NOTE: Information Resources on Induced
Molting in Chickens may be viewed as one complete publication file
via the table of contents below, or as individual chapter files molting2.htm. |
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
How to Use This
Document
Cooperative State
Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
Reports
Review of the
Literature
Salmonella, Other
Pathogens, and Immunology
Press Release
Selected
Websites
Poultry Welfare
Selected
Websites
Management Strategies
Economics
Selected
Websites
Nutritional and Lighting Manipulations
Selected
Websites
Mineral Supplements and
Deficiencies
Hormonal and Pharmaceutical Induced
Molting
Selected
Websites
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes
Records from the National Agricultural
Library Electronic Catalog
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Animal Welfare Information
Center gratefully acknowledges CAB
International and CABI
Publishing, a leading international, not-for-profit publisher in
applied life sciences, including animal science, nutrition, integrated
crop management, plant sciences and forestry, for the use of more than 90
abstracts from the CAB Abstracts database. More information on CABI
Publishing and CAB International is available at
http://www.cabi.org.
The Animal
Welfare Information Center also gratefully acknowledges BIOSIS, a leading not-for-profit
organization whose mission is to foster the growth, communication, and use
of biological knowledge for the common good. More information on BIOSIS is
available at http://www.biosis.org.
How to Use This Document
This publication is a comprehensive bibliography
containing citations that are arranged alphabetically according to the
last name of the primary author. Each entry also contains abstracts, if
available, descriptors, and the NAL call number if the resource is
available at NAL. If the full-text of the article/resource is available
on the WWW, the URL is provided. At the end of some subsections are
listings of World Wide Web sites that will provide additional information
on the topic. Web addresses are current as of August 1,
2002.
This
document is divided into 3 sections: (1) Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) Current Research Information
System Reports (CRIS), (2) a comprehensive review of the literature
available in electronic databases, and (3) additional records from the
National Agricultural Library Electronic Catalog.
Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) Current Research Information
System (CRIS) Reports
Records
in this section were retrieved from the Current Research Information
System maintained by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service. CRIS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA)
documentation and reporting system for ongoing and recently completed
research projects in agriculture, food and nutrition, and forestry.
Projects are conducted or sponsored by USDA research agencies, state
agricultural experiment stations, the state land-grant university system,
other cooperating state institutions, and participants in a number of USDA
research grant programs. It is available on the web at
http://cris.csrees.usda.gov/
Review of the Literature
Records
in this section were retrieved from the Agricola, Medline, CAB
International, AGRIS, BIOSIS, and Japanese Science and Technology
databases. A search of the CRISP database, that is similar to CRIS, but
maintained by the U.S. Public Health Service, revealed no funded projects
relating to induced molting and its effects on Salmonella. Some sections
also have relevant websites that will provide additional material not
found in journals or databases. Please
note that citations with a copyright notice are protected by U.S. and/or
international copyright laws and are used by special
permission.
National Agricultural Library Electronic
Catalog
Generally,
this resource is closely related to Agricola. However, some relevant
materials not appearing in the Agricola database were retrieved and
included here. Materials are arranged
chronologically.
National Agricultural Library Document Delivery
Information
The
information contained here provides directions on how to obtain copies of
articles mentioned in the bibliography from the National Agricultural
Library. However, you are encouraged to
consult local resources first before contacting the National
Agricultural Library.
Cooperative State
Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
Reports
Termination Year 2006
ACCESSION NO: 0152013 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: NC06184 AGENCY: CSREES NC.
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS:
REVISED
START: 01 OCT 2001 TERM: 30 SEP 2006 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: ANDERSON, K.
E.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
POULTRY
SCIENCE
NORTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIV
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA
27695
MAXIMIZATION OF LAYING HEN
PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC RETURN, AND EGG QUALITY
OBJECTIVES: Determine methods to optimize the productive
potential, economic return, and egg quality of commercial strains of
egg-type chickens by manipulation of pullet and layer nutrition, physical
environment, husbandry practices, induced molt programs and shell egg
processing factors. 1) Determine the relationship between body size and
age at sexual maturity on subsequent layer performance and egg mass
produced. 2) Determine the effects and interactions of strain, house type,
density, husbandry practices, and layer nutrition on production and
economics. 3) Determine the effects and interactions of induced molt
programs on production, behavior, and economics. 4) Determine the effects
of current egg processing technology on the physical quality and
microbiological safety of shell eggs. 5) Examine alternative manure
disposal systems.
APPROACH:
Commercial strains of white and brown egg-type chickens and the eggs that
they produce will be utilized. Pullets will be reared in environmental
control housing with various combinations of nutritional or management
programs which affect the productivity of the layers at the Poultry
Research Unit of the Piedmont Research Station at Salisbury, NC. The
factors could include: light programs, dietary regimen, body weight
program, molt techniques, husbandry practices, environment control
programs, and egg handling programs. Pullets and layers will be managed as
close to commercial industry standards as possible except when deviations
are needed to accomplish the research objectives. Pullet body weights,
feed consumption and mortality as well as hen feed consumption, egg
production, egg quality and livability data will be collected on each
flock. Productivity will be defined by various measurements of body
weight, skeletal structure, feed consumption, immune competence,
physiological health, and egg production criteria. The welfare status will
be defined by the behavioral profile and hormonal response of the birds.
Egg quality will be defined by the USDA egg quality standards, physical
shell and membrane measurements, and through microbiological testing of
the shell and contents. The potential of poultry manure as an organic fuel
source will be evaluated from commercial sources and based upon
governmental standards for emissions. The general experimental design will
be a factorial arrangement which will allow for examination of multiple
factors simultaneously.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: NA
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
The Pullet Rearing report for the 34th North Carolina Layer
performance and management test indicates that there is divergence in
growth parameters of the different commercial white egg layer strains
available. The first cycle report is under preparation and a significant
comparison of molt programs has been completed. The second full trial
using the avian cancer model has been initiated. The current study has
been establish to evaluate a new therapeutic application of a cancer
treatment drug. This study will evaluate the drugs cancer inhibitory
effect.
IMPACT: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
The NCLP&MT reports are utilized
nationwide in the evaluation of pullet rearing nutrition and programs on
growth and development of commercial layer strains. These programs are
being used as guidelines by the food service industry to satisfy the
welfare standards they are imposing on their egg
suppliers.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
1. Jones, D.R., K.E. Anderson, and
G.S. Davis, 2001. The effects of genetic selection on production
parameters of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci.
80:1139-1143.
2. Bell, D. D., P. H.
Patterson, K. W. Koelkebeck, K. E. Anderson, M. J. Darre, J. B. Carey, D.
R. Kuney, and G. Zeideler, 2001. Egg marketing in national supermarkets:
Egg quality-Part 1. Poultry Sci. 80:383-389.
3. Patterson, P. H., K. W. Koelkebeck, D. D. Bell, J. B. Carey,
K.E. Anderson, and M.J. Darre, 2001. Egg Marketing in National
Supermarkets: Specialty eggs - Part 2. Poultry Sci.
80:390-395.
4. Koelkebeck, K. W., D. D.
Bell, J. B. Carey, K. E. Anderson, and M. J. Darre, 2001. Egg Marketing in
National Supermarkets: Products, Packaging, and Prices - Part 3. Poultry
Sci. 80:396-400.
5. Davis, G. S., K. E.
Anderson, and A. S. Carrol, 2000. The Effects of Long Term Caging and Molt
of Single Comb White Leghorn Hens on Herterophil to Lymphocyte Ratios,
Corticosterone and Thyroid Hormones. Poultry Sci.
79:514-518.
6. McAvoy, K.C., P. A. Curtis,
K. M. Keener, K. E. Anderson, and D. E. Conner, 2001. Comparison of
quality and functionality of traditionally and cryogenically cooled shell
eggs. Poultry Sci. Suppl. 80:55. (abstract)
7. Hughes, L. A., K. E. Anderson, and P. A. Curtis, 2001. The
effect of cryogenic cooling with carbon dioxide on the USDA grade and
microbial load of shell eggs in the commercial setting. Poultry Sci.
Suppl. 80:54. (abstract)
8. Anderson, K. E.,
B. W. Sheldon, and K. Richardson, 2001. Effect of Termin-8 anti-microbial
preservative on the growth of commercial white and brown egg type laying
strains. Poultry Sci. Suppl. 80:88. (abstract)
9. K.E. Anderson, G.S. Davis, and S. Hudson. 2001. Effect of
dietary chitosan on production characteristics and egg proportions and
quality from commercial white egg laying strains. Poultry Sci. Suppl.
80:88. (abstract)
10. Fosnaught, M. H., and
K. E. Anderson, 2001. Interaction of increased Ca and P regimens on
commercial strains of layers housed at various densities. Poultry Sci.
Suppl. 80:89. (abstract)
11. Anderson, K.
E., 2001. Report on Pullet Rearing Period: 34th North Carolina Layer
Performance and Management Test. Vol. 34, No. 2, February
2001.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Anderson, K.
E.
Phone:
919-515-5527
Fax: 919-515-7070
Email:
ken_anderson@ncsu.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0404010 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-026-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 31 JAN 2001 TERM: 30 JAN
2006 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: GAST
R K; MITCHELL B W; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
DETECTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN
POULTRY
OBJECTIVES: Develop improved
methods for detecting Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infections in laying
flocks and SE contamination in eggs. Characterize how, where, when, and in
what numbers egg contamination by SE occurs. Reduce airborne dust and SE
in poultry hatching cabinets and breeder houses using an electrostatic
space charge system (ESCS), and determine the mechanism by which ESCS
kills airborne and surface SE.
APPROACH: Chickens will be infected with a range of doses of
various SE strains by oral inoculation, horizontal contact with infected
birds or contaminated environments, or exposure to contaminated air
sources. Eggs and egg fractions will be experimentally contaminated with
SE. Samples will be subjected to bacteriological and serological testing
to evaluate the efficacy of SE detection technologies and to characterize
SE deposition in eggs. Optimum designs for use of the ESCS to reduce dust
and pathogens including SE in poultry hatchers will be determined in
cooperation with commercial poultry integrators and breeders. The
mechanism by which the ESCS inactivates airborne and surface SE, and
biofilms, and the associated LD50 dose, will be determined. Effectiveness
of the ESCS for reducing egg contamination and airborne transmission of SE
will be determined in a small breeder house. Previously was
6612-42000-035-00D (05/01).
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? The objective of this project is to develop improved methods
for preventing, detecting, and controlling infections of chickens with
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and the associated production of SE
contaminated eggs. Among the specific goals of the research are
determining the processes and mechanisms by which SE infects chickens,
spreads vertically and horizontally, and is deposited in eggs;
characterizing the nature of SE contamination of eggs; developing more
sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for identifying SE infections of
chickens and for detecting SE contamination of eggs; and developing
electrostatic space charging technology to diminish airborne dust and
pathogens - including SE throughout - poultry hatching and housing
facilities. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The
association between human illness caused by SE and the consumption of
contaminated poultry products is an important international public health
and economic problem. In recent years, SE has been among the Salmonella
serotypes most often reported to cause human illness. Eggs have been the
most frequently implicated sources of human SE infections in the United
States. As food-borne transmission of SE threatens both the safety of
consumers and the ability of poultry producers to market their products,
the formulation and implementation of effective control strategies for
reducing the incidence of SE infections in chickens has been identified as
an urgent priority by both government and industry. 3. How does it relate
to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)? National Program
108, Food Safety (100%) This research contributes to the Microbial
Pathogens component of the Food Safety National Program by providing
scientists (veterinary, food, and agricultural), regulatory agency
officials, and the poultry industry with urgently needed tools to
understand, prevent, detect, and control SE infections of chickens. 4.
