512-681-9102)
Abstract:
A novel hybrid electromagnetic sensor array will be developed
for simultaneously determining disbondments and thickness
variations of thermal barrier coatings. The array consists of a
series of sensors that fuse the capacitance and inductive sensing
technologies into a single sensor design. The sensors are
sputtered on printed circuit boards and may be miniaturized for
application. Phase I will fabricate, test, evaluate, and optimize
various hybrid sensor designs. The sensor will be integrated with
a scanning system in Phase II to conduct the automated inspection
of turbine blades and other gas turbine components where thermal
barrier coatings are commonly employed.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The sensor can be used in
situations that require the measurement of the physical and
electrical properties of dielectric layers. Such an application
might arise in composite cure monitoring, where the changes in
dielectric properties of the resin are used to determine the
degree of cure of the composite. Another example might be the
detection and characterization of defects in silicon wafers used
in solid-state devices.
***
Project Title:
Instrumentation for Monitoring Biological Oxygen Demand and for Process Control of Wastewater
92-1-13.15-6970 NAS13-560
Instrumentation for Monitoring Biological Oxygen
Demand and for Process Control of Wastewater
Treatment Systems
Arthur Technology, Inc.
P.O. Box 1236
Fond Du Lac, WI 54936-1236
Robert M. Arthur (414-922-6970)
Abstract:
This project addresses the need for on-line instrumentation
to monitor the effluent biological oxygen demand (BOD) of
wastewater treatment plants. The project will also study how to
utilize the output data from the instrument to control treatment
plant processes. Wastewater treatment plants currently do not
measure their biological characteristics in a timely manner. An
on-line respirometer, developed, manufactured, and sold by the
company, will be used to obtain the output data for both BOD and
process control. Although earlier systems have attempted to
monitor BOD and plant bioactivity on-line, none has been able to
produce precise readings of BOD at low values (0 to 20 mg/l).
Similarly, no instrument is routinely used to assist in plant
process control. Phase I will develop and test the feasibility of
a technology that uses respirometric data for BOD and process
control. Phase II work will ready the technology for its use at
wastewater treatment plants.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The potential commercial
applications include monitoring BOD and bioactivity at several
locations in the plant and utilizing this information for
automatic control. This monitoring is desirable because of its
potential to reduce plant costs by better control of aeration,
wasting, and return sludge. It will also assist in reducing fines
incurred through violations of discharge limits.
***
Project Title:
NASA Quality-Assurance Data-Collection-Network Prototype
92-1-13.17-7110 NAS10-11987
NASA Quality-Assurance Data-Collection-Network
Prototype
Sentel Corporation
1735 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 407
Arlington, VA 22202
Richard A. Rider (703-685-7110)
Abstract:
A quality assurance (QA) data-collection-network prototype
will be developed for NASA based on advanced data-collection
technology and configured with software tailored to support NASA
spreadsheet accounting analysis requirements. The prototype will
collect test data, temporarily store it, transfer it to a central
PC, permit search and retrieval interactions, and generate task
tracking status reports and trend analyses. In a related effort,
work authorization document identification numbers will be affixed
during data-collection exercises and cross-referenced back to task
records within the central system. The prototype network will be
an innovative combination of off-the-shelf hardware, tailored
software, quality-by-design techniques, and information management
practices. Phase I will meet NASA's immediate QA data collection
needs. Phase II will take the prototype and use it to make for
NASA a fully-developed, QA data-collection network as well as a
generic data-collection approach with broad commercial
applications.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The prototype is applicable to
any commercial operation requiring efficient data collection,
organization, and analysis. Fully developed Phase II network
components can be rapidly configured to meet specific and generic
commercial data management applications.
***
Project Title:
Bayesian Methodology for Assessing Schedule and Cost Risks for the Shuttle Orbiter Processing
92-1-13.18-2020 NAS10-11984
Bayesian Methodology for Assessing Schedule and
Cost Risks for the Shuttle Orbiter Processing
Facility
PLG, Inc.
