Alderton, B. (1998). Anaesthesia in ferrets, rabbits, and guineapigs. In: Internal Medicine: Small Companion Animals. The T G Hungerford Course for Veterinarians. Proceedings 306, Stephen Roberts Lecture Theatre, University of Sydney, Australia, June 15 -19, 1998, Bryden, D. (Ed.), pp. 241-268, University of Sydney, Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science: Sydney, Australia. ISBN: 1-875582-69-X.
NAL Call Number: SF604.R37 no. 306
Keywords: ferrets, guineapigs, rabbits, anesthesia, preanesthetic medication, neuroleptics, anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, dosage.
Baturaite, Z.;
Ruksenas, O. (2002). Influence of 1,2,4
triazol based compound CA 10 on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of
the rabbit. Baltic Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 12 (3): 177-183,
ISSN: 1407-0944.
NAL Call Number:
SF405.5.L32
Keywords: 1,2,4 triazol, antiinflammatory drug, immunologic drug,
hypnorm, anesthetic drug, laboratory equipment, electrocardiography, clinical
techniques, diagnostic techniques, heart rate.
Borkowski R;
Karas A.Z. (1999). Sedation and anesthesia of pet
rabbits. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14 (1): 44-9,
ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 S45
Abstract: Pet rabbits
frequently become stressed when handled and may require sedation or chemical
immobilization for procedures such as blood collection, IV catheter placement,
radiography, deep ear cleaning, and dentistry. Common surgical procedures
requiring general anesthesia include spay, castration, gastrotomy, cystotomy,
and orthopedic procedures. Rabbits may be difficult to safely sedate or
anesthetize. Individual rabbits may have varying sensitivity to the depressant
effects of anesthetics. The apparent sensitivity of the rabbit’s respiratory
center to anesthetic drugs and the narrow range between anesthetic and toxic
doses in this species add to the unpredictable character of rabbit anesthesia.
Furthermore, mortality following anesthesia and surgery in sick rabbits is
common. Strategically, safe anesthesia of rabbits must include the planning of
procedures so that anesthetic time is minimized. Clinicians must be on guard
for individual variation in response to drugs. Minimizing the
use of cardiovascular depressant agents, use of agents with a high therapeutic
index, and careful titration of doses to effect, along with thorough
cardiorespiratory monitoring, will permit attainment of appropriate anesthetic
depth with the widest margin of safety. This article presents several
injectable and inhalant anesthetic protocols that may assist in effective
management of many types of rabbit patient.
Keywords: review,
anesthesia, methods, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, administration and
dosage, adverse effects, pharmacology, animal welfare, physiology, stress,
psychological.
Cantwell, S.L. (2001). Ferret, rabbit, and rodent anesthesia. The Veterinary Clinics of North America.
Exotic Animal Practice 4 (1): 169-91, ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number:
SF997.5.E95E97
Abstracts: Ferrets,
rabbits, and rodents are increasingly being presented to veterinarians for
evaluation and treatment. The owners of these animals expect high-level medical
and surgical care. Consequently, veterinarians are more often required to
provide intensive anesthetic management of these animals. The variability of
anesthetic agents used and patient responses are addressed. The consequences of
size for anesthetic management are discussed. Successful small mammal
anesthesia requires following general anesthetic principles, awareness of
limitations, and maintenance of high standards of care.
Keywords: review, rabbits,
ferrets, rodents, anesthesia, physiology, monitoring, postoperative care,
preoperative care.
Difilippo, S.M.;
Norberg, P.J.; Suson, U.D.; Savino, A.M.; Reim, D.A. (2004). A comparison of xylazine and medetomidine in an anesthetic
combination in New Zealand
White rabbits. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal
Science 43 (1): 32-34, ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5
A23
Abstract: A comparison was
made of two anesthetic protocols for cardiothoracic surgery in rabbits. Eight
male New Zealand White rabbits (2.8 to 3.2 kg) were used in a double crossover
study. Each rabbit received intramuscular ketamine (35 mg/kg), xylazine (5
mg/kg), and buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) or ketamine (35 mg/kg), medetomidine
(0.5 mg/kg), and buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) on alternate weeks. After
intramuscular injection, each rabbit was intubated and placed on 0.75%
isoflurane in 1 L O2/min. Palpebral, pedal, and righting reflexes and
cardiopulmonary parameters were measured every minute for the first 10 min and
every 5 min thereafter. Rabbits were monitored for 20 min of spontaneous
ventilation followed by 60 min of intermittent positive pressure ventilation.