What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single
most significant accomplishment during FY 2001. Replicated trials
conducted in a small treatment chamber showed that an electrostatic space
charge system (ESCS) reduced biofilms developed on stainless steel from
poultry carcass rinses by 97.3% in 2 hours and 99.8% in 3 hours. These
results are comparable to those obtained by existing disinfection
chemicals and indicate that the ESCS could potentially be used as a
non-chemical treatment to reduce pathogens in biofilms which develop in
poultry egg or meat processing areas. B. Other significant
accomplishments. Because bacteria grow much more rapidly in egg yolk than
in albumen, the location at which SE cells are deposited is critical for
determining how quickly refrigeration must lower internal egg
temperatures. After experimentally infecting groups of laying hens with SE
strains of different phage types, we found SE more often in yolk than in
albumen. Most contaminated eggs contained fewer than 1 SE cell per ml.
These results suggest that refrigeration standards must address the
possibility that SE may sometimes be deposited in yolk. When contaminants
were experimentally introduced into egg contents, we observed rapid
multiplication in yolk and extended persistence in albumen for a diverse
assortment of SE strains of several phage types. This suggests that egg
refrigeration standards may not need to address much potential variability
in growth and survival characteristics between SE strains, but preventing
disease transmission by eggs requires rapid refrigeration in combination
with other control measures. When we compared the levels of serum
antibodies induced in experimentally infected hens to the frequency at
which they laid eggs contaminated by SE, we found that the relationship
between these two parameters was not very consistent. Accordingly,
although antibody tests are useful tools for preliminary screening of
laying flocks to detect SE infection, the magnitude of the antibody
response by individuals hens does not predict the overall risk of egg
contamination associated with the flock. 5. Describe the major
accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or
actual impact. This project provided the first definitive experimental
documentation that hens systemically infected with SE could produce
internally contaminated eggs. Scientists found that SE infections can be
highly persistent in both chicks and hens and elicit long-lasting antibody
titers. The project developed and assessed the sensitivity and predictive
value of methods for detecting specific antibodies in serum and egg yolks
from infected hens. The project developed effective and practical
bacteriological methods for consistently detecting very small numbers of
SE contaminants in eggs. Efficient killed vaccines were developed and
evaluated for reducing the susceptibility of laying hens to SE infection.
Studies assessed the relationship between phage type of SE isolates and
their virulence, infectivity, and invasiveness in chicks. One scientist
determined that air movement can mediate the horizontal transmission of SE
infection. An ESCS was developed under a CRADA to reduce airborne dust and
microorganisms in hatching cabinets. The ESCS has been shown to have
effectiveness comparable to a 95% media filter for removing dust in
laboratory experiments in hatching cabinets and transmission cabinets and
equal or better effectiveness for removing airborne bacteria and
Salmonella. The ESCS reduced airborne SE in an isolation room with caged
layers approximately 95%. The kill rate of the ESCS on airborne and
surface SE at close range has been shown to be 98% or more. The ESCS has
been patented and an exclusive license for poultry applications has been
approved with BioIon, Inc. to manufacture and distribute the system. 6.
What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
During FY2002, we will establish how the growth patterns of SE inside eggs
affects the development and application of faster methods for detecting
contamination. During this year we also will study the effectiveness of
the ESCS for pathogen reduction in egg rooms and upsize pathogen reduction
hatchery studies to include followup of chicks from ionizer treated
hatching cabinets to full-sized production houses. We will also determine
the effectiveness of the ESCS for reducing pathogens and airborne disease
transmission in a small scale breeder house and investigate the mechanism
by which ionization inactivates SE. Effectiveness of the ESCS for
reduction of biofilms in large open areas will be determined. For FY2003,
we will evaluate how the patterns of deposition and multiplication of SE
isolates in egg contents affects the probable effectiveness of proposed
standards for egg refrigeration. We will also design an ESCS for full
sized breeder houses and test effectiveness for pathogen and dust
reduction. In FY2004, we will seek to develop and apply improved models
and methods for producing experimental SE contamination of eggs, detecting
SE contaminants in eggs, and detecting specific antibodies in infected
chickens. We will also study the effectiveness of self-cleaning ESCS
devices in poultry production areas and test the effectiveness of
electrostatically-enhanced high volume air samplers for airborne
pathogens. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? Completed commercial hatcher tests of ESCS with two commercial
poultry production companies. CRADA partner initiated patent applications
for the ESCS for several foreign countries. Participated in the 2001
International Poultry and Egg Exhibition January 17-19, 2000 where the
ESCS and related posters were displayed in a commercial exhibit for
hatchery equipment. Recent developments in methods for culturing eggs and
other poultry samples to detect SE contaminants have been incorporated
into the testing protocols of a national flock testing program under
development by FDA. 8. List your most important publications in the
popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific
organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not
replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) Report,
"Electrostatic space charge system for reducing airborne pathogens and
dust", FLC Awards Page, http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/00/oct00/102700/ts00002.pdf, May 2001. Report, "Researchers honored for transferring
technologies." ARS News and Information,
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2001/010501.htm, May 2001. Presentation,
"Reducing airborne dust and bacteria in the hatchery." Georgia
International Poultry Course, Athens, Georgia 2001. Presentation,
"Pathogen reduction in poultry housing." Nebraska Poultry Industries,
Columbus, Nebraska, 2001. Presentation, "Epidemiology and ecology of
Salmonella enteritidis in poultry: general issues and research needs."
Public Meeting on Salmonella Enteritidis Research, Sponsored by U. S. Food
and Drug Administration, Atlanta, Georgia, 2000. Presentation, "The
evolving application of egg culturing for detecting Salmonella enteritidis
infection in laying flocks." Salmonella Isolation and Identification
Workshop. Sponsored by Georgia Poultry Laboratory and National Poultry
Improvement Plan, Oakwood, Georgia, 2001.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. Gast, R.K., Petter, J.G., Holt, P.S. Frequency and location of
Salmonella enteritidis contamination in eggs associated with various
routes of experimental infection of laying hens. Program of the annual
meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists. 2001. p. 21.
Abstract.
2. Gast, R.K., Holt, P.S.
Deposition of phage type 4 and 13a Salmonella enteritidis strains in the
yolk and albumen of eggs laid by experimentally infected hens. Avian
Diseases. 2000. v. 44. p.706-710.
3. Gast, R.K., Holt, P.S. Multiplication in egg yolk and survival
in egg albumen of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis strains of
phage types 4, 8, 13a, and 14b. Journal of Food Protection. 2001. v. 64.
p.865-868.
4. Gast, R.K., Holt, P.S. The
relationship between the magnitude of the specific antibody response to
experimental Salmonella enteritidis infection in laying hens and their
production of contaminated eggs. Avian Diseases. 2001. v. 45.
p.425-431.
5. Gast, R.K., Nadir, M.S.,
Jolly, M.E., Holt, P.S., Stone, H.D. Serological detection of experimental
Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens by fluorescence
polarization and enzyme immunoassay. Poultry Science. 2001. v. 80. p.1044.
(Abstract).
6. Mitchell, B.W. Emerging
technology electrostatic space charge system for pathogen reduction.
Institute of Food Technology Abstract.
http://ift.confex.com/ift/2001/techprogram/
2001.
7. Mitchell, B.W., Holt, P.S., Seo,
K.H. Effectiveness of electrostatic space charge for reducing dust in a
caged layer room. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2000. v. 9.
p.292-296.
8. Ricke, S.C., Birkhold,
S.G., Gast, R.K. Eggs and egg products. Downes, F. P., Ito, K., editors.
American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Compendium of methods
for the microbiological examination of foods, 4th edition. 2001.
p.473-481.
9. Seo, K.H., Mitchell, B.W.,
Holt, P.S., Gast, R.K. Bactericidal effects of negative air ions on
airborne and surface Salmonella enteritidis from an artificially generated
aerosol. Journal of Food Protection. 2001. v. 64.
p.113-116.
ACCESSION NO: 0188875 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: PEN03841 AGENCY: CSREES
PEN
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 01 JUL 2001 TERM: 30 JUN
2006
INVESTIGATOR: Mashaly, M.
M.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: POULTRY
SCIENCE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 208 MUELLER LABORATORY UNIVERSITY
PARK, PENNSYLVANIA 16802
OPTIMIZING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO ENHANCE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
AND IMMUNITY IN ORDER TO IMPROVE POULTRY HEALTH UNDER STRESSFUL
CONDITIONS
OBJECTIVES: 1) To investigate
the role of photoperiod and melatonin in alleviating the negative economic
impact of different stressors on broiler performance, immunity and health.
2) To study the influence of induced molting in laying hens on subsequent
effects of different stressors on production performance, immunity, health
and hormone profiles. 3) To determine the mechanisms involved in the
initiation of immune responses, including the roles of cytokines and
hormones, under different stressful conditions.
APPROACH: In studying the effect of photoperiod on broiler
performance under stressful conditions, CobbxCobb broiler chicks will be
used and exposed to either continuous light (23L:1D) or intermittent light
(1L:3D). Half of the birds in each group will be exposed to 35C (heat
stress) from 21 to 42 days of age, the other half will be exposed to 24C
(control). Production parameters such as body weight, feed consumption,
feed conversion, and mortality will be measured weekly. Immune parameters
such as cytokines and antibody production will be measured at 3 and 6
weeks of age. In studying the effect of melatonin on broiler performance
under stressful conditions, again CobbxCobb broiler chicks will be used.
They will be kept under 23L:1D and receive in the feed either 0, 20, 40,
or 60 ppm melatonin. The same heat stress treatment mentioned above will
be applied as well as production and immune parameters. In order to study
the influence of induced molting in laying hens on subsequent effects of
different stressors on production performance, immunity, health and
hormone profiles, 72-week-old laying hens will be induced molted and
following period of egg laying, they will be exposed to different kinds of
stresses. Percent hen-day egg production, percentage hen-housed egg
production, egg shell quality (specific gravity method), albumin quality,
albumin height, Haugh units, feed consumption, feed per dozen eggs, and
percent mortality will be measured throughout the experiment.
