DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER
805 KIDDER BREESE SE -- WASHINGTON NAVY YARD
WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060
1941-1945
In Grateful Memory
of
Those Who Died
In the Service of Their Country.
They Stand in the Unbroken Line
Of Patriots Who Have Dared to Die
That Freedom Might Live, and Grow,
And Increase Its Blessings.
Freedom Lives,
And Through it They Live--
In a Way That Humbles
The Undertakings of Most Men.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Indians in the War
Honor for Indian Heroism
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Awards for Valor (Lists) |
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Ceremonial Dances in the Pacific, by Ernie Pyle |
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A Choctaw Leads the Guerrillas |
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An Empty Saddle |
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We Honor These Dead (Lists) |
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Navajo Code Talkers, by MT/Sgt. Murrey Marder |
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Indians Fought on Iwo Jima |
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Wounded in Action (Lists) |
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Indians Work for the Navy, by Lt. Frederick W. Sleight |
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To the Indian Veteran |
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Indian Women Work for Victory |
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Prisoners of War Released |
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A Family of Braves |
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Indian Service Employees in the War |
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The material in this pamphlet was collected for the 1945 Memorial Number of Indians at Work,
before the magazine was discontinued because of the paper shortage. Many devoted workers spent
much time and effort to get these stories, and the photographs which accompany the lists were
loaned by the families of the boys whose names will be found here. We wish to express our gratitude
to all of those who made this record possible.
The casualty lists and the lists of awards and decorations continue those begun in
Indians at Work for May-June 1943 and carried on in the November-December 1943,
May-June 1944, and September-October 1944 issues. They are not complete, and it is hoped that
when the peace has come, the whole story of the Indian contribution to the victory may be
gathered up into one volume.
Awards of the Purple Heart have not been indicated here because every soldier wounded in action
against the enemy is entitled to the decoration, and the award should be taken for granted.
NOVEMBER 1945
United States Department of the Interior--Office of Indian Affairs
Chicago 54, Illinois
Haskell Printing Department
2-15-46--15,000
![Cpl. Henry Bake, Jr., and Pfc. George H. Kirk, Navajo code talkers, operate a portable radio set on Bougainville. Official U.S. Marine Corps Photo.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar1.jpg)
Cpl. Henry Bake, Jr., and Pfc. George H. Kirk, Navajo code talkers, operate a portable radio set
on Bougainville. Official U.S. Marine Corps Photo. See page 25.
Honor for Indian Heroism
The war has ended in victory for the United Nations, and after a troubled period of readjustment
and reorganization, peace will come at last. The story of the Indians' contribution
to the winning of the war has been told only in part, and new material will be coming in for
many months. As one of the Sioux boys says, "As a rule nowadays the fellows don't go in for
heroics." But already the Indian record is impressive. In the spring of 1945, there were 21,767
Indians in the Army, 1,910 in the Navy, 121 in the Coast Guard, and 723 in the Marines.
These figures do not include officers, for whom no statistics are available. Several
hundred Indian women are in the various branches of the services. The Standing Rock
Agency, North Dakota, estimates that at least fifty girls from that jurisdiction are in uniform.
The Office of Indian Affairs has recorded 71 awards of the Air Medal, 51 of the Silver Star,
47 of the Bronze Star Medal, 34 of the Distinguished
Flying Cross, and two of the Congressional
Medal of Honor. There are undoubtedly
many more which have not been reported. Many of these ribbons are decorated
with oak leaf clusters awarded in lieu of additional
medals. It is not unusual to see an
Air Medal with nine oak leaf clusters, or twelve,
or even fourteen.
The casualty lists are long. They come from theaters of war all over the world. There were many Indians in the prison camps of the Philippines after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor, and later there were many more on Iwo Jima and Okinawa. There were Indians in the 45th Division in Sicily and Italy. They were at Anzio, and they took part in the invasion on D-Day in Normandy. A Ute Indian, LeRoy Hamlin, was with a small troop which made the first contact with the Russians across the Elbe on April 25. Another Ute, Harvey Natchees, was the first American soldier to ride into the center of Berlin. Pfc. Ira Hayes, Pima, of the Marines, was one of the six men who raised the flag on the summit of Mt. Suribachi. Once in a while, an Indian diving into a foxhole when shells began to burst, would find himself face to face with another member of his race, and they would start talking about Indian problems as they waited for the enemy fire to cease. When there was only one Indian in an outfit, he was inevitably called Chief, which amused him and perhaps pleased him a little.
The Indian people at home have matched
the record of their fighting men. More than
forty thousand left the reservations during
each of the war years to take jobs in ordnance
depots, in aircraft factories, on the railroads,
and in other war industries. The older men,
the women, and the children, who stayed at
home, increased their production of food in
spite of the lack of help. The Indians invested
more than $17,000,000 of restricted funds in
war bonds, and their individual purchases probably
amount to twice that sum. They subscribed
liberally to the Red Cross and to the
Army and Navy Relief societies. The mothers of
the soldiers organized War Mothers clubs in
their communities, and every soldier received
letters and gifts while he was in the service. The
clubs helped to entertain the boys who came
home on furlough, and now that the war is
over, they are making plans for war memorials
in honor of the fallen.
Reflecting the heroic spirit of Indians at war in every theater of action, the list of those specially selected to receive military honors grows steadily. We shall never know of all the courageous acts performed "with utter disregard for personal safety," but the proved devotion of all Indian peoples on the home front and the conspicuous courage of their sons and daughters in the various services entitle them to share in common the honors bestowed upon the few here noted.
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Congressional Medal of Honor
The blue star-sprinkled ribbon of the highest award of all is given for "conspicuous gallantry
at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty." Relatively few of these medals
have been given, and the nation may well be proud of the fact that two Indians thus far
have won it. The story of Lt. Ernest Childers,
Creek, was told in Indians at Work for May-June 1944; that of
Lt. Jack Montgomery, Cherokee, in the January-February number, 1945.
Distinguished Flying Cross
The highest aviation honor is given for
heroism or extraordinary achievement while
participating in aerial flight. The ribbon is
blue, with a white-bordered red stripe in the
center and white stripes near the ends. Thirty
or more Indians have been awarded this medal
thus far, and their stories have been told in
various issues of Indians at Work.
![T-Sgt. Harold E. Rogers, Seneca, with his flying mascot Mister.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar2.jpg)
T-Sgt. Harold E. Rogers, Seneca, with his flying mascot Mister.
Mention has already been made of Lt.
William R. Fredenberge, Menominee, of Wisconsin,
who wears this ribbon and also has
the Air Medal with seven oak leaf clusters.
The citation for the DFC reads as follows:
"Lieutenant Fredenberg demonstrated superior skill in the execution of a dive-bombing attack upon a heavily defended marshalling yard wherein he personally destroyed three locomotives and thereafter in the face of heavy and accurate enemy fire remained in the target area strafing installations until his ammunition was exhausted. The outstanding flying ability and tactical proficiency which he exhibited on this occasion reflected the highest credit upon himself and his organization."
Sgt. Shuman Shaw, a full-blood Paiute from
California, was wounded on his third mission
as a tail-gunner on a B-24 Liberator, but he
stayed with his guns and shot down two of
the enemy, with three more probably destroyed.
During his 22nd mission, while raiding
strategic installations at Budapest, he was
again seriously wounded. On both occasions
he was given plasma. Sgt. Shaw has the Distinguished
Flying Cross, the Air Medal with
three oak leaf clusters, the Presidential Unit
Citation, and the Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster.
Air Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross
Harold E. Rogers, Seneca from Miami, Oklahoma,
was reported missing in action on July
3, 1944, when his plane failed to return from
a mission over Budapest. Sgt. Rogers had flown
25 missions with the 8th Air Force in England,
and then served as instructor in the United
States for six months. He went back into action,
this time with the 15th Air Forced, based in
Italy. He wore the Air Medal with nine oak
leaf clusters, and the Distinguished Flying
Cross. The Purple Heart was awarded to him
posthumously. His wife, a Potawatomi from
Kansas, who now lives in Hollywood, was a
student at Haskell Institute with her husband
and Sgt. Rogers was studying law at the time
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he entered the service. He also attended Sherman Institute and Riverside Junior College.
Silver Star to a Young Artist
A soldier who is cited for gallantry in action, when that gallantry does not warrant the
award of a Medal of Honor or a Distinguished Service Cross, is given the Silver Star.
This decoration was awarded posthumously to Ben Quintana, a Keres, from Cochiti Pueblo. According to the citation, Ben was "an ammunition carrier in a light machine gun squadron charged with protection of the right flank of his troop which was counterattacked by superior numbers." The gunner was killed and the assistant gunner severely wounded. "Private Quintana," the citation continues, "refused to retire from this hazardous position and gallantly rushed forward to the silenced gun and delivered a withering fire into the enemy, inflicting heavy casualties. While so engaged he was mortally wounded. By this extraordinary courage he repulsed the counterattack and prevented the envelopment of the right flank of his troop. Private Quintana's unflinching devotion to duty and heroism under fire inspired his troop to attack and seize the enemy strong point."
![Pfc. Ben Quintana, gifted artist of Cochiti Pueblo, awarded the Silver Star posthumously for gallantry in action. Photo by Harold D. Walter, Albuquerque, New Mexico.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar3.jpg)
Pfc. Ben Quintana, gifted artist of Cochiti Pueblo, awarded the Silver Star posthumously for
gallantry in action.
Photo by Harold D. Walter, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
With Ben Quintana's death the country has
lost one of its most promising young artists.
At the age of 15, he won first prize over 80
contestants, of whom 7 were Indians, for a
poster to be used in the Coronado Cuarto Centennial
celebration. Later, he won first prize
and $1,000 in an American Magazine contest
in which there were 52,587 entries.
Silver Star for Sherman Graduate
Captain Leonard Lowry, a graduate of Sherman Institute, also wears the Silver Star.
he was a first lieutenant at the time of the citation, which says: "He was advancing with an
infantry force of 500 men when they were
halted by the enemy and the leading elements
were pinned down. It was imperative that
this force get through. Lt. Lowry assumed
command and directed temporary security
measures. He then organized a small combat
patrol and personally led it in storming
the enemy elements that were delaying the
unit's advance." Capt. Lowry has been
wounded several times.
Led the Way for Tanks
The Shoshones proudly claim Marine Pfc. Leonard A. Webber, of Fort Hall, Idaho, who received his Silver Star "for gallantry and intrepidity while serving with the Second Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces on Tarawa, Gilbert Islands, from November 22 to November 23, 1943. During this period, when radio communication was out, he performed duties as runner between the tank battalion command post, tanks, and infantry front line positions, with utter disregard for his own personal safety in the face of heavy enemy gunfire. His skill and devotion to duty contributed greatly to the maintaining of communication of tank units. His conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity were in keeping with the highest tradition of the United States Naval Service."
Later, for action in 1944, Leonard Webber,
now a Corporal, received the Bronze Star.
This decoration is awarded for meritorious or
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heroic achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight, in connection with
military operations against an enemy of the United States. The citation for the
Bronze Star reads:
"For meritorious achievement in action
against the enemy on Saipan and Tinian, Marianas
Islands, from 15 June to 1 August, 1944,
while serving as a reconnaissance man in a
Marine tank battalion. With aggressive determination
and fearless devotion to duty Corporal
Webber reconnoitered routes of advance
for tanks in the face of intense enemy fire. On
one occasion, he led a tank platoon over exceedingly
dangerous and perilous terrain, while
under heavy mortar and small-arms fire, to
support the infantry advance and make it
possible for his tank platoon to inflict severe
casualties on the enemy. His cool courage
and outstanding ability contributed in a large
measure to the success of the tank operation.
His conduct throughout was in keeping with
the highest traditions of the United States
Naval Service."
Silver Star for a Cherokee
The mother and father of Pvt. Blaine Queen
received the Silver Star posthumously awarded
to their son for heroism in action in Germany.
Pvt. Queen, a Cherokee from North Carolina,
was with a platoon engaged in sharp action with
the enemy. They were under heavy fire from
nearby enemy positions, and when their ammunition
began to run dangerously low, Pvt.
Queen volunteered to leave his foxhole and go
for the needed supplies. As he ran he was mortally
wounded, but in spite of his wound he kept
on toward his destination until death overtook him.
![The parents of Blaine Queen, Cherokee, receive his Silver Star.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar4.jpg)
The parents of Blaine Queen, Cherokee, receive his Silver Star.
A Potawatomi Leads the Way
Pfc. Albert Wahweotten, Potawatomi from Kansas,
received the Silver Star from his commanding
general last February in Germany.
According to the citation, Pfc. Wahweotten,
armed with an M-1 rifle and a bazooka, worked
his way 200 yards beyond the front lines to a
house occupied by the enemy. In spite of heavy
fire, he crawled to within ten yards of the
house, which he set on fire with the bazooka.
Then he went into the burning building and
captured twelve Germans, eliminating the last
enemy resistance in the town.
Initiative, Bravery, and Gallantry
An Iowa-Choctaw, also from Kansas, was another winner
of the Silver Star for gallantry
in action against the Germans. When his superior
officer was disabled, Pfc. Thurman E.
Nanomantube took over the duties of section
leader of a heavy machine gun section, and
with complete disregard for his own safety ran
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across fifty yards of open ground, swept by heavy fire, in order to help a gunner whose gun was
not working properly. When the battalion was pinned down by artillery fire, he gave first
aid to two wounded men and handled another skillfully in order to keep him from becoming
the victim of combat exhaustion. The citation praises Pfc. Nanomantube for his initiative,
bravery, and gallantry.
Decoration for a Papago
An engineers outfit, in combat for 165 continuous
days on Luzon, needed the bulldozer
which Pfc. Norris L. Galvez, Papago of Sells,
Arizona, was driving up the road. Pfc. Norris
was told that the Japs had two automatic
weapons firing across the road ahead, but he
decided that the bulldozer must go through
and unhesitatingly drove the unprotected machine
through the field of fire, an action which
brought him a citation and the Silver Star.
Hero's Son Receives Medal
Alec Hodge is only six years old, but he
knows what war means. He knows, too, the
pride with which soldiers receive their medals,
for on Alec's small chest was recently pinned
the bronze Star posthumously awarded to his
father, Pfc. Otto Hodge, a Yurok-Hoopa, who
was killed in action in Italy. The youngster
stood straight, as befits the son of a warrior,
and listened to the words of the citation: "For
heroic achievement in action against the enemy
from September 10 to September 23, 1944."
Then he solemnly shook the proffered hand
of brigadier General Oscar B. Abbott, who
made the award. The ceremony was held at
the Arcata Naval Auxiliary Air Station near
Eureka, California, on April 6, 1945.
Alec has two uncles in the service. One,
Fireman Henry Hodge, is on sea duty in the
South Pacific, while the other, Pvt. James
Hodge, is serving in Europe. Both uncles are
graduates of Sherman Institute and are the
sons of Mrs. Carrie Hodge of Trinidad, California.
Ordeal by Fire
The citation accompanying the Bronze Star
Medal awarded to Pvt. Houston Stevens, Kickapoo
from Shawnee, Oklahoma, reads:
"For heroic achievement near St. Raphael,
France, on 15 August 1944. Struck by an aerial
bomb as it neared shore during the invasion of
Southern France, LST 282 was burning fiercely
and ammunition aboard was exploding continuously.
Unmindful of the intense heat and
the exploding ammunition, Pvt. Stevens
manned a 50-caliber machine gun located
within ten yards of the explosion. Though his
hair and eyebrows were singed by the spreading
flames, he remained at his post and continued
to fire the gun at the enemy plane. By
his devotion to duty, Pvt. Stevens prevented
additional damage by the plane. His action reflects
credit upon himself and the armed forces
of the United States."
With the Famous Ivy Leaf
Sgt. Perry Skenandore, Oneida from Wisconsin,
wears two rows of ribbons, as well as the
blue bar for the Presidential Unit Citation.
He has been awarded the Silver Star, the
Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster, and the
Soldier's Medal. His European theater ribbon
carries three battle stars and the bronze
arrow which stands for the invasion of Normandy.
Sgt. Skenandore is a member of
the 4th Infantry Division, the Ivy Leaf, a fighting
outfit which is described by a Stars and Stripes
correspondent as follows:
"After 199 days, ending March 9, in continuous
contact with the German army, the
4th Division closed a chapter that carried it
through some of the most famous battles of
the present war.
"Starting on August 24 with the headlong
rush into Paris, which they liberated the next
day, the 4th's men never lost sight of the
grey-uniformed Wehrmacht until they had it
on the run towards the Rhine.
"Included in the nearly seven months of
grinding up Nazi hordes were the mad dash
across Northern France and Belgium; the liberation
of such towns as Chauny, St. Quentin,
St. Hubert, Bastogne, and St. Vith. The
doughs never stopped their eastward drive until
they had bowled through the Siegfried Line.
the 4th Division was the first unit to enter
German soil on September 11.
"History has recorded their successful but
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bloody Battle of the Huertgen Forest and their
magnificent stand before the city of Luxembourg
in those dark days of December, when,
according to Lt. Gen. George Patton, Jr., 'a
tired division halted the left shoulder of the
German thrust into the American lines and
saved the city of Luxembourg.'
"From this action the Ivy Leaf Division went
over to the offensive, crossing the Sure River
and eating into the bulge the enemy had
built up. Switching to the St. Vith sector, they
fought their way through the Siegfried Line
in exactly the same place where they had
pushed through in September. This made
four times they had passed through the maze
of steel and concrete that was once considered
almost impregnable."
Sgt. Skenandore has a good deal to tell about his division and its accomplishments against the Nazis, but little information about himself. The ribbons, however, speak for him.
Held the Lines
The Bronze Star Medal was awarded to
Corporal Calvin Flying Bye, Sioux, of Little
Eagle, South Dakota, "for heroic achievement
in Germany on 29 and 30 November 1944. . . .
During these two days, when his division attacked
a fortified enemy town, communication
lines between the forward observer and his
battalion were severed. In spite of heavy enemy
fire which was falling not more than 15
yards from him, he checked the lines and constantly
maintained them without getting any
sleep for 48 hours. His courage and devotion
to duty reflect great credit upon himself and
the military service."