4590 MacArthur Boulevard, Suite 400
Newport Beach, CA 92660-2027
Stan Kaplan (714-833-2020)
Abstract:
Using Bayes' theorem for quantitative risk assessment, this
project will develop a methodology to systematically minimize
schedule and cost risks in ground processing. This methodology
will make use of all relevant, or even partially relevant,
processing data in feedback-loop fashion to update a dynamic
probabilistic process model that will allow the manager to see and
avoid most likely delays, resource choke points, and delay costs.
To demonstrate the methodology, the orbiter processing facility's
processing flow will be used as a platform, following which the
model will be updated using existing activity networks, software,
and shop-floor data. Since all forms of data (past experience,
expert opinion, and near-real-time process experience) are
weighted by the methodology, the model will converge on an
accurate representation of the flow in process. Managers can then
use the model to take the most cost-beneficial actions that will
reduce delays and costs.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The Bayesian approach permits
the use of all data, including engineer's judgements, to tailor
the process model to reflect the true state of knowledge of the
process flow and the degree of uncertainty in that knowledge. This
approach will allow managers of any complex process to apply
critical resources where they will do the most good and avoid
committing resources in areas that are unlikely to produce
savings.
***
Project Title:
Integrated Risk-Analysis Tool for Schedule and Cost
92-1-13.18-4944 NAS10-11982
Integrated Risk-Analysis Tool for Schedule and Cost
Lumina Decision Systems
125 California Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94306
Max Henrion (415-327-4944)
Abstract:
The goal of this project is to develop a set of innovative,
computer-based methods for performing integrated risk assessment
and management of schedules and costs for the space shuttle ground
processing. These varied methods include hierarchical influence
diagrams for integrated modeling of dependencies among task
schedules and costs at multiple levels of complexity, an easy-to-
use tool for probabilistic encoding of uncertainties, decision-
oriented methods for rating risk factors, techniques for updating
time and cost probability distributions in the light of
experience, modeling of contingent schedules, and insightful dis-
plays for communicating the results. The methods would be
prototyped and evaluated by a company-developed software package
that uses hierarchical influence diagrams for probabilistic
modeling. The new tools would provide a fully integrated system
for analyzing schedules and cost risks.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These methods will provide the
basis for a new kind of project management tool that uses risk
analysis of scheduling and costs. There is widespread demand for
such a tool, throughout industry and government, wherever there
are large technical projects with uncertain schedules and costs.
***
Project Title:
Risk Manager System for Space Shuttle Ground Processing
92-1-13.18-6017 NAS10-11986
Risk Manager System for Space Shuttle Ground
Processing
Risk Management Systems
21 East Ferry Drive
Atlanta, GA 30341
William R. Bacon (404-255-6017)
Abstract:
This project will seek to apply fuzzy logic concepts to in-
depth subjective risk assessments of activities. Current
prevailing techniques force the estimator to provide a three-point
estimator (PERT) or to incorrectly assume risk factor independence
(Bayesian prior probabilities) to model risk. The fuzzy expert
system application transforms multiple linguistic approximations
of risk factors associated with suspect underlying planning
assumptions into a single best-fit three-point approximation of
risk. The project's objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility
of quantifying subjective risk assessments by using fuzzy set
concepts and, thereby, to develop an expert system that would
systematically guide decision-makers through the process of
managing mission risks. This risk-assessment project has a process
of capturing subjective risk assessments, can develop risk rules
and facts for the expert-system knowledge base, and offers a
prototype system for a specified ground process risk area. A
prototype which can be used with off-the-shelf project management
systems to assess and analyze real risk would work effectively
because it would more accurately estimate the nature and
consequences of risk to mission cost and schedule performance.
Associated risk factors need not be independent, and different
managers' perceptions of risk may be assessed consistently through
program guidance.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Risk is an important factor in
every large project. Use of the system described herein for
projects where risk factors are easily identified, such as
construction and power plant outages, would significantly improve
management control.