Corticosterone T3,T4, and prolactin will be measured in the plasma at
different times during the experiment. Antibody production and cell
mediated immunity will also be measured. In order to study the mechanisms
involved in the initiation of immune responses under different stressful
conditions, Cornell K-strain Single Comb White Leghorn immature male
chickens will be used. The birds will be housed in batteries with food and
water available ad libitum, and exposed to 16L:8D per day. Birds will be
exposed to different environmental and management stressors. Different
high temperatures will be used as the environmental stressor and different
population densities will be used as the management stressor. Different
T-independent and T-dependent antigens will be used to stimulate humoral
immunity in these chickens. Blood and spleen samples will be collected at
different time periods post-injection. Specific cytokines will be measured
in all samples collected as appropriate. Antibodies against the different
antigens will be measured in all plasma samples collected. Percentage of
different lymphocyte subpopulations will be measured in all blood and
spleen samples.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
Certain management practices can be optimized to reduce stress and improve
poultry health. The purpose of this study is to determine and apply the
optimum standards of certain management practices under stressful
conditions in order to improve poultry health and
production.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Mashaly, M.
M.
Phone:
814-863-0533
Fax: 814-865-5691
Email:
xn9@psu.edu
URL:
http://www.cas.psu.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0188709 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: VA-135638 AGENCY: CSREES VA.
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS:
NEW
START: 01 JUL 2001 TERM: 30 JUN 2006 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: MCELROY, A.
P.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
ANIMAL POULTRY
SCIENCES
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTE
BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA
24061
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
AND DIETARY CAPSAICIN POTENTIATION OF INTESTINAL IMMUNITY IN
CHICKENS.
OBJECTIVES: Describe the
response of mast cells and eosinophils in the innate intestinal
inflammatory immune response to coccidia or Salmonella infection in
commercial broilers. Characterize the non-specific or specific effector
functions of mast cells and eosinophils in protective intestinal immune
responses to secondary exposure to homologous challenges with coccidia
species or Salmonella. Determine the role of mast cells or eosinophils in
immunopathology of coccidia. Evaluate the effect of dietary capsaicin
administration on intestinal immune responses and resistance to coccidia
or Salmonella.
APPROACH: Naive or
immunized commercial broiler chickens will be challenged with Salmonella
or selected Eimeria species of coccidia. Intestinal tissue will be
collected on selected days post-challenge for morphological evaluation and
microbiologic culture or lesion scoring for Salmonella or Eimeria,
respective to pathogen. Capsaicin will be included in commercial broiler
diets for selected periods of time pre- or post-challenge. Intestinal
tissues will be examined by light microscopy for alterations in structure
or cellular influx and protection to infection by Salmonella or coccidia
species will be evaluated by culture or lesion scoring.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Although Salmonella and
coccidia present problems to the commercial poultry industry from
economic, food-borne illness, or bird productivity standpoints, relatively
little is understood concerning the interactions between these pathogens
and the host at the level of the intestinal immune response. The purpose
of this research is to describe the effector functions of mast cells and
eosinophils in innate intestinal immune responses to Salmonella and
coccidia in broiler chickens.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
While live oocyst vaccination provides a viable alternative to
anticoccidial usage and resulting drug-resistance in the commercial
poultry industry, complete resistance to coccidia is difficult to achieve
due to immunovariability between vaccine species and field strains.
Immunovariability between coccidia species in vaccines and those found in
poultry rearing facilities has emerged as a potential complication
associated with vaccination. Additionally, there have been reports of
coccidia-like impacts on performance with minimal appearance of coccidia
lesions in the field environment. The purpose of the experiments conducted
was to evaluate the host response to different field isolates of Eimeria
acervulina (EA) by associating classical mucosal lesions with decreased
body weight gain in infected broilers, to compare the host response of two
commercial broiler breeds to the field isolates of EA, and to determine if
other vectors (bacterial) may contribute to the a differential host
response. Experiments were conducted comparing two isolates of EA, EA1 and
EA2, obtained from commercial poultry rearing facilities. In three
experiments, commercial broilers chicks were divided into control
(non-challenged) and EA1 or EA2 challenged groups at 14 days of age. In
all 3 experiments, EA1 resulted in significantly (P is less than 0.05)
higher lesion scores than EA2, however weight gain of EA1 challenged birds
was not significantly different from controls. EA2 challenged birds had
significantly higher lesion scores than control birds in Expts 1 and 3,
with no lesions characteristic of classical EA infection in Expt 2. EA2
resulted in significantly decreased weight gain as compared to EA1 or
control in Expt 3. While EA1 resulted in classical EA lesions with no
significant difference in weight gain, EA2 resulted in few classical
lesions with significant depression of weight gain. Subjective observation
of intestines from EA2 challenged birds was suggestive of a severe
secretory intestinal response and weakened intestinal strength. In Expt 4,
EA2 oocysts were cleaned with 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite to evaluate
the possibility of an external bacterial factor contributing to the
observed detrimental affects in the presence of few lesions. Birds were
challenged with bleached or non-bleached EA2. Although there was no
significant difference in lesion scores between EA2 challenged groups,
non-bleached EA2 resulted in significantly decreased weight gain as
compared to bleached. These data are indicative of immunovariability
between different isolates of the same coccidia species that result in
differences in clinical lesions and performance. Furthermore, the results
indicate differences in the host response that may contribute to the
pathogenicity and suggest that standard coccidia lesion scoring procedures
may not be applicable for evaluation of the severity of clinical infection
with all Eimeria isolates.
IMPACT: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
These findings contribute to the understanding of the complex
intestinal immune response to coccidia in commercial poultry and depict
the diversity of the host response that may exist to different
environmental isolates of the same coccidia species. Additionally, the
findings suggest differential responsiveness exists in different breeds of
commercial broilers. Continued description of the intestinal immune
response to this pathogen will allow for more effective vaccination or
control strategies.
PUBLICATIONS:
2000/10 TO 2001/09
Morris, B.C., H.D.
Danforth, D.J. Caldwell, and A.P. McElroy, 2001. Differential Intestinal
Response to Eimeria acervulina Challenge in Broiler Chickens. Poultry Sci.
80: Suppl. 1.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: McElroy, A.
P.
Phone:
540-231-8750
Fax: 540-231-3010
Email:
amcelroy@vt.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0164533 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: TEX08311 AGENCY: CSREES
TEX
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: REVISED
START: 10 MAY 2001 TERM: 09 MAY
2006 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
Ricke, S. C.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
POULTRY
SCIENCE
TEXAS A&M UNIV
COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77843
FOODBORNE SALMONELLA SPP. REDUCTION IN POULTRY
PRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES: A. Salmonella
virulence expression in molted birds, objectives are 1) to determine if
addition of dietary moderate zinc-low calcium will prevent colonization of
Salmonella Enteritidis in the crop of chickens undergoing molting and what
characteristics in the crop microenvironment are associated with this type
of induced molt, and 2) to understand the potential role of that crop for
Salmonella Enteritidis virulence expression while birds are undergoing
molting and if key characteristics in the chicken crop microenvironment
can be linked with limiting S. Enteritidis colonization and virulence
expression. B. The role of methanogens in establishment of anaerobic
microflora, the objectives are 1) to determine when methanogens become a
part of the cecal microflora, what characteristics in the cecal
microenvironment are associated with establishment of methanogens and
enumerate the methanogen populations, and 2) to determine how stable the
cecal methanogen population is by looking at whether feed deprivation
alters methanogen activity while birds are undergoing fasting and if key
characteristics in the chicken cecal microenvironment can be linked with
decreased methanogen populations. The hypothesis is that the final stages
of cecal obligate anaerobic microfloral development will coincide with the
emergence of methanogens and their presence will signify completion of
establishment of the dynamic complex anaerobic population characteristic
of mature birds. In addition, we hypothesize that decreases in numbers of
methanogens signifies the beginning of instability in the cecal anaerobic
microflora.
APPROACH: A. Salmonella
virulence expression in molted birds: the idea here is to compare the
indigenous microbial response in crops of birds that have been molted
either by feed deprivation or using the moderate Zn diet approach. The
hypothesis is that feed intake will be retained in the birds molted via
moderate Zn addition and the crop microflora will continue to be actively
fermenting to the point of being inhibitory to Salmonella Enteritidis
colonization and invasion. Based on our earlier work we hypothesize that
the key indicators of an active fermentation in the crop are low pH and a
high concentration of lactate. Therefore, in addition to enumerating
Salmonella Enteritidis recovered after infection in the different
treatment groups we plan to thoroughly examine the microenvironment of the
crops from the birds in these different treatment groups. This will be
done by quantitating fermentation products and enumeration of the crop
Lactobacilli. Whether these key characteristics in the chicken crop
microenvironment can be linked with limiting S. Enteritidis in vivo
invasion will be determined by examining virulence activity of Salmonella
Enteritidis (hilA-lacZY transcriptional operon fusion) with a gene fusion
strain for in vitro assays of crop contents. B. The role of methanogens in
establishment of anaerobic microflora: The overall experimental concept in
this proposal is to determine when methanogens appear in the ceca as birds
age on different diets and how stable the methanogen population is during
drastic dietary changes. To accomplish this, methanogens will be
enumerated from three different scenarios: 1) newly hatched chicks on
different diets; 2) newly hatched chicks given a cecal transfer from adult
birds and 3) feed deprived molted laying hens. These three scenarios
represent the commercial settings where the cecal microflora are
considered important in resisting colonization by foodborne pathogens,
namely, young chicks with or without a probiotic and laying hens
undergoing molting. In the proposed work we plan to thoroughly examine the
microenvironment of the ceca in the three groups of birds. This will done
by quantitating fermentation products (VFA, lactate, pH, and Eh) and in
addition to quantifying methanogens, enumerate microbial components of the
ceca including lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, total
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The rationale for these choices is that
aerobic bacteria and E. coli represent facultative populations that are
generally early colonizers of the chick ceca, followed by lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria and finally the strict anaerobes. These subgroups of
organisms in addition to the fermentation products should give us a
representative profile of the microbial population changes occurring in
the ceca prior to and during the establishment of methanogens. Whether
these characteristics in the chicken cecal microenvironment can be linked
with establishment of methanogens will be the outcome of this component of
the proposal.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
Specific research plans reflect an integrated approach for controlling
Salmonella in the early stages of production of poultry. This project will
provide A)ideas for management alternatives to reduce molting as a risk
for S. Enteritidis contamination, and B) understanding of the role of
methanogens in the development of the cecal microflora, the natural
microflora being inhibitory to Salmonella.
PROGRESS: 2000/01 TO 2000/12
The incidence of foodborne disease is increasing yearly, despite
the growing body of information regarding the most common foodborne
pathogens. During its life cycle Salmonella spp. can encounter various
environmental stress conditions which may have dramatic effects on their
survival and virulence. One of the potential stress conditions that can be
frequently encountered by foodborne pathogens is exposure to starvation
stress. We have found that virulence expression of S. enteritidis and S.
typhimurium to various stress conditions associated with food systems or
host environments could be greatly increased by exposure to SCFA, and
further enhanced by feed deprivation and the resulting microenvironment in
the crop of molted laying hens. We continue to investigate the molecular
response of Salmonella to gastrointestinal environmental
conditions.
