A Country Study: Panama

• PAnama
• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• Oreface
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction

• Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Jan Knippers Black and Edmundo Flores)
  • The Conquest
  • The Spanish Colony
  • The Colombia Department
    • Independence from Spain
    • The California Gold Rush and the Railroad
    • The Uncompleted French Canal
    • The Spillover from Colombia's Civil Strife
  • The United States Protectorate
    • The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence
    • Organizing the New Republic
    • Building the Canal
    • United States Intervention and Strained Relations
    • A New Accommodation
  • The Bisected Republic
    • The War Years
    • The National Guard in Ascendance
    • The Politics of Frustrated Nationalism
  • The Negotiation of New Treaties
    • The 1964 Riots
    • The Oligarchy under Fire
    • The Government of Torrijos and the National Guard
    • The Treaty Negotiations
    • The 1977 Treaties and Associated Agreements
    • Torrijos Government Undertakes "Democratization"
  • The Post-Torrijos Era
    • Torrijos's Sudden Death
    • Noriega Takes Control

• Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Patricia Kluck)
  • Geography
  • Population
    • Regions of Settlement
    • Size and Growth
  • Ethnic Groups
    • Antillean Blacks
    • Indians
      • Cuna
      • Guaymí
  • Social Organization
    • Family and Kin
    • Rural Society
    • Migration
    • Urban Society
      • The Elite
      • The Middle Class
      • The Lower Class
  • Religion
  • Education
  • Health and Welfare

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (Scott D. Tollefson)
  • Growth and Structure of the Economy
    • Changing Structure of the Economy
    • Recent Economic Performance
  • Role of Government
    • Monetary Policy
    • Fiscal Policy
      • Budget Process
      • Revenues
      • Expenditures
  • Human Resources and Income
    • Employment
    • Wage Policy and Labor Code
    • Income Distribution
  • Panama Canal
    • Role of the Canal From 1903 to 1977
    • Economic Implications of the 1977 Treaties
    • Current Use and Future of the Canal
  • Services
    • Transportation and Communication
      • Oil Pipeline
      • Colón Free Zone
    • Finance
    • Tourism
  • Agriculture
    • Land Use
    • Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
    • Crops
    • Livestock
    • Fishing and Forestry
  • Industry
    • Manufacturing
    • Mining
    • Construction
    • Energy
  • Foreign Economic Relations
    • Trade
    • Balance of Payments
    • External Debt

• Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Richard Millett)
  • The Constitutional Framework
  • The Governmental System
    • The Executive
    • The Legislature
    • The Judiciary
    • State Agencies and the Regulation of Public Employees
    • Provincial and Municipal Government
  • Nationalism, Populism, and Militarism: The Legacy of Omar Torrijos
  • Political Developments in the Post-Torrijos Era
  • Political Forces
    • Political Parties
    • The Panama Defense Forces
    • Business, Professional, and Labor Organizations
    • Students
    • The Roman Catholic Church
    • The Communications Media
  • Foreign Relations
    • Relations with the United States: The Panama Canal
    • Other Aspects of Panamanian-United States Relations
    • Relations with Central America
    • Bilateral Relations with Other Nations
    • Multilateral Relations
    • Foreign Policy Decision Making

• Chapter 5 - National Security (Steve C. Ropp)
  • Historical Background
  • Missions and Organization of the Defense Forces
    • The General Staff
    • Military Zones
    • Ground Forces
    • Panamanian Air Force and National Navy
    • Police Forces
    • National Guard
  • Administration and Operations of the Defense Forces
    • Manpower
    • Training
    • Foreign Military Assistance
    • Canal Defense
    • Involvement in Political and Economic Affairs
  • United States Forces in Panama
  • Administration of Justice
    • Criminal Justice
    • The Penal System
    • Incidence of Crime
  • National Security

• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Tables
  • Appendix B. Texts of the Panama Canal Treaties with United States Senate Modifications
• Bibliography
• Glossary