Intermittent positive pressure ventilation and isoflurane then were
discontinued and recovery monitored. Systolic, mean, and diastolic blood
pressures were higher in the medetomidine-treated rabbits. Return of the
palpebral, pedal, and righting reflexes was prolonged in the
medetomidine-treated rabbits. There were no differences in heart rate,
respiratory rate, return to spontaneous breathing, and time to extubation
between the two groups. These results indicate medetomidine can be safely used
in rabbit anesthesia, provides acceptable cardiovascular parameters, and
induces a longer anesthetic period than that of xylazine.
Keywords: male, breed, New Zealand White, anesthetic protocols,
cardiothoracic surgery, intramuscular ketamine, xylazine, buprenorphine,
ketamine, medetomidine, buprenorphine, intramuscular injection.
Flecknell, P.A.; Roughan,
J.V.; Hedenqvist, P. (1999). Induction of anaesthesia with
sevoflurane and isoflurane in the rabbit. Laboratory
Animals 33 (1): 41-6, ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55 A1L3
Abstract: The effects of
induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane and isoflurane were studied in
rabbits. All rabbits had periods of apnoea (ranging from 30-180 s) during
induction which resulted in moderate hypercapnia and acidosis. Arterial pCO2
rose from 4.1 +/- 0.3 kPa to a peak of 7.6 +/- 0.4 kPa (mean +/- SD) (both
agents). All animals showed a significant reduction in heart rate (P <
0.05). Heart rate (HR) fell from 226 +/- 33 to a minimum during induction of 57
+/- 32 (sevoflurane) and 199 +/- 41 to 45 +/- 11 (isoflurane). Most animals
struggled violently during induction. Use of sevoflurane did not prevent the
breath-holding response seen during induction of anaesthesia with other
volatile anaesthetics in this species, and the severe apnoea which occurs may
represent a significant hazard. The behaviour of the animals indicated that
both sevoflurane and isoflurane are aversive, suggesting that this technique
should be avoided whenever possible
Keywords: anesthesia,
sevoflurane, isoflurane induction, apnoea, hypercapnia, acidosis, behavior,
adversive, struggling.
Flecknell, P. (1998). Assessment and alleviation of post-operative pain. Animal Welfare Information Center
Newsletter 8 (3/4): 8-14, ISSN: 1050-561X.
Online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v8n3/8n3fleck.htm
NAL Call Number:
aHV4701.A952
Keywords: mice, rats,
guineapigs, rabbits, ferrets, primates, pigs, sheep, dogs, cats
surgery, pain, laboratory animals, animal welfare, analgesics.
Foley, P.L.; Henderson, A.L.;
Bissonette, E.A.; Wimer, G.R.; Feldman, S.H. (2001). Evaluation of
fentanyl transdermal patches in rabbits: blood concentrations and physiologic
response. Comparative Medicine 51 (3): 239-244, ISSN: 0023-6764.
NAL Call Number: SF77.C65
Keywords: breed, New
Zealand White, laboratory animals, rabbits, adverse effects, analgesics, animal
welfare, blood chemistry, cutaneous application, fentanyl transdermal patches,
potency, respiration, weight loss.
Gil Alfredo, G.; Illera
Juan, C.; Silvan, G.; Lorenzo Pedro, L.; Illera, M.(2002).
Changes in hepatic and renal enzyme concentrations and
heart and respiratory rates in New
Zealand White rabbits after anesthetic
treatments. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science
41 (6): 30-32, ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5
A23
Keywords: breed, New
Zealand White, hepatic and renal biochemical parameters, heart rate,
respiratory rate, anesthesia, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase,
aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, diazepam,
ketamine, xylazine, autonomic drug, general anesthetic drug, sedative/hypnotic
drug, gamma glutamyltransferase, laboratory animal care, laboratory techniques.
Hedenqvist, P.;
Orr, H.E.; Roughan, J.V.; Antunes, L.; Flecknell, P.A. (2002).Anaesthesia
with ketamine/medetomidine in the rabbit: influence of route of injection and
the effect of combination with butorphanol. Veterinary Anaesthesia and
Analgesia 29 (1): 14-19. ISSN: 1467-2987.
NAL Call Number: SF914.V47
Keywords: breed, New
Zealand White, female, anesthesia, blood gases, depth, drug combinations, drug
delivery systems, subcutaneous, intramuscular routes duration, ketamine,
medetomidine, butorphanol, pH, toe pinch, ear pinch, reflexes, respiration, hypoxemia.
