Chapman, B.L. (1991). Feline aggression: classification, diagnosis,
and treatment. The Veterinary Clinics of
NAL Call Number: SF601.V523
Abstract: Types of aggressive behavior commonly
recognized in cats include intermale, territorial, fear/defensive, play,
predation, and redirected. Diagnosis is made on the basis of signalment data,
the pattern of aggressive postures displayed by the aggressive cat, and the
circumstances in which the aggressive behavior occurred. Treatment varies with
the type of aggressive behavior but may include neutering, desensitization and
counter-conditioning techniques, punishment, drug therapy, and management
changes.
Descriptors: aggression, bites, cats, defense mechanisms,
fear, maternal behavior, play, predatory behavior, sex behavior, territoriality
Fox, S.M., D.J. Mellor, K.J. Stafford, C.R. Lowoko, and H. Hodge (2000).
The effects of ovariohysterectomy plus different combinations of halothane
anaesthesia and butorphanol analgesia on behaviour in the bitch. Research
in Veterinary Science 68(3): 265-274.
ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: One hundred and sixty-six behaviours were
identified as possible indices of post-operative pain-induced distress in the
bitch. These were assessed in bitches after treatment with different
combinations of halothane and butorphanol in the absence of surgery and
following ovariohysterectomy under halothane anaesthesia with or without
butorphanol analgesia given at different stages during the operation. Behaviour
was monitored while the bitches were alone (non-interactive) and when routinely
examined and handled prior to blood sampling (interactive). Seventy-six of the
166 behaviours occurred so infrequently (less than two occurrences per hour) as
to be of no value as indices. Non-interactive behaviours associated with
surgery were a decrease in normal speed cage circling and an increase in
drawing the rear limbs up in the pike position. The infrequent non-interactive
behaviours of incision licking, vomiting and flank gazing were considered to be
expressions of pain caused by ovariohysterectomy. During the post-surgical
period, bitches given analgesic moved less frequently than those not receiving
analgesic. Vocalisation was associated with dysphoria of analgesia rather than
pain-induced distress. The behaviour of bitches after ovariohysterectomy
suggests that this is a painful procedure which warrants analgesia.
Descriptors: anesthesia, analgesics, animal behavior,
butorphanol, halothane, drug combination, dogs, postoperative pain,
ovariohysterectomy, posture
Gerber, H.A., W. Jochle, and F.G. Sulman (1973). Control of
reproduction and of undesirable social and sexual behaviour in dogs and cats.
The Journal of Small Animal Practice 14(3): 151-158. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: animal behavior, cats, contraceptive agents,
dogs, estrus, hydroxysteroids, pregnatrienes, progestins, reproduction, sexual
behavior, social behavior
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: dogs, characteristics, age, demography, sex,
dogbreeds, gonadectomy, aggressive behavior, behavior problems, surveys,
questionnaires, veterinary practice
Hardie, E.M., B.D. Hansen, and G.S. Carroll (1997). Behavior after
ovariohysterectomy in the dog: What's normal? Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 51(1-2): 111-128. ISSN:
0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: pain, stress, surgery, dogs
Hart, B.L. (2001). Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of
age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 219(1): 51-56. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether gonadectomy
predisposes dogs to development of age-related behavioral changes linked to
cognitive impairment. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 29 sexually intact male
dogs, 63 spayed female dogs, and 47 castrated male dogs 11 to 14 years old.
PROCEDURE: Information on possible impairments in 4 behavioral categories
linked to cognitive impairment (orientation in the home and yard, social
interactions, house training, and sleep-wake cycle) was obtained from owners of
the dogs by use of a structured telephone interview format. A second interview
was performed 12 to 18 months after the initial interview, and differences in
responses were evaluated. RESULTS: Sexually intact male dogs were significantly
less likely than neutered dogs to progress from mild impairment (i.e.,
impairment in 1 category) to severe impairment (i.e., impairment in > or = 2
categories) during the time between the first and second interviews. This
difference was not attributable to differences in ages of the dogs, duration of
follow-up, or the owners' perceptions of the dogs' overall health. CONCLUSIONS
AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the presence of circulating
testosterone in aging sexually intact male dogs may slow the progression of
cognitive impairment, at least among dogs that already have signs of mild
impairment. Estrogens would be expected to have a similar protective role in
sexually intact female dogs; unfortunately, too few sexually intact female dogs
were available for inclusion in the study to test this hypothesis. There may be
a need to evaluate possible methods for counteracting the effects of loss of
sex hormones in gonadectomized dogs.
Descriptors: gonadectomy, cognition disorders, dogs,
estrogens, testosterone, age factors
Hart, B.L. and L. Cooper (1984). Factors relating to urine spraying
and fighting in prepubertally gonadectomized cats. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 184(10): 1255-1258. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, castration, fighting, scent marking
behavior
Hart, B.L. and R.A. Eckstein (1997). The role of gonadal hormones in
the occurrence of objectionable behaviours in dogs and cats. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 52(3-4): 331-344.