An Alaskan Scores
Pfc. Herbert Bremner, Tlingit, of Yakutat,
Alaska, has been given the Bronze Star for
heroic action in Holland:
"While the Anti-Tank Platoon which was
supporting the assault battalion was moving
its weapons forward to engage four enemy
tanks which were holding up the progress of
the battalion, two of the prime movers were
damaged by intense mortar and machine gun
fire, and it was necessary to repair them before
they could be used to move the weapons
into position. Without regard for his personal
safety, Private Bremner manned the machine
gun, which was in an exposed position on top
of one of the vehicles. His determined, accurate
fire forced the enemy tanks to withdraws,
thus permitting the battalion to advance
to its objective. The high standard of
courage of Private Bremner was a large factor
in enabling the battalion to gain its objective
and is a distinct credit to this soldier and
the military service."
Inspired His Comrades
Marion W. McKeever, Flathead, from Montana, was awarded the Bronze Star posthumously "for meritorious achievement in connection with military operations against the enemy at Bougainville, Solomon Islands, on March 10, 1944. During a counterattack to destroy the enemy forces, when his platoon made an advance against enemy positions, Pvt. McKeever moved up aggressively to engage the enemy. Moving up as far as possible he crossed a machine gun lane and the enemy opened fire, killing him instantly. Because of his daring movement in spite of the heavy fire, he was one of the most forward men of the platoon. His action was cool and brave and was an inspiration to all who served with him."
The Bronze Star for an Infantryman
A posthumous award of the Bronze Star Medal was made to Cpl. Jack E. Mattz, Yurok-Smith River Indian from Grants Pass, Oregon. During an assault on enemy lines in Holland, Cpl. Mattz crept forward toward a dugout containing a large number of the enemy, killed several of them with his sub-machine gun, and when his ammunition ran out, accounted for the rest by using hand grenades. A few hours later he was killed by shell fire.
Saved by Partisans
Two Indian gunners with the 15th Air Force, based in Italy, had similar stories to tell of parachute jumps in Balkan territory. S-Sgt. Cornelius Wakolee, Potawatomi, from Kansas, was forced to bail out over Yugoslavia when his Liberator bomber was hit by heavy flak. He was reported missing on October 14, and returned to duty some six weeks later, after a long walk, guided across enemy-held
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territory by Yugoslav partisans. Some months afterward, T-Sgt. Ray Gonyea, from the
Onondaga Reservation, New York, made a similar jump and landed in a village held by the
partisans, who helped him and his crew back to their base--after an hilarious celebration.
Sgt. Gonyea holds the Air Medal with two oak leaf
clusters, and the Purple Heart. Sgt. Wakolee
has three clusters to the Air Medal.
Purple Heart, Four Cluster
Danny B. Marshall, Creek, from Holdenville,
Oklahoma, has evaded death dozens of times
and has been wounded eight times. Five of his
wounds required hospital treatment, but the
other three times he had first aid and did not
report at a hospital. He has been hit in the
face, head, arms, leg, and back, and has the
Purple Heart with four clusters, the Bronze
Star, the Good Conduct medal, the Combat
Infantryman's Badge, and five battle stars
for service in Italy, including the Anzio beachhead
and Rome, and the invasion of Southern France.
A Submarine Veteran
"The greatest thrill of all," said John Redday,
Sioux, from South Dakota, "was to pass
through the golden Gate and set foot again on
American soil." This remark was made after
21 months' service in a submarine patrolling
South Pacific waters. During this time the
sub sank fourteen and damaged seven enemy
vessels. Among them was one of Japan's
largest freighters, which was destroyed by
gunfire alone.
![John Redday](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar5.jpg)
John Redday
The thrills and dangers of submarine warfare
were many, according to Redday. Once
a sub-chaser, disguised as a transport, discovered
them while they were surfaced, and depth
charges fell all around them before they could
submerge. The charges were so terrific that
the overhead motors were sheared off. Another
time an enemy destroyer caught their
propguard with a grappling iron and pulled
them forty feet toward the surface before they
could get away. In escaping they dived far
below normal depth and the pressure was so
great that water leaked in from all sides.
Redday was transferred to the Veterans'
Hospital at Minneapolis a year ago because of
tuberculosis, and is slowly improving in the
free air of his homeland.
A Navajo Fights on Two Fronts
Dragging one wounded soldier, helping support another, his own back and legs torn by shrapnel, a twenty-year-old Navajo made his way across three hundred yards of knee-deep snow. Safe in his own lines again, he did not bother to go to the aid station. This is only one of the stories told about Sgt. Clifford Etsitty, a star patrol scout of the Western front. Another time he was within 30 yards of the enemy when a machine gun opened up on his patrol. "The Chief," as he is known in the Army, flattened out and with six shots finished the half-dozen Nazis who barred his way.
Etsitty received his first Purple Heart on
Attu, where he killed 40 Japs in 20 days. This
was night ambush detail. Clad in white snow
suits, the soldiers lay in wait for enemies and
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picked them off as they approached. The
cold, dangerous work ended when a bursting
mortar shell smashed the Navajo's jaw and
sent him to the hospital for seven months. As
soon as he was discharged, he was sent to the
99th Division and continued his remarkable
career on the German front.
Foresight and Sound Decision
The Bronze Star has also been received by
Staff Sgt. David E. Kenote, Wisconsin Menominee,
"for meritorious service in connection
with military operations against an enemy of
the United States, in France, from 1 August
1944 to 31 October 1944. Sgt. Kenote inaugurated
a system of stock records and a procedure
for requisitioning which enabled the Adjutant
General, Third United States Army, successfully
to supply and distribute War Department
publications and blank forms to Third
Army troops. The foresight of this non-commissioned
officer, and his careful planning and
energetic execution achieved continuous supply
during all phases of a rapidly moving operation.
His plans were simple and workable,
and his decisions were sound. The zealous
devotion to duty of Sgt. Kenote reflects great
credit upon himself and the military forces of
the United States."
![Sgt. Jimmy Declay, Apache, stands guard at the gateway to Rome as the U.S. Army enters the city.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar6.jpg)
Sgt. Jimmy Declay, Apache, stands guard at the gateway to Rome as the U.S. Army enters the city.
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Awards for Valor
Congressional Medal of Honor |
Lt. Jack C. Montgomery |
Cherokee, Oklahoma |
Lt. Ernest Childers |
Creek, Oklahoma |
Silver Star |
S/Sgt. Francis B. Brave |
Sioux, Oklahoma |
Lt. William Sixkiller, Jr. |
Cherokee, Oklahoma |
Pfc. Warren Gullickson |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pfc. James R. Alexander |
Lummi, Washington |
Cpl. Leonard Webber |
Shoshone, Idaho |
Lt. James Sulphur |
Creek, Oklahoma |
T/4 Rober K. Paul |
Blackfeet, Montana |
Sgt. Knowlton Merritt |
Klamath-Modoc, Oregon |
Sgt. Perry Skenandore |
Oneida, Wisconsin |
Pfc. Ben Quintana |
Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico |
Cpl. Vincent Village Center |
Sioux, South Dakota |
T/Sgt. Joseph Lawrence |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pfc. Francis Shaw |
Paiute, Nevada |
Pfc. Philip Kowice |
Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico |
Lt. Jack C. Montgomery |
Cherokee, Oklahoma |
Sgt. Bob Allen |
Choctaw, Mississippi |
Pvt. Blaine Queen |
Cherokee, North Carolina |
Pvt. Eugene Roubideaux |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pfc. Alonzo Enos |
Pima, Arizona |
Pfc. Albert Wahweotten |
Potawatomi, Kansas |
Sgt. Clifford Etsitty |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Bert G. Eaglehorse |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pfc. George W. Walker |
Cherokee, North Carolina |
Sgt. Leo Upshaw |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Pfc. Thurman E. Nanomantube |
Iowa-Choctaw, Kansas |
Pfc. Norris L. Galvez |
Papago. Arizona |
Pvt. Vincent Hunts Horses |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Distinguished Flying Cross |
Lt. William R. Fredenberg |
Menominee, Wisconsin |
Lt. Richard Balenti |
Cheyenne-Haida, Oklahoma |
S/Sgt. Peter N. Jackson |
Hoopa, California |
S/Sgt. Shuman Shaw |
Paiute, California |
S/Sgt. Neil McKinnon |
Yurok, California (1 cluster) |
S/Sgt. Alfred Dalpino |
Shoshone, Idaho |
T/Sgt. Theodore S. Breiner |
Sioux, North Dakota |
S/Sgt. Ernest DuBray |
Blackfeet, Montana (3 clusters) |
Lt. Alfred Houser |
Apache, Oklahoma (1 cluster) |
S/Sgt. Albert Lopez |
Delaware, Oklahoma |
Lt. Edward Tinker |
Osage, Oklahoma (2 clusters) |
S/Sgt. Archie Hawkins |
Sioux, South Dakota |
S/Sgt. Steve Brown |
Paiute, Nevada |
T/Sgt. Harold E. Rogers |
Seneca, Oklahoma |
S/Sgt. Robert C. Kirkaldie |
Assiniboine, Montana |
|
![S-Sgt. Francis B. Brave](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar7a.jpg)
S-Sgt. Francis B. Brave |
|
![T-4 Roger K. Paul](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar7b.jpg)
T-4 Roger K. Paul |
|
![Pfc. Alonzo Enos](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar7c.jpg)
Pfc. Alonzo Enos |
|
9
Awards for Valor
Air Medal |
S/Sgt. Roger Worlee |
Paiute, Nevada (9 clusters) |
S/Sgt. Shuman Shaw |
Paiute, California (3 clusters) |
T/Sgt. Waldron A. Frazier |
Sioux, South Dakota |
S/Sgt. Cornelius L. Wakolee |
Potawatomi, Okla. (3 clusters) |
S/Sgt. Clifton J. Rabideaux |
Chippewa, Minn. (5 clusters) |
S/Sgt. Peter N. Jackson |
Hoopa, California |
T/Sgt. Oliver Gibbs |
Chippewa, Minnesota (3 clusters) |
Lt. Charles Smith |
Bannock, Idaho |
S/Sgt. Alfred Dalpino |
Shoshone, Idaho (12 clusters) |
Lt. John Cook |
Mohawk, New York |
T/Sgt. Orus Baxter, Jr. |
Creek, Oklahoma |
S/Sgt. Abe Zuni |
Isleta Pueblo, N.M. (3 clusters) |
T/Sgt. Forrest J. Gerard |
Blackfeet, Montana |
S/Sgt. Jesse LaBuff |
Blackfeet, Montana (2 clusters) |
Sgt. Floyd Monroe |
Blackfeet, Montana (1 cluster) |
Lt. Kenneth M. Lee |
Sioux, South Dakota (1 cluster) |
Pfc. Albert E. Fairbanks |
Chippewa, Minnesota (1 cluster) |
S/Sgt. Earl M. Thomas |
Lummi, Washington (1 cluster) |
Sgt. Cloyd I. Gooday |
Apache, Oklahoma |
T/Sgt. Kent C. Ware |
Kiowa, Oklahoma (2 clusters) |
Lt. Myers Wahnee |
Comanche, Oklahoma (clusters) |
S/Sgt. Fred B. Larmer |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Sgt. John C. Rustemeyer |
Sioux, South Dakota |
T/Sgt. Cleveland J. Bordeaux |
Sioux, S. Dak. (4 clusters) |
Sgt. Lawrence R. Morris |
Iowa, Kansas |
S/Sgt. John Lee Redeagle |
Quapaw, Oklahoma |
S/Sgt. Albert Lopez |
Delaware, Oklahoma (1 cluster) |
S/Sgt. Glenn Black |
Quilleute, Washington (4 clusters) |
Sgt. Joseph Black |
Quilleute, Washington |
Lt. John C. Dirickson |
Osage, Oklahoma (1 cluster) |
S/Sgt. Blaze Savage |
Chippewa, Minnesota |
S/Sgt. Archie Hawkins |
Sioux, South Dakota |
S/Sgt. Steve Brown |
Paiute, Nevada |
T/Sgt. Harold E. Rogers |
Seneca, Oklahoma (9 clusters) |
Lt. Charles E. Harris |
Pawnee, Oklahoma (1 cluster) |
S-Sgt. Robert C. Kirkaldie |
Assiniboine, Montana (3 clusters) |
Distinguished Flying Cross (British) |
Lt. Gilmore C. Daniel (RCAF) |
Osage, Oklahoma |
Distinguished Service Order (British) |
Lt. Gilmore C. Daniel (RCAF) |
Osage, Oklahoma |
Soldier's Medal |
Sgt. Perry Skenandore |
Oneida, Wisconsin |
|
![Pfc. James R. Alexander](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar10.jpg)
Pfc. James R. Alexander |
|
![S-Sgt. Albert Lopez](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar10a.jpg)
S-Sgt. Albert Lopez |
|
![Lt. Charles Edward Harris](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar10b.jpg)
Lt. Charles Edward Harris |
|
10
Awards for Valor
Bronze Star Medal |
Pfc. Herbert M. Bremner |
Tlingit, Alaska |
S/Sgt. David E. Kenote |
Menominee, Wisconsin |
Pfc. William A. Davis |
Chippewa, North Dakota |
Cpl. Samuel Powvall |
Mission, California |
Pfc. Bernard Tracy |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Pfc. Otto Hodge |
Yurok, California |
Cpl. Leonard Webber |
Shoshone, Idaho |
Cpl. Jimmy Begay |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Sgt. Louis Provost |
Omaha, South Dakota |
Pfc. Harvey Natchees |
Ute, Utah |
Pfc. Danny B. Marshall |
Creek, Oklahoma |
T/5 Calvin Daily |
Otoe, Oklahoma |
Pfc. Roy Toledo |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Walter Key Biye, AOM 2/c |
Navajo, Arizona |
Pfc. Augustine Smith |
Paiute-Klamath, Oregon |
S/Sgt. Walter J. Roberts |
Seminole, Oklahoma |
Cpl. Calvin Flying Bye |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Cpl. Bert Orben Good |
Chippewa, Minnesota |
T/5 Warren Adams |
Blackfeet-Gros Ventre, Montana |
Lt. Myron W. Anderson |
Blackfeet, Montana |
Pvt. Marion McKeever |
Flathead, Montana |
Sgt. Perry Skenandore |
Oneida, Wisconsin |
Pfc. Joe C. Lewis |
Papago, Arizona |
Cpl. Ramon Juan |
Papago, Arizona |
T/3 John E. Snyder |
Seneca, New York |
Pfc. John W. Kionut |
Caddo, Oklahoma |
Sgt. Lanert Brown Eyes |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Cpl. Garfield T. Brown |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Sgt. Norman Janis |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pfc. Carl Broken Rope |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Donald O'Neal |
Arapaho, Wyoming |
Sgt. Bert H. Jefferson |
Lummi, Washington |
Pfc. Leonard Johnny |
Nooksack, Washington |
Pfc. August L. Smith |
Makah-Lummi, Washington |
Lt. James M. Ware |
Osage, Oklahoma |
Pvt. Lester D. Douglas |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Nat Becenti |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Sgt. Jose P. Benavidez |
Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico |
Pfc. Harvey Walking Eagle |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Cpl. Jack E. Mattz |
Yurok, California |
Pvt. Houston Stevens |
Kickapoo, Oklahoma |
Sgt. Leo Upshaw |
Navajo, New Mexico |
Sgt. Augustine Chico |
Papago, Arizona |
Cpl. Ralph Andres |
Papago, Arizona |
Cpl. Lyndreth Palmer |
Kiowa, Oklahoma |
Pvt. LeRoy Hamlin |
Ute, Colorado |
Pvt. Vance Broken Rope |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pvt. Leonard White Bull |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pvt. Alex Hernandez |
Sioux, South Dakota |
Pfc. Clyde Smith |
Hualapai, Arizona |
|
![Pfc. William A. Davis](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar11a.jpg)
Pfc. William A. Davis |
|
![Pfc. Thurman Nonomantube](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar11b.jpg)
Pfc. Thurman Nonomantube |
|
![S-Sgt. Archive Hawkins](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar11c.jpg)
S-Sgt. Archive Hawkins |
|
11
Ceremonial Dances in the Pacific
(One of the last stories written by Ernie Pyle before
his tragic death on Ie Island was about the Indians of
the First Marine Division on Okinawa. It is reprinted here
by permission of Scripps-Howard Newspapers and United
Feature Syndicate, Inc. The ceremonial dances, according
to Marine Combat Correspondent Walter Wood, included
the Apache Devil Dance, the Eagle Dance, the Hoop
Dance, the War Dance, and the Navajo Mountain Chant.
Besides the Navajos, Sioux, Comanche, Apache, Pima,
Kiowa, Pueblo, and Crow Indians took part in the
ceremonies.)
By ERNIE PYLE
Okinawa--(By Navy Radio)--Back nearly
two years ago when I was with Oklahoma's
45th Division in Sicily and later in Italy, I
learned that they had a number of Navajo Indians
in communications.
When secret orders had to be given over
the phone these boys gave them to one another
in Navajo. Practically nobody in the
world understands Navajo except another Navajo.
Well, my regiment of First Division marines
has the same thing. There are about eight Indians
who do this special work. They are good
Marines and are very proud of being so.
There are two brothers among them, both
named Joe. Their last names are the ones
that are different. I guess that's a Navajo
custom, though I never knew of it before.
One brother, Pfc. Joe Gatewood, went to the
Indian School in Albuquerque. In fact our
house is on the very same street, and Joe said
it sure was good to see somebody from home.
Joe has been out here three years. He is
34 and has five children back home whom he
would like to see. He was wounded several
months ago and got the Purple Heart.
Joe's brother is Joe Kellwood who has also
been out here three years. A couple of the
others are Pfc. Alex Williams of Winslow,
Ariz., and Pvt. Oscar Carroll of Fort Defiance,
Ariz., which is the capital of the Navajo reservation.
Most of the boys are from around
Fort Defiance and used to work for the Indian Bureau.
The Indian boys knew before we got to Okinawa
that the invasion landing wasn't going to
be very tough. They were the only ones in the
convoy who did know it. For one thing they
saw signs and for another they used their own influence.
Before the convoy left the far south tropical
island where the Navajos had been training
since the last campaign, the boys put on a ceremonial dance.
The Red Cross furnished some colored cloth
and paint to stain their faces. They made up
the rest of their Indian costumes from chicken
feathers, sea shells, coconuts, empty ration
cans and rifle cartridges.
Then they did their own native ceremonial
chants and dances out there under the tropical
palm trees with several thousand Marines as
a grave audience.
