Hammurabi ruled ancient Babylonia and a good part of the Mesopotamian basin. The code of laws attributed to him is one of the earliest and most comprehensive of such law codification efforts.
Subject Areas
Art and Culture
Archaeology
History and Social Studies
World History - Ancient World
Time Required
Three forty-minute periods
Skills
Gathering, classifying and interpreting written and oral information
Interpreting archival documents
Making inferences and drawing conclusions
Working collaboratively
Hammurabi’s Code: What Does It Tell Us About Old Babylonia?
Introduction
King Hammurabi ruled Babylon, located along the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, from 1792-1750 BCE. During his time as king he oversaw a great expansion of his kingdom from a city-state to an empire. However, today he is most famous for a series of judgments inscribed on a large stone stele and dubbed Hammurabi's Code. Scholars are still debating its precise significance as a set of laws, but the Code's importance as a reflection of Babylonian society is indisputable. In this lesson, students learn about life in Babylonia through the lens of Hammurabi's Code. This lesson is designed to extend world history curricula on Mesopotamia and to give students a more in-depth view of life in Babylonia during the time of Hammurabi.
Guiding Questions
What can we learn about Old Babylonian society from Hammurabi's Code?
Learning Objectives
Having completed the activities in this lesson, students should be able to:
Hypothesize Hammurabi's purpose in creating and distributing his "Code."
Analyze how Hammurabi's Code reflects Babylonian society at the time.
Describe life in Old Babylonia.
Background Information for the Teacher
In the 18th Century BCE, Hammurabi (also spelled Hammurapi) became the sixth ruler in the First Dynasty of Babylon. The success of Hammurabi's military operations expanded Babylon north along the Tigris and Euphrates and south to what is now called the Persian Gulf. The empire he created is known as Babylon, while the civilization is often referred to as Old Babylonia.
The Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on a large stone stele-an upright slab--was uncovered by a French expedition in 1901. Its leader, Father Vincent Scheil, translated the code the following year. At the time, it was the oldest known set of what appeared to be laws. Since that time, however, earlier similar "codes" have been unearthed. Though Hammurabi's Code is not unique, it is still the longest code yet discovered and one of the only ones known to have been inscribed on a stele. Information and an image of the stele can be found by visiting the Louvre Museum, which is available through EDSITEment-reviewed resource The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago. Once on the Louvre website, click on the link for "selected works" at the left; then, click on Oriental Antiquities; under "selected works" click on Mesopotamia and Anatolia; and finally, you will see an image of the stele by scrolling down through the thumbnail images. It is marked as the "Law Codex of Hammurabi." You may access directly the information about the stele, which is also from the Louvre.
For a representative sample of the Code, read: the prologue
(first and last paragraphs); precepts 3, 4, 60, 108, 196, and 228; and the epilogue
(paragraphs 1-3 and 5). In the prologue, Hammurabi claims that his authority
comes directly from the gods. He also states that the purpose of the Code is
"to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land… so that the strong should
not harm the weak." The third precept indicates the existence of a judicial
system with elders serving as judges. The fourth precept indicates that fines
of money and/or grain were imposed and implies the existence of something akin
to our civil suits in which the complainant received a settlement. Number sixty
indicates the existence of something akin to a sharecropping system in which
one person farms land in exchange for land in five years. Such a system would
tend to redistribute land from large to small owners. Number one hundred and
eight indicates that women could own at least some kinds of businesses in Old
Babylonia. Number one hundred ninty-six is perhaps the most famous of the precepts.
It is also found in the Hebrew Bible (Exodus 21:18-19, 22-25, Leviticus 24:17-21)
and in the Gospels (Matthew 5:38). Finally, number two hundred twenty-eight
shows the specificity of the precepts and implies that there was a set fee schedule
for the work of skilled tradesmen, in this case a set fee of two shekels for
each sar of building, comparable to modern builders who charge so much
per square foot.
The epilogue states that the stone on which the Code is inscribed was set up in the E-Sagil temple in Babylon. It informs the reader that through these precepts one can find out "what is just." In the third paragraph, Hammurabi pledges his allegiance to the god Marduk-the highest in the Babylonian pantheon, comparable to Zeus in the Greek pantheon. The fifth paragraph advises future kings to follow these precepts.
Preparing to Teach this Lesson
For more information on Hammurabi and the Hammurabi Code, teachers can read the Lecture: The Code of Hammurabi and the section Mesopotamian Civilization, a link from EDSITEment resource Internet Public Library. Designed for high school and college students, it may also be appropriate for some middle school students.
Review all websites and materials students will view. Download photographs
of any artifacts students will be viewing offline. Download and prepare as
necessary handouts from the downloadable PDFs for this lesson. Read through
the lesson plan and visit the websites you plan to have your students use.