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: sex hormones, domestic animals, sexual
dimorphism, castration, behavior problems, dogs, cats
Hart, B. (1991). Effects of neutering and spaying on the behavior of
dogs and cats: questions and answers about practical concerns. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198(7): 1204-1205. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dogs, cats, castration, ovariectomy, animal
behavior, behavior change, behavior patterns
Idowu, A.L. (1984). Effects of castration on certain behavioural
problems in dogs. Tropical Veterinarian 2(2): 80-82.
ISSN: 0253-4851.
NAL Call Number: SF724.T72
Descriptors: behavior modification, aggressive behavior,
castration, dogs
Inselman-Temkin, B.R. and J.P. Flynn (1973). Sex-dependent effects of
gonadal and gonadotropic hormones on centrally-elicited attack in cats. Brain
Research 60(2): 393-410. ISSN:
0006-8993.
Descriptors: estrogen, testosterone, leutininzing hormone,
follicle-stimulating hormone, cats, aggressive behavior, hormone injections,
gonadectomy, sexual differentiation of the brain
Jochle, W. (1998). Fehlverhalten und Anpassungsprobleme bei Hund und
Katze und deren pharmakologische Beeinflussbarkeit. [Abnormal behavior and
adaptation problems in dogs and cats and their pharmacologic control]. Tierärztliche
Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere 26(6): 410-421. ISSN: 1434-1239.
Abstract: Small animal practitioners are increasingly
confronted with patients showing adaptation related problems (ARP) which are
expressed as disturbed or abnormal behavior (DAB). As a result, practitioners
are asked increasingly to euthanize animals which seemingly cannot be
socialized. In healthy dogs and cats, three main causes for DAB can be
detected: refusal of obedience because of the drive for dominance; anxiety and
frustration; and geriatric DAB. Increasingly, disease conditions not readily
diagnosed can cause DAB, especially hypothyroidism. Influencing and
contributing factors to DAB are breed, sex, experiences as a puppy, behavior of
owners, changes in the pet's environment. ARPs may also cause disturbances in
the condition of skin and fur, e.g. atopic dermatitis, pruritus sine materia,
lick granuloma, and of the intestinal organs (vomiting, irritated bowel
syndrome) and may result in an immune deficiency. Therapeutic approaches include
behavioral therapy, surgical or hormonal castration with progestins or
antiandrogens, substitution with thyroxin in cases with hypothyroidism, and/or
the use of psychopharmaca, most prominently of modern antidepressiva like
amitriptyline; buspirone; clomipramine and fluoxetine, but also of selegiline,
a mono-aminoxydase inhibitor. These compounds, among other effects, are
elevating prolactin levels. This seems to allow to formulate a working
hypothesis: in the canine species, prolactin is obviously a hormone enabling
socialization; hence all drugs which safely cause an increase in prolactin
production might be suitable to manage or control ARPs and DAB in the dog, but
also in the cat. Higher levels of prolactin than those required for
socialization, as seen in nursing bitches or some clinically overt cases of
pseudopregnancy, may cause maternal aggression and can be controlled with
prolactin inhibitors, if needed..
Descriptors: psychological adaptation, animals, anxiety,
cats, dogs, psychotropic drugs, treatment for abnormal behavior, behavioral
therapy, castration
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Jochle, W. and M. Jochle (1975). Reproductive and behavioral control
in the male and female cat with progestins: long-term field observations in
individual animals. Theriogenology 3(5): 179-185. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call Number: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: cats, chlormadinone acetate, comparative
study, estrus, female, megestrol, pregnancy, progestins, sexual behavior,
social dominance
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: dogs, castration, sterilization method,
behavioral problems, urine marking
Note: Language of text: German.
Kirsan,
NAL Call Number: SF1.I78
Descriptors: sterilization, effects, surgery, ovariectomy,
training of animals, hysterectomy, dogs
Note: Language of text: Turkish; Summary in German.
Knol, B.W. and S.T. Egberink-Alink (1990). Treatment of problem
behaviour in dogs and cats by castration and progestagen administration: A
review. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 115(11): 522-527. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: castration, progestagen, dogs, cats, behavior
therapy
Kyles, A.E., E.M. Hardie, B.D. Hansen, and M.G. Papich (1998). Comparison
of transdermal fentanyl and intramuscular oxymorphone on post-operative
behaviour after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Research in Veterinary
Science 65(3): 245-251. ISSN:
0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: The effects of transdermal fentanyl and i.m.
oxymorphone on behavioural and physiological responses, after
ovariohysterectomy in dogs, were investigated. The study involved three groups
of 10 dogs: fentanyl/surgery (FS), oxymorphone/surgery (OS), fentanyl/control
(FC). A transdermal fentanyl delivery system (50 microg hour(-1)) (FS and FC)
was applied 20 hours before surgery, or i.m. oxymorphone (OS) was administered.