12
In their chant they asked the great gods in
the sky to sap the Japanese of their strength
for this blitz. They put the finger of weakness
on the Japs. And then they ended their ceremonial
chant by singing the Marine Corps
song in Navajo.
I asked Joe Gatewood if he really felt their
dance had something to do with the ease of
our landing and he said the boys did believe
so and were very serious about it, himself included.
"I knew nothing was going to happen to us," Joe said, "for on the way up here there was a rainbow over the convoy and I knew then everything would be all right."
![Navajos dance on a beach in the Solomons. Photo U.S. Army Signal Corps.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar13.jpg)
Navajos dance on a beach in the Solomons. Photo U.S. Army Signal Corps.
13
A Choctaw Leads the Guerrillas
In April 1945, after more than three years
as a guerrilla leader in the Philippines, Lt.
Col. Edward Ernest McClish came home to Okmulgee,
Oklahoma, where his family, who had
refused to believe him dead, waited for him.
Some of his story has been told in American
Guerrilla in the Philippines, by Ira Wolfert, and
other details have been added in a report given
to the Public Relations Bureau of the War Department
by Col. McClish. It is an extraordinary
tale of accomplishment against great odds.
Lt. Col. McClish, a Choctaw, who graduated from Haskell Institute in 1929 and from Bacone College two years later, was called to active duty in the National Guard in 1940, and early in 1941 he arrived in the Philippines, where he became commander of a company of Philippine Scouts. In August he went to Panay to mobilize units of the Philippine Army there, and as commander of the Third Battalion he moved his men to Negros, where they were stationed when the war broke out. Late in December they crossed by boat to Mindanao, and there all the Moro bolo battalions were added to McClish's command.
The Japanese did not reach Mindanao until
April 29, 1942, shortly before the American
capitulation on Luzon, and Col. McClish's men
fought them for nearly three weeks. When
forces on the island finally surrendered, McClish,
a casualty in the hospital, some distance
from headquarters, was fortunately unable to
join his men. Instead of capitulating he began
to organize a guerrilla army.
By September 1942, he had an organization
of more than 300 soldiers, with four machine
guns, 150 rifles, and six boxes of ammunition.
Some American and Filipino officers had
escaped capture and joined the staff. In the
early stages of the organization, McClish got
word of a Colonel Fertig, of the Army Engineers,
who was working along similar lines in
the western part of Mindanao, and he managed
to reach Fertig by travelling in a small sailboat
along the coast. The two men decided to consolidate
their commands, and Colonel Fertig
asked McClish to organize the fighting forces
in the four eastern provinces of the island as
the 110th Division.
Organization was at first very difficult. Independent
guerrilla bands had sprung up all
over the island, some of them composed of
robbers and bandits who terrorized the villages.
Some were anti-American, says Colonel McClish.
Most of them lacked military training and
education. But slowly the work proceeded.
The bandits were disarmed and jailed; the
friendly natives were trained, and young men
qualified to be officers were commissioned. By
the spring of 1943 McClish had assembled a
full-strength regiment in each of the three provinces,
a fourth had been started, and Division
headquarters staff had been completed.
Simultaneously with the military organization,
civil governments were set up in each
province. Wherever possible, the officials who
had held jobs in pre-war days were reappointed,
provided that they had not collaborated with
the Japanese. Provincial and municipal officials
worked hand in hand with the military,
and helped greatly to build up the army's strength.
Because of the shortage of food, reports Colonel McClish, a Food Administrator and a Civil and Judicial Committee were appointed to begin agricultural and industrial rehabilitation. Army projects for the production of food and materials of war were begun throughout the Division area, and all able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 50 were required to give one day's work each week to one of these projects. They raised vegetables, pigs, poultry, sugar cane, and other foods. The manufacture of soap, alcohol, and coconut oil was started. Fishing was encouraged. In some of the provinces food production was increased beyond the peacetime level. The civilians realized that they were part of the army, and that only a total effort could defeat the enemy.
The public relations office published a newspaper,
and headquarters kept in communication
14
with the regiments in each province by
radio, by telephone (when wire was available),
or by runner. The guerrillas acquired launches
and barges which had been kept hidden from
the Japanese, and these were operated by
home-made alcohol and coconut oil. Seven
trucks provided more transport, but it was
safer and easier to use the sea than the land.
In order to maintain their motor equipment,
they "obtained" a complete machine shop
from a Japanese lumbering company in their territory.
From September 15, 1942, to January 1, 1945, while McClish's work of organization and administration was continuing, his guerrilla forces were fighting the Japanese, and more than 350 encounters--ambushes, raids on patrols and small garrisons, and general engagements--were listed on their records. One hundred and fifteen men were killed and sixty-four wounded. Enemy losses were estimated at more than 3000 killed and six hundred wounded. The guerrillas finally made contact with the American forces in the South Pacific and supplied them with valuable information about the enemy which was extremely helpful when the time for the invasion of the Philippines came at last. They did their part in bringing about the final victory in the Pacific.
An Empty Saddle
"If I should be killed, I want you to bury me
on one of the hills east of the place where my
grandparents and brothers and sisters and
other relative are buried.
"If you have a memorial service, I want the
soldiers to go ahead with the American flag.
I want cowboys to follow, all on horseback. I
want one of the cowboys to lead one of the
wildest of the T over X horses with saddle
and bridle on.
"I will be riding that horse."
Such were the written instructions left by
Pvt. Clarence Spotted Wolf, full-blood Gros
Ventre, with his tribesmen. He was killed
December 21, 1944, in Luxembourg.
Pvt. Spotted Wolf was born May 18, 1914.
He entered the service in January, 1942, and
a year later was transferred to a tank battalion.
He went overseas in August, 1944.
On January 28, in Elbowoods, North Dakota,
the memorial service he had foreseen was
held in his honor. It was an impressive ceremony.
The Stars and Stripes presided over the
winter-bare hills where Clarence Spotted
Wolf's family and friends carried out his
wishes. There were soldiers; there were cowboys;
and his own saddle had been placed on
the T over X horse, which was led in the
procession. It is pleasing to fancy the spirits of
brave warriors long departed watching benignly
from the Happy Hunting Grounds.
As for the empty saddle--who knows?
![Pvt. Clarence Spotted Wolf.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar15.jpg)
Pvt. Clarence Spotted Wolf.
15
We Honor These Dead
Arizona |
Lonnie Allen |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Pacific |
Adam Harney |
Apache (San Carlos) |
France |
Ernest Stanley |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Luxembourg |
Johnnie Goodluck |
Navajo |
France |
Haskell A. Osife |
Pima |
|
Antony Jose |
Pima |
|
Joe Terry |
Pima |
|
Willacot Anton |
Pima |
|
Robert E. Allison |
Pima |
|
Joshua Morris |
Pima |
|
Leander Shelde |
Pima |
|
Joseph Thomas |
Pima |
|
Percy Osife |
Pima |
|
Fred Washington |
Pima |
|
Phillip Largo |
Pima |
|
Thomas Throssell |
Papago |
U.S.A. |
Alfred Perkins |
Pima |
Leyte |
Alfred Ferguson |
Maricopa |
France |
Frank Banashley |
Apache (Fort Apache) |
Luzon |
Thomas Altaha |
Apache (Fort Apache) |
Italy |
Ralph Aday |
Apache (Fort Apache) |
Germany |
Norman Puhuquaptewa |
Hopi |
Luxembourg |
Walter Nelson |
Navajo |
Luzon |
Stetson Pahayeoma |
Hopi |
Leyte |
Walter Keyannie |
Navajo |
Luxembourg |
Kayah Gale |
Navajo |
Pacific |
Harold Poncho |
Hopi |
France |
Clarence Beeson |
Hopi |
Germany |
Allen Honawahoya |
Hopi |
Pacific |
Roy Hoahtewa |
Hopi |
Philippines |
Alfonso Zeyouma |
Hopi |
U.S.A. |
Eugene Mansfield |
Hopi |
U.S.A. |
Alton Kidde |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Pacific |
Evans Reede |
Apache (San
Carlos) |
New Britain |
Frank Reede |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Luzon |
Edmund Smith |
Navajo |
Germany |
Silas Lefthand |
Navajo |
Luzon |
Fred R. Loukai |
Navajo |
Burma |
Felix Ashley |
Navajo |
Pacific |
Sam J. Earl |
Navajo |
Luzon |
Antonio J. Alvarez |
Papago |
France |
Alonzo Antone |
Papago |
Belgium |
Ventura B. |
Papago |
Italy |
Venito M. Condio |
Papago |
Luzon |
Austin Francisco |
Papago |
Luzon |
Lawrence Garcia |
Papago |
Italy |
Joe Gonzales |
Papago |
Luzon |
Joe C. Lewis |
Papago |
Luzon |
Dennis Manuel |
Papago |
Pacific |
Fred James |
Pima |
Pacific |
Henry Isaac Norris |
Papago |
England |
Joseph Hendricks |
Papago |
Luzon |
Stephen Thomas Carrillo |
Papago |
Okinawa |
Johnston Peters |
Pima |
Germany |
Edward Harris |
Papago |
Okinawa |
|
![Adam Harney](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar16a.jpg)
Adam Harney |
|
![Thomas Throssell](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar16b.jpg)
Thomas Throssell |
|
![Reginaldo Helms](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar16c.jpg)
Reginaldo Helms |
|
16
Raymond T. Carrillo |
Papago |
Okinawa |
Alfred Tsosie |
Navajo |
Bougainville |
Elwood King |
Navajo |
Iwo Jima |
Joe Singer |
Navajo |
Philippines |
Tom Singer |
Navajo |
Peleliu |
Walter Key Biye |
Navajo |
Pacific |
California |
Reginaldo Helms |
Mission (Soboba) |
Belgium |
John P. Emeterio |
Sacramento |
Belgium |
Otto Hodge |
Yurok |
Italy |
Baron D. Risling |
Hoopa |
U.S.A. |
Romaldo Natt |
Yurok |
Italy |
Joe Blacktooth |
Mission (Pala) |
Japan |
Augustine Quevas |
Mission (Santa Ysabel) |
Japan |
Lee M. Angel |
Mission (Mesa Grande) |
Germany |
Gilbert Cleland |
Mission (Mesa Grande) |
Germany |
George Estrada |
Mission (Mesa Grande) |
Saipan |
Steve Levi |
Mission (Torres-Martinez) |
Saipan |
Merced Norte |
Mission (Los Coyotes) |
France |
Gene Pablo |
Mission (Santa Ysabel) |
Pacific |
Philip Peters |
Mission (Pauma) |
U.S.A. |
Fred Rodriquez |
Mission (Rincon) |
Germany |
Bob Smith |
Mission (Mesa Grande) |
Germany |
Wilfred Ward |
Mission (La Jolla) |
Germany |
William Besoain |
Karok |
|
Melvin Cadoza |
Hoopa (Smith River) |
Saipan |
Henry Davis |
Hoopa (Weott) |
|
John Duncan |
Hoopa (Wailaki) |
Holland |
Charles L. Henderson |
Hoopa (Mattole) |
|
James Ladd |
Klamath |
Italy |
Eugene Lewis |
Yurok |
Iwo Jima |
Jack Mattz |
Yurok |
Holland |
Leonard W. Mosely |
Hoopa (Eel River) |
|
Floyd Pilgrim |
Klamath |
|
Arthur Case, Jr. |
Karok |
|
Colorado |
Albert Box |
Ute |
Leyte |
Wilbur Washington |
Ute |
Italy |
Elmer Lewis |
Navajo |
|
Idaho |
James Burt |
Shoshone |
Luzon |
Howard Cutler |
Shoshone |
Atlantic |
Stanley George |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Matthew Honenah |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Nelson Ingawanup |
Shoshone |
Europe |
James Mosho, Jr. |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Adolph Alexie |
Couer D'Alene |
Okinawa |
Kansas |
William Lasley |
Potawatomi |
Italy |
Herbert H. DeRoin |
Iowa |
France |
Paul G. Wamego |
Potawatomi |
Germany |
Edgar H. Goslin |
Kickapoo |
Pacific |
Minnesota |
Daniel McKenzie |
Chippewa |
Holland |
James L. Johnson |
Chippewa |
France |
Jacob Anderson |
Chippewa |
France |
|
![Stephen Thomas Carrillo](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar17a.jpg)
Stephen Thomas Carrillo |
|
![Ernest Stanley](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar17b.jpg)
Ernest Stanley |
|
![Daniel McKenzie](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar17c.jpg)
Daniel McKenzie |
|
17
Adolph King |
Chippewa |
France |
Lewis E. Taylor |
Chippewa |
Germany |
George Sheehy |
Chippewa |
Italy |
Francis S. Bushman |
Chippewa |
Manchukuo |
James I. Cook |
Chippewa |
Luzon |
George Kelly |
Chippewa |
France |
Peter Morgan |
Chippewa |
France |
Vincent Zimmerman |
Chippewa |
Europe |
John S. Mercer |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Joseph Weaver |
Chippewa |
Belgium |
Ralph Robinson |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Richard Johnson |
Chippewa |
Africa |
Jesse J. Tibbetts |
Chippewa |
English Channel |
Sylvester Charboneau |
Chippewa |
At Sea |
Lyman Tanner |
Chippewa |
Luzon |
Richard Boshey |
Chippewa |
Belgium |
Wesley Eagle |
Chippewa |
Pacific |
William Potter |
Chippewa |
Italy |
Robert TeJohn |
Chippewa |
Luzon |
Hubert Williams |
Chippewa |
Belgium |
Richard Sailor |
Chippewa |
France |
Martin E. Simons |
Chippewa |
Pacific |
Robert Belland |
Chippewa |
Italy |
Eddie Brown |
Chippewa |
Italy |
George Brunette |
Chippewa |
U.S.A. |
Dominic Misquadace |
Chippewa |
|
Lawrence Carl |
Chippewa |
Luzon |
Dean Ottershaw |
Chippewa |
Pacific |
Clifford John Antell |
Chippewa |
Pacific |
Mississippi |
Bob Allen |
Choctaw |
Solomons |
Gibson T. McMillan |
Choctaw |
Luzon |
Emmett Jackson |
Choctaw |
Germany |
Able Sam |
Choctaw |
Germany |
John Day Isaac |
Choctaw |
U.S.A. |
Raymond Martin |
Choctaw |
Germany |
Montana |
Murry L. Williamson |
Blackfeet |
Luzon |
Fredrick Bauer, Jr. |
Sioux |
Luzon |
Sam Dives Backwards |
Cheyenne |
Luzon |
George B. Magee, Jr. |
Blackfeet |
France |
Wilbur Spang |
Cheyenne |
U.S.A. |
Daniel L. Pablo |
Flathead |
Germany |
Warren L. Gardipe |
Flathead |
Philippines |
Leonard R. Jette |
Flathead |
|
Joseph O. Pronovost |
Flathead |
Pacific |
William Pronovost |
Flathead |
|
Louis C. Charlo |
flathead |
Iwo Jima |
Oswald A. Felsman |
Flathead |
France |
Pascal Bohn |
Flathead |
Belgium |
Julian A. Pablo |
Flathead |
Philippines |
Clarence L. Marengo |
Flathead |
Italy |
Elmer C. Ladue |
Flathead |
|
Fredrick E. Kasko |
Flathead |
|
Isaac Matt |
Flathead |
Germany |
Elvin Matt |
Flathead |
Germany |
Harvey W. Ducharme |
Flathead |
Germany |
|
![Lawrence Carl](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar18a.jpg)
Lawrence Carl |
|
![Murry Williamson](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar18b.jpg)
Murry Williamson |
|
![Sam Dives Backwards](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar18c.jpg)
Sam Dives Backwards |
|
18
Francis Heavyrunner |
Blackfeet |
France |
Eugene Horn |
Blackfeet |
Leyte |
William Wolftail |
Blackfeet |
France |
Fred De Roche |
Blackfeet |
Belgium |
Patrick Reevis |
Blackfeet |
Luzon |
William Allison, Jr. |
Blackfeet |
Germany |
Charles Stewart |
Blackfeet |
Pacific |
Roger K. Paul |
Blackfeet |
France |
Melvin Rides at the Door |
Blackfeet |
Germany |
Joseph Long Knife |
Assiniboine |
Luzon |
Benjamin Chopwood |
Assiniboine |
Italy |
Pius Wing |
Assiniboine |
France |
Richard King, Jr. |
Assiniboine |
France |
Murphy Gunn |
Assiniboine |
Pacific |
Nebraska |
Thomas H. Harrison |
Winnebago |
France |
Nevada |
Seymour Arnot |
Washoe |
Pacific |
Stanley Winnemucca |
Paiute |
|
Francis Shaw |
Paiute |
Africa |
Henry West, Jr. |
Paiute |
|
Scott Green |
Paiute |
|
Arthur F. Jones |
Paiute |
Africa |
Mike Drew |
Paiute |
Italy |
Edward Joe |
Washoe |
Peleliu |
Sidney Jack |
Paiute |
Europe |
Clarence Hanks |
Paiute |
Europe |
Warren Wilson |
Paiute |
Pacific |
New Mexico |
James Romero |
Laguna Pueblo |
|
Alex Fragua |
Jemez Pueblo |
France |
Pablo Fragua |
Jemez Pueblo |
|
Ben Quintana |
Cochiti Pueblo |
Philippines |
Anthony Mitchell |
Navajo |
France |
Osborne Sam |
Navajo |
|
Jack Antonio |
Acoma Pueblo |
Germany |
Jose R. Lucero |
Isleta Pueblo |
|
Alfonso G. Nahkai |
Navajo |
Palau Islands |
Aghe Beligoody |
Navajo |
France |
Silas Yazzie |
Navajo |
Italy |
Jim Tom |
Navajo |
France |
David Harvey |
Navajo |
Germany |
Bernard Dolan |
Apache (Mescalero) |
Belgium |
Martin Aragon |
Laguna Pueblo |
France |
Kee Y. Chico |
Navajo |
France |
Earl Ayze |
Navajo |
France |
Vincent Wemytewa |
Zuni |
Germany |
Harry White |
Navajo |
Italy |
John C. Nelson |
Navajo |
Leyte |
Paul G. Chaves |
Acoma Pueblo |
|
Jose Cruz Duran |
San Felipe Pueblo |
|
Jose C. Tenorio |
San Felipe Pueblo |
Pacific |
Raymond Rosetta |
Santo Domingo Pueblo |
|
Richard Jamon |
Zuni |
Luzon |
Joe Ben |
Navajo |
Luzon |
Hilario Armijo |
Jemez Pueblo |
Germany |
Cypriano Herrera |
Tesuque Pueblo |
Europe |
|
![Louis M. Charlo](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar19a.jpg)
Louis M. Charlo |
|
![Patrick Reevis](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar19b.jpg)
Patrick Reevis |
|
![Francis Heavyrunner](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar19c.jpg)
Francis Heavyrunner |
|
19
Jimmie Weahke |
Zuni |
Italy |
John Wesley Romero |
Laguna Pueblo |
Belgium |
Harley Kantenna |
Zuni |
Italy |
Paul Kinlahcheeny |
Navajo |
Iwo Jima |
Jose E. Lopez |
Santa Ana Pueblo |
|
George Vicenti |
Apache (Jicarilla) |
Romania |
Frank Lucero |
Laguna Pueblo |
Pacific |
Jose Chewiwi |
Isleta Pueblo |
Europe |
Jose Romero |
Santa Ana Pueblo |
Pacific |
Vicenti Mirabal |
Taos Pueblo |
Germany |
Sam Morgan |
Navajo |
Iwo Jima |
Edgar Lunasee |
Zuni |
Philippines |
Jose F. Mirabal |
Santa Clara Pueblo |
|
Mariano Pacheco |
Laguna Pueblo |
Italy |
Paul Fernando |
Laguna Pueblo |
Germany |
Joe B. Garcia |
Santo Domingo Pueblo |
Europe |
Ted Bird |
Santo Domingo Pueblo |
Germany |
Jimmy Rodriguez |
Laguna Pueblo |
|
Marce L. Korris |
Santo Domingo Pueblo |