IMPACT: 2000/01 TO
2000/12
This research is expected to
contribute to the understanding of virulence mechanisms of S. typhimurium
and may provide a scientific basis for developing more optimal strategies
to control the foodborne pathogen.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/01 TO 2000/12
1. Durant, J.A., V.K. Lowry, D.J. Nisbet, L.H. Stanker, D.E.
Corrier, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Late logarithmic Salmonella typhimurium
HEp-2 cell-association and invasion response to short chain volatile fatty
acid addition. J. Food Safety 20: 1-11.
2. Durant, J.A., D.E. Corrier, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Short-chain
volatile fatty acids modulate the expression of the hilA and invF genes of
Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Food Prot. 63: 573-578.
3. Durant, J.A., D.J. Nisbet, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Response of
selected poultry cecal probiotic bacteria and a primary poultry Salmonella
typhimurium isolate grown with or without glucose in liquid batch culture.
J. Environ. Sci. Health, B35: 503-516.
4. Durant, J.A., D.E. Corrier, L.H. Stanker, and S.C. Ricke.
2000. Expression of the hilA Salmonella typhimurium gene in a poultry S.
enteritidis isolate in response to lactate and nutrients. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 89: 63-69.
5. Durant, J.A.,
D.E. Corrier, L.H. Stanker, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Salmonella enteritidis
hilA gene fusion response after incubation in a spent media from either S.
enteritidis or a probiotic Lactobacillus strain. J. Environ. Sci. Health,
B35: 599-610.
6. Durant, J.A., V.K. Lowry,
D.J. Nisbet, L.H. Stanker, D.E. Corrier, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Short-chain
fatty acids alter HEp-2 cell association and invasion by stationary growth
phase Salmonella typhimurium. J. Food Sci.65: 1206-1209.
7. Kwon, Y.M., C.L. Woodward, S.D. Pillai, J. Pena, D.E. Corrier,
J.A. Byrd, S.C. Ricke. 2000. Litter and aerosol sampling of chicken houses
for rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium using gene amplification. J.
Industrial Microbiol. Biotech. 24: 379-382.
8. Kwon, Y.M., C.L. Woodward, D.E. Corrier, J.A. Byrd, S.D.
Pillai, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Recovery of a marker strain of Salmonella
typhimurium in litter and aerosols from isolation rooms containing
infected chickens. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B35:
517-525.
9. Kwon, Y.M. and S.C. Ricke. 2000.
Efficient amplification of multiple transposon-flanking sequences. J.
Microbiol. Methods 41: 195-199. 10. Kwon, Y.M., S.Y. Park, S.G. Birkhold,
and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Induction of resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to
environmental stresses by exposure to short-chain fatty acids. J. Food
Sci. 65: 1037-1040 .
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Ricke, S.
C.
Phone: 979/862-1528
Fax: 979/845-1921
Email:
sricke@poultry.tamu.edu
Termination Year 2003
ACCESSION NO: 0186918 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: MD-VTMD-9130 AGENCY: CSREES MD.
PROJ TYPE: OTHER GRANTS PROJ
STATUS: NEW
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 00-51110-9739 PROPOSAL NO:
2000-05442
START: 15 SEP 2000 TERM: 14 SEP 2003 FY: 2001 GRANT YR:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: HECKERT, R. A.;
LILLEHOJ, H.; BABU, U.; SONG, W.; RAYBOURNE,
R.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
UNIV OF MARYLAND
COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND 20742
SALMONELLA IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND INTERVENTION
STRATEGIES
OBJECTIVES: Our goals for this
project are: Goal #1: Evaluate the host local immune responses to
Salmonella infection and investigate the effects of various
immunomodulating factors. Goal#2: Determine the effects of various
vaccination and intervention strategies on the immune response and
colonization, persistence and shedding of Salmonella in laying chickens.
Goal #3: Examine the impact of forced molting on the immune status of
commercial laying chickens.
APPROACH: The immune system is still the most powerful and
effective system the host has in preventing and eliminating infections by
microorganisms. Although SE infection may not result in serious illness in
chickens, a carrier state may be established, suggesting that the immune
system of the chicken is ineffective in completely preventing SE
infection, invasion and shedding. We propose to systematically examine the
immune system of the chicken before, during and after SE infection to gain
a greater understanding of how the microorganism and the immune system
interact. We will also examine mechanisms of altering this immune response
in order to enhance the resistance to colonization, enhance the
elimination of the microorganism and prevent shedding. Studies will not
only take place under controlled laboratory conditions, but will also
investigate the impact of the immune system on Salmonella infections of
commercial laying chickens on farms. In recent years, SE has been the most
commonly isolated Salmonella serotype in humans in the U.S.6 Between 1985
and 1991, eggs were the primary vehicle of SE infection in 82% of human
food borne outbreaks.7 Control of SE in man will depend upon effective
means of reducing SE in eggs. In order to effectively do this we must
first understand the pathogenesis of Salmonella in poultry and the impact
the immune system has on this infection. This could lead to strategies to
modulate the immune system to better prevent and control Salmonella
infections, thereby leading to effective pathogen reduction or
elimination. We have established a consortium of researchers with
expertise relevant to addressing the above research goals. This group will
carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the role of the immune system in
SE-elimination from various age groups of birds. In this proposal, we will
investigate the potential of several intervention strategies for
controlling SE infection in hens and determine their possible mechanisms
of action. Additionally, the field component of this proposal is a unique
feature, which has been identified as a key factor in the egg safety
action plan (a federal initiative designed to reduce the threat of SE in
shell eggs). Our proposed work includes examining the impact of forced
molting on the immune system and SE in commercial laying hens. We have
performed preliminary studies on various aspects of Salmonella-host
interaction and have established the methodology necessary to carry out
the investigations outlined in this proposal. This research should not
only provide basic information on the pathogen-host cell interaction, but
also give vital information on how the immune system of the chicken can be
used to control or eliminate the spread of SE from animals to
man.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) carried by chickens and shed into and onto
shell eggs has become a major source of human intestinal infections.
Despite a large amount of research, there are still no effective measures
for preventing SE colonization, and we still lack an understanding of why
Salmonella infected hens remain persistently infected. This study will
investigate the immunobiology of Salmonella infections in laying chickens
and develop novel immunomodulating strategies for the intervention of
Salmonella colonization, persistence, shedding and egg
contamination.
PROGRESS: 2001/01 TO
2001/12
In the last 20 years there has been an
increase in human food-poisoning outbreaks attributable to Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) in the United States. Epidemiological studies of this
increase have indicated that grade A shell eggs are an important source of
SE. Despite the tremendous efforts made by the poultry industry, no
effective measures for elimination of SE colonization have been developed.
The humoral immune responses after infection with SE have been extensively
studied for diagnostic purposes. However, the fundamental mechanism of
mucosal resistance to infection and clearance of SE from the gut has
received scant attention. Protection from infection by SE through humoral
mechanisms alone is unlikely, due to the organism being a facultative
intracellular bacterium. There is enough evidence in various animal models
that cell mediated immunity plays a major role in controlling Salmonella
infection. In chickens, thus far, there is lack of detailed knowledge on
the immune mechanisms involved in defense against Salmonella infection.
Our studies thus far have supported earlier conclusions that natural
infection produces weak and transient immune responses that are
ineffective at preventing or clearing a Salmonella infection. We have
found that immunization with a killed vaccine provides a better immune
response than using a modified live vaccine. This immunity is better with
respect to intestinal IgA (which is the main barrier to Salmonella
colonization of the intestinal tract) and better in producing cellular
immunity (that which is responsible for eliminating the infection). This
is somewhat surprising, as traditional thinking indicated that killed
vaccines were not effective at eliciting good cellular immunity. We are
currently preparing several publications regarding these findings. A
further goal in this research was to evaluate various methods of
increasing the chick's natural resistance to infection. To this end we
have been developing and evaluating various compounds that could be
administered in ovo, to increase the innate immunity of the chick at
hatch. One of the first substances we evaluated was a genetic adjuvant.
This is a short stretch of nucleic acids containing many C and G bases in
a particular motif. These sequences are bacterial in origin and have been
shown in the mammalian system to up regulate the immune system. We have
synthesized several of these sequences in various motifs and have shown
that some of them are also powerful stimulants in activating avian cells.
We have shown the CpG oligonucleotides to increase macrophage
intracellular nitric oxide, increase expression of cell surface antigens
and increase expression of IL-6 in vitro. Preliminary studies have also
shown it to have similar effects when delivered in ovo. We are in the
process of preparing a publication reporting this novel and important
finding. As further goals in this project we are continuing to explore
vaccination and other methods of increasing the immunity of the hatched
chick, such that it is better able to resist Salmonella infection at
hatch.
IMPACT: 2001/01 TO
2001/12
This research should not only provide
basic information on the pathogen-host cell interaction, but also give
vital information on how the immune system of the chicken can be used to
control or eliminate the spread of Salmonella from animals to
man.
PUBLICATIONS: 2001/01 TO
2001/12
No publications reported this
period
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Heckert, R.
A.
Phone:
301-935-6083
Fax: 301-935-6079
Email:
rh175@umail.umd.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0403095 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 3602-32000-003-02S AGENCY: ARS
3602
PROJ TYPE: USDA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROJ STATUS:
NEW
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 58-3602-9-146
START: 15 SEP 1999 TERM: 14 SEP
2003 FY: 2001 GRANT YR: 1999
INVESTIGATOR: LAY JR D C; PAJOR E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: ANIMAL SCIENCE PURDUE UNIVERSITY WEST
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 47907
ANIMAL WELFARE IN FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this cooperative agreement research
project is to determine the effect of specific management practices on
farm animal welfare and productivity in poultry, swine and dairy
cattle.
APPROACH: The impact of
specific management practices (induced-molting in poultry, housing
environments in swine, and introductions to the milking parlor in dairy)
on animal welfare will be scientifically quantified. Effects will be
determined using ethological, physiological, immunological and
neurological methodologies. Behavioral measures will be collected using
live observation and advanced video/computer technology. Computer software
will be used to collect and manipulate data in preparation for statistical
analyses. Laboratory techniques will consist of immunological assays, high
performance liquid chromatography, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemistry
and neuron mapping.
PROGRESS: 2000/10
TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue
is being resolved and how are you resolving it? 2. How serious is the
problem? Why does it matter? 3. How does it relate to the National
Program(s) and National Component(s)? 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? D. Progress Report This report documents
research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and
Purdue University. Additional details of research can be found in the
report for the parent CRIS 3602-33000-002- 00D Ethology of Food Producing
Animals. A second postdoctoral associate has been hired under this
agreement, bringing expertise in poultry behavior from Europe that is not
available in the U.S. The use of gestation stalls is banned in Europe and
questioned in the U.S. for animal welfare reasons. A project with Dr. Ed
Pajor, Purdue University, comparing confinement in gestation stalls or
access to group areas during gestation is under analysis. Gilt cortisol,
immune function, and acuta phase response data is completed and will be
presented at the 2002 National Animal Science Meeting. Gilt behavioral
data and piglet immune function and behavioral data are being analyzed.
