Aiken, S.W., S. Jakovljevic, G.C. Lantz, and W.E. Blevins (1993). Acquired
arteriovenous fistula secondary to castration in a dog. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 202(6): 965-967. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: A 6-year-old castrated male Basset Hound was
examined because of a 1-year history of a pulsating mass in the right inguinal
region. The pulsatile mass was diagnosed as an arteriovenous fistula by
physical examination and angiography. Surgical exploration revealed that the
right testicular artery and vein, the artery of the ductus deferens, and the
cremasteric artery were involved in the fistula. The fistula was believed to
have developed secondary to castration performed at 6 months of age. The mass
and associated vessels were completely excised and signs of recurrence were not
observed 13 months after surgery.
Descriptors: dogs, castration, postoperative
complications, fistula, arteries, hemorrhage, case studies
Altarifi, A.R.H. (1982). A study of surgical complications of
ovariohysterectomy and pyometra in the bitch and cat. Index to Theses
30(2): 281.
Descriptors: cat diseases, dog diseases, uterine diseases,
ovariectomy, hysterectomy, pyometra, postoperative complications, cats, dogs
Arbeiter, K. (1986). Harnblaseninkontinenz nach der
ovariohysterektomie bei der hundin. [Urinary bladder incontinence in the bitch
after ovariohysterectomy]. Kleintier-Praxis 31(5): 215-222. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: dog diseases, surgery, estrogens,
acupuncture, ovariectomy, bitches, urinary incontinence, hysterectomy,
postoperative complications, dogs
Note: Language of text: German.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Abstract: Acquired urinary incontinence occurs in 20%
of spayed dogs and there exists a strong correlation between body weight and
the risk of urinary incontinence. Bitches with a body weight of more than 20 kg
have a risk of 30% white smaller dogs have a risk of 10%. A particular breed
disposition exists in Boxers in which 65% are affected. Other breeds with a
more than average disposition for urinary incontinence are Dobermans and Giant
Schnauzers. Urinary incontinence due to spaying manifests itself mainly while
the dogs are sleeping. The cause is a urethral sphincter incompetence which can
be verified by a urethral pressure profile (UPP). The microtransducer method
proved to be a suitable method for urodynamic studies. It could be demonstrated
that the urethral closure pressure is significantly lower in incontinent
bitches (4.6 +/- 2.3 cm H2O) than in continent bitches (18.6 +/- 10.5 cm H2O).
In addition, the urethral closure pressure for continent bitches dropped significantly
within 12 months after surgery. Histological examination revealed that the
functional urethral closure cannot be explained by the extent of discernible
structures of the urethral wall as seen by light microscopy.
Descriptors: animals, body weight, breeding, dog diseases,
dogs, female, hysterectomy, adverse effects of ovariectomy, risk factors,
urinary incontinence
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Abstract: Urinary incontinence due to spaying is caused
by a sphincter incompetence of the urethra. In practice the diagnosis is
established by ruling out other causes of incontinence such as neurological
disease, bacterial cystitis, urinary tract malformation, iatrogenic
ureterovaginal fistula and neoplasia of the urinary tract. An accurate
diagnosis of urethral sphincter incompetence is made by urethral pressure
profilometry. A urethral closure pressure of 7.4 cm H2O allowed the
differentiation of bitches with urinary incontinence, due to spaying, from
healthy control dogs with a diagnostic accuracy of 91%. For therapy
alpha-adrenergic drugs (Ephedrine or Phenylpropanolamine) are recommended,
which result in continence in 74% and improvement in 24% of incontinent
patients. In the absence of response estrogens may be used. If the medical
therapy fails to achieve urinary continence, the endoscopic injection of
collagen into the submucosa of the proximal urethra can be performed. This is a
simple and minimally invasive procedure. It rarely leads to complications and
may be repeated when necessary. The method is successful in 75% of cases.
Descriptors: urinary system, alpha adrenergic agent,
bitches, complications, endoscopic collagen injection, ephedrine,
phenylpropanolamine, spaying, sterilization method, therapeutic method, urinary
incontinence
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
NAL Call Number: SF992.U75A76 1997
Descriptors: surgical operations, complications, bitches,
urinary incontinence, dogs, spaying
Note: Language of text: German.
Arnold, S., P. Arnold, M. Hubler, M. Casal, and P. Rusch (1989). Incontinentia
urinae bei der kastrierten hundin: haufigkeit und rassedisposition. [Urinary
incontinence in spayed bitches: frequency and breed predisposition]. Schweizer
Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 131(5): 259-263.
ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Abstract: A follow up study was performed in 412 spayed
bitches in order to determine the incidence of urinary incontinence. The period
between the operation being performed and the survey being made varied between
3 and 10 years. 83 animals (20.1%) were incontinent independent of the surgical
procedure (ovariectomy versus ovariohysterectomy). The onset of incontinence
varied between immediately to 12 years with an average period of 2.9 years
after surgery. 57 of these incontinent bitches were treated with ephedrine or
estrogen. In 73.7% a good response was achieved with ephedrine and a further
23.7% showed some improvement. Generally ephedrine was more successful than
estrogen in the treatment of incontinence. There appears to be a strong
connection between body weight and the incidence of incontinence. Of bitches
with a body weight of less than 20 kg only 9.3% were incontinent. Whereas in
bitches with a body weight of more than 20 kg the incidence was 30.9%. Of the
breeds Boxers showed a high incidence of incontinence (65%) while breeds such
as German Shepherds (10.6%) or Dachshunds (11.1%) showed a low incidence in
relation to the average incidence rate (20.1%).
Descriptors: surgical operations, predisposition,
ovariectomy, bitches, postoperative complications, urinary incontinence, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English, French and
Italian.
Arnold, S., M. Hubler, M. Casal, G. Lott Stolz, B. Hauser, and P. Rusch
(1992). The transplantation of autologous ovarian tissue in the bitch for
the prevention of side effects due to spaying. A retrospective study several
years after surgery. The European Journal of Companion Animal Practice
3(1): 67-71.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E8
Descriptors: ovariectomy, urinary incontinence,
postoperative complications, surgery, dogs
Arnold, S., M. Hubler, M. Casal, G. Lott Stolz, B. Hauser, and P. Rusch
(1988). Transplantation von autologem Ovargewebe zur Verhinderung von
unerwunschten Kastrationsfolgen bei der Hundin (Uberprufung von Patienten
mehrere Jahre nach der Operation). [Transplantation of autologous ovarian
tissue to prevent side effects of spaying in bitches (survey of cases several
years after the operation)]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde
130(7): 369-379. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: allografts, ovaries, transplantation,
complications, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English, French and
Italian.
Bagley, R.S., S.A. Dougherty, and J.F. Randolph (1994). Tetanus
subsequent to ovariohysterectomy in a dog. Progress in Veterinary
Neurology 5(2): 63-65. ISSN:
1061-575X.
NAL Call Number: SF895.P76
Descriptors: bitches, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
postoperative complications, tetanus, uterus, Clostridium tetani, case
reports
Banks, S.E., I.R. Fleming, and T.N. Browning (1991). Urinary
incontinence in a bitch caused by vaginoureteral fistulation. The
Veterinary Record 128(5): 108. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dog diseases, fistula, urinary incontinence,
dogs, fistula complications, hysterectomy, ovariectomy
Bellah, J.R., C.P. Spencer, and K.R. Salmeri (1989). Hemiprostatic
urethral avulsion during cryptorchid orchiectomy in a dog. Journal of
the
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Descriptors: postoperative complications, urethra, dog
diseases, surgery, case reports, cryptorchidism, dogs
Bellenger, C.R. and T.L.W. Rothwell (1991). Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog.
Australian Veterinary Practitioner 21(3): 131-132, 134. ISSN: 0310-138X.
Descriptors: case report, pathology, therapy,
postoperative complications, peritonitis, dogs, abdominal distension,
ovariohysterectomy
Berchtold, M. and K. Wissler (1982). Trachtigkeit und Geburt bei
einer ovarektomierten Katzin. [Pregnancy and parturition in an ovariectomized
cat]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 124(3): 157-159. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: ovariectomy, postoperative complications,
parturition complications, cats
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English, French and
Italian.
Berchtold, M. and S. Zindel Grunder (1981). Viszerale Transplantation von Ovargewebe zur
Verhinderung von Nebenwirkungen nach der Kastration der Hundin. [Visceral
transplantation of ovarian tissue for inhibition of side-effects after
castration of the bitch]. Zuchthygiene 16(2): 80. ISSN: 0044-5371.