***
Project Title:
Integrated Sensor Control and Telecommunications
92-1-14.01-1291 NAS09-18848
Integrated Sensor Control and Telecommunications
Invocon
9001 I-45 South, Suite 560
Conroe, TX 77385-8703
Karl Kiefer (713-364-1291)
Abstract:
NASA requires a sensory network to various spacecraft
systems. Sensors are located in and around the spacecraft where
phenomena are to be monitored. Sensors may be either fixed or
mobile. Sensors must send data from each point to a centralized
terminal for use by mission managers. The sensor control and
telecommunications (SCAT) system solves the problem of collecting
data from groups of spatially distributed sensors while minimizing
physical size, weight, power consumption, equipment cost,
installation complexity, and maintenance. SCAT is a packet radio
store-and-forward network (S/FN) combined with a distributed,
artificially intelligent, network management (AIM) algorithm. SCAT
can communicate both data and control messages between any nodes,
in the network. Any network node consists of a microprocessor and
radio transceiver and can interface with various analog or digital
sensors. Network configuration, monitoring, and reconfiguration is
handled automatically at each node by the AIM algorithm. S/FN
technology removes the need for direct communication between all
network nodes thereby saving radio power, size, and cost. The
unique combination of this technology with the microprocessor-
based AIM algorithm makes possible the creation of the ultra-small
microwave sensor data collection system.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The system can be used in
watershed analysis, glacier ablation, passive seismic networks,
microclimate definition, ocean-energy exchange dynamics, and
command and control for electric power grid management.
***
Project Title:
Ultra-Efficient, Ka-Band Power Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
92-1-14.01-3907 NAS09-18927
Ultra-Efficient, Ka-Band Power Monolithic
Microwave Integrated Circuit
Schellenberg Association
18091 Fieldbury Lane
Huntington Beach, CA 92647
James M. Schellenberg (714-847-3907)
Abstract:
A 0.5 watt power monolithic microwave integrated circuit
(MMIC) operating at 28 GHz with a power added efficiency of
greater than 60 percent, is the goal of this project. These
results will be achieved by employing high-performance
pseudomorphic, high-electron-mobility transistor (PHEMT) devices
in conjunction with two new circuit innovations. First, to enhance
efficiency, push-pull Class B with waveforming on both the input
and ouput will be developed. Using this combination, computer
simulations indicate that drain efficiencies of greater than 80
percent are possible. Second, a unique, coplanar, slot-line layout
will be devised to realize this configuration. The net result is a
unique combination of high-performance devices, Class B bias with
waveforming, push-pull operation, and a practical layout
configuration. This work should have a major impact on the way
that high-efficiency-power MMICs are designed in the future. In
particular, this work should be extremely important for satellite-
and spacecraft-based communication links where prime power
consumption is a major concern.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: These MMICs can be used in
satellite and spacecraft communication links, airborne active
phased array radar, digital cellular telephones; and any
application requiring high-efficiency microwave power.
***
Project Title:
High-Speed Diode-Laser Modules for Satellite Optical Crosslinks
92-1-14.02-9411 NAS05-32443
High-Speed Diode-Laser Modules for Satellite
Optical Crosslinks
Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.
80 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134
William J. Gignac (408-943-9411)
Abstract:
This project will design a laser module that will serve as a
key component in an optical satellite crosslink. The baseline
design uses a commercially available family of high-power, single-
spatial-mode, diode lasers manufactured by the firm. The module
integrates diode lasers with electronics for direct amplitude
modulation with a goal of greater than 300 MBits/s and peak
optical powers of 150 mW. Optics are included that both collimate
and circularize the output beam. The module will have a clear path
to space qualification and designs will be considered to
accommodate future higher power diode lasers. This project will
integrate the highest power, commercially available diode lasers
with high-speed modulation electronics and beam-shaping optics to
produce a compact source for satellite crosslink transmitters.
Phase II will consist of the fabrication of the high-speed modules
designed in Phase I. Successful completion of Phase II would
provide the designers of the Data Relay Satellite System with a
diode-laser-based optical crosslink transmitter.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: With the successful delivery
of prototypes to NASA in Phase II, the high-power, high-speed,
collimated, round beam single-mode laser will be marketed. No
similar product presently exists in the commercial market. Aside
from the spaceborne applications which may have commercial
requirements for this module, the next most likely application is
high-data-rate optical read and/or write data storage systems.
***
Project Title:
High-Rejection, Ultra-Lightweight Telescopes for Deep-Space Optical Communications
92-1-14.03-0204 NAS07-1239
High-Rejection, Ultra-Lightweight Telescopes for
Deep-Space Optical Communications
SSG, Inc.