Hedenqvist, P.;
Roughan, J.V.; Antunes, L.; Orr, H.; Flecknell, P.A. (2001). Induction of anaesthesia with desflurane and isoflurane in the
rabbit. (2001). Laboratory Animals 35 (2): 172-9, ISSN:
0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: The
characteristics of two techniques of face-mask induction of desflurane
anaesthesia (rapid or slow) were compared with the effects of slow isoflurane
induction in five New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Slow induction used stepwise
increments in vapour setting of 2% for desflurane and 0.5% for isoflurane at 30
s intervals. All animals were anaesthetized using each technique according to a
randomized block design with one week between treatments. Observations were
made of the quality of induction (any struggling or periods of apnoea) and the
latency to, and the duration of loss of the righting and toe pinch reflexes
recorded. Changes in respiratory rate, arterial blood gas and cardiovascular
parameters were also recorded. Induction and recovery times were shorter with
rapid desflurane induction in comparison to isoflurane (loss of righting
reflex: 139+/-27 s cf. 205+/-48 s), but both techniques were associated with
struggling and long periods of apnoea (> 1 min) during the first 4 min after
administration. During this period a significant degree of bradycardia,
hypercapnia and hypoxaemia occurred with both techniques, but these and the
subsequent effects of rapid desflurane administration were less severe than
with isoflurane. Slow induction with desflurane was tolerated best, with little
or no deleterious behavioural or physiological effects, however excessively
prolonged induction times (loss of righting reflex 337+/-160 s) limits the
application of this method. Desflurane, administered rapidly, appears to be a
more suitable agent than isoflurane. However, as with isoflurane, anaesthesia
should only be induced following oxygen supplementation.
Keywords: breed, New
Zealand White, anesthesia, isoflurane, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas,
cardiovascular parameters, bradycardia, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, oxygen
supplementation.
Hellebrekers, L.J.; de
Boer, E.J.; van Zuylen, M.A.; Vosmeer, H. (1997). A
comparison between medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol anaesthesia
in rabbits. Laboratory
Animals 31 (1): 58-69, ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: We investigated
the effects of combinations of the alpha 2-agonist medetomidine with either
ketamine or propofol for their overall quality of anaesthesia, including the
possible concomitant changes in respiratory and circulatory function in New
Zealand White rabbits. Medetomidine was administered at 0.35 mg/kg,
intramuscularly. Following sedation, ketamine (5 mg/kg) or propofol (2 and 3
mg/kg) were administered intravenously via the ear vein. Data on reflexes
(palpebral, corneal, ear-pinch and toe-pinch), jaw muscle tone and physiologic
parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, body temperature)
were recorded before and after administration of drugs. Intermittent arterial
blood sampling was performed at predetermined intervals before and after
anaesthesia. The results show that the ear-pinch and toe-pinch reflexes and the
jaw muscle tone are reliable indices to determine surgical anaesthetic depth. A
surgical level of anaesthesia could be obtained reliably with the combination
medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) with a duration of 19
min (variation 10 to 40 min, n = 6) and 11 min (variation 5 to 15 min, n = 6),
respectively. Propofol administered at 2 mg/kg did not produce an adequate
anaesthetic level. The data from this study demonstrate a high degree of
predictability in achieving a fast induction and adequate anaesthetic depth
together with a low incidence of untoward side-effects and a zero mortality
with the combinations investigated. The data from the medetomidine-ketamine
group show that, although adequate anaesthetic depth of medium duration is
achieved, the arterial oxygen tension is reduced to hypoxemic levels. With the
use of this combination, the supplemental administration of oxygen is advised.
With the combination of medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) a
short duration anaesthesia of adequate depth was achieved, whereby
physiological variables all remained within acceptable ranges. The use of
medetomidine-propofol, in combination with the alpha 2-antagonist atipamezole
to shorten recovery time, will provide reliable and very versatile anaesthesia
in rabbits.
Keywords: breed, New
Zealand White, alpha 2-agonist medetomidine, intramuscularly, ketamine,
propofol, intravenously, anesthesia, respiratory function, circulatory
function, palpebral reflex, corneal reflex, ear-pinch reflex, toe-pinch reflex,
anesthetic depth.
Henry, V.A.;
Parsons, D.M. (1997). Hypnotic
sedation: an alternative to chemical sedation during minor diagnostic
procedures for rabbits and guinea pigs. Contemporary Topics in
Laboratory Animal Science 36 (4): 55, ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Keywords: rabbits,
guineapigs, surgery, laboratory animals, handling, animal welfare, restraint of
animals, sedation, hypnosis.
Kramer, S. (1998). Care
of rabbits and rodents during and after anaesthesia. [Perioperatives
Narkosemanagement bei Kleinsäugern.] Tierärztliche Praxis 26 (2): 129-135,
ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603.V4
Abstract: In
anaesthesiology rabbits and rodents are considered being high risk patients as
about 30% of the anaesthetized patients die intra- or postoperatively. Due to
the anatomic structures many anaesthetic techniques and patient monitoring are
very difficult of even impossible to perform in these animals. For this reason
anaesthesia of rabbits and rodents confronts the veterinarian with great
problems. The main complications during anaesthesia are discussed and
principles of the perioperative anaesthetic management, of anaesthetic
techniques as well as patient monitoring are presented.