This work will become part of a scientific data set that will be used to
establish swine welfare standards by commercial users. With recent dairy
expansions, the time that cattle are in holding areas waiting to enter the
parlor has increased. A study in collaboration with Dr. Mike Schutz and
Dr. Ed Pajor, Purdue University, investigated short term physiological and
behavioral changes caused by the increased holding time (40 minutes or 2
hours). Data are being analyzed. This work will be useful to producers and
extension agents during dairy expansions for advise on appropriate holding
times prior to milking. A poultry behavior project in collaboration with
Dr. Ed Pajor, Purdue University, that will investigate imprinting affects
on chick behavior is underway. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over
the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. 6.
What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 7.
What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When
is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end
user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? 8. List
your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and
presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about
your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications
which are listed below)
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
No publications reported this period.
ACCESSION NO:
0191950 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: CALV-AH-198 AGENCY:
CSREES CALV
PROJ TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ STATUS: PENDING NEW
START:
01 NOV 2001 TERM: 31 OCT 2003
INVESTIGATOR: MCCOWAN, B.; JEFFREY, J.; CARDONA, C.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
POPULATION HEALTH & REPRODUCTION
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA (VET-MED)
DAVIS, CALIFORNIA 95616
THE EFFECTS OF INDUCED MOLTING AND
CHICKEN WELL-BEING
OBJECTIVES: The
objective of this research is (1) to examine differences in chicken
behavior and physiology under conditions of no fast-induced molting,
natural molting and fast-induced molting under control (no-molt) and
experimental (molt) conditions using individual chickens as their own
controls to assess the amount of pain, suffering and/or stress in chickens
under various types of molting and (2) to develop protocols for inducing
molt that reduce pain, suffering or stress in chickens if fast-induced
molting is found to
comprise chicken
well-being.
APPROACH: Eight groups of
three chickens housed in standard cages at the VMTRC will be the subjects
of this study. Four experimental groups will be subjected to fast-induced
molting. Two experimental groups will be subjected to no fast-induced
molting in which a low caloric diet will be given to the chickens. Two
control groups will be unmanaged and allowed to undergo natural molting.
During all experiments, feed and water consumption, egg production and
physical appearance will be monitored on a per cage basis. Data will be
collected daily to monitor au natural inanition and to follow the progress
of the molt. Stage 1. Normative data on chicken behavior, both social and
vocal interactions, will be collected on and analyzed from video and audio
tape to develop a comprehensive ethogram for use in the subsequent stages.
Dominance or pecking order will be determined for each group to account
for its effects on differential rates of behaviors by each individual.
These normative data are important because little is known on the types or
rates of behaviors and vocalizations of chickens that are indicative of
psychological or physiological pain, suffering or stress. Examples of
possible types and changes in rates of behaviors that might indicate
increased stress include aggressive pecking, cage (non-nutritive) pecking,
stereotyped pacing, head flicking and alarm vocalizations. Stage 2.
Chickens will be subjected to a housing and lighting program that
typically would be used by the poultry industry during normal production.
During this stage, behavioral and vocal data will be collected for one
hour twice on three days per week on both the types and rates of
aggressive and alarm behaviors and vocalizations. Stage 3. Chickens will
be subjected to the different treatments and behavioral and vocal data
will be collected as described above. Experimental groups will be molted
by withdrawing feed, or by a low caloric diet feeding, under the housing
and lighting conditions typical of an induced molting program used by the
poultry industry. The control groups will be similarly subjected to the
housing and lighting conditions but feed will not be withdrawn. For all
groups, data will also be collected on body weight, feather status and
body temperature during Stages II and III in order to monitor molting
status. Blood samples will be drawn from subjects for subsequent hormonal
analyses to measures cortisol levels, which is used as physiological
indicator of chronic stress. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels will also be
measured as a physiologic indicator of reproductive tract involution,
which is an indicative of future reproductive performance and egg quality.
Behavioral data will be analyzed from the videotapes using a focal animal
and 10-second interval sampling regime. This regime will permit us to
analyze both the types and rates of aggressive, alarm and other
stress-related behaviors under control and experimental conditions with
each chicken acting as her own control. Behavioral and physiological data
will be statistically analyzed using mixed effects linear regression in
S-Plus statistical software.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: There is deepening concern that the
induced molting of egg-laying chickens is cruel. This management practice
is widespread in the commercial industry of California and other states
because it provides significant benefits to both the producer and the
consumer, as well to the health of the chicken flock. The purpose of this
study is to evaluate changes in the behavior and physiology of chickens
under non-molt conditions and three types of molt conditions to assess the
well-being of chickens subjected to induced molting.
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: McCowan, B.
Phone: 559-688-1731
Fax: 559-686-4231
ACCESSION NO:
0181123 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: NEB-13-146 AGENCY:
CSREES NEB
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 04 DEC 1998 TERM: 30 NOV
2003 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
SCHEIDELER, S. E.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
ANIMAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 68583
FACTORS AFFECTING CALCIUM UTILIZATION
IN THE AVIAN AND EGG SHELL QUALITY
OBJECTIVES: Goal: To develop nutritional regimens that will
improve eggshell quality in commercial egg flocks during the second cycle
of egg production. 1. Test potential beneficial effects of new feed
additives such as phytase enzymes or 25 OH cholecalciferol on eggshell
quality specifically during late first cycle and during the second cycle
of lay. 2. Measure potential effects of natural estrogen like compounds
from lignans in flaxseed on calcium utilization during late lay in laying
hens. 3. Investigate the effects of Zinc-source and level on carbonic
anhydrase activity and subsequent effects on eggshell quality into late
first cycle and second cycle hens.
APPROACH: Laying flocks will be maintained in the Poultry
Research facilities at the University of Nebraska for the conduct of the
planned research. Applied nutrition trials will be conducted with various
age birds fed diets differing in nutrient content.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: This project address dietary modifications
in laying hens to improve egg shell quality. Dietary modifications include
adaptation of new technologies such as phytase enzyme, 25 dihydroxy
Vitamin D, and trace mineral proteinates potential benefits to eggshell
quality. The purpose of the project is to improve egg shell quality since
6-8gg loss occurs between the time of lay through processing and packaging
to the consumer.
PROGRESS: 2000/10
TO 2001/09
A good deal of time was spent
on the development of a novel monocalcium phosphorus feed ingredient
utilizing eggshells as the calcium source for this product. This process
was refined and a patent is pending for the process and product at UNL.
Bioavailability studies in broiler chicks and laying hens were conducted
indicating an availability of greater than 100% compared to dicalcium
phosphorus. Further studies have also been conducted with hatchery waste
to produce the reaction to produce monocalcium phosphorus. Studies were
also conducted this year testing non-restrictive feeding programs for
molting laying hens. Low salt, high fiber diets were fed to laying hens to
induce molt and compared to typical feed molt feed restriction programs.
Hens successfully went through their molt on the low sodium diets and then
re-entered a 2nd cycle of egg production without total feed restriction.
IMPACT: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
The creation of a novel monocalcium
phosphorus product from egg processing egg shell waste or hatchery waste
has potentially tremendous positive benefits to the environment. The
volume of this waste grows annually and disposal is difficult as fields
become calcium saturated. Adding value to this waste to make it into a
feed ingredient is economically and environmentally sound. The molting
research helps address animal welfare concerns of consumers as the egg
industry adopts the UEP Bird Welfare guidelines of non feed restrictive
molts.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
1. Scheideler, S.E., and P.R. Ferket.
2001. Phytase in broiler rations - Effects on carcass yields and incidence
of tibial dyschondroplasia. J. Appl. Poultry Res.
9:469-475.
2. Puthpongsiriporn, U., S.E.
Scheideler, J.L. Sell and M.M. Beck. 2001. Effects of vitamin E and C
supplementation on performance and immune and antioxidant status of laying
hens during heat stress. Poultry Science 80:1190-1200.
3. Jalal, M., and S.E. Scheideler. 2001. Effect of phytase
supplementation on egg production parameters and amino acid
digestibilities. Poultry Science 80:1463-1471.
4. Novak, C. and S.E. Scheideler. 2001. Long-term effects of
feeding flaxseed based diets. 1. Egg production parameters, components and
eggshell quality in 2 strains of laying hens.
5. Scheideler, S.E., N. Ward and M.Jalal, 2001. Effects of Roche
Ronozyme CT on Hyline W-98 laying hen performance when fed low phosphorus
diets. Poultry Science 80:478 (abstract).
6. Puthpongsiriporn, U. and S.E. Scheideler, 2001. Effects of
ratios of dietary linoleic to linolenic acid on hen performance, mitogenic
response and antibody production of White Leghorn hens against Newcastle
disease vaccine. Poultry Science 80:169 (Abstract)
7. Scheideler, S.E.,M.A. Jalal and E. Pierson. 2001. Strain
response of laying hens to varying dietary energy with and without enzyme.
International Poultry Scientific Formum p. 20
(Abstract).
8. Ash, J.A., and S.E.
Scheideler, 2001. Bioavailability assessment of eggshell derived
monocalcium phosphate. International Poultry Scientific Forum p. 20
(Abstract).
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Scheideler, S.
E.
Phone: 402-472-6451
Fax: 402-472-6362
E-mail:
Sscheideler1@unlinfo.unl.edu
Termination Year 2002
ACCESSION NO: 0177174 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-109-05-52 AGENCY: CSVM IOWV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 JUL 1997 TERM: 30 JUN 2002 FY:
1999
INVESTIGATOR: KRAMER,
T.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
IOWA STATE
UNIVERSITY
S. AND 16TH
ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA 50011
LIVE VACCINE AGAINST EGG-TRANSMISSION OF SALMONELLA
ENTERITIDIS
OBJECTIVES: To prevent spread
of Salmonella between laying hens. To prevent food poisoning from
Salmonella contaminated eggs.
APPROACH: Develop and test a live, heterophil attenuated
Salmonella enteritidis vaccine. To determine safety of vaccine for mice as
a model for human safety.
PROGRESS: 1997/07 TO 2002/06
Food poisoning caused by poultry meat and eggs contaminated with
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) are the leading causes of food poisoning in
the U.S. and in the developed world. We postulated that fecal shedding and
egg transmission of SE can be reduced by vaccination with a live,
attenuated SE vaccine. The goal of this project was to develop a safe and
effective live Salmonella enteritidis vaccine as a safeguard against food
poisoning of poultry origin. The objectives of the project were to: 1)
improve the heterophil and adapted SE vaccine (HASE); 2) to test the
improved HASE vaccine by long-term monitoring of chicken feces, egg shells
and egg contents; 3) to assess cloacal vs. vertical (transovarian) SE
contamination of eggs; and 4) to determine the virulence/avirulence of the
HASE in mammalian animal models. Objectives 1-3 were fully met in 1997.