NAL Call Number: SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: ovaries, bitches, ovariectomy, postoperative
complications, dogs
Note: From the 6th
Joint Symposium of German Veterinary Society (Group on Reproduction and its
Disorders), German Society for Animal Production (Sanitation Section), German
Society for the Study of Fertility and Sterility, and Austrian Society for the
Study of Fertility and Sterility on the Subject of Physiology of Reproduction,
Berlin, West Germany, March 25-26, 1981.
Language of text: German.
Berzon, J.L. (1979). Complications of elective ovariohysterectomies
in the dog and cat at a teaching institution: clinical review of 853 cases.
Veterinary Surgery 8(3): 89-91.
ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911.V43
Descriptors: intraoperative and postoperative
complications, students, elective surgery, ovariohysterectomy
Bird, K.E., W.P. Farrar, and M.S. Whitney (1996). What is your
diagnosis? [Foreign body granuloma caused by a retained sponge following spay
surgery in a dog]. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 25(3): 90, 99. ISSN: 0275-6382.
Descriptors: surgery, postoperative complications, case
reports, abdominal cavity, ovariectomy, foreign bodies, granuloma, dogs
Blendinger, C., K. Blendinger, and H. Bostedt (1995). Die
Harninkontinenz nach Kastration bei der Hundin. 1. Mitteilung: Entstehung,
Haufigkeit und Disposition. [Urinary incontinence following ovariectomy in
bitches. I. Origin, frequency and predisposition]. Tierarztliche Praxis
23(3): 291-299. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603.V4
Descriptors: ovariectomy, complications, urinary
incontinence, surgery, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Blendinger, C., K. Blendinger, and H. Bostedt (1995). Die
Harninkontinenz nach Kastration bei der Hundin. 2. Mitteilung: Therapie.
[Urinary incontinence in castrated female dogs. 2. Therapy]. Tierarztliche
Praxis 23(4): 402-406. ISSN:
0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603.V4
Abstract: Several methods can be used for the treatment
of urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter incompetence in spayed
bitches. The most commonly applied medicaments are either
alpha-sympathomimetics or estrogens. Because of their high effectiveness and
little side effects alpha-sympathomimetics should be preferred. A clinical
field trial showed that ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine are highly efficient
(ephedrine 93%, phenylpropanolamine 97%) and had very little side effects. It
has proved to be valuable to apply 1.2-1.7 mg/kg/day (ephedrine) respectively
1.5 mg/kg twice a day (phenylpropanolamine) as an initial dosage and to reduce
this step by step to the lowest dosage that keeps the dog continent. When
urinary incontinence does not respond to conservative treatment several
surgical techniques can be performed.
Descriptors: dogs, ephedrine, estrogens, ovariectomy,
therapeutic use of phenylpropanolamine, urinary incontinence, urethra,
alpha-sykmpathomimetics
Note: Language of text: German.
Bonsack, F.A. (2001). Does not believe there is an ovarian remnant
syndrome. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
219(12): 1675-6. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, hysterectomy, ovariectomy, postoperative
complications, laparotomy, veterinary surgery
Cabannes, A., F. Lucchese, H. Pelse, N. Biesel, M. Eymonnot, and M.
Appriou (2000). Castration and feline borreliosis in Gironde. Revue de
Medecine Veterinaire 151(10): 949-954.
ISSN: 0035-1555.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R32
Descriptors: antibodies, castration, epidemiology, males,
females, borreliosis
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency and
severity of postanesthetic hypoxemia and hypercarbia in healthy dogs undergoing
elective ovariohysterectomy or castration and given butorphanol or
hydromorphone for analgesia. DESIGN: Prospective trial. ANIMALS: 0 healthy dogs
weighing > 10 kg (22 lb). PROCEDURE: Dogs were anesthestized with
acepromazine, glycopyrrolate, thiopental, and isoflurane, and butorphanol (n =
10) or hydromorphone (10) was used for perioperative analgesia. Arterial blood
gas analyses were performed 10 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after extubation.
RESULTS: In dogs that received hydromorphone, mean PaCO2 was significantly
higher, compared with the preoperative value, 10 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, and 3
hours after extubation. Mean PaCO2 was significantly higher in dogs given
hydromorphone rather than butorphanol 10 and 30 minutes and 1 and 2 hours after
extubation. Mean PaO2 was significantly lower, compared with preoperative
values, 30 minutes and 1 and 2 hours after extubation in dogs given
hydromorphone and 30 minutes after extubation in dogs given butorphanol. Mean
PaO2 was significantly lower in dogs given hydromorphone rather than
butorphanol 1 hour after extubation. Four dogs had PaO2 < 80 mm Hg 1 or more
times after extubation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that
administration of hydromorphone to healthy dogs undergoing elective
ovariohysterectomy or castration may result in transient increases in PaCO2
postoperatively and that administration of hydromorphone or butorphanol may
result in transient decreases in PaO2. However, increases in PaCO2 and
decreases in PaO2 were mild, and mean PaCO2 and PaO2 remained within reference
limits.
Descriptors: analgesics, anoxemia, butorphanol,
hydromorphone, hypercapnia, postoperative complications, blood gas analysis,
dogs, hysterectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, adverse effects
Carrig, C.B., I.M. Gourley, and A.L. Philbrick (1972). Primary
abdominal pregnancy in a cat subsequent to ovariohysterectomy. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 160(3): 308-318. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: ovariectomy, cat diseases, pregnancy
complications, postoperative complications
Cooley, D.M., B.C. Beranek, D.L. Schlittler, N.W. Glickman, L.T.
Glickman, and D.J. Waters (2002). Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and
bone sarcoma risk. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
11(11): 1434-1440. ISSN: 1055-9965.
Descriptors: endocrine system, tumor biology, bone
sarcoma, bone disease, neoplastic disease, age at gonadectomy, bone sarcoma
development
Coolman, B., S. Marretta, M. Dudley, and S. Averill (1999). Partial
colonic obstruction following ovariohysterectomy: a report of three cases. Journal
of the
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Abstract: Partial extramural obstruction of the
descending colon was diagnosed in two dogs and a cat as a complication of
elective ovariohysterectomy. In each case, the obstruction was caused by
fibrous tissue that encircled or crossed the descending colon, severely
restricting the organ's normal mobility and luminal diameter. Clinical signs
secondary to obstipation were observed in two cases, five weeks and 27 months
after elective ovariohysterectomy. In one dog without clinical signs, the adhesion
was an incidental finding during a laparotomy performed nine years after the
ovariohysterectomy. The fibrous adhesions were removed surgically in all three
cases without additional complications.
Descriptors: dog, cat, elective ovariohysterectomy, complications,
fibrous band, colonic obstruction, obstipation, removal of fibrous adhesions
Costa, F.S., D.M. Aguiar de, R. Giuffrida, M.R. Farias de, R. Torres
Neto, D.M. de Aguiar, and M.R. de Farias (2002). Tetano em um gato. [Tetanus
in a cat]. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science
39(3): 160-162. ISSN: 1413-9596.
Descriptors: bacterial toxins, case reports, epidemiology,
neurotoxins, pathogenesis, tetanus, cats, orchiectomy complications
Note: Language of text: Portuguese; Summary in English.
Czerniak, A., C. Pelz Czerniak, P. Szabo, and A. Wahle (1992). Verklebung
im Abdominalbereich nach Laparotomien (Kastration) bei gesunden Hunden und ihre
Folgen. [Abdominal adhesions in three bitches after ovariectomy and their
consequences]. Praktische Tierarzt 73(10): 968-969. ISSN: 0032-681X.