After ovariohysterectomy (FS and OS) or anaesthesia alone (FC), dogs were
continuously videotaped for 24 hours and a standardised hourly interaction with
a handler performed. The videotapes were analysed, and interactive and
non-interactive behaviours evaluated. In addition, pain and sedation scores,
pulse and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure,
plasma cortisol and plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured. This study
showed that transdermal fentanyl and i.m. oxymorphone (0.05 mg kg(-1)) produced
comparable analgesic effects over a 24 hour recording period. I.m. oxymorphone
produced significantly more sedation and lower rectal temperatures than
transdermal fentanyl. There were no significant differences between groups in
respiratory and heart rates, and arterial blood pressures.
Descriptors: postoperative pain, pain score, respiration,
heart rate, cortisol, administration and dosage of fentanyl, animal behavior,
ovariohysterectomy, arterial blood pressure, dogs, oxymorphone
Maarschalkerweerd, R.J., N. Endenburg, J. Kirpensteijn, and B.W. Knol
(1997). Influence of orchiectomy on canine behaviour. The Veterinary
Record 140(24): 617-669. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: One hundred and twenty-two dog owners were
interviewed to obtain information about the effects of orchiectomy on the
behaviour, unwanted side effects, and testosterone-dependent disease processes
in their dogs. Behavioural problems were the main reason for orchiectomy,
unwanted sexual behaviour being the most common, together with roaming,
aggression, and abnormal urination behaviour. Objectionable sexual behaviour,
inter-male aggression, roaming, and abnormalurination were reduced after
orchiectomy in approximately 60 per cent of the dogs. The side effects of
orchiectomy included increased bodyweight, increased appetite and decreased
activity in less than 50 per cent of the dogs, and there was a significant
relationship between increased appetite and bodyweight. The clinical signs of
testosterone-dependent disease in most of the dogs either decreased or
disappeared after orchiectomy.
Descriptors: aggression, appetite, animal behavior, body
weight, comparative study, dogs, incidence, orchiectomy, prostatic hyperplasia,
sexual behavior, urination disorders
Mikkelsen, J. and J.D. Lund (1999). Aflivning af hunde pa grund af
adfaerdsproblemer: En epidemiologisk undersogelse over euthanasi af hunde i
Danmark - med saerlig fokus pa aggressionsproblemer. [Euthanasia of dogs
because of behaviour problems: An epidemiological study of euthanasia of dogs
in
NAL Call Number: 41.9 D23
Descriptors: behavior, aggression, euthanasia, body weight
influence, breed, neutering, obedience training
Note: Language of text: Danish; Summary in English.
Misner, T. and K. Houpt (1998). Animal behavior case of the month.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213(9):
1260-1262. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: aggression, ovariohysterectomy, dogs,
adoption, guarding behavior, mibolerone, anabolic steroids, dominance,
progestins
Neilson, J.C., R.A. Eckstein, and B.L. Hart (1997). Effects of
castration on problem behaviors in male dogs with reference to age and duration
of behavior. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
211(2): 180-182. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 9 problem
behaviors in adult male dogs were affected by castration and to examine the
influence of age and duration of problem behavior on behavioral effects of
castration. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 57 male dogs > 2 years old at the
time of castration that had > or = 1 of the targeted problem behaviors.
PROCEDURE: Data were collected by telephone contact with owners to identify
dogs that had > or = 1 problem behavior before castration and to estimate
the improvement (ie, decrease) in the objectionable behaviors after castration.
Problem behaviors of interest included urine marking in the house, mounting,
roaming, fear of inanimate stimuli, aggression toward human family members,
aggression toward unfamiliar people, aggression toward other dogs in the
household, aggression toward unfamiliar dogs, and aggression toward human
territorial intruders. RESULTS: Effects of castration on fear of inanimate
stimuli or aggression toward unfamiliar people were not significant. For urine
marking, mounting, and roaming, castration resulted in an improvement of >
or = 50% in > or = 60% of dogs and an improvement of > or = 90% in 25 to
40% of dogs. For remaining behaviors, castration resulted in an improvement of
> or = 50% in < 35% of dogs. Significant correlations were not found
between the percentage of improvement and age of the dog or duration of the
problem behavior at the time of castration. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Castration
was most effective in altering objectionable urine making, mounting, and
roaming. With various types of aggressive behavior, including aggression toward
human family members, castration may be effective in decreasing aggression in
some dogs, but fewer than a third can be expected to have marked improvement.