150 Bear Hill Road
Waltham, MA 02154
Peter Hadfield (617-890-0204)
Abstract:
Deep-space optical communications require telescopes
combining large aperture with ultra-light weight. Driving factors
include source power limitations, receiver sensitivity, launch
cost, vehicle availability, and mission utility. High off-axis,
straylight rejection (OAR) to accommodate small Sun-Earth-
spacecraft angles requires multi-mirror re-imaging that greatly
increase the telescope's weight. The emerging silicon-carbide
(SiC) technology for low-cost, high-stability, lightweight, flight
optical systems offers a potential solution. This project will
extend the ultra-light SiC technology to large mirrors (from the
.05 - 0.1m range to the 0.5m range) having one-tenth the areal
density of standard lightweighting, while minimizing the weight
penalty associated with OAR. Phase I will develop a conceptual
design for such a device with visible optical performance and high
point-source rejection. In addition, a weight-appropriate
demonstration mirror will be fabricated and tested for stability
and rejection-limiting scatter. Phase II will fabricate, align,
and test such a telescope for imaging properties and OAR
performance. This project will result in the technology for 0.5m,
high rejection telescopes that weigh less than 10 Kg and cost less
than $900,000. Benefits will also be seen for optical
communications in two areas: 0.3m-class telescopes for Mars and
lunar orbiters and 5m ground-based receivers.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The technology generated in
the project can be used in flight telescopes for commercial remote
sensing, deep space laser communications missions, optical
communications for Mars and lunar orbiters, and ground-based
optical communication receivers.
***
Project Title:
Low-Cost Global-Positioning System and Inertial Mapping System
92-1-14.04-4887 NASW-4784
Low-Cost Global-Positioning System and Inertial
Mapping System
Navsys Corporation
14960 Woodcarver Road
Colorado Springs, CO 80921
Alison K. Brown (719-481-4877)
Abstract:
This project combines an inertial instrument with the Global-
Positioning System to make a GPS-inertial mapping (GIM) system
that will be capable of providing sub-meter performance even
during periods of satellite shadowing. This is achieved through
the use of an innovative differential-carrier-ranging (DCR)
algorithm that computes a highly accurate position solution
(<0.15m) when four satellites are visible. To achieve high
accuracy during periods of shadowing, an innovative estimator and
smoother algorithm will be developed to calibrate the inertial
errors. Preliminary simulation results have demonstrated that this
improves the inertial position data by more than an order of
magnitude over a conventional GPS-aided Kalman filter. The
combination of the DCR and estimator and smoother algorithms
allows the GIM to provide submeter accuracy during unaided GPS
operation for up to 100 seconds, using low-cost, miniaturized
inertial instruments (e.g. 0.1ø/ûhr gyros). Phase I will provide
simulation results on the DCR and estimator/smoother performance.
A trade study will also be performed of suitable inertial
instruments for use in Phase II. A preliminary survey has
identified a candidate micromechanical inertial measurement unit
(IMU) with a projected cost of $500 in quantities of 10,000. Phase
II will integrate the selected IMU with a miniaturized GPS
receiver and demonstrate the GIM system performance.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The GIM system allows
uninterrupted mapping data to be collected even during periods of
temporary GPS signal outages. This permits highly accurate,
continuous, automatic data collection to be carried out from
moving vehicles. A wide variety of commercial applications exist
for the GIM as a data collection system for geographic information
systems (GIS).
***
Project Title:
Error Coding and Loss Cell Recovery in Asynchronous Transfer Mode
92-1-14.06-9019A NAS03-26408
Error Coding and Loss Cell Recovery in
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
The Consultare Group, Inc.
4853 Cordell Avenue, Suite 901
Bethesda, MD 20814
William W. Wu (301-984-9019)
Abstract:
This project investigates coding processors for Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) in broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). Specifically, the
processors will be operated at 650 Mbps, 5.0 dB gain with rates
exceeding 0.75 for the ATM Header and for the information field.
With an intended cell-loss probability of 10-10, a loss-cell-
recovery mechanism will be provided. The scheme is based on novel
multiplexing, parallel processing, and a new coding combination.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: B-ISDN is the guiding
principle of all future telecommunications satellites and for
fiber optical cables. Presently known applications include cable
television, high quality or high definition television, switched
multi-megabit data service (SMDS), and high-speed LAN, MAN and
WAN.