Descriptors: case reports, ovariectomy, bitches,
postoperative complications, adhesions, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
David, G. and E.I. Rajendran (1980). The after-effects of spaying in
bitches and cats. Cheiron 9(3): 193-195. ISSN: 0379-542X.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C56
Descriptors: urinary incontinence, obesity, ovariectomy,
postoperative complications
Davies, N.L. (1989). Complications of ovarian autotransplantation in
bitches. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 60(3):
145. ISSN: 0301-0732.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 So8
Descriptors: dogs, postoperative complications, neoplasms,
ovaries, ovariectomy
Day, D.G., M.Q. Bailey, K.L. Evans, D.D. Smeak, and S.P. DiBartola
(1993). Postoperative evaluation of renal function after surgical correction
of a ureterovaginal fistula in a cat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 202(1): 104-106. ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, ovariectomy, hysterectomy, fistulation,
surgical operations, urination disorders, case studies, carnivora, disorders,
felidae, functional disorders, gonadectomy, mammals, sterilization, surgical
operations, postoperative complications, urinary incontinence
de Baerdemaecker, G.C. (1984). Post spaying vaginal discharge in a
bitch caused by acquired vaginoureteral fistula. The Veterinary Record
115(3): 62. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dogs, hysterectomy, female genital diseases,
fistulation, animals, genital diseases, injurious factors, urovagina,
complications, surgical factors
Demetriou, J.L. and E.M. Welsh (2000). Colonic obstruction in an
adult cat following open castration. The Veterinary Record 147(6):
165-166. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: complications, cats, gut-tie, colonic
stricture, fibrous ring, dorsal cystotomy, faecal tenesmus, spermatic cord,
ligation of spermatic vasculature, inflammation
Dhaliwal, G.K. (1990). Postoperative complications in
ovariohysterectomized dogs and cats. Jurnal Veterinar
Descriptors: surgery, suture techniques, ovariectomy,
hysterectomy, postoperative complications, dogs, cats
Note: Abstracts from
2nd Congress, Veterinary Association
Dorn, A.S. and R.A. Swist (1977). Complications of canine
ovariohysterectomy. Journal of the
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Descriptors: breeds, age, techniques, bitches,
ovariectomy, hysterectomy, postoperative complications, surgery
Descriptors: case reports, radiography, fractures, femur,
postoperative complications, gonadectomy
Dubey, J.P., J. Benson, and M.A. Larson (2003). Clinical Sarcocystis
neurona encephalomyelitis in a domestic cat following routine surgery. Veterinary
Parasitology 112(4): 261-267. ISSN:
0304-4017.
NAL Call Number: SF810.V4
Descriptors: nervous system, parasitology, parasitic
disease, routine castration surgery, cats
Engels, J., N. Albrecht, D. Hagenbeck, and B. Struckmann (1995). Tetanus
beim hund. [Tetanus in a dog]. Kleintier-Praxis 40(9): 707-708,
713-715. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: tetanus, case reports, therapy, antibiotics,
immune serum, postoperative complications, dogs, Clostridium tetani
Note: Language of text: German.
Ewers, R.S. and P.E. Holt (1992). Urological complications following
ovariohysterectomy in a bitch. The Journal of Small Animal Practice
33(5): 236-238. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: dogs, dystocia, pathology, diagnosis,
bladder, hysterectomy, animal
morphology, canidae, carnivora,
disorders, functional disorders, mammals, parturition complications,
reproductive disorders, surgical operations, urinary tract, urogenital system,
ovariohysterectomy, postoperative complications
Fehr, M. (1989). Fadenfisteln aufgrund persistierender
Kastrationsligaturen bei der Hundin. [Suture fistula from persistent
ovariohysterectomy ligature in bitches]. Kleintier-Praxis 34(3):
103-107. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: sutures, fistula, hysterectomy, postoperative
complications, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English and French.
Flynn, M.F., E.M. Hardie, and P.J. Armstrong (1992). Effect of
ovariohysterectomy on maintenance energy requirement (MER) in cats: a dietary
balance study. Veterinary Surgery 21(5): 388. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911.V43
Abstract: 27th Annual Meeting,
Descriptors: obesity, postoperative complications, diets,
ovariectomy, hysterectomy, nutrient requirements, surgery, cats
Furneaux, R., B. Baysen, and K. Mero (1973). Complications of
ovariohysterectomies. The Canadian Veterinary Journal: La Revue Veterinaire
Canadienne 14(4): 98-99. ISSN:
0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: adhesions, castration, cats, dogs, female,
hysterectomy, postoperative complications, case reports
Gajentaan, J.E. (1982). Gastric dilatation after ovariohysterectomy
in a dog. Veterinary Medicine: Small Animal Clinician 77(4): 608,
610. ISSN: 0042-4889.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: hysterectomy, ovariectomy, postoperative
complications, dogs
Galatos, A.D., T. Rallis, and D. Raptopoulos (1994). Post anaesthetic
oesophageal stricture formation in three cats. The Journal of Small
Animal Practice 35(12): 638-642.
ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: cat diseases, anesthesia, case reports, pathology,
diagnosis, therapy, esophageal diseases, stenosis, postoperative complications,
cats, ovariohysterectomy
Ganssbauer, B., S. Kramer, A. Meyer Lindenberg, and
NAL Call Number: SF603.V433
Descriptors: case reports, diagnosis, pathogenesis,
treatment, postoperative complications, clinical aspects, castration,
ovariectomy, dogs, Clostridium tetani
Gokce, A.P., O. Besalti, A. Ozak, and S. Tong (1999).
Ovariohisterektomi yapilan kopek ve kedilerde flank fistulleri: 13 olgu
(1996-1998). [Flank fistulae in ovariohysterectomized dogs and cats].
Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi 5(3-4): 5-8.
ISSN: 1300-7106.
Descriptors: ovariectomy, hysterectomy, fistula,
postoperative complications, surgery, cats, dogs
Note: Language of
text: Turkish; Summary in English.
Gregory, S.P., P.E. Holt, T.J. Parkinson, and C.M. Wathes (1999). Vaginal
position and length in the bitch: relationship to spaying and urinary
incontinence. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 40(4):
180-184. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: bitches, vagina, position, length,
ovariectomy, urinary incontinence, pressure, bodyweight
Guarneri Boe, M.A. and D. Lange (1995). When to neuter: the
controversy.
Descriptors: kittens, surgery, age, anesthesia,
postoperative complications, castration, cats
Hadley, B.J., M.A. Berry, and M.A. Kaufmann (1970). Effect on
postoperative recovery rate and comfort of four approaches to nursing care of
dogs: a pilot study. Communicating Nursing Research 3: 121-137. ISSN: 0160-1652.
Descriptors: convalescence, nursing care, postoperative
care, castration, dogs, hysterectomy, physical stimulation, pilot projects,
postoperative complications, preoperative care, time factors
Hart, B.L. (2001). Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of
age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 219(1): 51-56. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether gonadectomy
predisposes dogs to development of age-related behavioral changes linked to
cognitive impairment. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 29 sexually intact male
dogs, 63 spayed female dogs, and 47 castrated male dogs 11 to 14 years old.
PROCEDURE: Information on possible impairments in 4 behavioral categories
linked to cognitive impairment (orientation in the home and yard, social
interactions, house training, and sleep-wake cycle) was obtained from owners of
the dogs by use of a structured telephone interview format. A second interview
was performed 12 to 18 months after the initial interview, and differences in responses
were evaluated. RESULTS: Sexually intact male dogs were significantly less
likely than neutered dogs to progress from mild impairment (i.e., impairment in
1 category) to severe impairment (i.e., impairment in > or = 2 categories)
during the time between the first and second interviews. This difference was
not attributable to differences in ages of the dogs, duration of follow-up, or
the owners' perceptions of the dogs' overall health. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL
RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the presence of circulating testosterone in
aging sexually intact male dogs may slow the progression of cognitive
impairment, at least among dogs that already have signs of mild impairment.
Estrogens would be expected to have a similar protective role in sexually intact
female dogs; unfortunately, too few sexually intact female dogs were available
for inclusion in the study to test this hypothesis. There may be a need to
evaluate possible methods for counteracting the effects of loss of sex hormones
in gonadectomized dogs.
Descriptors: gonadectomy, cognition disorders, dogs,
estrogens, testosterone, age factors
Hermo, G., Y. Corrada, and C. Gobello (2003). Incontinencia urinaria
pos-castracion en la perra. [Post spaying urinary incontinence in the bitch]
. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria
Descriptors: bitches, clinical aspects, diagnosis,
ovariectomy, postoperative complications, surgery, surgical operations, therapy, urinary
incontinence, dogs
Hoenig, M., S. Alexander, S. Tolbert, and H. Pazak (2000). Transient
insulin resistance in cats after neutering. Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine 14(3): 377. ISSN:
0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J65
Descriptors: metabolism, neutering, contraceptive method,
transient insulin resistance
Howe, L.M. (1997). Short-term results and complications of
prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 211(1): 57-62. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine short-term results
and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs. DESIGN:
Prospective randomized study. ANIMALS: 775 cats and 1,213 dogs. PROCEDURE:
Animals undergoing gonadectomy were allotted into 3 groups on the basis of
estimated age (group 1, < 12 weeks old; group 2, 12 to 23 weeks old; group
3, > or = 24 weeks old). Complications during anesthesia, surgery, and the
immediate postoperative period (7 days) were recorded. Complications were
classified as major (required treatment and resulted in an increase in
morbidity or mortality) or minor (required little or no treatment and caused a
minimal increase in morbidity). An ANOVA was used to detect differences among
groups in age, weight, body temperature, and duration of surgery. To detect
differences in complication rates among groups, chi 2 analysis was used.
RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 723 animals, group 2 consisted of 532, and group
3 consisted of 733. Group-3 animals had a significantly higher overall
complication rate (10.8%) than group-1 animals (6.5%), but did not differ from
group-2 animals (8.8%). Differences were not detected among the 3 groups
regarding major complications (2.9, 3.2, and 3.0% for groups 1, 2, and 3,
respectively), but group-3 animals had significantly more minor complications
(7.8%) than group-1 animals (3.6%), but not group-2 animals (5.6%). CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS: In this study, prepubertal gonadectomy did not increase morbidity
or mortality on a short-term basis, compared with gonadectomy performed on
animals at the traditional age. These procedures may be performed safely in
prepubertal animals, provided that appropriate attention is given to anesthetic
and surgical techniques.
Descriptors: age factors, cats, dogs, adverse effects of
hysterectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, population control, postoperative
complications
Kassem, M.M., S.R. Nouh, M.H. El Guindi, M.B. Noseir, and M.Y. Abboud (1985).
Studies on some modifications of ovariohysterectomy in bitches and its
complication [
Descriptors: postoperative complications, ovariectomy,
hysterectomy, veterinary surgery, dogs
Note: Language of text: English; Summary in Arabic.
Kunin, S. and M. Terry (1980). A complication following
ovariohysterectomy in a dog. Veterinary Medicine: Small Animal Clinician
75(6): 1000-1001. ISSN: 0042-4889.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: bladder diseases, castration, dog diseases,
hysterectomy, postoperative complications, dogs
Kwapien, R.P., R.C. Giles, R.G. Geil, and H.W. Casey (1977). Basaloid
adenomas of the mammary gland in beagle dogs administered investigational
contraceptive steroids. Journal of the National Cancer Institute
59(3): 933-940. ISSN: 0027-8874.
NAL Call Number: 176.622 J82
Descriptors: adenomas, oral contraceptives, mammary
tumors, light microscopy, progestins, estrogens, mestranol, dogs
Kwapien, R.P., R.C. Giles, R.G. Geil, and H.W. Casey (1980). Malignant
mammary tumors in beagle dogs dosed with investigational oral contraceptive
steroids. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 65(1):
137-144. ISSN: 0027-8874.
NAL Call Number: 176.622 J82
Abstract: Of 172 beagle dogs administered
investigational oral contraceptive steroids for 2.4-5.2 yr, 9 developed
malignant mammary tumors. At necropsy their ages varied from 41-70 mo., with a
mean age of 4.9 yr. The malignant tumors were observed in 1 dog that received
ethynerone plus mestranol at 1.05 mg/kg per day and in 4 dogs that received
chlorethynyl norgestrel plus menstranol at 1.05 mg/kg per day. Also, 4 dogs
that received anagestone acetate plus menstranol at 0.44 or 1.10 mg/kg per day
developed malignant mammary tumors. Malignant tumors were not seen in 33 dogs
administered mestranol at 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg per day for 7 yr or in 18 dogs
given ethynerone without mestranol at 1.00 mg/kg per day for 5 yr. No malignant
tumors were observed in 18 control dogs maintained for 7 yr without treatment.
Three dogs had single malignant mammary nodules, 3 dogs had 2 malignant
nodules, 2 dogs had 4-6 malignant nodules and 1 dog in the treatment group
given high dosages of ethynerone plus mestranol had 14 mammary nodules composed
of fibrosarcoma. The malignant tumors were histologically classified as 5
anaplastic carcinomas, 2 solid carcinomas, 1 tubular adenocarcinoma, 1 squamous
cell carcinoma and 1 fibrosarcoma. Most dogs had only 1 histologic type of
cancer (8/9 dogs); 1 dog had carcinomas of both solid and anaplastic types
involving different glands. Metastases were present in 5 dogs and most often
involved regional lymph nodes and lung.
Descriptors: adenocarcinoma, carcinogens, oral
contraceptives, dogs, fibrosarcoma, lung neoplasms, mammary tumors, mestranol,
norgestrel, norpregnadienes, pregnenes
Kyles, A.E., M. Aronsohn, E.A. Stone and
A.J. Lipowitz (1996). Urogenital surgery. In: A.J. Lipowitz
(editor), Complications in Small Animal Surgery: Diagnosis, Management,
Prevention, Williams and Wilkins:
Descriptors: urolithiasis, biopsy, ureter, kidney
diseases, urethra, pyometra, cryptorchidism, urogenital system, postoperative
complications, surgery, cats, dogs
Kyles, A., J. Douglass, and J. Rottman (1996). Pyelonephritis
following inadvertent excision of the ureter during ovariohysterectomy in a
bitch. The Veterinary Record 139(19): 471-472. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: bitches, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
complications, ureter, excision, pyelonephritis, case reports
Lamb, C.R. (1994). Acquired ureterovaginal fistula secondary to
ovariohysterectomy in a dog: diagnosis using ultrasound-guided
nephropyelocentesis and antegrade ureterography. Veterinary Radiology
and Ultrasound 35(3): 201-203. ISSN:
1058-8183.
NAL Call Number: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: dogs, ovariectomy, surgical operations, case
studies, diagnosis, ultrasonics, fistulation, gonadectomy, sterilization,
terriers, postoperative complications
Lee, E.A. and B.R. Jones (1996). Localised tetanus in two cats after
ovariohysterectomy.
Descriptors: case reports, surgical operations,
ovariectomy, diagnosis, treatment, drug therapy, postoperative complications,
tetanus, hysterectomy, cats
Lekcharoensuk,
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, urinary tract diseases, risk factors,
morbidity, epidemiology, breed differences, age differences, sex differences,
gonadectomy
Liaw, B.S., C.H. Chi, and L.S. Yeh (2003). Case report: retrospective
study of long-term complications after spay surgery in dogs and cats.
Descriptors: case reports, clinical aspects, ovariectomy,
ovaries, postoperative care, postoperative complications, surgery, uterus,
cats, dogs
Liu, P.C., K.C. Tung, C.L. Shyu, and Y.P. Chen (2000). Case report:
canine pyometra resulting from inadequate contraception surgery. Journal
of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science 26(1): 78-83. ISSN: 0253-9179.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C54
Descriptors: pyometra, surgery, ovariectomy, postoperative
complications, case reports, dogs
Lubberink, A.A., A.C. Okkens, G. Voorhout, and I. Van der Gaag (1981). Ontstekingsprocessen,
caudaal van de ribboog na ovario-hysterectomie bij de
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: Over a period of thirty months, twenty-two
dogs showing inflammatory lesions caudal to the costal arch following
ovariohysterectomy were submitted for examination. Seventeen patients showed
fistulae, four showed painful swellings and one patient showed a fistula on one
and a swelling on another side. After the findings on physical examination, the
results of bacteriological haematological and radiological studies are
reported. Surgical procedures consisted in laparotomy through the median line
and/or local exploration of the region of the flanks, which led to laparotomy
in some cases. The prognosis was bad in these cases; of eighteen patients with
fistulae, only six, and of four patients showing swellings two recovered. The
findings in six dogs submitted for post-mortem examination are reported.
Descriptors: ovariectomy, fistula, hysterectomy,
postoperative complications, dogs
Note: Language of text: Dutch; Summary in English.
MacCoy, D.M., G. Ogilvie, T. Burke, and A. Parker (1988). Postovariohysterectomy
ureterovaginal fistula in a dog. Journal of the
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Descriptors: dogs, case reports, ureter, vagina,
hysterectomy, fistula, postoperative complications
May, C. (1998). Orthopaedic effects of prepubertal neutering in dogs.