Bookmark them as necessary on your computer. Ensure that students can view—either
in print or onscreen—the Large
Image of Hammurabi's Stela, available through the EDSITEment reviewed
web resource The Oriental
Institute: The University of Chicago.
In this activity, students will begin to hypothesize what may have influenced Hammurabi's reign in Babylonia. In this exercise they will use what they have learned about Mesopotamia in the classroom, as well as the information presented here, in order to imagine what might prompt a ruler to write an organized set of rules.
Students will participate in a simulation in 3-5 groups. Each group will play the role of a council of advisors to King Hammurabi. They will meet to plan their advice to the king. Then, one or more representatives from each group will report their advice to the king. Groups should remember that Hammurabi is an absolute ruler and the consequences of a presentation that displeases the king could be severe.
This activity serves to establish an anticipatory set for what is to follow. Its purpose is to stimulate student thinking about the reasons behind Hammurabi's Code. How Hammurabi's Code actually reflects life in Old Babylonia will be the subject of the following activities.
In the hypothetical speech below, Hammurabi invokes some of the Babylonian gods (Anu Bel, Shamash), as he does in his Code. The Babylonian god Marduk was the chief god of the city of Babylonia. As a result of Hammurabi's expansion of the empire, Marduk also began to be considered the chief god of the entire traditional Mesopotamian pantheon. Religion was central to everyday life in Babylonia. Large temples were central features in every city and wealthy homes likely included their own private chapels.
Begin by informing students that Hammurabi became the sixth ruler in the First Dynasty of Babylon in the 18th Century BCE. The success of Hammurabi's military operations expanded Babylon north along the Tigris and Euphrates and south to what is now called the Persian Gulf. The empire he created is known as Babylon, while the civilization is often referred to as Old Babylonia.
In this exercise Hammurabi has gathered his councils
of advisors together. He (i.e. the teacher, presumably) will deliver a short
speech, which is available here as a PDF
file. Groups are to frame their advice on the basis of the information provided
in the speech and from what they will have already learned in class on Mesopotamia.
Allow time for the groups to meet and then present their recommendations. When these are done, conduct a brief discussion.
What kind of domestic improvements or policies did groups recommend?
Did any suggest improving the system of justice and/or law enforcement?
What would be required to do so?
What foreign policy recommendations, if any, did groups make?
Begin this activity by showing students the Large
Image of Hammurabi's Stela, available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web
resource The Oriental Institute:
The University of Chicago. Tell the class we have quite a bit of information
about this ancient stele, which you will share with them later, but, for now,
you want them to consider the object itself. Without revealing anything more specific
about the stele at this point, tell the students the original, though the only
one in existence, is thought to be one of many. It is a stele, made of basalt
(a hard black volcanic rock), standing taller than seven feet and measuring about
six feet around at its base. Think about large public objects with which students
might be familiar, such as the statue of Lincoln at his memorial. Have them think
about the following questions:
Why design an object that large for display?
We have indications that similar stele had been placed near temples around
Babylonia. Why place the stele near temples?
What would be involved in creating and moving a stele like this one? Who
is likely to have ordered the creation, design, and placement of the stele?
Ask students to look carefully at the stele. There is an image at the top and an inscription underneath. In this exercise students will be hypothesizing what the meaning of the stele might be. Have students describe the image at the top of the stele and then answer the questions about the stele available as a PDF file, or as an online quiz.
Through the online interactive activity, Kid's Corner: The Laws of Hammurabi from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago students now learn the currently accepted answers to the questions in the discussion above. The monumental size of Hammurabi's stele dramatized the king's power. The graphic on the stone communicated Hammurabi's message that the gods, the ultimate source of justice, provide legitimacy for his authority. A second reading of the meaning of this stone may be found in the possibility that the image communicated to viewers that Hammurabi's position was one of an intermediary between the human world and the world of the gods.
As ancient communities grew larger, they needed a stronger central government to complete and take care of necessary public projects -such as the canals that enabled Babylon to grow surplus foods- and to maintain law and order for keeping life in cities running smoothly. We know from records on clay tablets that Babylonia had an organized justice system. Such a system requires some standardization of the law as well as an educated class to serve as judges and court recorders.
Let the students know that some current books and websites still contain claims that Hammurabi's Code was the first set of laws ever made. But we now know that Hammurabi's was one of many codes created before and after his reign.
The existence of ancient codes such as Hammurabi's reflects a body of common law; yet collections of royal judgments were not codes of law as we understand the concept. They never served as a source of precedent when courts rendered decisions. Many scholars now consider Hammurabi's Code part of a longstanding tradition of public display of representative royal pronouncements. The precise intention behind the inscription on Hammurabi's Stela remains unclear. After the students become more familiar with the contents of the code, they will be given the opportunity to form their own hypotheses.