***
Project Title:
Low-Cost Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit Receiver for Advanced Communications
92-1-14.07-3907 NAS03-26407
Low-Cost Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
Receiver for Advanced Communications
Technology Satellite Terminals
Schellenberg Association
18091 Fieldbury Lane
Huntington Beach, CA 92647
James M. Schellenberg (714-847-3907)
Abstract:
A high-performance, low-cost, 20 GHz downconverter for
advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) terminals will
be developed consisting of low noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer
chip combined with separate intermediate frequency (IF) and local
oscillator amplifier chips. The IF bandpass filter is realized as
part of the packaging substrate. This 3-chip configuration will be
packaged using multilayer, low-temperature, co-fired ceramic
(LTCC) technology, resulting in a fully integrated, hermetically
sealed subsystem. This approach contains several unique aspects.
Low-noise, pseudomorphic, high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT)
devices in the LNA to reduce the size of the antenna (less than
0.6 meter); a single chip LNA-mixer to reduce the size and cost;
and multilayer, LTCC technology to incorporate the IF bandpass
filter and the bias networks into the package for reliability and
cost. Further, this approach is always concerned with the
manufacture of the end product.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: The MMIC receiver would apply
to low-cost, high-performance ground terminals for ACTS, SATCOM,
and direct broadcasting satellite terminal systems.
***
Project Title:
Unstable Flow Experiments on Spacecraft
92-1-15.02-3800 NAS03-26551
Unstable Flow Experiments on Spacecraft
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
Paul H. Rothe (603-643-3800)
Abstract:
Terrestrial experience teaches that multiphase systems offer
advantages, such as light weight, compactness, and high
performance, over single-phase pumped loops. However, multiphase
systems on earth are dangerous because of their potential for
unstable behavior, failure in service, and rupture, which can
cause system damage and even personnel deaths. These unstable flow
phenomena are further complicated by the unknown effects of
microgravity, reduced gravity, and variable acceleration on the
stability of multiphase systems. Phase I of the project will
define which multiphase flow experiments to conduct to test the
reliable operation of spacecraft multiphase flow systems. The
overall objective of this project is to design critical
experiments that will effectively use the testing facilities at
NASA and will subsequently lead to design experiments to be
performed in space. Consequently, the science of microgravity
multiphase flow will be advanced, anticipating the technology
risks of multiphase systems for both thermal management and other
spacecraft systems.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: This project supports the
company's plan to commercialize equipment and engineering services
to NASA, DoD, and their prime contractors. It also contributes to
the evaluation of terrestrial multiphase systems found in
commercial facilities, including transportation of steam or
petroleum products, fossil power and chemical process plants, and
nuclear power stations.
***
Project Title:
Adaptive Optical Alignment in Microgravity Environments
92-1-15.02-9027A NAS08-39818
Adaptive Optical Alignment in Microgravity
Environments
Owen Research
810 Mohawk Drive
Boulder, CO 80303
Robert B. Owen (303-441-9027)
Abstract:
This project will develop a compact adaptive optical system
that is able to maintain alignment in a six-degree, vibration-
laden microgravity environment. A neural network controller and
electronic feedback loops will be used to select and adaptively
adjust optical components in up to three axes simultaneously. The
specific objective is to develop a detailed prototype design for a
data analysis and adaptive control algorithm that will determine
and control the three most active degrees of misalignment in near-
real-time. The algorithm will be used to specify off-the-shelf
hardware with low-size, weight, and power requirements. Verifi-
cation of the Phase II system will take place on board the NASA
KC-135, low-gravity simulation aircraft.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: With this unit, NASA can
confidently use advanced and environmentally sensitive optical
methods like multi-color holography. Other possible applications
include industrial process monitoring and control, and inspection
and research instrumentation for commercial processes such as
crystallization, separation, solute-solvent, glass, and other
solidification and phase-change phenomena.
***
Project Title:
X-Ray Diffraction Camera for On-Orbit Analysis and Characterization of Crystals
92-1-15.03-0774 NAS08-39819
X-Ray Diffraction Camera for On-Orbit Analysis and
Characterization of Crystals
Princeton Scientific Instruments, Inc.