Age of the dog or duration of the problem behavior does not have value in
predicting whether castration will have a beneficial effect.
Descriptors: aggression, aging, animal behavior, dogs,
orchiectomy, sex behavior
Reisner, I.R. (2003). Differential diagnosis and management of
human-directed aggression in dogs. The Veterinary Clinics of
NAL Call Number: SF601.V523
Descriptors: behavior, human directed aggression, rage
syndrome, behavior modification, castration, ovariohysterectomy
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: animals, pain, poultry, debeaking, lambs,
docking, tail, castration, dogs, ovariectomized females, ovariectomy,
postoperative care, analgesics, stimuli, avoidance conditioning, animal
behavior, literature reviews
Salman, M.D., J. Hutchison, R. Ruch Gallie, L. Kogan, J.C. New Jr., P.H.
Kass, and J.M. Scarlett (2000). Behavioral reasons for relinquishment of
dogs and cats to 12 shelters. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
3(2): 93-106. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: aggression, pets, animal behavior, animal
welfare
Salmeri, K., M. Bloomberg, S. Scrugs, and V. Shille (1991). Gonadectomy
in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198(7):
1193-1203. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dogs, castration, ovariectomy, skeletal
development, feed intake, liveweight gain, animal behavior, body fat, secondary
sexual traits
Schmidt, W.D. (2002). Verhaltenstherapie Des Hundes. [Behavioural
Therapy in Dogs]. Schlütersche GmbH & Co. KG, Verlag und Druckerei:
Descriptors: abnormal behavior, aggression, animal behavior,
neuroses, therapy
Schwartz, S. (1999). Use of cyproheptadine to control urine spraying
in a castrated male domestic cat. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 215(4): 501-502.
ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, cyproheptadine, drug therapy, urine,
marking, behavior disorders, castration, behavior modification
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: aggression, dogs, treatment options
Stubbs, W.P., M.S. Bloomberg, S.L. Scruggs, V.M. Shille, and
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of
prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats. DESIGN:
Prospective controlled study of kittens randomly assigned to 3 treatment
groups: group 1, neutered at 7 weeks of age; group 2, neutered at 7 months of
age; and group 3, sexually intact controls. ANIMALS: 31 clinically normal male
and female kittens. PROCEDURE: Age at distal radial physeal closure and mature
radius length were determined radiographically. Six behavioral characteristics
were recorded monthly. At 1 year of age, body weight was recorded and thickness
of the falciform ligament was measured from a lateral abdominal radiographic
view. Secondary sex characteristics were also examined at 1 year of age.
RESULTS: There were no differences between group-1 and group-2 cats for any of
the study variables. Sexually intact cats (group 3) weighted significantly less
than group-2 cats and had less falciform fat and earlier distal radial physeal closure
than cats of both neutered groups. Group-3 cats manifested greater intraspecies
aggression, less affection, and greater development of secondary sex
characteristics than neutered cats. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Neutering cats at 7
weeks of age had similar effects on physical and behavioral development,
compared with neutering at the more traditional age of 7 months. These data
lend support to the concept of prepubertal gonadectomy, already performed by
many animal shelters/humane organizations, as a method of enhancing the
effectiveness of pet population control programs.
Descriptors: cats, gonadectomy, skeletal development,
body-weight, animal behavior, body composition, early age neutering,
radiography, sexual maturation, age factors
van den Berg, L., M.B. Schilder, and B.W. Knol (2003). Behavior
genetics of canine aggression: behavioral phenotyping of golden retrievers by
means of an aggression test. Behavior Genetics 33(5): 469-483. ISSN: 0001-8244.
NAL Call Number: QH301.B45
Abstract: Molecular genetic analysis of complex traits
such as aggression strongly depends on careful phenotyping of individuals. When
studying canine aggression, the information provided by the owners of the dogs
is often not detailed and reliable enough for this purpose. Therefore we
subjected 83 golden retrievers, both aggressive and nonaggressive individuals,
to a behavioral test. These tests were analyzed with help of an ethogram,
resulting in a behavioral profile for each of the dogs. In this article three
methods are described of converting these profiles into a measure of behavioral
phenotype. The usefulness of the methods is evaluated by comparing the test
results with information provided by owners. Moreover, the hypothesis
underlying all these methods, that a lowered threshold for aggressive behavior
in general is present in the dogs, is also evaluated. Future research will need
to reveal whether the methods meet the high standards that are necessary for
studying complex traits Descriptors: aggression, dogs, fear, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, behavioral genetics
Wright, J.C. and R.T. Amoss (2004).
Prevalence of house soiling and aggression in kittens during the first
year after adoption from a humane society. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 224(11): 1790-1796. ISSN: 0003-1488. NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3 Descriptors: time of neutering, animal shelter,
aggression, questionnaire, animal behavior, owner survey, cats