Keywords: laboratory
animals, rabbits, rodents, complications, injectable anesthetics, anesthesia,
intraoperative care, German language.
Neiger-Aeschbacher, G.
(2002). Anästhesie und Analgesie bei Heimsäugern.
Teil 1. Vorbereitung, Prämedikation und Allgemein-anästhesie. [Anaesthesia and analgesia in small mammals. Part 1.
Preparation, premedication and general anaesthesia.] Schweizer Archiv
für Tierheilkunde 144 (11): 586-595, ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Keywords: rabbits, rodents,
pets, anesthesia, analgesics, animal welfare, postoperative care, surgery,
German language.
Neiger, A.G. (2002). Anaesthesie und Analgesie bei Heimsaeugern. Teil
2. Intra und
postoperative Betreuung. [Anaesthesia and analgesia in small
mammals. Part 2. Peri and postoperative care.] Schweizer Archiv fuer
Tierheilkunde 144 (11): 597-604, ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Keywords: pets, rabbits,
rodents, analgesics, anesthetics, administration, emergencies, veterinary care,
intraoperative care, postoperative care, monitoring, complications, fluid
therapy, analgesia, physiology, perioperative care, postoperative care, fluid
therapy, German language.
Park, W. (1999). Effects of inhalation anaesthetics on mucus secretion by goblet
cells in the lower respiratory tract of rabbits. Korean
Journal of Veterinary Clinical Medicine 16 (2): 339-351, ISSN: 1225-4800.
Keywords: inhaled
anaesthetics, mucus, respiratory system, bronchi, cilia, ethyl ether,
glycolipids, glycoproteins, halothane, isoflurane, mucopolysaccharides,
mucoproteins, polysaccharides, postoperative care, adverse effects, trachea.
Peukert, A.; Troitzsch, D.; Vogt, S. (1997). Untersuchungen zur
Langzeitanasthesie beim Kaninchen. [Studies on
long-term anesthesia in rabbits.] Pabst: Lengerich; Scottsdale, AZ,
175 p., ISBN: 3931660583.
NAL Call Number:
SF997.5.R2P48 1997
Keywords: anesthesia,
anesthetics, German language.
Robinson, A.J.;
Muller, W.J.; Braid, A.L.; Kerr, P.J. (1999). The effect of
buprenorphine on the course of disease in laboratory rabbits infected with
myxoma virus. Laboratory Animals 33 (3): 252-257, ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Keywords: breed, New
Zealand White, ethics, pain, laboratory animals, opioids, analgesics,
buprenorphine, animal welfare, survival time, weight change, virulence,
experiments, viral diseases, myxoma virus.
Topal, A.;
Görgül, O.S. (1996). Tavs tail an, rodent ve kanatlilarda uygulanan
anestezi yöntemleri. [Methods of anaesthesia in pet rabbits,
rodents and birds.] Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi 2: 71-75.
Keywords: pets,
anaesthesia, mice, rats, hamsters, chinchillas, rabbits, birds, Turkish
language.
Tran, H.S. (2001). A method of endoscopic endotracheal intubation in rabbits.
Laboratory Animals 35 (3): 249-252, ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55 A1L3
Keywords: laboratory
mammals, endoscopy, endoscopes, trachea.
Weinstein, C.H.;
Fujimoto, Jennifer, L.; Wishner, R.E. Anesthesia of six-week-old
White rabbits for thoracotomy. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal
Science 39 (3): 19-22, ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5
A23
Keywords: laboratory
animals, spine, skeletal system, isoflurane, general anesthetic drug, 5 French
polypropylene catheterization, complications, surgical method, direct
laryngoscopy, intubation method, surgical anesthesia, anesthesia method,
thoracotomy, surgical method, cough reflex.
Worthley, S.G. (2000). Rapid
oral endotracheal intubation with a fibre-optic scope in rabbits: a simple and
reliable technique. Laboratory Animals 34 (2): 199-201. ISSN:
0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Keywords: animal welfare,
anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics.
Yardimci, C.;
Meyanci, G.; Oz, H. (2001). Effects of low volume + ZEEP, low volume +
PEEP, low volume and sigh to
plasma and BAL MDA levels in normal rabbit lungs. European
Journal of Anaesthesiology 18 (Suppl. 21): 112-113, ISSN: 0265-0215.
Keywords: breed, anesthesiology, pharmacology,
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, respiratory system, lung, respiratory system,
plasma blood and lymphatics, intensive care medicine, low volume PEEP effect,
low volume-ZEEP effect, low volume sigh effect.