Okinawa |
Harold White |
Navajo |
Italy |
Sidney David |
Navajo |
Philippines |
Jay Delawashie |
Navajo |
Philippines |
John Martin |
Navajo |
Philippines |
New York |
Collins Moses |
Seneca |
Germany |
Henry Powless |
Onondaga |
Tarawa |
Sylvester Thompson |
Mohawk |
France |
Silas William Chew |
Tuscarora |
Europe |
Ernest Printup |
Tuscarora |
Europe |
Archie Oakes |
Mohawk |
Europe |
Louis Barnes |
Mohawk |
France |
Andrew Cook |
Mohawk |
Manila |
Francis Jock |
Mohawk |
At Sea |
Clarence Carnon |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
At Sea |
John Seabrean |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
Sicily |
Carroll Patterson |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
France |
Kenneth Fatty |
Onondaga |
France |
Linas Snow |
Seneca |
France |
Roland Redeye |
Seneca |
|
Harlan Laye |
Seneca |
Germany |
Francis Waterman |
Onondaga |
Tarawa |
Kenneth Parker |
Seneca |
|
Raymond John |
Seneca |
|
Frank Doxtator |
Seneca |
|
North Carolina |
Mark J. Rattler |
Cherokee |
Pacific |
Isaac Ross |
Cherokee |
Pacific |
Vernon Sneed |
Cherokee |
Germany |
Enos Thompson |
Cherokee |
Luxembourg |
William Taylor, Jr. |
Cherokee |
Pacific |
Adam West Driver |
Cherokee |
Iwo Jima |
Jeremiah Toineeta |
Cherokee |
Germany |
Blaine Queen |
Cherokee |
Germany |
Richmond Lambert |
Cherokee |
Germany |
Edward Hardin |
Cherokee |
Pacific |
Clarence Murphy |
Cherokee |
U.S.A. |
Joshua Shell |
Cherokee |
Okinawa |
|
![Blaine Queen](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar20a.jpg)
Blaine Queen |
|
![Adam West Driver](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar20b.jpg)
Adam West Driver |
|
![Johnnie Buckner](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar20c.jpg)
Johnnie Buckner |
|
20
North Dakota |
Donald Hosie |
Arikara |
Holland |
Philip Lohnes |
Sioux (Fort Totten) |
New Britain |
Clarence Spotted Wolf |
Gros Ventre |
Luxembourg |
Leonard Red Tomahawk |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Leyte |
William A. Davis |
Chippewa |
New Guinea |
Joseph R. Agard |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Marianas |
Wallace J. Demery |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Ireland |
Louis Calvin Noel |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Belgium |
Matthew American Horse |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
Earle Defender |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Italy |
Joseph Goudreau |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
Paul Yankton |
Sioux (Fort Totten) |
France |
Oklahoma |
Harold E. Rogers |
Seneca |
Europe |
Grant Gover |
Pawnee |
France |
Dennis W. Bluejacket |
Shawnee-Cherokee |
Europe |
George Choate, Jr. |
Cheyenne-Arapaho |
|
Charles Edward Harris |
Pawnee |
France |
Reuben Mashunkashey |
Osage |
Luxembourg |
Moses Red Eagle |
Osage |
Italy |
Mathson Whiteshield |
Cheyenne-Arapaho |
|
Jim N. Chuculate |
Five Civilized Tribes |
Luxembourg |
Charles E. Sam |
Five Civilized Tribes |
Belgium |
Zack L. Smith |
Ponca |
Germany |
George D. Coons |
Pawnee |
Germany |
Cornelius Hardman, Jr. |
Ponca |
Luxembourg |
James L. Douglas |
Creek |
Philippines |
David Cross, Jr. |
Caddo-Cheyenne |
Philippines |
Wesley Osage |
Cheyenne |
Pacific |
Cyrus Packer |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Kingsley Allrunner |
Cheyenne |
U.S.A. |
Wayne Beartrack |
Cheyenne |
U.S.A. |
Nelson Bearbow |
Cheyenne |
U.S.A. |
Levi Hosetosavit |
Comanche |
France |
Rayson Billy |
Choctaw |
Sicily |
Davis Pickens |
Choctaw |
Sicily |
Dan Roebuck |
Choctaw |
Africa |
Lewis E. Wade |
Choctaw |
Germany |
John Floyd Wall |
Choctaw |
Pacific |
Edmond Perry |
Choctaw |
|
John Carney |
Choctaw |
|
Johnson Harjo |
Seminole |
France |
Charles W. Imotichey |
Chickasaw |
Italy |
Hershel L. Malone |
Chickasaw |
England |
Orus Baxter, Jr. |
Creek |
Germany |
James Sulphur |
Creek |
France |
Willie Scott |
Creek |
France |
Charles G. Keighley |
Osage |
Germany |
Own Mombi |
Choctaw |
Germany |
Whitney Holata |
Seminole |
England |
Sam Fixico |
Seminole |
Mediterranean |
Johnnie Buckner |
Creek |
Pacific |
James Paul Fireshaker |
Ponca |
Okinawa |
John Wallace |
Choctaw |
Africa |
Andrew Brokeshoulder |
Choctaw |
Sicily |
T.P. Hattensty |
Choctaw |
Anzio |
|
![Cornelius Hardman](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar21a.jpg)
Cornelius Hardman |
|
![Grant Gover](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar21b.jpg)
Grant Gover |
|
![James Sulphur](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar21c.jpg)
James Sulphur |
|
21
Billie Jack |
Choctaw |
New Guinea |
Paul B. Blanche |
Choctaw |
|
Osborne L. Blanche |
Choctaw |
Japan |
Ray Bohanon |
Choctaw |
Europe |
Aaron Cusher |
Choctaw |
|
Hanson H. Jones |
Choctaw |
|
Walter D. McClure |
Choctaw |
|
Aaron Watkins |
Choctaw |
|
LeRoy McNoel |
Choctaw |
|
Marion Ruling Harris |
Sac and Fox |
Tinian |
Andrew Warrior |
Shawnee |
|
Lee Edward Ahcheko |
Sac and fox |
Pacific |
Thomas P. Carter |
Sac and Fox |
|
Paul K. Stevens |
Kickapoo |
Europe |
Donald Beaver |
Caddo |
Europe |
Raymond Brown |
Wichita |
Europe |
Thomas Chockpoyah |
Comanche |
Europe |
Matthew Hawzipta |
Kiowa |
Germany |
Melvin Myers |
Comanche |
Europe |
Lyndreth Palmer |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Louis Rivas |
Comanche |
Europe |
Ben Trevino, Jr. |
Comanche |
Europe |
Gilbert Vidana |
Comanche |
Europe |
Joe Guoladdle |
Kiowa |
Pacific |
Nathaniel Bitseedy |
Kiowa-Apache |
U.S.A. |
Dan Madrano, Jr. |
Caddo |
Europe |
Forrest Tabbyyetchy |
Comanche |
U.S.A. |
Mont Bruce Williams |
Caddo |
U.S.A. |
John Stevens |
Choctaw |
Europe |
Lewis Mitchell |
Creek |
Atlantic |
Joseph J. King |
Ottawa |
Germany |
Johnnie F. Gokey |
Sac and Fox |
Luzon |
Joseph G. Bratton |
Osage |
Pacific |
Bennett H. Griffin |
Osage |
France |
Clabe C. Mackey |
Osage |
Germany |
Joseph L. LaSarge |
Osage |
Italy |
Harold L. McKinley |
Osage |
Philippines |
Rudolph McKinley |
Osage |
France |
Frank Riddle, Jr. |
Osage |
Pacific |
Milton Otis Ririe |
Osage |
Panama |
Harold B. Smalley |
Osage |
Pacific |
Eugene E. Slaughter |
Osage |
Pacific |
Clarence Tinker, Jr. |
Osage |
Mediterranean |
Robert E. Warrior |
Osage |
France |
Elmer C. Weinrich |
Osage |
Germany |
William Silas Coons |
Pawnee |
Italy |
Charles G. Red Bird |
Cheyenne |
Pacific |
William Sixkiller, Jr. |
Cherokee |
Saipan |
Henry W. Conowoop |
Comanche |
Luzon |
Floyd Primeaux |
Ponca |
|
Oregon |
Raymond L. Enouf |
Klamath |
Pacific |
Roscoe Dick |
Warm Springs |
Philippines |
Gilbert Yahtin |
Warm Springs |
Belgium |
Wesley Morrisette |
Walla Walla |
Italy |
|
![James L. Johnson](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar22a.jpg)
James L. Johnson |
|
![Lewis E. Taylor](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar22b.jpg)
Lewis E. Taylor |
|
![Vincent Village Center](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar22c.jpg)
Vincent Village Center |
|
22
South Dakota |
Guy L. Archambeau |
Sioux (Yankton) |
U.S.A. |
Daniel L. Quickbear |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Africa |
Joseph Running Horse |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Peleliu |
Raymond Lodge Skin |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Warren C. Bonnin |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Guam |
Floyd Bear Saves Life |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Philip G. Atkinson |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Reuben E. Redfeather |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Stanley C. Rogers |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Luzon |
Ole J. Johnson |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Germany |
James L. Janis |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Luxembourg |
Waldron Frazier |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
U.S.A. |
Stanley Goodbird |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Africa |
Joseph Supangi |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
France |
William Keoke |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Italy |
Louis LaBelle |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
France |
Arthur F. Sanders |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
France |
Norman Redthunder |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Germany |
Jacob Wood |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Europe |
Alexander DuMarce |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Biak Island |
Robert Lee White |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
U.S.A. |
Charles Under Baggage, Jr. |
Sioux (Pineridge) |
France |
Elmer A. Feather |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Luzon |
William Bird Horse |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Europe |
George D. LaPlant |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Levi Traversie |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Art Blue Arm |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Fred Colombe |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Luzon |
Winfield Loves War |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Europe |
Joseph Hairychin |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Pacific |
Thomas Crow Necklace |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
France |
William Flying Horse |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Luzon |
Vincent Village Center |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Belgium |
Aaron G. Bettelyoun |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Holland |
Louis Raymond Cottier |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Leyte |
Clement Crazy Thunder |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Iwo Jima |
Matt Good Shield |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
New Guinea |
Jacob Herman, Jr. |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Holland |
James LaPointe, Jr. |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Francis Leon Killer |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Chester Maple |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Leroy No Neck |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Holland |
Norman Portwood |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
English Channel |
Earl J. Two Bulls |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Leyte |
Thomas Waters |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Luzon |
Chester Afraid of Bear |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
U.S.A. |
George Ladeau |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
U.S.A. |
Pierre Pau Lee |
Sioux (Yankton) |
U.S.A. |
Leonard Q. Smith |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Pacific |
Albert Chief Eagle |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
U.S.A. |
Silas Running Eagle |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
U.S.A. |
James L. DeMarsche |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Tarawa |
Roy A Brandon |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Guam |
Earl J. Dion |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Africa |
William J. Dion |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Lorenzo W. Collins |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Howard Brandon |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Iwo Jima |
|
![Waldron Frazier](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar23a.jpg)
Waldron Frazier |
|
![Charles Under Baggage, Jr.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar23b.jpg)
Charles Under Baggage, Jr. |
|
![Felix Ashley](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar23c.jpg)
Felix Ashley |
|
23
William Dempsey Austin |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Jesse Cuny |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Charles Swimmer |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Luzon |
Joe Kitto |
Chippewa |
Belgium |
Lester Red Boy |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Vincent Fast Horse |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Utah |
Nelson Tonegates |
Ute |
Germany |
Ansel G. Wanzitz |
Ute |
France |
Washington |
Samuel C. Abrahamson |
Colville |
Manila |
Charles Schultz, Jr. |
Lummi |
France |
Richard Wood |
Clallam |
Germany |
Roy Knight |
Swinomish |
Belgium |
John Bobb |
Swinomish |
Germany |
Melvin Ross |
Muckleshoot |
Italy |
Jartin James |
Snoqualmie |
Luzon |
John H. Kittles |
Lummi |
Italy |
Herman John |
Nisqually |
Belgium |
Norman Simmons |
Quinaielt |
Okinawa |
Harry J. Cheholtz |
Toholah |
Philippines |
Wisconsin |
Richard J. Ackley |
Chippewa |
Italy |
Matthew Johnson |
Winnebago |
Europe |
Joseph Graverette |
|
Belgium |
Robert Duffy |
Chippewa |
|
Joseph Matchoma |
Menominee |
France |
Donald J. Brisk |
Oneida |
France |
Robert A. Cornelius |
Oneida |
Germany |
Melvin Jordan |
Oneida |
Germany |
Marvin Johns |
Oneida |
France |
Joseph Ninham |
Oneida |
|
Joseph J. White |
Winnebago |
France |
Milan St. Germaine |
Chippewa |
France |
Thomas Soldier |
Menominee |
France |
Arnold Tepiew |
Menominee |
Burma |
Joseph Komanekin |
Menominee |
France |
James C. Ford, Jr. |
Chippewa |
Italy |
Alpheus Decorah |
Winnebago |
|
George N. Johnson |
Winnebago |
|
Edmund Cornelius |
Oneida |
Pacific |
Wyoming |
Claude Goggles |
Arapaho |
Leyte |
Chester Arthur |
Arapaho |
Belgium |
William Trosper |
Arapaho |
|
John L. Brown |
Arapaho |
|
Lee Wadda |
Shoshone |
|
Laverne Wagon |
Shoshone |
|
Richard Pogue |
Shoshone |
|
Sidney Bush |
Shoshone |
|
George Antelope |
Arapaho |
|
|
![Charles Schultz](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar24a.jpg)
Charles Schultz |
|
![Joseph White](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar24b.jpg)
Joseph White |
|
![John H. Kittles](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar24c.jpg)
John H. Kittles |
|
24
Navajo Code Talkers
by
W/T Sgt. Murrey Marder
Marine Corps Combat Correspondent
Reprinted by permission of The Marine Corps Gazette
Through the Solomons, in the Marianas, at
Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and almost every island
where Marines have stormed ashore in this war,
the Japanese have heard a strange language
gurgling through the earphones of their radio
listening sets--a voice code which defies decoding.
To the linguistically keen ear it shows a trace of Asiatic origin, and a lot of what sounds like American double-talk. This strange tongue, one of the most select in the world, is Navajo, embellished with improvised words and phrases for military use. For three years it has served the Marine Corps well for transmitting secret radio and telephone messages in combat.
The dark-skinned, black-haired Navajo code talker, huddled over a portable radio or field phone in a regimental, divisional or corps command post, translating a message into Navajo as he reads it to his counterpart on the receiving end miles away, has been a familiar sight in the Pacific battle zone. Permission to disclose the work of these American Indians in marine uniform has just been granted by the Marine Corps.
Transmitting messages which the enemy
cannot decode is a vital military factor in any
engagement, especially where combat units
are operating over a wide area in which communications
must be maintained by radio.
Throughout the history of warfare, military
leaders have sought the perfect code--a code
which the enemy could not break down, no
matter how able his intelligence staff.
Most codes are based on the codist's native language. If the language is a widely-used one, it also will be familiar to the enemy and no matter how good your code may be the enemy eventually can master it. Navajo, however, is one of the world's "hidden" languages; it is termed "hidden," along with other Indian languages, as no alphabet or other symbols of it exist in the original form. There are only about 55,000 Navajos, all concentrated in one region, living on Government reservations and intensely clannish by nature, which has confined the tongue to its native area.
Except for the Navajos themselves, only a
handful of Americans speak the language. At
the time the Marine Corps adopted Navajo as
a voice code it was estimated that not more
than 28 other persons, American scientists or
missionaries who lived among the Navajos and
studied the language for years, could speak
Navajo fluently. In recent years, missionaries
and the Interior Department's Bureau of Indian
Affairs have worked on the compilation
of dictionaries and grammars of the language,
based on its phonetics, to reduce it to writing.
Even with these available it is said that a fluency
can be acquired from prepared texts only
by persons who are highly educated in English
and who have made a lengthy study of spoken
and written Navajo.
One of the reasons which prompted the
Marine Corps to adopt Navajo, in preference
to a variety of Indian tongues as used by the
AEF in the last war, was a report that Navajos
were the only Indian group in the United States
not infested with German students during the
20 years prior to 1941, when the Germans had
been studying tribal dialects under the guise of
art students, anthropologists, etc. It was
learned that German and other foreign diplomats
were among the chief customers of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs for the purchase of
publications dealing with Indian tribes, but it
was decided that even if Navajo books were in
enemy hands it would be virtually impossible
for the enemy to gain a working knowledge of
the language from that meager information. In
addition, even ability to speak Navajo fluently
would not necessarily enable the enemy to decode
a military message, for the Navajo dictionary
does not list military terms, and words
25
used for "jeep," "emplacement," "battery,"
"radar," "antiaircraft," etc., have been
improvised by Navajos in the field.
