A Country Study: Angola

• Angola
• Foreword
• Acknowledgements
• Preface
• Country Profile
  • Country
  • Geography
  • Society
  • Economy
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Government and Politics
  • National Security
• Introduction

• Chapter. 1 - Historical Setting (Rachel Warner)
  • Pre-Colonial Angola and the Arrival of the Portuguese
    • Kongo Kingdom
    • Ndongo Kingdom
    • The Defeat of Kongo and Ndongo
    • Matamba and Kasanje Kingdoms
    • Lunda and Chokwe Kingdoms
    • Ovimbundu and Kwanhama Kingdoms
    • The Dutch Interregnum, 1641-48
  • Angola in the Eighteenth Century
    • Slave Trading in the 1700s
    • Portuguese Settlers in Angola
  • The 1800's: Turmoil in Portugal, Reform and Expansion in Angola
    • The Early Nineteenth Century
    • Abolition of the Slave Trade
    • Expansion and the Berlin Conference
  • Settlement, Conquest, and Development
    • The Demographic Situation
    • Military Campaigns
    • Administration and Development
  • Angola under the Salazar Regime
    • Angola under the New State
    • Salazar's Racial Politics
  • Rise of African Nationalism
    • Roots of Discontent
    • African Associations
      • The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
      • The National Front for the Liberation of Angola
    • Organizational Weaknesses
    • Beginning of Revolution
  • Angolan Insurgency
    • Ascendancy of the MPLA
    • Emergence of UNITA
    • Liberation Movements in Cabinda
    • Portuguese Economic Interests and Resistance to Angolan Independence
    • The Portuguese Coup d'Etat and the End of the Colonial Era
  • Coalition, the Transitional Government, and Civil War
    • Foreign Intervention
    • Collapse of the Transitional Government
    • South African Intervention
  • Independence and the Rise of the MPLA Government
    • Transformation into a Marxist-Leninist Party and Internal Dissent
    • Shaba Invasion and the Nitista Plot
    • Strengthening Ties with the Soviet Union and Its Allies
    • Economic Problems and the Implementation of Socialist Policies
    • The UNITA Insurgency and the South African Threat
    • The Final Days of the Neto Regime
  • The Dos Santos Regime
    • Steps Toward a Stronger Party and Political Discord
    • The Namibia Issue and Security Threats in the 1980s
    • Second Party Congress

• Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment (Rachel Warner)
  • Physical Setting
    • Terrain
    • Drainage
    • Climate
  • Population Structure and Dynamics
  • Ethnic Groups and Languages
    • The Definition of Ethnicity
    • Ethnolinguistic Categories
      • Ovimbundu
      • Mbundu
      • Bakongo
      • Lunda-Chokwe
      • Nganguela
      • Ovambo, Nyaneka-Humbe, Herero, and Others
      • Hunters, Gatherers, Herders, and Others
    • Mestiços
  • Structure of Society
    • Social Structure in Rural Communities
      • Ovimbundu Social Structure
      • Mbundu Social Structure
    • Social Structure in Urban Areas
    • Effects of Socialist Policies
      • Policies Affecting Rural Society
      • Policies Affecting Urban Society
    • Role of Women and Children
    • Effects of the Insurgency
  • Religious Life
    • Christianity
    • Indigenous Religious Systems
  • Education
    • Conditions Before Independence
    • Conditions after Independence
    • Education in UNITA-Claimed Territory
  • Health and Welfare

• Chapter 3 - The Economy (Nancy Clark)
  • Background to Economic Development
  • Structure of the Economy
  • Role of the Government
  • Foreign Trade and Assistance
    • Foreign Trade
    • Foreign Assistance
  • Labor Force
  • Extractive Industries
    • Oil
      • Postindependence Exploration and Production
      • Marketing
    • Diamonds
    • Iron Ore
    • Other Minerals
  • Agriculture
    • Coffee
    • Food Crops and Livestock
    • Timber
    • Fishing
  • Industry
    • Electric Power
    • Food Processing
    • Light Industry
    • Heavy Industry
    • Construction Materials
  • Transportation and Communications
    • Roads
    • Railroads
    • Ports
    • Air Transport
    • Telecommunications
  • Balance of Payments, Finances, Foreign Debt
    • Balance of Trade and Payments
    • Finances
    • Foreign Debt

• Chapter 4 - Government and Politics (Rita M. Byrnes)
  • Background
  • Structure of Government
    • The Constitution
    • Executive Branch
      • The President
      • Council of Ministers
      • Defense and Security Council
    • Legislative Branch
    • Judicial System
    • Local Administration
  • Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola- Workers' Party
    • Background
    • Structure
      • Political Bureau
      • Central Committee
      • Party Congress
      • Regional Organization
    • Operations
  • Political Environment
  • Mass Organizations and Interest Groups
    • Mass Organizations
      • Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Youth Movement
      • National Union of Angolan Workers
      • Organization of Angolan Women
    • Interest Groups
      • Peasant Farmers
      • Traditional Elites
      • Religious Communities
  • Political Opposition
  • Mass Media
  • Foreign Relations
    • Policy Making
    • Regional Politics
      • Regional Accord
      • Relations with Other African States
    • Communist Nations
    • United States and Western Europe

• Chapter 5. National Security (Joseph P. Smaldone)
  • National Security Environment
  • Evolution of the Armed Forces
    • Background
    • Independence Struggle, Civil War, and Intervention
    • The Development of FAPLA
  • Armed Forces
    • Constitutional and Political Context
    • Armed Forces Organization and Mission
      • Ground Forces
      • Air and Air Defense Force
      • Navy
      • Foreign Auxiliary Forces
    • Troop Strength, Recruitment, and Conscription
    • Conditions of Service, Ranks, and Military Justice
    • Foreign Influences
      • Communist Nations
      • Noncommunist Nations
    • Training
    • FAPLA's Combat Performance
  • War and the Role of the Armed Forces in Society
    • The Costs of Endemic Conflict
    • War and the Military in National Perspective
    • Civic Action and Veterans' Groups
  • Internal Security
    • Antigovernment Opposition
    • Erstwhile Opposition: FLEC and the FNLA
    • The Enduring Rival: UNITA
      • Military Organization and Capability
      • External Support
    • Angola as a Refuge
    • Internal Security Forces and Organization
  • Crime and Punishmet
    • Criminal Justice System
    • Prison System
    • Incidence and Trends in Crime
    • Human Rights

• Appendices
  • Appendix A. Tables
  • Appendix B. 1988 Regional Accords
• Bibliography
• Glossary