The Veterinary Record 142(3): 71-72.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: radius, ulna, castration, surgery, dogs,
prepubertal gonadectomy
McEvoy, F.J. (1994). Iatrogenic renal obstruction in a dog. The
Veterinary Record 135(19): 457-458.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: surgical operations, postoperative
complications, hysterectomy, case reports, ureter, kidneys, obstruction, kidney
diseases, dogs
McLaughlin, M.A. (2002). More thoughts on ovarian remnant syndrome.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220(3): 295. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: animals, cats, hysterectomy, ovariectomy,
postoperative complications
Mehl, M.L. and A.E. Kyles (2003). Ureteroureterostomy after proximal
ureteric injury during an ovariohysterectomy in a dog. The Veterinary
Record 153(15): 469-470. ISSN:
0042-4900.
Descriptors: dogs, female, adverse effects of hysterectomy
and ovariectomy, ureter, ultrasonagraphy.
Miller, D.M. (1995). Ovarian remnant syndrome in dogs and cats: 46
cases (1988-1992). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
7(4): 572-574. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call Number: SF774.J68
Descriptors: bitches, cats, queens, ovariectomy,
hysterectomy, age, breeds, complications, histopathology, animal tissues
Millis, D.L., J.G. Hauptman, and M. Richter (1992). Preoperative and
postoperative hemostatic profiles of dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Cornell
Veterinarian 82(4): 465-470. ISSN:
0010-8901.
Descriptors: dog diseases, surgical operations, postoperative
complications, hematology, ovariectomy, hysterectomy
Modigh, A. (1996). Post-operativa komplikationer till
ovariohysterektomi utfoerd vid pyometra hos hund. Foerdjupningsarbete.
[Post-operative complications of ovariohysterectomy in the bitch]. Monograph,
Descriptors: dogs, pyometra, hysterectomy, ovariectomy,
functional disorders, canidae, carnivora, disorders, female genital diseases,
genital diseases, gonadectomy, mammals, organic diseases, sterilization, surgical
operations, uterine diseases
Note: Language of
text: Swedish.
Mohammed, A.,
Descriptors: bitches, surgery, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
postoperative complications, dogs
Moormann, K., M. Sager, and J. Assheuer (2003). Schmerzen im Bereich
der Harnblase als Komplikation nach Ovariohysterektomie bei einer Hundin.
[Abdominal pain as a complication after ovario-hysterectomy in a bitch]. Kleintier-Praxis
48(3): 151-155. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: bitches, case reports, clinical aspects,
hysterectomy, ovaries, postoperative complications, surgery, surgical
operations, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Muir, R., S. Goldsmid, and C. Bellenger (1991). Megacolon in a cat
following ovariohysterectomy. The Veterinary Record 129: 512-513. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: adhesions, cats, constipation, female,
hysterectomy, megacolon, ovariectomy, postoperative complications
Murphy, S.T., S.M. Newell, and C.F. Burrows (1998). What is your
diagnosis? Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
212: 195-196. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dogs, hysterectomy, suture techniques,
postoperative complications
Musselman, E.E. and S.M. Hartsfield (1976). Complete atrioventricular heart block due to
hypokalemia following ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Medicine: Small
Animal Clinician 71(2): 155-159.
ISSN: 0042-4889.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: castration, dogs, hypokalemia, hysterectomy,
complications
Neiger, R. and C.R. Lamb (2000). Retrograde vaginographie zur
diagnose einer ureterovaginalen fistel nach ovariohysterektomie: zwei faille.
[Uretrovaginal fistula as complication of a ovariohysterectomy: two cases].
Schweizer Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde 142(9): 529-533. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: ureterovaginal fistula, clinical pathology,
female reproductive system disease, urologic disease, abdominal ultrasound,
complications of ovariohysterectomy, case study
Nelson, L.W., J.H. Weikel Jr., and F.E. Reno (1973). Mammary nodules
in dogs during four years' treatment with megestrol acetate or chlormadinone
acetate. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 51(4):
1303-11. ISSN: 0027-8874.
Abstract: A 7 year study of megestrol and chlormadinone
in female dogs is in progress. This
report characterized histopathologically 60 mammary nodules during the first 4
years of the study. 100 purebred female
beagles, 6-12 months of age, were randomly assigned to 5 equal groups. One group was used as a control. Oral doses were .01, .10, and .25 mg/kg/day
of megestrol acetate in coconut oil in capsules and of chlormadinone acetate
.25 mg/kg/day in lactose tablets. These
doses were 1, 10, and 25 times the projected dose of megestrol for humans and about
25 times the human dose of chlormadinone.
After 2 years 4 dogs from each group were necropsied. One high-dose megestrol-treated and 1
chlormadinone-treated dog had benign mixed mammary tumors. Palpable nodules were first observed at 16
months in the chlormadinone-treated dogs, at 18 months in dogs given the high
dose megestrol and at 27 months in the dogs treated with middle-dose
megestrol. Transitory nodules were found
in 4 control dogs after 21 months and in low dose megestrol-treated dogs at 26 months. Of 38 grossly detected nodules evaluated
microscopically from the megestrol-treated dogs 27 were nodular hyperplasia, 5
were benign mixed mammary tumors, 3 were ductal dialatations, 1 was a lymph
node, 1 was fat necrosis and 1 was the
umbilicus. Of 22 nodules from the
chlormadinone-treated dogs 12 were nodular hyperplasia, 4 benign mixed mammary
tumors, 1 chondromucoid degeneration and 1 adenocarcinoma with widespread
metastases. 3 nodules were lymph nodes
and 1 other had no mammary tissue. Involutions,
regression and sclerosis of many areas of nodular hyperplasia were evident at 4
years. Thus of the 60 nodules evaluated
during the first 4 years of the study 50 were non-neoplastic and 10 were
neoplastic. It is considered that the 1
adenocarcinoma may have been spontaneous and not a treatment-related
neoplasm. A precursor stage through
nodular hyperplasia apparently did not occur.
Descriptors: adenocarcinoma, chlormadinone,
contraceptives, mammary glands, drug effects, megestrol, adenocarcinoma,
chlormadinone acetate, dogs, hyperplasia
Nickel, R.F. (1992). Hoe vaak komt incontinentia urinae voor als
complicatie na ovariohysterectomie bij de hond? [How often does urinary
incontinence occur as a complication following ovario-hysterectomy in dogs?].
Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 117(15-16): 464. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: dog diseases, hysterectomy, ovariectomy,
urinary incontinence, dogs
Note: Language of text: Dutch.
Okkens, A.C., S.J. Dieleman, and I. van der Gaag (1981). Gynaecologische
complicaties na ovariohysterectomie bij de hond ten gevolge van: 1. Het
incompleet verwijderen van de ovaria. 2. Een ontsteking van de
uterus-cervixsomp. [Gynaecological complications following ovariohysterectomy
in dogs, due to partial removal of the ovaries or inflammation of the
uterocervical stump]. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 106(22):
1142-1158. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: Of the total number of dogs with
complications following ovario-hysterectomy submitted during the period from
January 1977 to July 1979 (109), fifty-five showed gynaecological symptoms such
as discharge of the vulva (28), attractiveness to male dogs (37), periods of
heat (28) and pseudopregnancy (14). In addition to a general clinical
examination, the dogs (forty-two of these fifty-five weighing more than 20 kg)
underwent a selective gynaecological examination usually consisting in
clinical, cytological and bacteriological studies and estimation of the
progesterone level of the peripheral blood. At the same time, the progesterone
levels of the peripheral blood of six beagles were studied for comparative
purposes during pro-oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus; the maximum progesterone
level was recorded about day 20 and varied from 35 to 60 ng/ml. The average
progesterone level was determined in thirty-nine beagles during anoestrus and
found to be 0.24 +/- 0.02 SEM ng/ml. The basal progesterone level was
determined in eight dogs in which total ovariohysterectomy had been performed
(0.14 +/- 0.02 SEM ng of progesterone /ml). When a cytological study was done
in the dogs with residual ovarian tissue, an oestrus pattern was observed in 39
per cent of the cases, the progesterone level of the peripheral blood being
above the basal level in 70 per cent of the cases. Remnants of ovarian tissue
were removed during laparotomy in forty-seven dogs, on the right side in
forty-one cases and on the left in twenty-two cases. The uterocervical stump
was shortened when uterine tissue was probably or obviously present. The
uterine stump was more or less severely inflamed in nineteen cases. The
procedure was confined to shortening of the uterocervical stump in eight dogs
in which ovarian tissue was not found to be present. The inflamed stump contained
an unabsorbable ligature in seven dogs, the uterocervical stump of the eighth
dog not being examined.