7 Deer Park Drive
Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852
John L. Lowrance (908-274-0774)
Abstract:
Materials research and development in a micro-gravity
environment is a particularly promising technology for exploiting
the commercial opportunities afforded by the space environment.
Protein crystal growth for structural determination and other
properties is of particular interest. The large size of these
protein crystals makes it difficult for them to retain their
structure when they are subjected to the reentry environment's
deceleration forces. For this reason, x-ray diffraction
measurements require a soft x-ray image-sensor system, with high
quantum efficiency and high spatial resolution over a format of up
to 2000 x 2000 pixels and with digital data output. Such x-ray
cameras are the state-of-the-art for ground-based protein crystal-
lography. After addressing the requirements and problems
associated with a spaceborne, x-ray diffraction camera system,
Phase I will produce a conceptual design. There is a significant
commercial market in industrial and academic research for x-ray
diffraction instruments, particularly the charge-coupled, device-
based, x-ray camera system.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: X-ray diffraction imaging is
becoming increasingly important in ground based materials research
and biological sciences.
***
Project Title:
Automated Wafer Cartridge System
92-1-15.04-4260 NASW-4792
Automated Wafer Cartridge System
Advanced Modular Power Systems, Inc.
4667 Freedom Drive
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Michael E. Dobbs (313-677-4260)
Abstract:
An automated wafer cartridge system (AWCS) provides low cost,
modular wafer storage and manipulation, for both experimental and
production quantities of ultra-high-purity materials, using the
ultra-high-vacuum space environment. The AWCS is a self-contained,
vacuum-sealed cartridge system that utilizes robotic mechanisms,
advanced bearing materials, and automation software. It is a
modular system, compatible with industry-standard wafers and
processing techniques, and it will fulfill the launch and
operational requirements imposed by either manned or unmanned
vehicles and supervised or autonomous platforms. The development
of the AWCS enable the deployment of a low-cost infrastructure.
These lower costs will help induce industry to finance materials
experimentation and commercially-operated materials processing in
orbit. Both the reduction in unit-production cost and the high
throughput generated by the AWCS will encourage supplier sector
involvement so that a self-sustaining, space-based micro-material
business can emerge.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: A commercialized AWCS can be
licensed by the firm to the Space Automation and Robotics Center
(SpARC), Center for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS),
and the Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center (SVEC-CCDS) for wafer
production on the Wake Shield Facility (WSF) under a joint
endeavor agreement between SVEC and SpARC. SpARC will fulfill the
automation requirements for commercial wafer production on the
WSF. The firm will also pursue AWCS commercialization via
equipment suppliers to the semiconductor industry.
***
Project Title:
Autonomous, Small Animal, Life-Support Module
92-1-15.08-6000 NASW-4791
Autonomous, Small Animal, Life-Support Module
Space Industries, Inc.
101 Courageous Drive
League City, TX 77573
Jeffery Lasater (713-538-6000)
Abstract:
Many complications arise when small animals fly in space.
Problems include accurate thermal control with varying heat loads,
automatic waste collection, food and water dispensing, odors,
lengthy stays on the launch pad prior to launch, and packaging
constraints. A bent-fin, thermoelectric heat exchanger using
"fuzzy logic control" offers an effective solution for accurate
thermal control in a relatively small package. Solid and liquid
waste can be effectively collected by using air ventilation and
either a "rolling" filter or a mechanism devised for centrifugal
separation of gas and liquid/solid constituents. A device designed
to contain and dispense food pellets at a rate equal to
consumption solves the problem of excessive or inadequate food
distribution. A late insertion device, using a turnlock mechanism,
maintains hermetic seals and simplifies procedures for late
loading of the animal subjects. The project objectives are to
evaluate the systems for feasibility, determine appropriate
complementary subsystems, and evaluate the performance, size, and
weight of a small animal life-support module. A functioning
laboratory model with actual or simulated systems will be con-
structed to demonstrate calculated functional capabilities.
Potential Commercial Application:
Potential Commercial Applications: Given launch capabilities,
this approach offers the pharmaceutical, medical, and other
science communities a cost-effective means of placing small
animals or even plant life experiments in an accurately controlled
environment in microgravity. Technologies and configurations de-
veloped in this effort are key to the development of a
commercially viable, animal life-support module.
***