Preliminary data were gathered on the mammalian safety of the HASE
vaccine. Specific objectives for 1998-1999 research were: 1) Continue work
on demonstration of human safety of HASE vaccine TK 605 using a mouse
model; 2) Investigate cellular and molecular basis for mechanism of action
of HASE TK 605 vaccine by probing into vaccine-heterophil interactions, by
comparing phagocytic indices of SE and HASE at multiple adaptive steps by
fluorescein activated cell sorting (FACS); 3) Expand the applicability of
heterophil adaptation to other gram-negative bacteria of importance to the
poultry industry. Scientific advances over the life of the project: 1) The
vaccine adaptation steps were increased to 11. Fecal shedding of vaccine
and of challenge were very satisfactorily reduced. The vaccine strain was
given at a dose of 10(8)CFU for three consecutive days by gavage. It was
shed by 2 hens on the 3rd day after vaccination, and by 1 hen on the 11th
day after vaccination; 3) Fecal shedding of challenge ceased on the 9th
day after challenge in the vaccinated group, and persisted for the 40-day
duration after challenge in the challenge control group. 2) None of 525
eggs cultured after vaccination were infected. One egg isolation was made
from 422 eggs in the vaccinated group after challenge. Of the 12 egg
isolations in the challenge control group, 8 were egg shell (cloacal)
isolates, and 4 were egg content isolates (transovarian). These limited
data suggest the cloacal infection of eggs is the major risk factor. 3) A
safe and effective live SE vaccine was developed in 1997. Many vaccines
are effective in preventing disease, but few are also effective in
preventing colonization and infection. The HASE TK 605 vaccine has met
this stringent criterion. 4) It was shown that increasing the number of
granulocyte (heterophil) passages from 6X to 11X has greatly improved the
safety and effectiveness of the granulocyte adapted SE
vaccine.
IMPACT: 1997/07 TO
2002/06
Salmonella enteritidis of poultry
origin is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the U.S. and in the
developed world. The HASE vaccine, developed earlier in this laboratory
holds the promise of reduction (and perhaps elimination) of this source of
foodborne disease. It is therefore important to know how this vaccine
works.
PUBLICATIONS: 1997/07 TO
2002/06
1. Kramer, T., Reinke, C.R., and
James, M. 1998. Reduction of fecal shedding and egg contamination of
Salmonella enteritis by increasing the number of heterophil adaptations.
Avian Dis 42:585:588.
2. Kramer, T.T.
1998. Effects of heterophil adaptation on Salmonella enteritidis fecal
shedding and egg contamination. Avian Dis. 42:6-13.
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Kramer, T.
T.
Phone:
515-294-3090
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
ttkramer@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0187249 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: TEX08815 AGENCY: CSREES TEX
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: NEW
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 2001-35201-09946
PROPOSAL NO: 2000-02614
START: 15 NOV 2000 TERM: 30 NOV
2002 GRANT YR: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: RICKE, S. C.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: POULTRY SCIENCE TEXAS A&M UNIV
COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77843
MINIMIZING SALMONELLA enteriditis INVASION IN HENS DURING INDUCED
MOLTING
OBJECTIVES: Determine if
addition of dietary moderate zinc-low calcium will prevent colonization of
Salmonella Enteritidis in the crop of chickens undergoing molting and what
characteristics in the crop microenvironment are associated with this type
of induced molt. Understand the potential role of the crop for Salmonella
Enteritidis virulence expression while birds are undergoing molting and if
key characteristics in the chicken crop microenvironment can be linked
with limiting S. Enteritidis colonization and virulence
expression.
APPROACH: The idea here is to
compare the indigenous microbial response in crops of birds that have been
molted either by feed deprivation or using a moderate Zn diet approach.
The hypothesis is that feed intake will be retained in the birds molted
via moderate Zn addition and the crop microflora will continue to be
actively fermenting to the point of being inhibitory to Salmonella
Enteritidis colonization and invasion. In addition to enumerating
Salmonella Enteritidis recovered after infection in the different
treatment groups we plan to quantitate fermentation products and enumerate
crop lactobacilli. We will also examine virulence activity of Salmonella
Enteritidis (hilA-lacZY transcriptional operon fusion) with a gene fusion
strain for in vitro assays of crop contents.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: During the past 10-15 years, the number of
cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica
serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) infections has greatly increased in
the U.S. and Europe and by 1995, S. Enteritidis comprised 25% of all
foodborne Salmonella isolates. Between 1985 and 1991, over 80% of S.
Enteritidis infections in the U.S. were associated with table eggs and
this may be linked to the specific stressful management practice of
inducing a molt to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in hens. Feed
withdrawal is the primary method used in the layer industry to induce
molting. However, feed withdrawal dramatically enhances S. Enteritidis
recovery from crops, increases invasion of organs in chickens and
increases horizontal transfer in flocks. The poultry industry needs
alternative molting procedures that do not require feed withdrawal but
allow managers to keep the economic advantages of recycling laying hens by
molting without causing a S. Enteritidis contamination problem. In this
proposal we plan to determine whether molt induction diets will minimize
S. Enteritidis and if key characteristics in the chicken crop
microenvironment can be linked with limiting S. Enteritidis colonization
and pathogenesis.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Ricke, S.
C.
Phone:
979-862-1528
Fax: 979-845-1921
Email:
sricke@poultry.tamu.edu
Termination Year 2001
ACCESSION NO: 0400561 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-017-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 16 APR 1996 TERM: 30 JAN 2001 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: GAST R K; PETTER
J G; MITCHELL B W; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
PATHOGENESIS, DETECTION, AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
AND OTHER SALMONELLAE IN CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: Determine how Salmonella enteritidis (SE) spreads
within and between poultry flocks and is deposited in eggs. Determine how
phenotypic and genetic diversity influences invasion of host organs and
egg contamination by SE. Identify environmental factors that influence the
emergence of virulent forms of SE. Develop sensitive and specific
diagnostic tests for SE in chickens and eggs. Develop effective SE
vaccines. Develop methods to reduce surface and airborne dispersal of SE
by dust reduction.
APPROACH: Chickens
will be infected with SE by oral inoculation or exposure to environmental
sources. Environmental factors and management practices that influence
persistence and vertical or horizontal transmission of SE will be
determined. Rapid and sensitive bacteriological and serological methods
for detecting SE infection or contamination will be applied. Vaccine
preparations will be tested for their efficacy. The pathogenic effects of
SE phage types and strains will be compared. Chromosomal heterogeneity in
virulence factor regulatory regions will be studied as it relates to egg
contamination. The identity of protein and carbohydrate receptors that
determine phage type will be established. Stages of the SE life cycle will
be defined by coupling continuous cell culturing to analysis of cell
surface protein and carbohydrate variability. Dust and bacterial counts
will be measured in poultry production areas and techniques including
ionization for reducing airborne dust and disease transmission will be
evaluated. Athens, GA-SEPRL-main lab & bldg
3.11/4/99.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? This project focuses on
explaining the pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infections in
chickens and developing improved methods for prevention, detection, and
control. Among the principal goals of the research are determining the
processes and mechanisms by which SE infects chickens, spreads vertically
and horizontally, and is deposited in eggs; assessing the influence of
strain variations on the ability of SE to invade host organs and
contaminate eggs; evaluating environmental factors that result in the
emergence of virulent forms of SE from avirulent populations; developing
more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for identifying SE infections
of chickens and for detecting SE contamination of eggs; developing and
evaluating effective killed and live vaccines for controlling SE
infections in chickens and associated egg contamination; and developing
electrostatic space charging technology to diminish the airborne spread of
SE throughout poultry hatching and housing facilities. 2. How serious is
the problem? Why does it matter? The association between human illness
caused by SE and the consumption of contaminated poultry products is an
important international public health and economic problem. In recent
years, SE has been among the Salmonella serotypes most often reported to
cause human illness. Eggs have been the most frequently implicated sources
of human SE infections in the United States. As food-borne transmission of
SE threatens both the safety of consumers and the ability of poultry
producers to market their products, the formulation and implementation of
effective control strategies for reducing the incidence of SE infections
in chickens has been identified as an urgent priority by both government
and industry. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and
National Component(s)? National Program 108, Food Safety (100%) This
research contributes to the Microbial Pathogens component of the Food
Safety National Program by providing scientists (veterinary, food, and
agricultural), regulatory agency officials, and the poultry industry with
urgently needed tools to understand, detect, and control SE infections of
chickens. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past
year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY2000 year. No
activity for this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and
replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under
that CRIS number. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any. No
activity for this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and
replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under
that CRIS number. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of
the project including their predicted or actual impact. This project
provided the first definitive experimental documentation that hens
systemically infected with SE could produce internally contaminated eggs.
Scientists found that SE infections can be highly persistent in both
chicks and hens and elicit long-lasting antibody titers. The project
developed and assessed the sensitivity and predictive value of methods for
detecting specific antibodies in serum and egg yolks from infected hens.
The project developed effective and practical bacteriological methods for
consistently detecting very small numbers of SE contaminants in eggs.
Efficient killed vaccines were developed and evaluated for reducing the
susceptibility of laying hens to SE infection. Studies assessed the
relationship between phage type of SE isolates and their virulence,
infectivity, and invasiveness in chicks. One scientist determined that air
movement can mediate the horizontal transmission of SE infection. An ESCS
was developed under a CRADA to reduce airborne dust and microorganisms in
hatching cabinets. The ESCS has been shown to have effectiveness
comparable to a 95% media filter for removing dust in laboratory
experiments in hatching cabinets and transmission cabinets and equal or
better effectiveness for removing airborne bacteria and Salmonella. The
ESCS reduced airborne SE in an isolation room with caged layers
approximately 95%. The kill rate of the ESCS on airborne and surface SE at
close range has been shown to be 98% or more. The ESCS has been patented
and an exclusive license for poultry applications has been approved with
BioIon, Inc. to manufacture and distribute the system. 6. What do you
expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? No activity for
this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and replaced by CRIS
number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under that CRIS number. 7.
What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When
is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end
user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? No
activity for this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and
replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under
that CRIS number. 8. List your most important publications in the popular
press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and
articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your
peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) No activity for this
fiscal year. This project has been terminated and replaced by CRIS number
6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under that CRIS
number.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
No activity for this fiscal year. This
project has been terminated and replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026.
All activity is reported under that CRIS number.
ACCESSION NO:
0400984 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-42000-022-00D
AGENCY: ARS 6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 DEC 1996 TERM: 30 JAN 2001 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S; GAST R
K; PETTER J G; SWAYNE D E; MITCHELL B W
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN COMMERCIAL
POULTRY FLOCKS
OBJECTIVES: Identify the
sources of introduction of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and other
salmonellae into commercial poultry flocks and the reservoirs where they
persist in the poultry housing environment. Determine how SE spreads
within and between commercial poultry flocks. Identify unique
characteristics of Salmonella isolates, strains, serotypes, and phage
types and apply this information to determine the epidemiological
relationships between isolates from different sources.
APPROACH: Samples taken from diverse locations in
commercial poultry housing facilities, and from the birds themselves, will
be tested for S.enteritidis and other enteroinvasive salmonellae.
Different sampling and testing methods will be selected or developed and
then evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting SE. Samples will be
obtained from flocks of different ages and housed using different
management systems. Experiment- ally infected chickens will be used to
establish or verify fundamental aspects of the host-pathogen relationship
between SE and poultry. Statistical modeling tools will be applied to
establish the significance of and relationships between individual sources
and reservoirs of salmonellae in commercial poultry flocks. Molecular
analytical methods will be applied to characterize and differentiate
Salmonella isolates.