Students will soon work independently with a few of Hammurabi's pronouncements. The following discussion gives the students a general impression of the full text of Hammurabi's Code (Annotated) from the EDSITEment-reviewed website Avalon Project at Yale University. This should enable the students to appreciate the context of the excerpts they will read on their own.
Begin by reading the first and last paragraphs of the preamble with the class. Next, work through the following questions:
What other document(s) do students know that has/have (a) preamble(s)?
A preamble, like the introduction to an essay, states the purpose of what
follows. What does this preamble state is the purpose of the code to follow?
According to the first paragraph what did the gods do for Babylon before
Hammurabi?
For what purpose does the first paragraph say the gods called upon Hammurabi?
Why would Hammurabi want his name associated with the names of gods?
In order to give the students a general overview of the pronouncements, ask the class to work on the following questions and tasks:
How many pronouncements are there?
Depending on the translation you read, most or all of the pronouncements
begin with "If." They state that if X happens than Y must now happen. Ask
students to point to a specific example.
If you have time, ask the students to find a series of pronouncements that
appear to be grouped together because they are on similar subject, such as
#21-23.
Hammurabi's Code ends with an epilogue, a concluding statement. Read with the class the first three paragraphs (starting near the end of the first paragraph with the words "That the strong might not injure the weak") and the first sentence of the fifth paragraph.
According to the first paragraph where did Hammurabi have the stele placed?
According to the second paragraph what is one supposed to do at one of these
stele?
According to the third paragraph, what achievements does Hammurabi claim
occurred during his rule?
With what god does Hammurabi associate his achievements?
In the fifth paragraph, what does Hammurabi advise future kings to do?
In what ways do the purposes for the code stated in the text fit with the
placement and design of the stele?
Now the students can begin to form their own hypotheses about the purpose of Hammurabi's Code. Ask students to point to parts of the code that reflect the following possible reasons for its creation, design, and placement:
the need for law and order in a growing community;
the need for strong leadership in Babylon;
Hammurabi's desire to be seen as a great king in a line of kings coming
before and after him.
What other possible reasons—if any—for the creation of Hammurabi's Code and its public display might be indicated by the text?
Ask the students to each write a one-sentence hypothesis as to the purpose of Hammurabi's Code. The hypothesis might begin with the following words:
Hammurabi may have had his code written and placed near temples because…
Ask students to share some of their hypotheses with the class. If desired, attempt to arrive at a class consensus in one sentence.
Much about Babylonia can be learned from the precepts (rules or instructions designed as a guide) in Hammurabi's Code. To model for the students what they will be doing later and to introduce some information about daily life in Babylonia, share with the class the following information:
Hammurabi's Code distinguishes between three classes in the application of justice:
The amelu, the citizens of the upper class, generally included: government officials, priests, and military officers.
The mushkinu, the middle class, consisted of: trades people, professionals, and workers.
Slaves, known as wardu, were members of the lowest class. The slave class was created both from prisoners of war and Babylonian citizens forced into slavery, either as a punishment for crimes or for economic reasons. Though slaves were under the complete domination of a master, they could own property, conduct business in their own names, and purchase their freedom.
Now share precepts #215-217. Which precept appears to apply to which class (the amelu, mushkinu, or wardu)?
You may wish to begin by having read the Lecture: The Code of Hammurabi and the section Mesopotamian Civilization available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library. Divide the class into five groups. Each will report back to the class what they have inferred about their assigned aspect of Babylonian civilization during the time of Hammurabi. Students should be directed to the EDSITEment LaunchPad for the Activity, where they should click on the link to their group's worksheet which will form the basis of their presentations.
In their presentations to the class, students should
point to the specific precepts from which they derived their conclusions. If
desired, groups can use the chart, “Chart for Gathering Information from
Hammurabi's Code,” which is available either as a PDF
file or as an online
graphic organizer, while gathering information.
Once the groups have presented, help the class generalize what life was like in ancient Babylonian society as a whole during Hammurabi's reign. What information indicates:
That there was an organized government? In what ways?
The technical knowledge, tools, and skills of the Babylonians?
The importance of religion? Government? Social structure (class, gender, etc.) ?
Assessment
Assign the students a five-paragraph essay. In each of the three paragraphs in the body of the essay, students should discuss what Hammurabi's Code indicates about one particular aspect of daily life in Babylonia, such as:
Students should have access to the text of Hammurabi's Code when writing the essay.
OR
Assign small groups. Each group will create a script for a hypothetical Babylonian trial based on one of the precepts from Hammurabi's Code listed below. Challenge the groups to include information about Babylonian society that they have learned in this lesson in the script. Make inclusion of such information an important part of your evaluation of the presentation. For example, the group would reveal some information about the status of women by simply making one of the witnesses a female tavern owner.
Choose from among the following precepts around which to create a courtroom scene: #9, 122, 125, 135, 142, 168, or 233.
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