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A Country Study: Bulgaria
Library of Congress Call Number
DR55 .B724 1993
Bulgaria
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Preface
Table A. Chronology of Important Events
Country Profile
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updated
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Country
Geography
Society
Economy
Transportation and Communications
Government and Politics
National Security
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
(Glenn E. Curtis)
Early Settlement and Empire
Pre-Bulgarian Civilizations
The Slavs and the Bulgars
The First Golden Age
The Second Golden Age
Ottoman Rule
Introduction of the Ottoman System
Bulgarian Society under the Turks
Early Decay and Upheaval in the Empire
National Revival, Early Stages
The Written Word
Commerce and Western Influences
European and Russian Policies, 1800
The Bulgarian Independence Movement
Revolution in the Balkans
Cultural Expressions of Nationalism
Religious Independence
Early Insurrections
Balkan Politics of the Mid-Nineteenth Century
The First Independence Organizations
The Final Move to Independence
San Stefano, Berlin, and Independence
The Decandes of National Consolidation
Forming the New State
The Stambolov Years
The Rule of Ferdinand
The Macedonian Issue
Full Independence
The Balkan Wars and World War I
The First Balkan War
The Second Balkan War
World War I
Prewar Bulgarian Politics
Early Successes
Stalemate and Demoralization
Capitulation and Settlement
The Interwar Period
Stamboliiski and Agrarian Reform
The Fall of Stamboliiski
The Tsankov and Liapchev Governments
The Crises of the 1930s
Political Disorder and Diplomatic Isolation
The Royal Dictatorship
The Interwar Economy
Foreign Policy in the Late 1930s
World War II
The Passive Alliance
Wartime Crisis
The Soviet Occupation
Communist Consolidation
Initial Maneuvering
The Dimitrov Constitution
Chervenkov and Stalinism in Bulgaria
Foreign and Economic Policies
After Stalin
The Fall of Chervenkov
Intellectual Life
Domestic Policy and Its Results
The Zhivkov Era
Zhivkov Takes Control
Zhivkov's Political Methodology
The Constitution of 1971
Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s
Domestic Policy in the 1960s and 1970s
The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s
Bulgaria in the 1980s
Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
(Pamela Mitova)
Natural Features
Boundaries
Topography
Drainage
Climate
Environment
Population
Administrative Subdivisions
Settlement Patterns
Cities
Internal Migration
Foreign Citizens in Bulgaria
Population Trends
Ethnographic Characteristics
Government Minority Policy
Bulgarians
Turks
Pomaks
Macedonians
Gypsies
Other Minorities
Religion
Eastern Orthodoxy
Islam
Roman Catholicism
Protestantism
Judaism
Social System
Traditional Society
Family Life and Modern Society
Social Groups and Their Work
Social Services
Health
Housing
Education
Chapter 3 - The Economy
(William Marsteller)
Resource Base
Coal and Minerals
Agricultural Resources
Environmental Problems
Labor Force
Factors of Availability
Labor and Economic Reform
Economic Structure and Control Mechanisms
The Centrally Planned Economy
The Planning System
Economic Policy and Performance
Postwar Economic Policy
The First Five-Year Plans
The Era of Experimentation and Reform
Industrial Decentralization
Industrial Recentralization
Larger Economic Units
The New Economic Model
The Last Round of Zhivkov Reforms
Economic Sectors
Fuels
Energy Generation
Conventional Power Generation
Nuclear Power
Industry
Industrial Policy
Industrial Centers
Obstacles to Industrial Growth
Agriculture
Early Collectivization Campaigns
Farm Consolidation in the 1960s
Reform in the 1980s
Agricultural Products
The Role of Private Plots
Post-Zhivkov Agricultural Reform
Transportation
Communications
Banking and Finance
Currency and Exchange
Banking System
Investment Policy
Prices
Foreign Trade
Postwar Trade Policy
Bulgaria in Comecon
Trade with the West and the Third World
New Trade Conditions, 1990
Standard of Living
Market Reform
Reform Mechanisms
The Economic Policy Commission
Domestic and International Economic Policies in the 1990s
Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
(Glenn E. Curtis)
The Prewar Political Context
The Early Communist Era
The State under Dimitrov
The Chervenkov Era
The Zhivkov Era
The Rise of Zhivkov
Zhivkov Takes Control
The Constitution of 1971
The Last Zhivkov Decade
Issues of Dissent
The Removal of Zhivkov
Governance After Zhivkov
The Mladenov Government
The 1990 Stalemate
Government Structure
The Role of Unofficial Organizations
The National Assembly
The Assembly under Zhivkov
The First Freely Elected Assembly, 1990
The State Council and the Presidency
The Council of Ministers
The Judiciary
Local Government
Electoral Procedures
Non-Governmental Political Institutions
The Bulgarian Communist (Socialist) Party
The Union of Democratic Forces
Trade Unions
Unions under Communist Regimes
Independent Union Organizations
Youth Organizations
The Movement for Rights and Freedoms
Other Political Organizations
Ecological Organizations
Revived Prewar Parties
The Monarchist Movement
The Public and Political Decision Making
The Intelligentsia
Zhivkov and the Intelligentsia
The Ferment of 1988-90
The Media and Public Issues
The Turkish Problem
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Establishment
Relations with Balkan Neighbors
Yugoslavia
Romania
Greece
Turkey
The Soviet Union
Western Europe and the United States
Chapter 5 - National Security
(Karl Wheeler Soper)
Development of the Armed Forces
Early Development
Struggle for National Independence to World War I
The Interwar Years and World War II
Postwar Development
National Defense Posture
Threat Perception
Doctrine and Strategy
Defense Organization
The Military in the Political System
Government Organization for Defense
High Command
Armed Services
Ground Forces
Air and Air Defense Forces
Naval Forces
Border Troops
Construction Troops
Civil Defense Troops
Logistics and Arms Procurement
Military Budget
Military Personnel
Recruitment and Service Obligations
Military Training
Officer Education
Reserves and Mobilization
Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia
Foreign Military Relations
The Warsaw Pact
Military Cooperation and Exchanges
Arms Sales
Law and Order
Crime
Penal System
The Ministry of Internal Affairs
Police Organizations
The Penal System
Security and Intelligence Services
Terrorist and Espionage Activities
Appendix. Tables
Bibliography
Glossary
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