The adoption of code talkers by the Marine Corps stemmed from a request for Navajo communicators by Maj. Gen. Clayton B. Vogel, then Commanding General, Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet. A report submitted with his request said a Navajo enlistment program would have full support of the Tribal Council at Window Rock, Arizona, Navajo Reservation.
Acting on this request the Marine Corps'
Division of Plans and Policies in March 1942
sent Col. Wethered Woodworth to make a further
report on the subject, and a test was made
at the San Diego, Calif., Marine Base to determine
the practicality of Navajos as code talkers.
The test revealed that the Navajos who volunteered
for the experiment could transmit the
messages given, although with some variation
at the receiving end resulting from the lack of
exact words to transmit specific military terms.
For example, "Enemy is pressing attack on left
flank" would come out "the enemy is attacking
on the left."
Proper schooling in military phraseology, it
was believed, could correct this variation, and
the following month the Marine Corps authorized
an initial enlistment of 30 Navajos to ascertain
the value of their services.
The enlistment order required that recruits
meet full Marine Corps physical requirements
and have a sufficient knowledge of English and
Navajo to transmit combat messages in Navajo.
The recruits were to receive regular Marine
training, attend a Navajo school at the Fleet
Marine Force Training Center, Camp Elliott,
Calif., and then receive sufficient communications
training to enable them to handle their
specially qualified talent on the battlefield.
All the recruits spoke the same Navajo basically,
but there were certain word variations.
In Navajo, the same word spoken with four different
inflections has four different meanings.
The recruits had to agree on words which had
no shades of interpretation, for any variation
in an important military messages might be
disastrous. As might be expected in any group
of youths, they were not equal in education or
intelligence. Some of the military terms were
very complex to the unschooled; all had to be
able to understand them thoroughly in order
to translate them into their native language.
Some were not easily adaptable to communications
work. It was difficult in several instances
for non-Navajos to instruct the recruits in Marine
Corps activities; a few marine instructors
were unable to cope with the typical Indian
imperturbability.
On the other hand, many of the recruits were
well-educated, intelligent and quick to learn.
A number had worked for the Bureau of Indian
Affairs as clerks, and almost all the Navajos
had the highly developed Indian sensory perceptions.
There were some recruits like PFC Wilsie
H. Bitsie, whose father is district supervisor of
the Mexican Springs, N. Mex., Navajo District.
Bitsie became an instructor in the Navajo
School at Camp Elliott for a time, and helped
work out the much needed military terms. He
went on to join the marine Raiders and at New
Georgia his Navajo ability helped the Raiders
maintain contact with the Army command at
Munda while the marines knocked out Japanese
outposts in the jungle to the north.
Other code talkers went with the Third Marine
Division and the Raiders to Bougainville.
There some manned distant outposts, maintaining
contact in Navajo by radio. It was found
best to have close friends work together in
teams of two, for they could perfect their code
talk by personal contact.
The men in their units learned that in addition
to their language ability the Navajos also
could be good marines. They could do their
share of fighting and they made good scouts
and messengers.
There had been concern in some quarters
that dark-skinned Navajos might be mistaken
for Japs. In the latter days of the Guadalcanal
action one Army unit did pick up a Navajo
communicator on the coastal road and messaged
the marine command: "We have captured
a Jap in marine clothing with marine
identification tags." A marine officer was startled
to find the prisoner was a Navajo, who was
26
only bored by the proceedings.
The code talkers went on into more campaigns,
proving their ability, and the Navajo
quota in the Marine Corps rose from 30 to
420. At their TBXs they transmitted operational
orders which helped us advance from
the Solomons to Okinawa.
It was found that the Navajos are not necessary
at levels lower than battalions. For messages
between battalions and companies the
extra security is not required and speed is the
paramount issue.
The III Amphibious Corps reported that the
use of the talkers during the Guam and Peleliu
operations "was considered indispensable for
the rapid transmission of classified dispatches.
Enciphering and deciphering time would have
prevented vital operational information from
being dispatched or delivered to staff sections
with any degree of speed."
At Iwo Jima, Navajos transmitted messages
from the beach to division and Corps commands
afloat early on D-day, and after the division
commands came ashore, from division
ashore to Corps afloat.
Last April authority was granted to establish
a re-training course for Navajos at FMFPac.
Under this plan, five code talkers are taken
from each division to attend an intensive 21-day
course which gives emphasis to plane types,
ship types, printing and message writing, and
message transmission. These Navajos then return
to their divisions to instruct the remaining
men. It is emphasized that code talkers work
out successfully only where interest is shown
by the command and where training continues
between operations.
As for the Navajos themselves, they probably are not any more enthusiastic about the concentrated schooling than most young marines would be about schooling, for they are amused at being regarded as different from other marines.
On rare occasions, though, they do lapse into some typical Indian gyrations. Ernie Pyle, in one of his last dispatches from Okinawa, described how the First Division's Navajos had put on a ceremonial dance before leaving for Okinawa. In the ceremony, they asked the gods to sap the strength of the Japanese in the assault.
According to a later report, when the First
Division met the strong opposition in the south
of Okinawa, one marine turned to a Navajo
code talker and said,
"O.K., Yazzey, what about your little ceremony?
What do you call this?"
"This is different," answered the Navajo
with a smile. "We prayed only for an easy landing."
27
Indians Fought on Iwo Jima
Many Indians participated in the famous action on Iwo Jima. The most celebrated of these if Pfc. Ira H. Hayes, a full-blood Pima from Bapchule, Arizona, one of three survivors of the historic incident on Mount Suribachi, when six Marines raised the flag on the summit of the volcano, under heavy enemy fire. He served on Iwo Jima for 36 days and came away unwounded. Previously he had fought at Vella La Vella and Bougainville. Because of the nation-wide attention won by Rosenthal's dramatic photograph of the flag-raising, symbol and expression of the invincible American spirit, Hayes and his two comrades, Pharmacist's Mate John Bradley and Pfc. Rene A. Gagnon, were brought back to this country to travel extensively in support of the Seventh War Loan. In the photograph on the opposite page, Hayes is pointing out his position in the flag-raising patrol.
On May 1st, more than 1000 Indians of the
Pima tribe gathered at Bapchule to pay honor
to their fellow tribesman and to celebrate his
safe return. A barbecue feast, under a canopy
of brush, was followed by an impressive
religious ceremony, with prayers led to Protestant
and Catholic missionaries and songs by
several church choirs. Mrs. Hayes, Ira's mother,
asked two of the girl soloists to sing the
hymn, "He Will Deliver."
The National Congress of American Indians
gave a luncheon in honor of Hayes and his
comrades in Chicago on May 19, at which a
brief speech by Hayes was broadcast. At this
meeting he was made first commander of the
American Indian Veterans' Association. Pharmacist's
Mate Bradley stated in an interview
that Hayes was "a marked man on the island
because of his cool level-headedness and
efficiency." He refused to be leader of a platoon,
according to Bradley, because as he explained,
"I'd have to tell other men to go and
get killed, and I'd rather do it myself," When
he and the two others were ordered home to
take part in the War Loan campaign, Hayes
was reluctant to leave his fighting comrades,
and, after a few weeks in the United States,
requested that he be returned to overseas duty,
where he felt he would be of greater value to
his country.
A second Indian, Louis C. Charlo, Flathead, from Montana, climbed Mount Suribachi with a Marine patrol shortly after the flag was raised on its summit. He was killed in action not long afterward, fighting to keep the Stars and Stripes on the mountain. Louis was the grandson of Chief Charlo of Nez Perce war fame, a leader who maintained his friendship with the white people throughout those trying times.
Among Indians listed as wounded on the island
are Pfc. Ray Flood, Sioux, from Pine
Ridge; Verne Ponzo, Shoshone, Fort Hall; Orville
Goss, Sidney Brown, Jr. and Richard J.
Brown,; Robert Spahe, Jicarilla Apache;
Thomas Chapman, Jr., Pawnee, and William
M. Fletcher, Cheyenne, from Oklahoma;
Joseph R. Johnson, Papago, Arizona; Pfc.
Glenn Wasson and Pfc. Clarence L. Chavez,
Paiute, Nevada; and Richard Burson, Ute. from
Utah. Killed were Pvt. Howard Brandon, Rosebud
Sioux; Pfc. Clement Crazy Thunder, Pine
Ridge Sioux, whose photograph appeared in the
May-June 1943 issue of Indians at Work; Pfc.
Adam West Driver, Cherokee, from North Carolina;
Pvt. Eugene Lewis, Yurok, California;
and Paul Kinlahcheeny, Navajo. Leland Chavez,
S 1-c, Paiute, Nevada, is reported missing
in action.
Sgt. Warren Sankey, Arapaho, from El Reno, Oklahoma, was one of the crew which first knocked out a Japanese tank on Iwo Jima.
28
![Pfc. Ira H. Hayes. (Official Marine Corps Photo.)](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar29.jpg)
Pfc. Ira H. Hayes. (Official Marine Corps Photo.)
Two Flathead Indian brothers, Daniel and
John Moss, Marines from Arlee, Montana, met
unexpectedly on Iwo Jima, and both came
safely through the fighting. Their father,
Henry Moss, served with the Marines in the
First World War.
One of four survivors of his company is Pvt.
Clifford Chebahtah, Comanche, of Anadarko,
Oklahoma. Pvt. Chebahtah was injured on
Iwo Jima and was granted a two weeks' furlough
at home.
"I was lying in a foxhole when I saw our
boys raise the flag on the top of the volcanic
mountain of Suribachi, and cold shivers ran
down my spine," he said.
29
Wounded in Action
Paul Hendricks |
Papago |
Germany |
Manuel Kisto |
Papago |
Germany |
Fernando Lopez |
Papago |
Europe |
Nelson Lopez |
Papago |
Belgium |
Nolia Lopez |
Papago |
Belgium |
Hanson Norris |
Papago |
France |
Raymond Norris |
Papago |
Germany |
Louis Ortegas |
Papago |
France |
Ralph Patricio |
Papago |
Holland |
Ignacio B. Santos |
Papago |
France |
Rovelto Siquieros |
Papago |
Germany |
Victor B. Stevens |
Papago |
Germany |
Jose V. Wilson |
Papago |
Italy |
Patrick J. Franko |
Papago |
France |
Joseph R. Johnson |
Papago |
Iwo Jima |
Burton A. Narcho |
Papago |
Guam |
Manuel T. Lucas |
Papago |
Germany |
Andrew J. Mendez |
Papago |
Germany |
Augustine Chico |
Papago |
New Guinea |
Francisco S. Jose |
Papago |
New Britain |
Henry Harvey |
Papago |
New Britain |
Alonzo Enos |
Pima |
New Guinea |
Jose Patricio |
Papago |
Pacific |
Robert Perry Reede |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Germany |
George Smith |
Apache (San Carlos) |
New Guinea |
Laurie Tungovia |
Hopi |
Italy |
Andrew Nutima |
Hopi |
|
Harry Chinn |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Luxembourg |
Roger Dickson |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Belgium |
George Stevens |
Apache (San Carlos) |
France |
Clark Tungovia |
Hopi |
Luzon |
Louis M. Valdez |
Papago |
France |
William Brown |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Germany |
Chester Buck |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Luzon |
Jose Bush |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Germany |
David Miles |
Apache (San Carlos) |
France |
Patrick Morgan |
Apache (San Carlos) |
North Africa |
Stanton Norman |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Belgium |
George Patten |
Apache (San Carlos) |
Luzon |
Womack Pavatea |
Hopi |
Germany |
Sylvester Mahone |
Hualapai |
France |
Wallace Querta |
Hualapai |
Saipan |
California |
Shuman Shaw |
Paiute |
Europe |
Benjamin D. Oscar |
Yurok |
Holland |
Walter Campbell |
Pomo |
France |
Samuel Powvall |
Mission |
Germany |
William I. Reed |
Yurok |
Pacific |
Kenneth Frank |
Yurok |
Pacific |
Harvey McCardie |
Hoopa |
|
Cornelius Morehead |
Hoopa (Smith River) |
|
Eldred Norris |
Yurok-Hoopa |
|
Albert Richards, Jr. |
Hoopa (Eel River) |
U.S.A. |
Fred W. Scott |
Hoopa |
|
Albert Bartow |
Klamath |
|
|
![Manuel Lucas](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar30a.jpg)
Manuel Lucas |
|
![George Stevens](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar30b.jpg)
George Stevens |
|
![Womack Pavatea](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar30c.jpg)
Womack Pavatea |
|
30
Clarence Bennett |
Hoopa (Salmon River) |
|
Leon Chase |
Klamath-Hoopa |
|
Shan Davis |
Klamath |
Italy |
Vernon Davis |
Klamath-Hoopa |
|
Wilfred Ferris |
Klamath |
|
Benonie Harrier |
Karok |
|
Adolph Brown |
Mission (Baron Long) |
Germany |
Martin Brown |
Mission (Baron Long) |
Germany |
Theodore Chutnicut |
Mission (Los Coyotes) |
Pacific |
William Coleman |
Mission (Campo) |
Germany |
Lester Elliott |
Mission (Manzanita) |
Germany |
Pablo Largo |
Mission (Campo) |
Italy |
Frank Laws |
Mission (Morongo) |
Pacific |
Thomas Laws |
Mission (Morongo) |
Pacific |
Pat Leo |
Mission (Santa Ysabel) |
Germany |
Peter Leo |
Mission (Santa Ysabel) |
Germany |
Donald Jamieson |
Mission (Rincon) |
Okinawa |
Marcus Paipa |
Mission (Santa Ysabel) |
Pacific |
Antonio Ento |
Mission (Campo) |
Italy |
Frank Subish |
Mission (Mesa Grande) |
Germany |
Kenneth Nombrie |
Torres-Martinez |
Italy |
Florian Lyons |
Mission (Pala) |
Germany |
Carmel Valenzuela |
Mission (Soboba) |
Pacific |
Senon Arenas |
Mission (Cahuilla) |
Germany |
Colorado |
Anthony Burch |
Ute |
Belgium |
Allen Carel |
Ute |
Holland |
John Werito |
Navajo |
Pacific |
Curtis Toledo |
Navajo |
Pacific |
Raymond Lopez |
Navajo |
Pacific |
Idaho |
Lawrence Bagley |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Eldon Blackhawk |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Waimmie Chedahap |
Shoshone-Bannock |
Europe |
Kenneth Cosgrove |
Shoshone-Bannock |
Europe |
Roger E. Galloway |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Franklin Hootchew |
Shoshone-Bannock |
Europe |
Orlin Judson |
Sioux |
Europe |
Kenneth Kutch |
Shoshone-Bannock |
Pacific |
Herbert LeClair |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Thomas LaVatta |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Layton Littlejohn |
Bannock |
Europe |
Steve Perdash |
Shoshone |
Europe |
Verne Ponzo |
Shoshone |
Iwo Jima |
John B. Riley |
Shoshone |
Pacific |
Jarvis Roubidoux |
Shoshone |
Pacific |
Kansas |
Milton LaClair |
Potawatomi |
France |
James Kagmega (Kegg) |
Potawatomi |
France |
Orlando P. Green |
Potawatomi |
Germany |
Elwin Shopteese |
Potawatomi |
France |
Edward Rice |
Potawatomi |
Pacific |
Louisiana |
Abel John |
Coushatta |
Pacific |
Ira B. John |
Coushatta |
Pacific |
Solomon Batiste |
Coushatta |
Pacific |
Albert Williams |
Coushatta |
Europe |
Newton Williams |
Coushatta |
Europe |
Gilbert Abbey |
Coushatta |
Pacific |
|
![Shuman Shaw](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar31a.jpg)
Shuman Shaw |
|
![Joseph R. Johnson](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar31b.jpg)
Joseph R. Johnson |
|
![Verne Ponzo](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar31c.jpg)
Verne Ponzo |
|
31
Michigan |
Irving J. Theodore |
Saginaw |
Pacific |
Thurlow McClellan |
Ottawa-Chippewa |
Palaus |
Minnesota |
Daniel Bellanger |
Chippewa |
France |
John Northrup |
Chippewa |
France |
Eugene Johnson |
Chippewa |
Cassino |
Jimmie Lussier |
Chippewa |
|
Harry Fairbanks |
Chippewa |
France |
William Jourdain |
Chippewa |
|
Maurice Kelley |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Stanley Nordwall |
Chippewa |
|
Johnson Roy |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Simon Desjarlait |
Chippewa |
Belgium |
Delmar Needham |
Chippewa |
|
George L. Mason |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Wallace D. Stewart |
Chippewa |
France |
William Good |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Raymond F. Roberts |
Chippewa |
France |
Robert King |
Chippewa |
France |
Harry Smith |
Chippewa |
France |
Frank N. Lajeunesse |
Chippewa |
Normandy |
Frank A. Toutloff |
Chippewa |
Pacific |
George H. Trombley |
Chippewa |
Luzon |
Edward George Burns |
Chippewa |
Guam |
Herbert Beaulieu |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Albert Whitecloud |
Chippewa |
New Guinea |
Louis Livingston |
Chippewa |
Leyte |
John Davis |
Chippewa |
France |
James Deschamps |
Chippewa |
France |
Mark Naganub |
Chippewa |
|
Jeffrey Duhaime |
Chippewa |
|
Stephen Zimmerman |
Chippewa |
Leyte |
Lloyd Paro |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Andrew Amyotte |
Chippewa |
|
William Amyotte |
Chippewa |
|
Eugene Amyotte |
Chippewa |
|
Burdette Shearer |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Louis Dunn |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Phillip Roy |
Chippewa |
Luzon |
Everett Ojibway |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Eugene Savage |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Gerald Sheehy |
Chippewa |
Italy |
Clifford Danielson |
Chippewa |
Italy |
Robert Wendling |
Chippewa |
Germany |
Eugene Howes |
Chippewa |
Italy |
William Howes |
Chippewa |
Pacific |
Mississippi |
Frank Billy |
Choctaw |
Pacific |
Bethany Morris |
Choctaw |
Europe |
Hudson Tubby |
Choctaw |
Europe |
Willie Thompson |
Choctaw |
Europe |
Sidney Wilson |
Choctaw |
Europe |
J.C. Willis |
Choctaw |
Mediterranean |
John Lee Gibson |
Choctaw |
Europe |
|
![William Good](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar32a.jpg)
William Good |
|
![Raymond F. Roberts](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar32b.jpg)
Raymond F. Roberts |
|
![Sam Spottedeagle](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar32c.jpg)
Sam Spottedeagle |
|
32
Montana |
Max Small |
Cheyenne |
|
Edward Sam Bixby |
Cheyenne |
|
Dale Spang |
Cheyenne |
|
Jasper Tallwhiteman |
Cheyenne |
|
Ben Bearchum |
Cheyenne |
|
Robert Bigback |
Cheyenne |
|
Russell Fisher |
Cheyenne |
|
Elmore Limberhand |
Cheyenne |
|
Arthur Youngbear |
Cheyenne |
|
George Nequette |
Blackfeet |
Europe |
John McKay |
Blackfeet |
Italy |
Frank Baker |
Blackfeet |
Italy |
John A. Gobert |
Blackfeet |
Leyte |
Clarence Cadotte |
Blackfeet |
Europe |
Harry Schildt |
Blackfeet |
Pacific |
Orville Goss |
Blackfeet |
Iwo Jima |
Sidney Brown, Jr. |
Blackfeet |
Iwo Jima |
Stanley Bird |
Blackfeet |
Philippines |
Eugene Heavyrunner |
Blackfeet |
Philippines |
Samuel Spottedeagle |
Blackfeet |
Philippines |
Emil Bearchild |
Blackfeet |
|
Richard J. Brown |
Blackfeet |
Iwo Jima |
Warren Oliver Clark |
Flathead |
Pacific |
Henry Lozeau |
Flathead |
Pacific |
Peter Stiffarm |
Gros Ventre |
France |
Calvin Bigby |
Assiniboine |
Germany |
Rufus Bradley |
Gros Ventre |
Pacific |
August Decelles, Jr. |
Gros Ventre |
Pacific |
Charles Decelles |
Gros Ventre |
Iwo Jima |
Billie Snell |
Assiniboine |
Saipan |
Thomas Joseph Bell |
Gros Ventre |
Pacific |
Bert Larsen |
Gros Ventre |
France |
Thomas Ball |
Assiniboine |
Italy |
Nebraska |
Elwood Harden |
Winnebago |
France |
Nevada |
Dickson Hooper |
Shoshone |
Italy |
Carl Dick |
Shoshone |
Germany |
Raymond Blackhat |
Shoshone |
Germany |
Pacheco Gibson |
Shoshone |
Guam |
New Mexico |
Hiram R. Brown |
Acoma Pueblo |
|
Francis J. Johnson |
Acoma Pueblo |
|
Manuel R. Cata |
San Juan Pueblo |
|
Regorio Calabaza |
