A Country Study: Pakistan

• Pakistan
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile - Visit new updated Profile (PDF)
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Telecommunications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Table A. Chronology of Important Events
• Introduction

• Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Craig Baxter)
  • Early Civilizations
  • Islam in India
  • The Mughal Period
  • Company Rule
  • The British Raj
    • The Forward Policy
    • The Seeds of Muslim Nationalism
    • Beginnings of Self-Government
    • The Two Nations Theory
    • Toward Partition
  • Independent Pakistan
    • Problems at Independence
    • Constitutional Beginnings
    • Early Foreign Policy
    • Collapse of the Parliamentary System
  • The Ayub Khan Era
    • Basic Democracies
    • The 1962 Constitution
    • Ayub Khan's Foreign Policy and the 1965 War with India
  • Yahya Khan and Bangladesh
  • Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and a New Constitutional System
  • Zia Ul-Haq and Military Domination, 1977-88
  • Pakistan and the World During Zia Regime

• Chapter 2 - Society and Its Environment (Anita M. Weiss)
  • Physical Environment
    • Boundaries
    • Topography and Drainage
    • Climate
    • Pollution and Environmental Issues
    • National Conservation Goals
  • Population
    • Population Distribution and Density
    • Population Planning Policies and Problems
    • Migration and Growth of Major Cities
    • Impact of Migration to the Persian Gulf Countries
    • Repercussions of the War in Afghanistan
  • Social Structure
    • Traditional Kinship Patterns
    • Linguistic and Ethnic Groups
      • Punjabis
      • Pakhtuns
      • Sindhis
      • Baloch
    • Men, Women, and the Division of Space
    • The Status of Women and the Women's Movement
  • Religious Life
    • Basic Tenets of Islam
    • Islam in Pakistani Society
    • Politicized Islam
    • Non-Muslim Minorities
  • Education
    • Structure of the System
    • Female Education
    • Reform Efforts
  • Health and Welfare
    • Maternal and Child Health
    • Health Care Policies and Developments
    • Special Problems: Smoking, Drugs, and AIDS
    • Zakat as a Welfare System
  • Prospects for Social Cohesion

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (John D. Rogers)
  • Structure of the Economy
  • The Role of Government
    • Policy Developments since Independence
    • Development Planning
  • Finance
    • Budget
    • Fiscal Administration
    • Monetary Process
  • Foreign Economic Relations
    • Foreign Aid
    • Foreign Trade
    • External Debt
  • Labor
  • Agriculture
    • Land Use
    • Irrigation
    • Drainage
    • Farm Ownership and Land Reform
    • Cropping Patterns and Production
    • Livestock
    • Forestry
    • Fishing
  • Industry
    • Manufacturing
    • Construction
    • Energy
    • Mining and Quarrying
  • Services
    • Transportation
    • Telecommunications
    • Tourism

• Chapter 4 - The Government and Politics (Mary Louise Becker)
  • Constitutional and Political Inheritance
    • Independence
    • Role of Islam
    • Regional and Ethnic Factors
    • The Civil Service
    • The Military
  • Early Political Development
    • Early Constitution Building, 1947-58
    • Ayub Khan, 1958-69
    • Yahya Khan, 1969-71
    • Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 1971-77
    • Zia ul-Haq, 1977-88
  • Constitution and Government Structure
    • President
    • Parliament and Federal Government
    • Provincial Governments
    • Judiciary
  • Political Dynamics
    • Muslim League
    • Islami Jamhoori Ittehad
    • Jamaat-i-Islami
    • Pakistan People's Party
    • Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz
    • Awami National Party
    • Jamiat-ul-Ulama-i-Islam
    • Tehrik-i-Istiqlal
  • Political Developments Since Zia
    • The First Government of Benazir Bhutto
    • The Caretaker Government of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
    • The Government of Nawaz Sharif
    • President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as Power Broker
    • The "Silent Revolution": A Year of Political Struggle
    • The Caretaker Government of Moeen Qureshi
    • Benazir Bhutto Returns
  • The Media
  • Foreign Policy
    • India
    • Other South Asian Countries
    • The Former Soviet Union
    • China
    • Middle East
    • The United States and the West
    • International Organizations

• Chapter 5 - National Security (Thomas Perry Thornton)
  • The Armed Services: A Historical Perspective
    • The Colonial Background
    • The Formation of Pakistan
  • Pakistan's Evolving Security Dilemma
    • Survival in a Harsh Environment
    • The United States Alliance
    • The Army Assumes Control
    • Collapse of Pakistan's Security System
    • The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
    • The Military Reasserts Itself
    • Pakistan Becomes a Frontline State
    • The Armed Forces in a New World Order
  • The Armed Services
    • Constitutional Basis and Missions
    • Defense Strategy
    • Ministry of Defence
    • Army and Paramilitary Forces
    • Navy
    • Air Force
    • Personnel and Training
    • Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
    • Military Production
    • Budget
    • Military Justice
    • Foreign Security Relationships
    • The Role of Islam
  • Internal Security
    • Role and Structure of the Security Forces
    • Character of the Security Forces
    • Crime
    • Narcotics
    • Courts and Criminal Procedure
    • Prisons
    • Islamic Provisions
    • Emergency Provisions
    • Subversion and Civil Unrest

• Appendix. Tables
• Bibliography
• Glossary