Descriptors: dogs, female, laparotomy, ovariectomy,
hysterectomy, postoperative complications, veterinary surgery
Note: Language of text: Dutch; Summary in English.
Okkens, A.C., H.S. Kooistra, and R.F. Nickel. (1997). Comparison of
long-term effects of ovariectomy versus ovariohysterectomy in bitches. In: Proceedings
of Reproduction in dogs, cats, and exotic carnivores proceedings of the Third
International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction, Veldhoven, The
Netherlands, P.W. Concannon, G.C. England, A. Rijnberk, J.P. Verstegen, and
C. Doberska (editors), Journal of Reproduction & Fertility: Cambridge,
U.K., Vol. 51, p. 227-231. ISBN: 0906545315.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222
Suppl.
Abstract: Although ovariectomy is less invasive and
less time-consuming than ovariohysterectomy, most surgical textbooks recommend
ovariohysterectomy for routine neutering of bitches. This advice is probably
based on concerns about the development of uterine disease after ovariectomy.
However, there is no evidence that conditions such as cystic endometrial
hyperplasia (CEH)-endometritis develop in the ovariectomized bitch, unless
progestagens are administered. The purpose of this study was therefore to
compare the long-term effects of ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy, including
the incidence of urinary incontinence. Questionnaires were sent to 264 owners
of bitches, in which ovariectomy (126) or ovariohysterectomy (138) had been
performed as a routine neutering procedure 8-11 years earlier. Complete data
were available for 69 bitches of the ovariectomy group and for 66 bitches from
the ovariohysterectomy group. There were no indications that endometritis had
developed in bitches of the ovariectomy group. None of the bitches was sexually
attractive to male dogs after neutering. The occurrence of a clear to white
vaginal discharge was reported in two bitches of each group, but none of these
four bitches appeared to be ill during the periods when the discharge was
present. Furthermore, with the exception of urinary incontinence, no problems
were reported that could be related to the surgical neutering. Six of the
ovariectomized bitches and nine of the ovariohysterectomized bitches eventually
developed urinary incontinence. Of these 15 bitches (11%), 12 weighed more than
20 kg. Bouvier des Flandres bitches were at a higher risk of developing urinary
incontinence than were those of the other breeds. The possibility that the
urinary incontinence was due at least in part to other conditions must be
considered, since eight of the bitches were 9 years or older before urinary
incontinence occurred and seven of the incontinent bitches also had polyuria or
polydipsia. There were no significant differences in the incidence of
urogenital problems listed above between the bitches of the ovariectomy and
ovariohysterectomy group. It is hypothesized that a uterine disease such as
CEH-endometritis cannot develop after complete ovariectomy, unless progestagens
are administered. The results of this study indicate that ovariectomy does not
increase the risk of CEH-endometritis or other complications in comparison with
ovariohysterectomy. It is concluded that there is no indication for removing
the uterus during routine neutering in healthy bitches. On the contrary,
ovariectomy should be considered the procedure of choice.
Descriptors: dogs, hysterectomy, ovariectomy,
sterilization, reproductive, adverse effects of hysterectomy, time factors,
treatment outcome, urinary incontinence
Okkens, A.C., H.S. Kooistra, and R.F. Nickel (2003). Vergleich der Langzeiteffekte der Ovarektomie
mit denen der Ovariohysterektomie bei der Hundin. [Comparison of long-term
effects of ovariectomy versus ovariohysterectomy in bitches.] Praktische
Tierarzt 84(2): 98-101. ISSN:
0032-681X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: bitches, cystic endometrial endometritis,
ovariectomy, postoperative complications, sterilization, surgery, surgical
operations, surveys, urinary incontinence, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Okkens, A.C., H.S. Kooistra, and R.F. Nickel (2002). Vergelijking van
lange termijn effecten van ovariectomie versus ovariohysterectomie bij de teef.
[Comparison of long term side effects of ovariectomy versus ovariohisterectomy
in the bitch]. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 127(11):
369-372. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: comparative study, dogs, surgery, female,
hysterectomy, ovariectomy, reproductive sterilization, time factors, urinary
incontinence
Note: Language of text: Dutch.
Okkens, A.C., I. van der Gaag van der, W.J. Biewenga, J. Rothuizen, and
G. Voorhout (1981). Urologische complicaties na ovario-hysterectomie bij de
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: postoperative complications, urological
problems, dogs, adhesions, granulomas, ligation of the ureters, kidney
Note: Language of text: Dutch; Summary in English.
Pearson, H. (1973). The complications of ovariohysterectomy in the
bitch. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 14(5): 257-266. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: castration, dogs, hysterectomy, postoperative
complications, adverse effects of castration, estrus, hemorrhage, hysterectomy
adverse effects, sutures
Perkins, N.R. and G.S. Frazer (1995). Ovarian remnant syndrome in a
toy poodle: a case report. Theriogenology 44(3): 307-312. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call Number: QP251.A1T5
Abstract: Ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) has been
described in the dog and cat, and it appears to be a less frequent complication
of routine ovariohysterectomy in the female dog and queen than in women. This
has been attributed to the rare occurrence of pelvic inflammatory disease and
of the associated adhesions in small animals, allowing the surgeon to recognize
and remove the ovaries more easily in routine ovariohysterectomy. Animals with
ORS present with a range of symptoms associated with endogenous hormone
production by the remnant of ovarian tissue present in the abdomen. These
include vulval swelling, proestral bleeding, estrous behavior and occasional
mammary gland enlargement and milk production. The recommended treatment for
ORS is surgical removal of remaining ovarian tissue. Histological examination
of ovarian remnant tissue usually demonstrates the presence of corpora lutea or
simple cystic structures. In a series of 72 females referred to the
Descriptors: dogs, ovaries, estrus, diagnosis, case
reports, estradiol, blood serum, progesterone, laparotomy, uterus, surgical
operations
Pollari, F.L. and B.N. Bonnett (1996). Evaluation of postoperative
complications following elective surgeries of dogs and cats at private
practices using computer records. The Canadian Veterinary Journal
37(11): 672-678. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Abstract: This study was designed to determine the
frequency of postoperative complications following elective surgeries
(castration, ovariohysterectomy, onychectomy) of dogs and cats from private
practices and to evaluate the use of electronic medical records for this type
of research. All elective surgeries performed during the study period at 5
private practices were included. The surgical techniques and materials used for
each procedure were similar across practices, but the interpretation of
"complication," the amount of detail recorded on the primary medical
record, and the intensity of follow-up varied. The frequencies and types of
complications varied by species and procedure. The postoperative complication
frequencies ranged from 1% to 24% for all complications and 1% to 4% for severe
complications. The results of this study describe populations of
elective-surgery patients at private practices, provide data for educating
clients about the risks associated with these procedures, and demonstrate how
computerized records can be used to collect practice-specific medical
information.
Descriptors: cats, dogs, hysterectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy,
postoperative complications, prospective studies, veterinary records, software.
Pollari, F., B. Bonnett,
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Postoperative complications (POC) that
developed in dogs and cats that underwent elective ovariohysterectomy,
castration, and declaw at a veterinary teaching hospital were determined by
examining the computerized abstracts of the medical records and by examining a
random sample of the paper medical records. When the computerized abstracts
were examined, POC were found to have occurred in 62 (6.1%) of 1,016 dogs. One
dog died and 6 others developed major complications. Postoperative
complications were found to have occurred in 38 (2.6%) of 1,459 cats. Two cats
died and 1 was euthanatized. Four other cats developed major complications.
Complete paper medical records for 218 dogs and cats were examined. When the
paper medical records were examined, the proportions of dogs and cats with POC
were 19.4% and 12.2%, respectively. These proportions were 4 to 7 times higher
than when the computerized abstracts were the data source. Results of this
study indicate that the frequency of clinically relevant POC of elective
surgeries in dogs and cats is substantial. Examination of the computerized
abstracts of medical records at this hospital allowed us to rapidly identify
cases that could be included in the study but the frequency of POC would be
significantly underestimated if paper records were not also assessed.
Descriptors: postoperative complications, dogs, cats,
gonadectomy, castration, records
Reichler, I.M., M. Hubler, W. Jochle, T.E.