Santo Domingo Pueblo |
|
Dempsey Chapito |
Zuni |
|
Arsenio Sanchez |
|
|
Cyrus Mahkee |
Zuni |
Guam |
Jose B. Valdez |
Isleta Pueblo |
|
Jose P. Lucero |
Jemez Pueblo |
|
James Mitchell |
Navajo |
France |
Richard H. Marmon |
Laguna Pueblo |
Germany |
Ted Shashewannie |
Zuni |
|
James D. Sice |
Laguna Pueblo |
|
William J. Naranjo |
Navajo |
Sicily |
Ned Arviso |
|
Marianas |
|
![Thurlow McClellan](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar33a.jpg)
Thurlow McClellan |
|
![Daniel Bellanger](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar33b.jpg)
Daniel Bellanger |
|
![Elwood Harden](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar33c.jpg)
Elwood Harden |
|
33
Walter H. Kokie |
Laguna Pueblo |
Europe |
Frank Romero |
Taos |
Europe |
Ignacio Trujillo |
Jemez Pueblo |
Europe |
Fred Zuni |
Isleta Pueblo |
Europe |
John Kayate |
Laguna Pueblo |
Europe |
Frank Lujan |
Taos |
Europe |
Clifford Etsitty |
Navajo |
Attu, Germany |
Nevin H. Eckerman |
Laguna Pueblo |
|
Sefferino Juancho |
Isleta Pueblo |
Europe |
David W. Tsosie |
Navajo |
Saipan |
Sam P. Poplano |
Zuni |
France |
Steve Chee |
Navajo |
Europe |
Joe Chavez |
Acoma Pueblo |
Europe |
Manuel Lamy |
Zuni |
Europe |
Tommy Maria |
Laguna Pueblo |
Europe |
Joe Pacheco |
Santo Domingo Pueblo |
Europe |
Carlos Lawsayatee |
Zuni |
Europe |
Ben D. Laate |
Zuni |
Europe |
Joe Leekity |
Zuni |
Europe |
Jose Jaramillo |
Isleta Pueblo |
Europe |
Jose P. Cordova |
Taos |
Pacific |
Wayne Dez |
Navajo |
Pacific |
Andres Chino |
Acoma Pueblo |
Europe |
Joe A. Sanchez |
San Felipe Pueblo |
Europe |
Jimmy Begay |
Navajo |
Italy |
Walter Balatchu |
Apache (Mescalero) |
Belgium |
Charlie Cachucha |
Apache (Jicarilla) |
Belgium |
David Muniz |
Apache (Jicarilla) |
Europe |
Robert Spahe |
Apache (Jicarilla) |
Iwo Jima |
David Velarde |
Apache (Jicarilla) |
Europe |
Vicenti Veneno |
Apache (Jicarilla) |
Europe |
Thomas Vigil |
Apache (Jicarilla) |
Bougainville |
Manuel Holcomb |
Santa Clara Pueblo |
Germany |
Bennie R. Yazzie |
Navajo |
Germany |
Pete Candelario |
San Felipe Pueblo |
Europe |
Jose L. Zuni |
Isleta Pueblo |
Europe |
Arthur E. Tsyitee |
Zuni |
Austria |
Fedelino Sanchez |
Santa Ana Pueblo |
Europe |
Ventura S. Howeya |
Acoma Pueblo |
Europe |
Clemente Fragua |
Jemez Pueblo |
Europe |
Phillip L. Martinez |
Acoma Pueblo |
Europe |
Monico M. Garcia |
Acoma Pueblo |
Europe |
Juan A. Jaramillo |
Isleta Pueblo |
Philippines |
James S. Ortiz |
San Juan Pueblo |
Philippines |
Joseph Aragon |
Laguna Pueblo |
|
Stewart Batala |
Laguna Pueblo |
Pacific |
Joseph R. Kowemecewa |
Laguna Pueblo |
Europe |
Lawrence Archuleta |
San Juan Pueblo |
Europe |
Juan D. Pino |
Zia Pueblo |
Europe |
Ivan C. Hatti |
Zuni |
Europe |
Dan Simplicio |
Zuni |
Europe |
Simon Wallace |
Zuni |
Pacific |
Duncan Suitza |
Zuni |
Europe |
Telesfor Tsethlika |
Zuni |
Europe |
Frank Trujillo |
Taos Pueblo |
Pacific |
Ben House |
Navajo |
Pacific |
|
![Edward John Northrup](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar34a.jpg)
Edward John Northrup |
|
![Clifford Etsitty](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar34b.jpg)
Clifford Etsitty |
|
![Russell Deserly](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar34c.jpg)
Russell Deserly |
|
34
New York |
Arthur Lazore |
Mohawk |
France |
Leonard Beaubien |
Mohawk |
France |
Francis Billings |
Mohawk |
France |
William Cook |
Mohawk |
Palaus |
Stanley Connors |
Mohawk |
France |
Louis Martin |
Mohawk |
Europe |
Wilford Smith |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
|
Orlando Scorgg |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
France |
Warren Spring |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
|
Eugene Reuben |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
|
Cortland Luna |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
|
Marvin Crouse |
Onondaga |
|
Randall Poodry |
Tonawanda-Seneca |
Tunis |
Edward Black |
Onondaga |
France |
Vincent Printup |
Tuscarora |
|
Harrison Henry |
Tuscarora |
|
William Mt. Pleasant |
Tuscarora |
|
Frederick Schanandoah |
Onondaga |
Italy |
Chapman Schanandoah |
Onondaga |
Atlantic |
Clifford Crouse |
Seneca |
France |
Delbert Crowe |
Seneca |
Luzon |
Carl Johnson |
Seneca |
Normandy |
Willard Jacobs |
Seneca |
Luzon |
Donald Black |
Seneca |
Brazil |
Wilbur Shongo |
Seneca |
Pacific |
Merle Warner |
Seneca |
Italy |
North Dakota |
Russell F. Deserly |
Arikara |
France |
Albert Archambault |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Anzio |
Herbert Buffalo Boy |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Holland |
Lawrence Bearsheart |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Normandy |
Patrick Blackcloud |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Betio Island |
Leslie Shields |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Atlantic |
Sidney Cottonwood |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
Joe Ramsay |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
Garfield Antelope |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Leyte |
Gilbert Goodiron |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Italy |
George Goodwood |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Europe |
Oklahoma |
Rudolph Allen |
Tonkawa |
Europe |
Oland Kemble |
Ponca |
France |
Levi Horsechief |
Pawnee |
Europe |
Marcellus Choteau |
Kaw |
Philippines |
Gale New Moon |
Ponca |
Europe |
Lawrence Good Fox, Jr. |
Pawnee |
Europe |
James Armstrong, Jr. |
Caddo-Cheyenne |
Pacific |
Francis Bates |
Arapaho |
Europe |
Harold S. Beard |
Cheyenne-Arapaho |
Aleutians |
Rubin Bent |
Quapaw-Cheyenne |
Europe |
Oliver Black |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Richard Boynton, Jr. |
Cheyenne-Arapaho |
Europe |
Roy Bullcoming |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Richard Curtis, Jr. |
Cheyenne |
Mediterranean |
William M. Fletcher |
Cheyenne |
Iwo Jima |
Paul Goodbear |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
John Greaney, Jr. |
Cheyenne |
Pacific |
Charles F. Gurrier |
Sioux-Cheyenne |
Pacific |
|
![William Cook](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar35a.jpg)
William Cook |
|
![Lawrence Bearsheart](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar35b.jpg)
Lawrence Bearsheart |
|
![Henry N. Greenwood](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar35c.jpg)
Henry N. Greenwood |
|
35
Warren L. Hawk |
Cheyenne |
Kiska |
James Holland, Jr. |
Arapaho |
Pacific |
Darwin Lone Elk |
Cheyenne |
Pacific |
Henry Mann |
Cheyenne |
Holland |
Edward B. Mule |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Roy Night Walking |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Lee Old Camp, Jr. |
Cheyenne-Arapaho |
Pacific |
Willie Orange |
Cheyenne |
Pacific |
William F. Pawnee |
Arapaho |
Europe |
David Penn |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Philip Strongwolf |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Elmer C. Surveyor |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
George Swallow |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Everett Sweezy |
Arapaho-Oneida |
Europe |
William Tallbird, Jr. |
Cheyenne |
Europe |
Harvey West |
Cheyenne |
Pacific |
Solus B. Lewis |
Creek |
Europe |
Isaac McCurtain |
Choctaw |
Europe |
Luther King |
Choctaw |
Sicily |
Richmond J. Larney |
Seminole |
France |
Houston Palmer |
Creek |
Anzio |
Jacob Fish |
Five Civilized Tribes |
Huertgen Forest |
Chester Underwood |
Five Civilized Tribes |
Germany |
Henry N. Greenwood |
Chickasaw |
Italy |
Tom Fixico |
Creek |
Sicily, Italy |
Joe Fixico |
Creek |
France |
John P. Lowe |
Creek |
Anzio, France |
Jack Bruner |
Creek |
Italy |
Danny Marshall |
Creek |
France, Italy |
Munzie Barnett |
Creek |
Germany |
Sampson Harjo |
Creek |
France |
Martin Mitchell |
Creek |
Pacific |
William M. Beaver |
Creek |
France |
Sam McCann |
Choctaw |
France |
Daniel Phillips, Jr. |
Creek |
France |
Franklin Gritts |
Cherokee |
Pacific |
Cornelius L. Wakolee |
Potawatomi |
Italy |
Jack Montgomery |
Cherokee |
Italy |
Calvin Dailey |
Otoe |
France |
Robert Hoag |
Caddo-Delaware |
Italy |
Robert L. Templeton |
Pawnee |
Leyte |
Jesse B. Thompson |
Choctaw |
|
James R. Hattensty |
Choctaw |
Italy |
Solomon Roberts |
Choctaw |
Germany |
Esra H. Wallace |
Choctaw |
|
J.D. Walker |
Seminole |
Europe |
Miller Yahola |
Seminole |
Europe |
Johnson Davis |
Seminole |
Belgium |
Amos Davis |
Seminole |
France |
Harding Bog Bow |
Kiowa |
Germany |
Edward M. Rodgers |
Quapaw |
Kwajalein |
Rudolph Akoneto, Jr. |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Raymond Arkeketa |
Kiowa |
Pacific |
Kenneth Aunquoe |
Kiowa |
Pacific |
Hubert Dennis Beaver |
Delaware-Shawnee |
Pacific |
Samuel W. Chaat |
Comanche |
Europe |
Clifford Chebahtah |
Comanche |
Iwo Jima |
Edward Clark |
Comanche |
|
Leonard Cozad |
Kiowa |
Europe |
|
![William A. Harris, Jr.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar36a.jpg)
William A. Harris, Jr. |
|
![Sam McCann](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar36b.jpg)
Sam McCann |
|
![Tom Fixico](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar36c.jpg)
Tom Fixico |
|
36
Hugh Doyebi |
Kiowa |
Bastogne |
Noah Horsechief |
Wichita |
|
Lamont Howry |
Comanche |
Europe |
Rickey Kaulaity |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Samuel Kaulay |
Kiowa |
Aleutians |
William Kaulay |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Robert Komesataddle |
Kiowa |
Pacific |
Waynen L. Miller |
Wichita |
Europe |
Wilson B. Palmer |
Kiowa |
Tarawa |
Wilbur Parker |
Comanche |
|
Frederick E. Parton |
Caddo |
Europe |
Pascal C. Poolaw |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Melvin G. Queton |
Kiowa |
Pacific |
Virgil Queton |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Winston Rose |
Wichita |
|
don Shemayme |
Caddo |
Europe |
Claude Shirley |
Caddo |
Europe |
Chester Silverhorn |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Reuben Topaum |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Kent C. Ware |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Pressley Ware |
Kiowa |
|
Robert Yeahpau |
Kiowa |
Europe |
Raymond Woodard |
Apache |
Europe |
Thomas Chapman, Jr. |
Pawnee |
Iwo Jima |
Samuel Battiest |
Choctaw |
Germany |
Samuel Marshall |
Creek |
Europe |
Robert H. Colbert, Jr. |
Creek |
Europe |
Andrew Roberts |
Pawnee |
Europe |
Jacob Moses |
Pawnee |
Europe |
Jesse Howell |
Pawnee |
U.S.A. |
James G. Cleghorn |
Otoe |
|
Edison DeRoin |
Otoe |
Africa |
Calvin Arkeketa |
Otoe |
Europe |
Jimmy Black |
Otoe |
|
Ernest Black |
Otoe |
|
Jonas Hartico |
Otoe |
|
Rufus Jeans |
Otoe |
|
Bill Pipestem |
Otoe |
|
Pershing White |
Otoe |
|
Theodore Buffalo |
Otoe |
Italy |
Ernest J. Kekahbah |
Kaw |
Italy |
William A. Harris, Jr. |
Pawnee |
Italy, Germany |
Oregon |
John Sampson |
Cayuse-Umatilla |
France |
Edson Chiloquin |
Klamath-Modoc |
|
Roland Jackson |
Klamath-Paiute |
|
LeRoy A. Moore |
Klamath-Modoc |
|
Marvin J. Walker |
Klamath |
|
John Jackson, Jr. |
Klamath |
|
South Dakota |
Theodore Taylor |
Sioux (Flandreau) |
New Guinea |
Ralph Gullickson |
Sioux (Flandreau) |
Aachen |
Warren Gullickson |
Sioux (Flandreau) |
Leyte |
Woodrow Keeble |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
North Africa |
Francis Adams |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Italy |
Joseph Gray |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Germany |
Leroy Heminger |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
France |
Nathan Wilson |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Germany |
|
![Houston Palmer](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar37a.jpg)
Houston Palmer |
|
![Joe Fixico](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar37b.jpg)
Joe Fixico |
|
![Harding Big Bow](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar37c.jpg)
Harding Big Bow |
|
37
Floyd P. Deegan |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Palaus |
Herman Thompson |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Philippines |
Louis M. DeCoteau |
Sioux (Sisseton) |
Germany |
Louis Provost |
Omaha |
Belgium |
Leo Shot With Two Arrows |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Enoch Bald Eagle |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Edward Eagle Boy |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Philip Elk Head |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Joe Paul Fourbear |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Joe Gray |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Robert C. Hale |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
James Hand Boy |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Charles Hiatt |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Lawrence Horn |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Clifford Iron Moccasin |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Charles Kessler |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
George Knife |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Charles Lafferty |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Levi LeBeau |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Louis LeCompte |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Roy R. Smith |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Sampson One Skunk |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Ziebach Thompson |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Cecil Curley |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Garnet Black Bear |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Robert Manley |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Aloysius A. Fielder |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Earl Kessler |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Douglas Collins |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Philip LaBlanc |
Sioux (Cheyenne River) |
|
Floyd Jackson |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Cologne |
Edwin Demery |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
Johnson Twohearts |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Africa |
Walter Tiger |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Philippines |
Joseph Lawrence |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Europe |
Ambrose Antelope |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
John Bearking |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Pacific |
Frank Vermillion |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Italy |
William Marshall |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
Abraham Long Chase |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
At sea |
Sidney Eagle Shield |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Philippines |
Alex Village Center |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Pacific |
Peter Taken Alive |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Pacific |
Ambrose Dog Eagle |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Anzio |
Joseph Flying Bye |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Europe |
Joseph Cadotte |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Europe |
Calvin Flying Bye |
Sioux (Standing Rock) |
Germany |
Joseph Angel |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
John Bearnose |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Philippines |
Carl C. Bettelyoun |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Everett Bettelyoun |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Joseph Bettelyoun |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Italy |
Waldron Bettelyoun |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Henry Black Elk |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Moses Blindman |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Ernest Blue Legs |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Burma |
Owen Brings |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Carl Broken Rope |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Italy |
|
![Miller Yahola](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar38a.jpg)
Miller Yahola |
|
![Louis Provost](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar38b.jpg)
Louis Provost |
|
![Frank N. Lajeunesse](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar38c.jpg)
Frank N. Lajeunesse |
|
38
Vance Broken Rope |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Belgium |
Lanert Brown Eyes |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Morris Bull Bear |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Belgium |
Moses Bullman |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Leo F. Cottier |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Belgium |
Adolph Eagle Louse |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Philippines |
Edison Fire Thunder |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Roy Flood |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Iwo Jima |
Blair Gray Grass |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Belgium |
Adam Gay |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Italy |
Joshua Gay |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Alex Hernandez |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Alphonso Hernandez |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Vincent Hunts Horses |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Theodore Iron Teeth |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Norman Janis |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Burma |
Richard Janis |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Douglas Larabee |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Aloysius Little Whiteman |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Italy |
Walter Martinez |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Luxembourg |
Floyd Merrival |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Italy |
Chester Mills |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Peter Nelson |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Belgium |
Ernest Peck |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Clarence Pumpkin Seed |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Stephen Red Bow |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Homer Red Eyes |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Stanley Red Wing |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Floyd Russell |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Collins Sharpfish |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Hobert Shot to Pieces |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Ellis Shoulder |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Martin Slow Bear |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Italy |
Loyal E. Stover |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Edward Spotted Bear |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Joseph Tapio |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Atlantic |
Leroy Tenfingers |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Theodore Tibbetts |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Calvin J. Tyon |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Luzon |
Roy White Butterfly |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Leonard White Bull |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Italy |
Levi Yellow Boy |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Eugene Young |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Walter Bossingham |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Europe |
Daniel L. Bordeaux |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Europe |
Marvin Thin Elk |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Italy |
Albert Wright |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Pacific |
Thomas Yellow Boy |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Belgium |
Guy White Horse |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
|
Leonard Bordeaux |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Pacific |
Gabe Neiss |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Aleutians |