PROGRESS: 2000/10
TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue
is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Salmonella enteritidis
(SE)is the causative agent of pandemic salmonellosis in people, which is
most often acquired by consumption of contaminated eggs. The reservoir
involved in transmission of SE to people is well identified, namely the
egg-laying hen. It can be difficult to identify infected flocks, because
they do not often become ill and because the organism can be difficult to
detect in the hen-house environment even when the organs of birds are
positive. It is also accepted that mice are important vectors for
transmission of SE to hens. Thus, the basic biology of SE appears to have
unique parameters as compared to what happens when other types of
Salmonella are in the on-farm environment. This research program addresses
how the biology and genetics of SE differs from that other Salmonella. 2.
How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Increased illness in
people from SE has existed for at least 20 years and it is currently the
most prevalent serotype causing salmonellosis in the world and the second
most prevalent in the U.S. The concern is that the incidence of illness in
the U.S. from SE has the potential to increase to levels seen in Western
Europe and other countries. 3. How does it relate to the National
Program(s) and National Component(s)? This projects is in the Microbial
Pathogens component of National Program 108, Food Safety (100%). The
research evaluates how the biology and genetics of SE can be used to halt
its, growth and survival in chickens and in the hen house, because these
links in the infection route to humans precede egg contamination. 4. What
were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most
Significant Accomplishment during FY 2001 year: SE had been thought to be
a single clone with minimal difference between isolates from different
geographic regions. This project studied surface carbohydrate variation of
SE, especially from mice in chickens houses, and showed that SE has a
significantly more variable cell surface than did Salmonella typhimurium,
which is another important cause of human illness not associated with egg
contamination. These findings supported the concept that the house mouse
plays a unique role in the pandemic associated with SE. B. Other
Significant Accomplishment(s), if any: The genetic basis for why SE is
infectious was poorly understood. A series of infection studies were
conducted that revealed that loss of a molecule called flagella enhances
the ability of SE to be infectious when given by mouth. This information
may indicate that vaccines directed against the flagella may prevent SE
infections. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the
project including their predicted or actual impact. This research
identified that it is possible to use the structure of the
lipopolysaccharide molecule of SE and other Salmonella serotypes to
conduct epidemiological investigations of how strain heterogeneity
potentially contributes to emerging patterns of salmonellosis in people
and animals. The outcome of this research is improved epidemiological
methods for monitoring emergence of SE and other potential pathogens
on-farm by increasing knowledge of how bacteria can change to cause
sustained illness in people through the food supply 6. What do you expect
to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? This project was
terminated. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? The science and technology of how to assess strain heterogeneity
of SE has been transmitted to epidemiologists, infectious disease experts,
and public health officials through publications broadly available in
peer-reviewed journals. It is being made available to farmers and industry
through vaccine studies funded by CRADAS that will deliver improved
products to market. One aspect of the science has been made available to
industry by patenting. The technology is durable, because the general
knowledge about how to grow and analyze SE can be applied to other
bacteria. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press
(no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and
articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your
peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) No activity during
FY2001
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
Parker,C.T., Liebana,E., Henzler,D.J.,
Guard-Petter,J. Lipopolysaccharide O-chain microheterogeneity of
Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Environmental
Microbiology. 2001. V.5.p.332-342.
ACCESSION NO: 0404088 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-42000-036-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 31 JAN 2001 TERM: 30 JUN
2001
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S;
VACANT; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE ATHENS, GEORGIA
30613
EVALUATION OF STRATEGIES FOR
INDUCED MOLTING ON SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS PROBLEMS IN LAYING
FLOCKS
OBJECTIVES: Define the
physiological, neuroendocrinological and psychological alterations that
occur in the hen during feed withdrawal to induce molt vs. alternative
molt procedures. Evaluate whether experimental observation of molt effects
on Salmonella enteritidis infection also occur under commercial
conditions. Evaluate whether alternative molt procedures can reduce or
eliminate the Salmonella enteritidis problem normally observed during an
experimental molt.
APPROACH: Examine
Salmonella enteritidis situation in commercial operations at various times
pre, during and post molt. Develop molting procedures alternative to feed
withdrawal such as low energy feeds or hormone therapy which do not cause
exacerbated Salmonella enteritidis infection. Examine the effects of
molting on hormone levels in brain, serum, and gut and the impact of
molting on intestinal integrity. Examine effect of molting on reproductive
tract function and morphology.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Induced molting is an important management tool used by
70-80% of the layer industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging hens
(an estimated 168-192 million hens are molted annually). Previous
experimental studies showed that molting via long term feed removal
dramatically increased problems with Salmonella enterica serotype
Enteritidis (SE). Because of the studies, molting has come under increased
scrutiny by federal regulatory agencies and animal welfare groups as a
potential food safety issue. Information is still too limited to determine
the legitimacy of such claims and the current project will provide
additional information by determining whether molting in a commercial
setting similarly increases SE problems, examining alternative molting
procedures with respect to their effects on SE infection, studying
intervention strategies such as vaccination to ameliorate the problem,
investigating in detail the degree of stress in birds subjected to molt
and whether alternative molt procedures are less stressful, and studying
the physiological effects of molting to determine potential causes of the
exacerbated infection observed in the hens during molt. 2. How serious is
the problem? Why does it matter? Eggs produced by molted hens may be a
food safety risk to the consuming public. It is estimated that fully a
third of the profits derived from a flock during its life span comes from
molted hens. The producer could lose this very important management tool
unless studies are conducted to assess the problem, develop intervention
strategies to reduce the problem, and generate new methods to recycle
flocks. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National
Component(s)? This project is in the National Programs 108 on Food Safety
(75%) and 103 on Animal Health (25%). In Food Safety, developing
alternatives to molting of laying hens that will prolong their productive
egg laying and not be conducive to SE infection supports the Microbial
Pathogens Component. In addition, the project's objectives and goals are
aligned with the President's Council on Food Safety 1999 Action Plan
document that directs further research to provide data on molting to
federal action agencies that will support regulation of industry practices
based on logical, science- based information. In Animal Health, the stress
component of the studies addresses Disease Control Strategies and
Host/Pathogen Interactions components. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment
during FY 2001? This was a temporary bridging CRIS, please see progress
reported under project 6612-32000-031-00D. NPS changed the project number.
B. Other significant accomplishment(s),if any. Please see accomplishments
listed under project 6612-32000-031-00D. C. Significant
accomplishments/activities that support special target populations. Please
see accomplishments/activities noted under project 6612-32000-031-00D. D.
Progress Report. This was a temporary 3 month bridging CRIS for the final
CRIS number 6612-32000-031-00D. All progress is reported under
6612-32000-031-00D. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of
the project including their predicted or actual impact. This was a 3 month
temporary bridging CRIS. Previous accomplishments of the CRIS dealing with
molting include - 1) molting depressed cell-mediated immunity in hens; 2)
molting increased the severity of SE infections in hens; 3) molting made
the hens 1,000-10,000-fold more susceptible to an SE infection which
resulted in the rapid transmission SE to uninfected, but exposed, molted
hens. As a result of these studies, the USDA/FSIS Salmonella enteritidis
Risk Assessment Team, in their 1998 Risk Assessment document, placed
molting as a central flock variable for increasing the risk of eggs
produced which contain SE. 4) developed alternative molting procedure
using wheat middlings which dramatically decreased SE levels in hens. As a
result of these studies, researchers have moved to field studies to
examine the economic utility of using wheat middlings in a commercial
situation. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the
next 3 years? This project was a 3 month temporary bridging project and is
terminated. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? This project number was changed by NPS to 6612-32000-031-00D.
Project now terminated. 8. List your most important publications in the
popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific
organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not
replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) See
project 6612-32000-031-00D.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
No publications reported this period.
ACCESSION NO:
0178904 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-405-25-09 AGENCY:
CSVM IOWV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 09 MAR 1998 TERM: 31 MAR
2001 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
KRAMER, T. T.; HARRIS, R. S.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY MEDICINE
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
S. AND 16TH ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA
50011
A LIVE SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
(SE) VACCINE AGAINST EGG TRANSMITTED SALMONELLOSIS
OBJECTIVES: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is the most common source
of food poisoning worldwide. The primary source of SE contaminated food is
the chicken egg. The objective of this research is to validate the safety
for humans, and to explore the marketability of a live, heterophil
attenuated Salmonella enteritidis (HASE) vaccine for the prevention of
egg-transmitted salmonellosis.
APPROACH: Selection of live vaccine candidates by heterophil
adaptation.
PROGRESS: 1998/03 TO
2001/03
Fecal shedding and egg transmission of
a heterophil attenuated, vaccine candidate strain of Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) was evaluated in laying hens. Fecal shedding and egg
transmission of vaccine and challenge SE were used to assess, safety and
efficacy of the heterophil attenuated SE. Fecal shedding was very
significantly reduced in vaccinated hens by comparison to challenge
controls (p < 0.001). None of 1,019 eggs cultured from vaccinated and
challenged hens were infected with SE. Twelve of 479 (2.5%) of control
eggs were infected
IMPACT: 1998/03 TO
2001/03
Further evidence was obtained for the
suitability of heterophil adapted Salmonella enteritidis as a live
attenuated vaccine against salmonellosis of poultry.
PUBLICATIONS: 1998/03 TO 2001/03
No publications reported this period
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Kramer, T.
T.
Phone:
515-294-3090
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
ttkramer@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0178167 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-416-23-73 AGENCY: CSREES IOWV
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO:
97-35201-4608
START: 01 SEP 1997 TERM: 31 AUG 2001 FY: 2000 GRANT YR:
1997
INVESTIGATOR: MINION, F. C.;
TRAMPEL, D. W.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
IOWA STATE
UNIVERSITY
S. AND 16TH
ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA 50011
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS HETEROPHIL
RESISTANCE
OBJECTIVES: 9702755. Obtain a
better understanding of Salmonella enteritidis-chicken interactions at the
molecular level. This will be accomplished using unique mutants that are
resistant to chicken heterophil killing and by completing the following
specific aims: 1)We will complete the assessment of the SE mutants in
chicken in order to assess their pattern of colonization of infected
tissues and affinity for egg laying tissues; 2) Genes involved in immune
cell resistance will be identified by screening complemented strains in
cell cultures; 3) Mutations will be constructed in these genes in the wild
type strain in order to confirm their role in immune cell resistance; 4)
Mutants will be assessed for virulence and egg transmissibility in
chickens. For unknown reasons, immune cell resistance is directly linked
to lowered virulence in SE. These studies will shed light on the possible
mechanisms involved and add to our understanding of salmonella
pathogenesis.
APPROACH: First develop
mutant strains expressing green fluorescent protein to enhance our ability
to follow S. enteritidis in host tissues and eggs. These strains will then
be used to infect chickens and bacteriological and histopathological
studies undertaken. Cosmid libraries of wild type S. enteritidis will be
constructed and used to complement the mutant strains. Complementing
clones with wild type phenotype will then be analyzed by subcloning and
transposon mutagenesis, and the genes involves in heterophil resistance
(htr) sequenced and analyzed. Knockout mutations in putative htr genes
will be constructed in wild type strains, and the resulting strains
analyzed for sensitivity in heterophil cultures.