Abstract: After removal of the ovaries approximately
20% of dogs develop urinary incontinence. Removal of the gonads results in
estrogen deficiency and chronic elevation in the production and secretion of
FSH and LH. The gonadotrophins may directly or indirectly, adversely affect the
sphincter function of the urethra. Estrogen replacement therapy and treatment
with sympathomimetics, such as ephedrine or phenylpropanolamine (PPA), are
effective only in some of the affected dogs, and many of these subsequently
become nonresponsive. Since the role of the elevated gonadotrophins has not
been elucidated, we used depot preparations of GnRH analogues to down-regulate
gonadotrophins once or twice in 13 ovariectomized (ovx), incontinent dogs,
which were either refractory to alpha-adrenergics (n=11) or in which
alpha-adrenergics were contraindicated (n=2). Dogs were treated with
leuprolide, deslorelin, buserelin or triptorelin. In 7 dogs treatments with
GnRH analogues alone (n=11) resulted in continence for 50-738 days (mean 247).
In all dogs except one, where GnRH treatments did not resolve the incontinence
completely, additional treatment with phenylpropanolamine was successful. With
additional treatment of phenylpropanolamine complete continence was restored
for 21-367 days (mean 159). All treatments caused long-term reduction of
circulating FSH and LH concentrations to very low or undetectable levels. No
adverse effects of treatments were observed.
Descriptors: urinary incontinence, dogs, FSH, gonadorelin,
leuprolide, LH, adverse effects of ovariectomy, phenylpropanolamine,
sympathomimetics, triptorelin
Remedios, A.M. and J.D. Fowler (1992). Colonic stricture after
ovariohysterectomy in two cats. The Canadian Veterinary Journal: La
Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 33(5): 334-336. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: cats, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
postoperative complications, colon, case reports
Romatowski, J. (1993). Early-age neutering, an "uncontrolled
experiment". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
203(11): 1523. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: castration, cats, dogs, postoperative
complications, age factors, castration
Rubin, S., R.T. Faulkner, and G.E. Ward (1983). Tetanus following
ovariohysterectomy in a dog: A case report and review. Journal of the
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Descriptors: tetanus, hysterectomy, dogs, Clostridium
bifermentans, association, case reports
Ruckstuhl, B. (1978). Die Incontinentia urinae bei der Hundin als
Spatfolge der Kastration. [Urinary incontinence in the bitch as a sequel to
spaying]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 120(3): 143-148. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: adverse effects, breeds, estrogens,
progestogens, urinary incontinence, bitches, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
postoperative complications, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English, French and
Italian.
Ryan, C.P. (1983). Latrogenic urolith in a dog [from steel sutures].
Veterinary Medicine: Small Animal Clinician 78(7): 1073-1075. ISSN: 0042-4889.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: sutures, radiography, dogs, ovariectomy,
bladder calculi, postoperative complications
Salmeri, K.R. (2000). Health effects of early-age neutering. In Proceedings
of the North American Veterinary Conference: Small Animal and Exotics Edition,
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, gonadectomy, age, adverse
effects, secondary sex characteristics, weight gain, skeletal growth, behavior,
gonadal hormones, urethral function
Schaefers-Okkens, A.C. (1997). Incontinentie na castratie op jonge
leeftijd? [Incontinence after castration at an early age?]. Tijdschrift
voor Diergeneeskunde 122(12): 343.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: age factors, animals, dogs, female,
sterilization, adverse effects of
gonadectomy, urinary incontinence
Note: Language of text: Dutch.
Schaefers-Okkens, A.C. and H.S. Kooistra (1999). Ovariectomeren van
een teef bij een leeftijd van acht maanden. [Ovariectomy of a bitch at an age
of eight months]. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 124(8):
268-269. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: age factors, animals, dog diseases, dogs,
female, adverse effects of ovariectomy, urinary incontinence
Note: Language of text: Dutch.
Schaefers-Okkens, A.C. and H.S. Kooistra (2002). Ovariectomie van de
teef. [Ovariectomy in the bitch]. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde
127(19): 590-591. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: age factors, animals, dogs, estrus, female,
adverse effects of ovariectomy
Note: Language of text: Dutch.
Schmidtke, D. and H.O. Schmidtke (1969). Komplikationen nach
Pyometra-Operationen. [Complications following surgery for pyometra]. Berliner
und Muenchener Tieraerzliche Wochenschrift 82(1): 10-13. ISSN: 0005-9366.
Descriptors: veterinary medicine, dogs, cats,
postoperative complications, hysterectomy, surgical wound, suture techniques
Note: Language of text: German.
Schmidtke, H.O. and T. Meyer Engelke (1984). Ureterenstauung und
Hydronephrose nach unsachgemasser Kastration einer Hundin. [Ureter obstruction
and hydronephrosis after inexpert sterilization in a bitch]. Kleintier-Praxis
29(3): 127. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: ovariectomy, hysterectomy, postoperative
complications, ureter, kidney diseases, surgery, dogs
Note: Language of text: German.
Schulz, K.S., D.R. Waldron, M.M. Smith, R.A. Henderson, and L.M. Howe
(1996). Inadvertent prostatectomy as a complication of cryptorchidectomy in
four dogs. Journal of the
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Abstract: Inadvertent prostatectomy was identified as a
complication of cryptorchidectomy in four dogs. Surgical correction of the
resulting urethral trauma was attempted in each case. One case was euthanized
due to a poor prognosis for recovery. Three cases survived without clinical
evidence of urinary incontinence. Inadvertent prostatectomy during
cryptorchidectomy may be avoided by adequate surgical exposure and proper
identification of the abdominally retained testicle.
Descriptors: cryptorchidism, dogs, abnormalities, adverse
effects of orchiectomy
Sjollema, B.E. (1993). Katten na sterilisatie. [Cats after
sterilization]. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 118(21):
695-696. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: cats, ovariectomy, postoperative
complications, ovariectomy, postoperative complications
Note: Language of text: Dutch.
Skinner, C., L. Freeman, and S. Thompson (1988). Gastroesophageal and
enteroenteric intussusceptions following ovariohysterectomy in a dog with
megaesophagus.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 C12
Descriptors: postoperative complications, regurgitation,
stomach, intestines, oesophageal diseases, ovariectomy
Smith, M. and N. Davies (1996). Obstipation following
ovariohysterectomy in a cat. The Veterinary Record 138(7): 163. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: cats, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
postoperative complications, constipation, adhesions, case reports
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222 Suppl.
Abstract: It is still controversial whether a bitch
should be spayed before or after the first oestrus. It would be desirable to
spay bitches at an age that would minimize the side effects of neutering. With
regard to the risk of mammary tumours, early spaying must be recommended
because the incidence of tumours is reduced considerably. The aim of the
present study was to determine whether early spaying also reduces the risk of
urinary incontinence. The owners of 206 bitches that had been spayed before
their first oestrus and for at least 3 years were questioned on the occurrence
of urinary incontinence as a result of spaying. At the time of the enquiry the
average age of the bitches was 6.5 years, and the average age at the time of
surgery was 7.1 months. Urinary incontinence after spaying occurred in 9.7% of
bitches. This incidence is approximately half that of spaying after the first
oestrus. Urinary incontinence affected 12.5% of bitches that were of a large
body weight (> 20 kg body weight) and 5.1% of bitches that were of a small
body weight (< 20 kg body weight). The surgical procedure (ovariectomy
versus ovariohysterectomy) had no influence on the incidence, or on the period
between spaying and the occurrence of urinary incontinence. Urinary
incontinence occurred on average at 2 years and 10 months after surgery and
occurred each day, while the animals were awake or during sleep. However,
compared with late spaying the clinical signs of urinary incontinence were more
distinct after early spaying.
Descriptors: early spay-neuter, complications, mammary
tumor development, urinary incontinence, ovariectomy, ovariohysterectomy
Swalec, K.M. and D.D. Smeak (1989). Priapism after castration in a
cat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 195(7):
963-964. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: cat, castration, adverse effects, penis, case
studies, complications
Teske, E., E.C. Naan, E.M. van Dijk, E. van Garderen, J.A. Schalken
(2002). Canine prostate carcinoma: epidemiological evidence of an increased
risk in castrated dogs. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
197(1-2): 251-255. ISSN: 0303-7207.