Clarence Cordry |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Pacific |
Jerome White Horse |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Italy |
Claude DeCory |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Italy |
Laverne Jackson |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Eugene E. Roubideaux |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Michael Bordeaux |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Elmer Brandon |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Wilbur Blacksmith |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Peleliu |
|
![Floyd P. Deegan](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar39a.jpg)
Floyd P. Deegan |
|
![Lanert Brown Eyes](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar39b.jpg)
Lanert Brown Eyes |
|
![Eugene Roubideaux](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar39c.jpg)
Eugene Roubideaux |
|
39
George F. Flammond |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
William C. Gunhammer |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Italy |
Joseph J. Peneaux |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
William Lambert |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Hubert C. McCloskey |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Stephen Moccasin |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Belgium |
Harold Whiting |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Italy |
Barney Peoples |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Antoine C. Yellow Robe |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Pacific |
Richard Larvie |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
|
Floyd LaPointe |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
France |
Gilbert Crow Eagle |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Belgium |
Herbert DeCory |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Francis Menard |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Aloysius Larvie |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Chester Blue Horse |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Luzon |
Floyd J. Moore |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Luzon |
Louis G. LaPlant |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Calvin Larvie |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Felix Knife |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Joseph Waln |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Titus White Lance |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Italy |
Leonard L. Cordry |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Nelson B. Cordry |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Jonas J. Swift |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Italy |
William K. Haukaas |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Okinawa |
Roger Chasing Horse |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
|
Kenneth M. Ellston |
Sioux (Rosebud) |
Germany |
Philip Good Buffalo |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Ben Marshall |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
France |
Wilbert Means |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Seth Irving |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Pacific |
Huron Red Dog |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Okinawa |
Albert Returns From Scout |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Delmar Richard |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Clement Salway |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Edison Richard |
Sioux (Pine Ridge) |
Germany |
Leland L. Standing |
Sioux (Yankton) |
|
Henry W. Hare |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Germany |
Robert Arpan |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Corregidor |
Rudolph Arpan |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Corregidor |
Smith Jandreau |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Germany |
Eli D. Hope |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Italy |
Louis Weston |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Germany |
Ulysses J. Little Elk |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Luzon |
Basil Heth |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Europe |
Clarence Packard |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Belgium |
Joseph Cournoyer |
Sioux (Yankton) |
Germany |
Utah |
Sammy Arrats |
Ute |
Tarawa |
Richard Burson |
Ute |
Iwo Jima |
Alfred Parriette |
Ute |
Pacific |
Harvey Natchees |
Ute |
Belgium |
Henry Drye |
Paiute |
Italy |
Washington |
James Wilson |
Swinomish |
New Guinea |
Harold Jackson |
Clallam |
|
James R. Alexander |
Lummi |
France |
|
![Joseph Woln](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar40a.jpg)
Joseph Woln |
|
![John Pershing Lowe](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar40b.jpg)
John Pershing Lowe |
|
![Johnson Roy](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar40c.jpg)
Johnson Roy |
|
40
Howard A. George |
Lummi |
Germany |
Benjamin W. Hillaire |
Lummi |
Germany |
Anthony Jefferson |
Lummi |
France |
Bert H. Jefferson |
Lummi |
Philippines |
Forrest L. Kinley |
Lummi |
Philippines |
Charles Owens |
|
Europe |
Bernard Bumgarner |
Quinaielt |
Europe |
William Hicks |
Quinaielt |
Europe |
Emanuel S. Alfred |
Suquomish |
Europe |
Leonard Lawrence |
Suquomish |
Anzio |
Charles Lawrence |
Suquomish |
France |
Steven E. Williams |
Tulalip |
Philippines |
Roy Smith |
Makah |
Europe |
Frank H. Smith |
Makah |
Europe |
Antonio Rogers |
Chehalis |
Germany |
Wisconsin |
Ervin Doxtator |
Oneida |
|
Dean King |
Oneida |
Belgium |
Joseph H. Metoxen |
Oneida |
France |
Eastman Skenandore |
Oneida |
Leyte |
Ernest Skenandore |
Oneida |
Belgium |
Aaron L. Smith |
Oneida |
Belgium |
Casterson Swamp |
Oneida |
|
Warren Swamp |
Oneida |
Italy |
Abraham Webster |
Oneida |
|
Raymond D. Deer |
Winnebago |
|
Daniel Snowball |
Winnebago |
|
Andrew Thundercloud |
Winnebago |
Pacific |
Murray Whiterabbit |
Winnebago |
|
Norman Winneshiek |
Winnebago |
|
Charles Beauprey |
Menominee |
Europe |
Frank Dodge |
Menominee |
Europe |
Joseph Duquain |
Menominee |
Europe |
Gust Kinney |
Menominee |
Europe |
Mose Neosh |
Menominee |
Europe |
Lloyd Gauthier |
Menominee |
Europe |
John O'Kachecum |
Menominee |
Europe |
Joseph L. Pecore |
Menominee |
Europe |
John Shawanopenass |
Menominee |
Europe |
Joseph Smith |
Menominee |
Europe |
Mitchell Sturdevant |
Menominee |
Europe |
Edward Tucker |
Menominee |
Europe |
Benedict Warrington |
Menominee |
Europe |
Gilbert Waupoose |
Menominee |
Europe |
James Zhuckkahosee |
Kickapoo |
Europe |
Lloyd Tourtillot |
Menominee |
Philippines |
Peter A. Tucker |
Menominee |
Philippines |
Earl J. Pecore |
Menominee |
Pacific |
George Tomow |
Menominee |
Pacific |
Dave Wheelock |
Menominee |
Pacific |
Wyoming |
Ralph W. Plume |
Arapaho |
Europe |
Jesse Miller |
Arapaho |
Europe |
Frank A. Aragon |
Arapaho |
Pacific |
Robert Bell |
Arapaho |
Europe |
Joseph S. Rhodes |
Arapaho |
Europe |
Donald O'Neal |
Arapaho |
Guam |
Cyrus Roberts |
Shoshone |
Italy |
|
![Frank Smith](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar41a.jpg)
Frank Smith |
|
![Richard Burson](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar41b.jpg)
Richard Burson |
|
![Sammie Arrais](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar41c.jpg)
Sammie Arrais |
|
41
Indians Work for the Navy
By Lt. Frederick W. Sleight, USNR
The story of the American Indian and his
efforts in this second great world struggle is
not limited to the exploits of soldiers. Men
and women too old or too young for service
with the armed forces have volunteered for
work in the war industries as well as in food
production. This report on one of the U.S.
Navy's greatest land-based activities illustrates
the intense desire of the Indian people to serve
where they are directly connected with the
work of the war. The Naval Supply Depot at
Clearfield, Utah, has as its aim and purpose
general service to the fleet. It sends out a
lifeline of supplies, pouring the essentials of
successful warfare in an endless stream to the
far points of the Pacific theatre.
The Depot was established in the Spring of
1943, to start the flow of vital materials to
the Navy. At this time, down in the Rio
Grande Valley of New Mexico, Indians were
leaving home for military service. Ten per
cent of the Pueblo Indians had gone into uniform.
In the neighboring cities and the local
communities help was urgently needed. The
older men of the Pueblos, recognizing the
emergency, decided to put an advertisement
in the local papers offering their services for
part-time work in the neighboring area. Soon
trucks came pouring into the villages to pick
up working parties, some even arriving from
Colorado. When word of this project reached
the offices of the Civil Service Commission in
Denver, they sent a representative to Santo
Domingo Pueblo to confer with John Bird, an
Indian leader of political and social affairs.
John Bird was told about the new Naval Depot
at Clearfield. The Civil Service understood
that the Pueblo people wanted to help
win the war; here at Clearfield was a place
where men were needed, a place contributing
directly to our successes in the Pacific. It
was agreed that Pueblo men, if they went to
work at Clearfield, would be allowed to go
home during the summer months to plant and
harvest their crops.
At the meeting called by John Bird, the
Pueblos agreed that this was work which they
wanted to do. The farm agent was convinced
that if they came back and farmed in the summer
months, the move to Utah for the rest of
the year would be good. The task of recruiting
men from all the Pueblos was given to
John Bird, and he travelled from Taos on the
north to Isleta on the south. Santa Clara,
Jemez, and Santo Domingo gave the greatest
number of workers. Sixty-two men came from
Jemez alone. When they were examined and
passed as physically fit by Indian Service doctors,
they were ready to leave. About 150
men made up the first battalion that set out
for Clearfield. The first contingent of work-hungry
Pueblos, travelling in coaches reserved
for them, arrived at the Navy Depot in December 1943.
Work assigned to the Indians has been
varied. John Bird, who travelled with his people
to Clearfield, has advanced to a supervisory
position. He, like many of his men, has
worked on the swing shift. Some of the men
have been placed in the transportation division,
and others have handled and loaded supplies
destined for the ships at sea. Oscar
Carlson, labor foreman at the Depot, says
that the Indians--Shoshones, Apaches, Sioux,
Navajos, Utes, as well as Pueblos--are outstanding
workers. They understand instructions
well. They are not shirkers on the job.
He says, "I have never had an Indian in my
office for disciplinary action."
The great problem of production, absenteeism,
is unknown among the Indian population
of the Depot. Indians are constantly on the
job. Indian participation in the War Bond
campaigns has been 100 per cent--another
indication that the Indians are whole-hearted
in their devotion to the cause for which their
sons have fought.
For two springs the Pueblo people have gone
back to their farms, but, the growing season
over, they have returned, often bringing with
42
![Indians unload Oregon timber at the Naval Supply Depot. Official U.S. Navy Photo.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar43.jpg)
Indians unload Oregon timber at the Naval Supply Depot. Official U.S. Navy Photo.
them new recruits to help with the big job.
Mr. Carlson states that nearly all of the men
return after a summer of farming, and that
they all seem happy to come back. Further testimony
comes in a report from the Security Department.
This office, which handles all the
policing of the area, has no record in the files
any trouble initiated by the Indians.
From all quarters of the Depot have come
similar reports. On the 10th of April, 1945,
Rear Admiral Arthur H. Mayo, speaking at
the ceremonies commemorating the second
anniversary of the Depot's commissioning,
said: "It is encouraging to know that many
Pueblo Indians . . . have travelled north to
the State of Utah in order to 'man the battle
stations' at the Navy Supply Depot at Clearfield.
I know that these fine people are doing
a splendid job."
High credit should go to the Indian for an
outstanding part in our victory. He has sacrificed
more than most men who are doing this
work. He has left the land he has known all
his life and has had to travel to strange places
where people often do not understand him and
his way of living. In most cases he has left
his family behind. He has had to forego attending
the dances and other religious ceremonies
that are so much a part of his life. He
has had to work under foremen and supervisors,
in a way that is new to him. It is an adjustment
more difficult for him than for the
white man who has known these conditions before.
For all these reasons, the Indian should receive the highest praise. In his quiet way he has shown that he too has a stake in this conflict, and by his personal qualities he has made himself liked by everyone. To men like John Bird, should go a special tribute. He helped interpret these modern problems to his people. When his brother Ted was killed in action in Germany last April, he flew home to comfort his mother and father. He has three other brothers in the armed forces overseas.
Like all Americans, these people look forward
to the day when the soldiers will come
home to a peaceful world. But these Indians
have learned new skills and have acquired a
new confidence in their own competence which
should be very useful in the tasks of peace.
43
To the Indian Veteran
The Congress and the state legislatures have
passed many laws providing various benefits
for all veterans except those who have been
dishonorably discharged from the armed services.
Many of you know what these benefits
are; but when you come home you will find at
the agency someone who can tell you just how
to apply for the benefits which you want, and
what you must do to qualify. There is no distinction
made between Indians and any other
veterans. Every organization serving the veteran
will serve you. Your Selective Service Board,
to which you report within ten days after your
return home, will have a counsellor to advise
you; and the State agencies, the Red Cross, and
other groups will provide information and counsel.
The Indian Service will make every effort
to direct you to the proper authority as quickly
as possible.
If the first thing in your mind is employment, you probably know that you are entitled to get your old job back, or one with equal pay and standing, provided that you have completed your military service satisfactorily, that you are still able to do the job, that you apply for reinstatement within 90 days of your discharge, and that your employer will not suffer undue hardship by taking you back. Once you are on the job, you may not be dismissed without cause for the period of one year. This is true for Civil Service employees and for those in private industry. If you didn't have a job when you went into the military service, or if you don't want to go back to the job you left, you should apply to the nearest office of the U.S. Employment Service, or, if you want a Federal job, to the Civil Service Commission. You are entitled to preference for jobs in the Indian Service, both as an Indian and as a veteran, but you must of course qualify by training or by examination.
If you want to continue your education, there are many opportunities. Under the G.I. Bill of Rights (Public Law 346, 78th Congress), you are entitled to one year of school or college, if you have served at least 90 days, not counting the time spent in Army or Navy special training courses. You may choose the course you prefer, at any elementary school, high school, college, or vocational training institute on the list
![Maj. Gen. Charles L. Bolte awards the Bronze Star to Pfc. John W. Kionut, Caddo, Oklahoma, for gallantry in action.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar44.jpg)
Maj. Gen. Charles L. Bolte awards the Bronze Star to Pfc. John W. Kionut,
Caddo, Oklahoma, for gallantry in action.
44
![T-Sgt. Oliver Gibb, (left), Red Lake, Minnesota, wears the Air Medal. The officer on the right is an Indian from Oklahoma.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar45.jpg)
T-Sgt. Oliver Gibb, (left), Red Lake, Minnesota, wears the Air Medal.
The officer on the right is an Indian from Oklahoma.
approved by the Veterans' Administration, but
you must be accepted as qualified by the school
you select. A number of Indian Service schools
have already been added to the approved list,
and a number of special courses have been
planned for returning servicemen.
If you are under 25, or if you can show that
your education was interrupted when you went
into military service, you may continue your
education beyond this first year. For each
month you spent in active service after September
16, 1940, and before the end of the
war, you may have an additional month of
schooling, but the total time cannot be more
than four years. While you are studying under
this program, the Veterans' Administration will
allow you $50 a month for living expenses and
will pay your tuition and other fees, including
the cost of books, supplies, and equipment, up
to $500 per year. If you have dependents, the
subsistence allowance will be increased to $75
per month. If you receive payment for work
done in connection with your study program,
your allowance may be decreased, and if you
take only a part-time course, you will not receive
the full monthly benefit.
Commercial courses, courses in agriculture
and stockraising, sheetmetal work, plumbing,
drafting, automotive mechanics, carpentry,
baking, cooking, machine shop work, masonry,
painting and decoration, power plant operation,
printing and binding, and many others, will be
offered at eight or more Indian schools: Albuquerque
Boarding School, Carson, Chemawa,
Chilocco, Flandreau, Wingate, Haskell Institute,
and Sherman. Not all of the courses will
be available at each school, and other courses
will be added from time to time. These courses
will be available to non-Indians, if there is room
enough, and the Indian veteran is not limited to
a choice of Indian schools. You may take any
course for which you can qualify, at any approved school.
If you have a disability resulting from your
military service, the educational program offered
under Public Law 16, 78th Congress,
may be more helpful to you. Under this legislation,
a disabled veteran may be allowed up to
four years of vocational training, during which
time he may receive a total pension of not less
than $92 per month. If he has dependents, the
allowance is larger.
The G.I. Bill also provides readjustment allowances
for veterans who are unable to find
work. Any unemployed veteran who has served
90 days or more and has been released without
dishonorable discharge, or has been disabled
in the line of duty, may receive a weekly
readjustment allowance of $20, less any
part-time wages he may receive in excess of
$3. To be eligible for this allowance, the veteran
must report regularly to a public employment
45
office; and if he fails to accept any suitable
job offered to him, he is disqualified. He
may also be disqualified if he does not attend
a free training course available to him, or if
he has left suitable work, or is discharged for
misconduct. The readjustment allowance may
be continued for 24 weeks, plus four weeks for
each month of active service, up to a maximum
of 52 weeks. If he is self-employed and he can
show that his net earnings have been less than
$100 in the month preceding the date of his
application, he is entitled to receive an amount
large enough to bring his earnings up to $100
for the month. Benefits under this legislation
may not be claimed when five years have
passed after the end of the war, and claims
must be made within two years after the veteran's
discharge from the military service or within
two years after the end of the war, whichever
date is later.