NAL Call Number: QP187.A1M6
Descriptors: carcinoma, castration, diagnosis,
epidemiology, hyperplasia, neoplasms, prostate, risk factors
Thrusfield, M.V. (1985). Association between urinary incontinence and
spaying in bitches. The Veterinary Record 116(26): 695. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: surgical operations, postoperative
complications, urinary incontinence, ovariectomy, dogs
Thrusfield, M.V., P.E. Holt, and R.H. Muirhead ( 1998). Acquired
urinary incontinence in bitches: its incidence and relationship to neutering
practices. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 39(12):
559-566. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: bitches, urinary incontinence, incidence,
ovariectomized females, risk factors, ovariectomy, estrous cycle, cervix,
removal
Tomizawa, S., H. Ishikawa, and T. Matsui (1996). Regeneration of
ovarian tissue in ovario-hysterectomized cats with recurrent oestrus. Journal
of the
Descriptors: regeneration, estrus, ovaries, female genitalia,
castration, postoperative complications, surgery, cats, dogs
van der Gaag,
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: Of 109 dogs submitted with complications
following ovariohysterectomy, twenty were found to show enterological problems.
Presenting symptoms in these animals consisted in vomiting, diarrhoea and
emaciation. A large number of animals also showed body temperatures above 39
degrees C. An irregular, often painful mass was palpable on examination of the
mesogastrium in seventeen cases. Plain radiography revealed the features of
ileus in ten dogs, a mass of soft tissues in the abdominal cavity in six and
the pattern of peritonitis in five cases (two animals were classifiable with
two groups). One dog did not show any changes. Laparotomy was performed in all
twenty dogs. In view of the extent of the lesions, euthanasia was performed in
ten animals. Partial enterectomy was performed in the other ten; some of these
dogs are still alive at the time of writing. The findings at laparotomy and
subsequent post-mortem examination, if any, may be summarized as follows: -
there were adhesions between the ovarian-stump granulomas and an intestinal
loop in five animals; - twelve animals showed adhesions between the
ovarian-stump granuloma and the intestines which also adhered to each other; in
five of these bitches, the intestinal loops were also attached to the wall of
the abdomen, and also to the cervix stump in two cases; - three dogs only
showed adhesions between intestinal loops; the cervix stump was involved in the
adhesions in one dog.
Descriptors: castration, postoperative complications,
adhesions, dogs, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis
Note: Language of
text: Dutch; Summary in English.
van Oosterom, R.A.A. (1986). Therapie unerwunschter Kastrationsfolgen
beim Hund. [Treating complications of castration in the dog]. Der
Praktische Tierarzt 67(Sondernummer): 62-63. ISSN: 0032-681X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: urinary incontinence, surgical operations,
therapy, castration, postoperative complications
Note: Language of text: German.
van Os, J.L., P.H. van Laar, E.P. Oldenkamp, and J.S. Verschoor (1981). Oestrus
control and the incidence of mammary nodules in bitches, a clinical study with
two progestogens. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 106(2): suppl
3:46-56. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: The incidence, size and location of mammary
nodules were established in 10 practices in The Netherlands by the clinical
examination of bitches in which oestrus was controlled with proligestone (P),
331 animals, or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP), 341 animals and in 339
animals never medicated with such compounds. In comparison with the unmedicated
control and the P-medicated animals of comparable age the incidence of mammary
nodules of all sizes was significantly increased in the MAP-medicated animals.
There was no significant difference in nodule incidence between the P-medicated
animals and the control animals. Based on the assumption that nodules above a
certain size are most likely tumours, these results indicate that oestrus
control with MAP stimulates tumour development even in animals medicated for
less than four years. The practical value of the reported differences,
especially in relation to the subsequent requirement for surgical removal of
tumours in bitches, medicated for oestrus control, is discussed.
Descriptors: adverse effects of medrosxyprogesterone
acetate, mammary nodules, dogs, female, dog diseases, contraception
Viehoff, F.W. (2002). Zwelling in buikwand na sterilisatie poes.
[Swelling in the abdomen after sterilization of a cat]. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 127(23):
739. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: cats, hysterectomy, ovariectomy,
hysterectomy, postoperative complications, adverse effects
Note: Language of text:
Dutch.
Von Berky, A.G. and W.L. Townsend (1993). The relationship between
the prevalence of uterine lesions and the use of medroxyprogesterone acetate
for canine population control. Australian Veterinary Journal 70(7):
249-250. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: The prevalence of uterine disease was
established during desexing of 175 bitches in the Torres Strait and
Descriptors: estrus postponement, medroxyprogesterone acetate,
uterine lesions, adverse effects, ovariectomy, dogs.
Wallace, M.S. (1991). The ovarian remnant syndrome in the bitch and
queen. The Veterinary Clinics of
NAL Call Number: SF601.V523
Abstract: The ovarian remnant syndrome is a
complication of ovariohysterectomy resulting in the presence of functional
ovarian tissue in the abdomen. The usual symptom is a return to estrus in a
previously ovariohysterectomized bitch or queen. The available methods of
diagnosis are vaginal cytologic evaluation during estrus, resting hormone
assays, hormone challenge testing, and exploratory laparotomy. Surgical removal
of the ovarian remnant is the preferred treatment.
Descriptors: cats, dogs, estrus, hysterectomy,
ovariectomy, adverse effects, ovary physiology, retrospective studies
Weikel Jr., J.H. and L.W. Nelson (1977). Problems in evaluating
chronic toxicity of contraceptive steroids in dogs. Journal of
Toxicology and Environmental Health 3(1-2): 167-177. ISSN: 0098-4108.
NAL Call Number: RA565.A1J6
Abstract: The long-term effects of oral contraceptive
steroids including a combination of norethindrone and ethynylestradiol, a
sequential regimen of dimethisterone and ethynylestradiol, and daily
administration of megestrol acetate were studied in female beagle dogs at dose
levels of 1, 10, or 25 times the projected human dose levels. The major
findings included cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra requiring
hysterectomies and alopecia for the norethindrone-ethynylestradiol and
dimethisterone-ethynylestradiol treated dogs. These groups did not have
accentuated mammary development or treatment-related hyperplastic or neoplastic
changes. For dogs given dimethisterone-ethynylestradiol, numerous acne-like
lesions occurred in the skin of the mammary areas. Dogs given the higher dose
levels of megestrol acetate had marked mammary stimulation, hyperplastic and
neoplastic changes in the mammary glands, and clinical and pathologic changes
typical of diabetes mellitus. Mammary changes of nodular hyperplasia, benign
mixed tumor, and adenocarcinoma appeared as distinct entities although constant
and intense mammary stimulation may be a common denominator. Such mammary
changes have not been found in long-term studies in monkeys or rats with
megestrol acetate, and the relevance of the canine mammary changes to
projecting potential tumorigenesis in women is questioned.
Descriptors: oral contraceptives, norethindrone,
ethynylestradiol, megestrol acetate, dogs, complications, alopecia, endomedrial
hyperplasia, hysterectomy, mamamary changes, tumorigenesis, animal models
Weiss, S. (1995). Chirurgische Prophylaxe der hormonellen
Harninkontinenz der Hundin. [Surgical prevention of urinary incontinence of
hormonal origin in bitches]. Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift
82(7): 222-224. ISSN: 0043-535X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T345
Descriptors: surgical operations, complications, urination
disorders, bitches, postoperative complications, hormones, surgery, ovariectomy,
urinary incontinence, dogs
Werner, R.E., A.J. Straughan, and D. Vezin (1992). Nylon cable band
reactions in ovariohysterectomized bitches. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 200(1): 64-66. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Nylon cable bands used as ligatures caused
postsurgical complications in 5 ovariohysterectomized bitches. Clinical signs
included fever, stiffness, strangury, draining fistulae, vaginal discharge, and
tenesmus. Most signs first appeared several years after surgery, and all signs
were resolved after removal of the bands. On the basis of our experience, we
suggest that nylon cable bands not be used for ovariohysterectomy
ligations.
Descriptors: dogs, hysterectomy, adverse effects of nylons,
ovariectomy, postoperative complications, sutures, bladder diseases, fistula,
postoperative complications
Wilke, M., H. Aupperle, and H.A.G.A. Schoon (1999). Transcervical
collection of endometrial biopsy in the bitch - technique and complications.
Reproduction in Domestic Animals 34(1): 19. ISSN: 0936-6768.
NAL Call Number: SF105.A1Z3
Descriptors: endometrial biopsy, collection method,
ovariohysterectomy, transcervical cannulation, estrus cycle, fertility
Zambelli D, Melioli M, and Belluzzi S (2001). Urinary incontinence in
dog after castration. Veterinaria
Descriptors: castration, medical treatment, postoperative
complications, prostate, sex differences, sympathomimetics, urethra, urinary
incontinence