Veterans may have free hospital care, medical
and dental services, through the Veterans'
Administration, for any disabilities incurred in
the line of duty in the service or aggravated
because of such service.
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of
1944--commonly called the G.I. Bill of
Rights--also provides for certain benefits for
veterans who want to borrow money to buy or
build a home, to purchase a farm, farm equipment
or livestock, or to acquire business property.
The Federal Government will not make loans
or extend any credit under this program. It
says simply that if you can get a loan for these
purposes from any lending agency, either public
or private, such as a bank, corporation, or
individual, the Veterans' Administration, on
approving the loan, will guarantee one-half of
the amount, up to $2000. The Administrator
will also pay the first year's interest on the
amount of the guarantees. This interest
need not be repaid. The loan itself must be
repaid according to the conditions under which
it is made.
The lending agency to which you apply for
a loan should be one of those serving your
community. This organization should understand
that you may receive a loan on the same
basis as other veterans, even though you may
conduct your operations on trust land belonging
to you or on tribal lands operated under an
assignment. It should be possible for you to
get a loan without any security other than a
mortgage on the property you are buying with
the money loaned to you; but if other security
is required, the Superintendent may approve a
lien on trust property, other than land, as collateral.
Trust land may not be given as security
for these loans.
It should also be understood that the Superintendent
may authorize a creditor to enter
on the reservation to repossess equipment
bought with borrowed money, if the loan should
be in default.
If you want to qualify for a farm loan, you
must show that you have had farming experience.
If your loan is for the purchase of livestock,
you must show that you have adequate
range on which to run it. If you plan to buy
farm machinery, you will have to show that
you have land upon which the machinery will be
used, and you must also describe your plan of
operation and demonstrate that it will produce
income enough to repay the loan.
In general, no restrictions will be placed upon
property obtained under loans guaranteed
under the Act, except those which the lending
agency may require in order to protect the loan.
You should remember, too, that you have other ways to obtain a loan, if you are not eligible under the G.I. Bill. The Indian Service may be able to arrange a loan from revolving credit funds; or your tribe may offer to lend you what you need. There are many avenues to explore.
From time to time, Congress may make
changes in the provisions of the G.I. Bill and
other servicemen's legislation. Allowances for
the unemployed veteran and for the veteran
attending school may be increased. You are
urged to take advantage of the program which
you feel will be most useful to you. Get all the
information available, consult with everyone
who can be of help to you, and make full use
of the opportunities which you have earned by
your service to your country.
46
![The Marine Corps band plays the national anthem as the flag is raised at the dedication of Ray Enouf Field, Klamath Agency, Oregon. The airfield is named in honor of the only Klamath Indian to lose his life in World War II, a Marine private first class, who was killed while acting as first-aid man in the front lines on Iwo Jima. Ceremonies dedicating the field took place on September 27, 1945.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar47.jpg)
The Marine Corps band plays the national anthem as the flag is
raised at the dedication of Ray Enouf Field, Klamath Agency, Oregon.
The airfield is named in honor of the only Klamath Indian to lose his
life in World War II, a Marine private first class, who was killed while
acting as first-aid man in the front lines on Iwo Jima. Ceremonies
dedicating the field took place on September 27, 1945.
47
![Three Indian girls in the Women's Reserve of the U.S. Marine Corps: Left to right, Minnie Spotted Wolf,, Montana; Celia Mix, Potawatomi, Michigan; and Viola Eastman, Chippewa-Sioux, Minnesota. Official U.S. Marine Corps photograph.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar48.jpg)
Three Indian girls in the Women's Reserve of the U.S. Marine Corps:
Left to right, Minnie Spotted Wolf,, Montana; Celia Mix,
Potawatomi, Michigan; and Viola Eastman, Chippewa-Sioux, Minnesota.
Official U.S. Marine Corps photograph.
48
Indian Women Work for Victory
Indian women, anxious to help out during
the war-created manpower shortage, have
made an astonishingly large contribution to
their country's needs. Thousands of them have
left their homes to work in factories, on
ranches and farms, and even as section-hands,
to replace men who were vitally needed elsewhere.
They have joined the nurses' corps, the
military auxiliaries, the Red Cross, and the
American Women's Voluntary Service.
Not content with this, they have given their
services in many other and more unusual ways.
More than 500 Eskimo and Indian women and
girls worked day and night manufacturing
skin clothing, mittens, mukluks, moccasins,
snowshoes, and other articles of wearing apparel
for our forces serving in cold weather or
at high altitudes. An Alaskan Indian woman
ran a trap line to make money for war bonds.
Cherokee girls wove and sold baskets, buying
war stamps with the money. On the Eastern
Cherokee reservation, women and girls planted
and harvested the crops, and even drove tractors.
Forty Chippewa women formed a rifle brigade
for home defense. An old Kiowa woman
gave $1,000 to the Navy Relief Fund as her
contribution. Osage women, draped in their
brilliant blankets, spent long hours at sewing
machines for the Red Cross.
In the West, a Pueblo woman drove a truck
between Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mexico,
delivering milk to the Indian school. She
not only serviced her own truck but also helped
at the school garage as a mechanic. Many
Indian women became silversmiths, and made
insignia for the armed forces. At Fort Wingate,
New Mexico, the Navajo women's work ranged
from that of chemists to truck drivers. Two
Indian women in California served at a lonely
observation post, driving the twelve miles to
their position in a rickety old automobile.
The war plants had many Indian women
on their rolls, working as riveters, inspectors,
sheet metal workers, and machinists. An Indian
girl was chosen at one plant to receive the
Army-Navy E for her fellow-workers.
In the Indian forests, hitherto considered as providing work fit only for men, the Indian women learned to take over many tasks. Treatment for blister rust was given 80,182 acres of forest, mainly in the Lake states, and Indian women performed much of the labor. On the Menominee reservation in Wisconsin, fifty women replaced men at the mill. Crews consisting of two women and one man planted young trees to replace those cut down in the Red Lake forest in Minnesota. During the short period in the spring which is considered most advantageous for such planting, 90,700 trees were replaced on 238 acres of land. Indian women have "manned" fire lookout stations on the Colville and Klamath reservations. An Indian woman acted as guard at the Dry Creek station on the Yakima forest, and another learned to be a radio operator at the central camp on the Quinaielt reservation.
![Cpl. Anna Reeveas, WAC](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar49a.jpg)
Cpl. Anna Reeveas, WAC |
![Ensign Cora Bruner, NC, USNR](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar49b.jpg)
Ensign Cora Bruner, NC, USNR |
![Celia C. Cook, SK 2-c, WAVES](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar49c.jpg)
Celia C. Cook, SK 2-c, WAVES |
49
![In a formal ceremony at Laguna Pueblo, Mrs. Frank Paisano, Jr., accepts the Air Medal awarded to her husband, a prisoner of war in Germany. Lt. Paisano was later released and returned home. Official Photo U.S.A.A.F.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar50.jpg)
In a formal ceremony at Laguna Pueblo, Mrs. Frank Paisano, Jr., accepts the
Air Medal awarded to her husband, a prisoner of war in Germany. Lt. Paisano was
later released and returned home. Official Photo U.S.A.A.F.
Prisoners of War Released
Many Indians reported as prisoners of war
have now been released and have come home
again. Lt. Frank Paisano, Jr., a prisoner of the
Germans, has returned to Laguna Pueblo, During
his absence he was awarded the Air Medal,
which his wife accepted in his name. Omar
Schoenborn, Chippewa, once reported dead,
was one of 83 men who escaped death when
the prison ship carrying them to Japan was
sunk off Leyte. He managed to swim ashore
and to hide from the Japanese until the arrival
of the American forces. Gilmore C. Daniels,
Osage, who joined the Royal Canadian Air
Force early in the war, spent nearly four years
in a German prison camp before the advancing
armies released him. Another Osage, Major Edward
E. Tinker, a nephew of General Clarence
Tinker, was taken prisoner when he crashed
in Bulgaria, and was freed by the Russian advance.
Among the American prisoners released by
the 6th Ranger Battalion from Cabanatuan
Prison in the Philippines on January 30, 1945,
was Major Caryl L. Picotte, Sioux-Omaha, formerly
of Nebraska, but now stationed in Oakland, California.
50
![S-Sgt. John Lee Redeagle, Quapaw, and his wife. Sgt. Redeagle, wearer of the Air Medal, was released from a German prison camp after several months of captivity.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar51.jpg)
S-Sgt. John Lee Redeagle, Quapaw, and his wife. Sgt. Redeagle,
wearer of the Air Medal, was released from a German prison camp
after several months of captivity.
Major Picotte was called to active duty with
the Air Corps in September, 1941, and sent to
the Philippines. On his arrival in Manila he was
assigned to duty as Associate Engineering Officer
at the Philippine Air Depot, Nichols Field.
After the Japanese air attack on Nichols
Field, December 8, 1941, when most of the
serviceable American aircraft were destroyed,
Major Picotte assisted in the organization of a
provisional Air Corps regiment which fought as
infantry from January 1, 1942, until the capitulation
of Bataan on April 9th of that year.
He was in the famous Death March from Bataan
to the first American prisoner-of-war
camp at O'Donnell, covering 80 miles in three
days with one meal of rice. In June he was
moved to Cabanatuan, where he remained until
released by the Rangers two and a half years
later. During the last days before the fall of
Bataan, he was recommended for the Distinguished
Service Cross and the Silver Star.
Major Picotte comes of a distinguished Indian
family. His grandfather was Joseph LaFlesche
(Iron Eyes), the last chief of the Omaha
tribe. His mother, Susan LaFlesche Picotte,
was the first Indian woman physician and is
remembered with veneration for her life of unselfish
service to both Indians and Whites. The
late Francis LaFlesche, distinguished ethnologist,
was his uncle, and Suzette LaFlesche Tibbles,
(Bright Eyes), who lectured throughout
the civilized world and was the most famous
Indian woman of the 1880's and 1890's, was his aunt.
Major Picotte reported that there were more
than 300 Indians on Bataan and Corregidor.
While in the prison camps he met and talked
with many from all sections of the country. He
added, "Their battle record, individually and
as a whole, left nothing to be desired."
Not all the news of the prisoners of war is
good. Some did not survive the rigors and the
mistreatment in the camps, and some were
lost in the torpedoing of several ships carrying
prisoners of war from the Philippines to Japan.
Others perished when another ship was bombed
and sunk in Subic Bay. It is hoped that, as
time goes on, more will be found alive and
that the lists of released prisoners will grow.
51
A Family of Braves
Six grandsons of the Reverend Ben Brave,
retired Sioux minister, have shown their patriotism
by donning uniforms. Four went into the
army, one into the Navy, and one into the
Coast Guard.
Staff Sgt. Francis E. Brave received the Silver
Star for gallantry in action, evacuating 30 German
prisoners to the rear under enemy fire on
Anzio beachhead. "During the two hours required
for the trip," to quote the citation, "Sergeant
brave had to wade through waist-deep
water and frequently had to take cover from
enemy tank and mortar shells; however, he
controlled his prisoners and brought them to
the proper collecting point. Sergeant Brave's
gallant conduct made possible the early gathering
of important information from the prisoners
and reflects much credit on the Army of
the United States."
Staff Sgt. Waldron A. Frazier, also a grandson of the Reverend Brave, served with the Second Troop Carrier Squadron for four years, during two of which he was stationed successively in China, India, and Burma. As crew chief of the "Thunderbird," one of the big transport planes, he had more than 125 hours of combat flying time, and he wore the Air Medal, the Pacific Theater Ribbon with two battle stars, and the American Defense Ribbon. His group won two Presidential Unit citations. Last December he was killed in a plane crash while being invalided home.
Nearly four hundred of "The Chief's" friends decided to do something in his memory. Accordingly, they bought for his little girl, Ilona Joyce, $1,025 worth of War Bonds, and sent a check for the $14.45 left over from the purchases. Among the donors were all ranks from majors to privates. "We hope that this little gift will help to give Ilona Joyce some of the things that Waldron would like her to have," they wrote.
The other four grandsons are doing well, and no doubt we shall hear brave stories of them. They are: Cpl. Alexander A. Brave, Sgt. Judson B. Brave, and Ronald H. and Donald H. Frasier, twins, who are in the Coast Guard and the Navy, respectively.
The Reverend Brave's son, Ben, was recently
discharged from the Army for overage. A
son-in-law, Lt. Frank Fox, is in the Army, and
another grandson, John W. Frazier, Jr., has
recently donned the uniform. Two grandsons-in-law,
James Wilson and Russell DeCora, complete
the family fighting group.
![Top, S-Sgt. Judson Brave; center, S-Sgt. Francis Brave, S-Sgt, Waldron Frazier, Cpl Alexander Brave; bottom, Ronald and Donald Frazier.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar52.jpg)
Top, S-Sgt. Judson Brave; center, S-Sgt. Francis Brave,
S-Sgt, Waldron Frazier, Cpl Alexander Brave; bottom, Ronald and
Donald Frazier.
52
![Mrs. Etta S. Jones receives from Secretary Ickes a check for $6887.54, covering her salary for the years she spent as a prisoner in Japan. She was captured on Attu.](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090112002233im_/http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/indianwar53.jpg)
Mrs. Etta S. Jones receives from Secretary Ickes a check for $6887.54,
covering her salary for the years she spent as a prisoner in Japan.
She was captured on Attu.
Indian Service Employees in the War
Twenty-one employees of the Indian Service
gave their lives for the cause of freedom and
justice, some of them in action against the
enemy, some in training, some by accident, and
some by illness. There will be more names to
add to the list when the reckoning is completed.
Captain Homer Claymore, pilot of a
B-17 bomber in the 8th Air Force, has been
missing for many months and must be presumed
lost. He was employed as a baker at
Pine Ridge before he entered the AAF. Lt.
Orian Wynn, of the Consolidated Ute Agency,
was reported missing after a raid on enemy
territory from his base in Italy.
The prisoners of war released by the victorious
armies of the United Nations include
Soldier Sanders, baker at the Sequoyah School,
Wallace Tuner, clerk at Jicarilla, and Marion
Chadacloi, assistant at Navajo. They were all
prisoners of the Germans. Cornelius Gregory,
teacher at Fort Sill, spent eleven months interned
in Sweden, following a raid on Germany
during which his plane was damaged and had
to land in neutral territory. Mrs. Etta S. Jones,
teacher, who was captured when the Japanese
invaded the island of Attu in June 1942, was
found in a camp near Tokyo and brought back
to the United States. Her husband, who was a
53
special assistant and operated the radio station
on the island, was killed at the time of the invasion.
Dr. Sidney E. Seid, formerly physician
at the Chilocco School, survived more than
three years' imprisonment in Japan.
Still to be heard from are Louis E. Williams,
clerk at Pine Ridge, and Roy J. House, clerk at
Jicarilla, who were made prisoners by the Japanese
during the first campaigns in the Philippines.
Indian Service employees have won decorations
for gallantry and courage. Lt. William
Sixkiller, Jr., who died of wounds received in
action on Saipan, received the posthumous
award of the Silver Star. Another Indian Office
employee, Sgt. Robert Duffin, wears the same
decoration, awarded for exploits in Germany,
and Philip Kowice, of the United Pueblos Agency,
earned his Silver Star in the Italian campaign.
Bronze Star Medals were awarded to
Lt. James M. Ware, of the Osage Agency, who
directed evacuation of the wounded in an Italian
engagement, although seriously wounded
himself; to Colonel E. Morgan Pryse, Director
of Roads, for the construction of airfields in
advance combat sectors; and to Major Delmer
F. Parker, Physician at the Pawnee Agency, for
his work as surgeon in the Pacific theatre. Capt.
Louis J. Feves, furloughed from his position as
physician at the Umatilla Agency, Oregon, won
the Soldier's Medal when he went to the rescue
of injured crew members of a bomber which
had crashed on a heavily-mined reef in the
Gilbert Islands.
The list of those wounded in action includes
Henry McEwin (Engineer, Chilocco School),
Walter W. Nations (Agricultural Extension
Agent, United Pueblos), Nelson Thomson
(Assistant, Navajo), Walter Campbell (Barber,
Sherman institute), Franklin Gritts (Teacher,
Haskell Institute), Michael Bordeaux (Clerk,
Rosebud), James M. Ware (Clerk, Osage),
Henry Garcia (Orderly, Navajo), and Morris
James (Mechanic, Pine Ridge).
IN MEMORIAM
Joe Singer |
Assistant, Navajo Agency |
May 10, 1942 |
C. Foster Jones |
Assistant, Alaska Service |
June 8, 1942 |
Percy Archdale |
Clerk, Truxton Canyon Agency |
February 7, 1943 |
Irwin G. Price |
Forest Ranger, Fort Apache Agency |
November 23, 1943 |
Alfred Begay |
Farmer, Navajo Agency |
October 26, 1943 |
Cruz McDaniels |
Clerk, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency |
May 18, 1944 |
Richard Monte Strong |
Engineering Aide, United Pueblos Agency |
June 1, 1944 |
William Sixkiller, Jr. |
Clerk, Chicago Office |
July 13, 1944 |
Harold A. Wood |
Engineer, United Pueblos Agency |
July 17, 1944 |
Esther F. Henry |
Field Nurse, Osage Agency |
August 18, 1944 |
Susan Motylewski |
Teacher, Navajo Agency |
October 29, 1944 |
James F. Klock |
Physician, Consolidated Chippewa Agency |
December 12, 1944 |
Winfield Robinson |
Forester, Colville Agency |
December 15, 1944 |
Velma Miller |
Nurse, Navajo Agency |
December 19, 1944 |
Allen E. Lovine |
Boys' Adviser, Carson Agency |
March 27, 1945 |
Joe Gonzales |
Pump Operator, Sells Agency |
March 31, 1945 |
Ted Bird |
Truck Driver, United Pueblos Agency |
April 1, 1945 |
Vicenti Mirabal |
Teacher, United Pueblos Agency |
April 7, 1945 |
William Silas Coons |
Farm Agent, Shawnee Agency |
April 14, 1945 |
Fred James |
Bus Driver, Pima Agency |
May 7, 1945 |
Wilson Tso |
General Mechanic, Navajo Agency |
May 13, 1945 |
54
Source: An non-circulating original copy of this publication is located in the
Navy Department Library Special Collection.
Related resources:
20th Century Warriors
Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet
Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary
Navajo Code Talkers: A Select Bibliography
24 July 2006