PROGRESS: 1997/09 TO 2001/08
The overall goal of this proposal was to determine the genetic
basis for heterophile resistance of a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) mutant
(TK605) and to characterize this mutant in terms of its persistence and
vaccine potential. The latter aim was accomplished in the first two years
of the grant. A third aim was to develop green fluorescent protein (GFP)
producing strains of SE strain TK474 and follow their transmission through
the chicken to learn more about the cell types and tissue locations for SE
during persistence. After integrating the GFPuv structural gene downstream
of the lac promoter in the chromosome, colonies were unexpectedly
fluorescently unstable in their fluorescence after in vitro passage. We
then obtained another derivative of GFP on a R6 vector used in Salmonella
typhimurium studies, which was stable in SE after prolonged passage in
vitro. Studies of this construct in SE in mature hens showed that the
numbers of fluorescent salmonella in tissues was low, making it difficult
to follow the organism in specific tissues, and we did not pursue this
avenue further. To determine the genetic basis for heterophile adaption,
we sought to complement the mutations in SE strain TK605 using cosmid
based approaches. The differences in survival between the mutant and wild
type strains in chicken heterophile cultures, however, were not great
enough to allow direct selection for a complemented mutant strain.
Instead, we focused the last 18 months on invasion studies and signature
tagged mutagenesis (STM) to identify genes needed for SE cell invasion
with the hypothesis that invasion is critical for heterophile survival,
tissue dissemination and persistence in the reproductive tract. STM
invasion negative mutants were identified using Vero cell cultures. Assays
using MTT or XTT to quantify the number of Salmonella present after lysis
of the Vero cells had high background and variability. Invasion was then
assessed by a growth/no-growth assay on brilliant green agar plates
containing kanamycin, which led to the identification of 46
invasion-negative mutants. These mutants were then tested in a day-old
chick model for virulence. The livers of all birds were sampled for
Salmonella mutants using brilliant green agar plates with kanamycin.
Virulence varied among the invasion-negative mutants with some low
pathogenicity and some retaining high virulence, rapidly killing all
chicks in a group. Further, STM experiments were also performed, and the
mutants displayed variability in their ability to persist in chickens in
comparison to wild type salmonella. Identification of the STM
mini-transposon insertion site by DNA sequencing is currently in progress.
Direct cloning of the transposon and flanking sequences, and direct
sequencing of chromosomal DNA had little success. The most successful
method for obtaining junction site sequences was using inverse PCR. The
insertion site for eleven of the forty-six mutants has been identified. At
the conclusion of this stage, we will have identified different loci in SE
involved in Vero cell invasion and correlated that phenotype with
persistence in mature chickens and virulence in a day-old chick
model.
IMPACT: 1997/09 TO
2001/08
Salmonella enteritidis remains an
important world-wide food safety pathogen. Identification of genes
involved in tissue invasion and the correlation of specific genes with
virulence and persistence in chickens will provide important information
needed for a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of this
organism. These genes might also provide therapeutic targets for
development of better intervention strategies both at the pre-harvest and
post-harvest stages.
PUBLICATIONS:
1997/09 TO 2001/08
1. Kramer, T. T. 1998.
Effects of heterophil adaption on Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding
and egg contamination. Avian Dis. 42:6-13.
2. Kramer, T.T., C. R. Reinke, and M. James. 1998. Reduction of
fecal shedding and egg contamination of Salmonella enteritidis by
increasing the number of heterophil adaptions. Avian Dis.
42:585-588.
3. Kramer, T.T. and J. Vote.
2000. Granulocyte selected live Salmonella enteritidis vaccine is species
specific. Vaccine 18:2239-2243.
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Minion, F.
C.
Phone:
515-294-6347
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
fcminion@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0400221 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-019-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 09 APR 1996 TERM: 08 APR
2001 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
TUMPEY T; MITCHELL B W; HOLT P S; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE ATHENS,
GEORGIA 30613
STIMULATION OF MUCOSAL
IMMUNITY IN CHICKENS TO PROTECT AGAINST ENTERIC AND RESPIRATORY
PATHOGENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the
development of local humoral immune response at mucosal surfaces in
chickens and compare this response with systemic immunity. Develop
vaccines for mucosal immunity against intestinal and respiratory pathogens
in poultry and diagnostic tests that will predict effectiveness. Determine
the mechanisms for generation of airborne pathogens. Develop controls to
improve poultry health and enhance mucosal vaccine effectiveness by
reducing airborne pathgens and dust.
APPROACH: Birds will be orally infected with salmonella
enteritidis (SE) and serum and intestinal anti-SE antibody levels will be
ascertained over time. The birds will be re-infected to determine the
development of serum and intestinal immunological memory. Immune
recognition of different components of SE in serum and the intestinal
tract will be compared. The protective role of serum and mucosal
antibodies will be ascertained by passive administration of antibodies to
naive birds and following the progression of the infection. The
development of immunity in the intestinal tract will be delineated by
immunoassay of intestinal contents and elispot analysis of purified lamina
propria lymphocytes. Dust and bacterial counts will be measured in
hatching cabinets and other poultry production areas. Dust reduction
techniques studied will include lowering air velocity and using an
electrostatic space charge with a grounded collection system. Experiments
will be conducted to characterize airborne transmission of SE and to
explore treatments for reducing it.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Pathogens such as Salmonella enteritidis (SE), avian
influenza virus, and Newcastle disease virus initiate their infections at
mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal or respiratory tract. Procedures
which protect these sites from infection, either by inducing active
immunity or by reducing the challenge dose reaching the animal would
significantly reduce the morbidity, mortality, and egg contamination
resulting from infection. Vaccination regimens against these infections
generally involve parenteral injections which induce a good systemic
immune response. While this regimen does evoke a certain degree of
protection at mucosal surfaces, it is not complete - a certain percentage
of the birds remain infected and continue to shed organism into the
environment and, in the case of SE, produce eggs contaminated with the
organism. This scenario is observed regularly in the field and, as a
result, vaccination against avian influenza virus is not performed in
chickens in this country and only moderate vaccination against SE occurs.
Recent serious outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry
in Mexico and in Hong Kong underscore the need for improved vaccination
regimens to combat this problem organism. The continuing problem of SE
infections in humans traced to contaminated eggs and the limited use by
industry of currently available vaccines indicates the need for newer and
better immunization methods to prevent infections. If immunity were to be
elicited via mucosal vaccination at the site where infection was
initiated, there would be a greater chance of stopping the organism before
it has a chance to become firmly established within the tissue. Our
laboratory is taking a multiple-prong attack at this problem by examining
development of immunity at mucosal surfaces following infection and
comparing this response with that in serum. We are also developing
vaccination regimens which activate protective immunity at these surfaces.
A third area of research is the use of procedures to reduce the levels of
the pathogen in the air environment and therefore reduce the challenge
dose reaching the bird. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?
With highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the situation is grave and
the primary remedy is massive flock slaughter and quarantine of poultry
products leaving the area, both of which put a severe financial burden on
the producer, the region, and the industry as a whole. For SE, the
situation is very serious. This organism is the leading Salmonella serovar
causing human food borne infections in the U.S. and, while the number of
outbreaks of food borne infections by this organism is decreasing, the
number of sporadic cases continues to increase. The significance of this
is two-fold: 1) a large number of individuals are becoming ill, and some
die, due to consumption of eggs contaminated with this organism; 2) this
has dramatic repercussions on the egg industry due to reduced egg
consumption and the involvement of regulatory agencies in diverting eggs
to pasteurization. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and
National Component(s) to which it has been assigned? National Program 103,
Animal Health (75%) National Program 108, Animal Health (25%) Because of
the disastrous nature of poultry infections by avian influenza virus and
Newcastle disease virus, regimens which prevent the initiation and
dissemination of the organisms within flocks fit well within the National
Program animal health mandate. Similarly, food safety is a major component
of the National Program agenda and intervention strategies which help
prevent the dissemination of a human disease organism within flocks and
block the entry of the organism into the human food chain are important
areas of investigation. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments
this past year? Studies were conducted with an electrostatic space charge
system in a caged layer room to determine dust reduction capabilities and
potential of the system for reducing airborne Salmonella enteritidis.
Duplicated experiments in a caged layer room with artificially and
naturally generated dust indicated that electrostatic space charge system
treatment reduced dust concentration by 52-91%. Reductions in dust level
of 50% reduce airborne bacterial counts by 100 fold or more. A prototype
electrostatic space charge system that included an automatic rinse system
was developed and installed in several commercial chicken hatcheries. The
system reduced dust by 82% and Salmonella positive cabinets by as much as
83%. Hatchability with the system improved an average of 2.7%. The
electrostatic space charge system will decrease transmission of
disease-causing organisms and improve food safety. One-2 day-old chicks
were unable to mount a significant antibody response in either the serum
or intestinal tract. In adult chickens, a strong systemic and intestinal
response to SE occurred within a week post challenge and the chickens
cleared the infection within several weeks. These results demonstrated
that the age when birds are exposed to infection is a very important
variable with regards to their ability to respond to challenge and also
possibly to vaccination. An ELISPOT assay was developed to detect specific
antibody producing cells in the spleen and cecal tonsil in birds either
infected or vaccinated against SE. This assay will assess the role of
different intestinal tissues in the elicitation of an intestinal immune
response. Determined that certain compounds added to Salmonella
enteritidis killed vaccine emulsions resulted in an enhanced serum and
mucosal antibody response to the SE immunogen. This will improve vaccines
for use in SE control. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life
of the project including their predicted or actual impact. This a new
CRIS, in its third year, so a large proportion of the information was
presented in Question 4. However, we found that chicks infected with SE at
1-2 days post hatch cannot clear the infection and remain persistently
infected for over 20 weeks. Serum and mucosal responses in these birds
were severely depressed, with many birds not having any detectable
SE-specific antibodies. When these individuals were vaccinated or
re-infected, they were only minimally able to respond immunologically to
the new stimulus, indicating that very little immunological memory
occurred. These studies point to the hatchery as a very important area to
prevent SE infection since challenge at this age can have serious
repercussions on the health of the chicks. In the previous CRIS we
examined the effect of stress on immunity in poultry and there were
numerous accomplishments. We found that induced molting, a procedure used
by 70% of the layer industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging flocks
(affecting approximately 140-166 million hens annually) depressed the
immunity in the birds and substantially increased the severity of,
susceptibility to, and transmission of SE infections. Airborne
transmission of SE, not normally a route of spread of SE, was also
observed in molted hens indicating that the procedure could substantially
affect the spread of the organism through a flock. As a result of this
work, molting was identified by USDA/APHIS as a major risk factor for the
production of eggs contaminated with SE. 6. What do you expect to
accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? Develop ELISPOT assays to
further delineate the immune response in various locations in the
intestinal tract to identify the most important areas for targeting
vaccines. Determine whether the cecal tonsil is an important organ for the
development of an intestinal immune response. Evaluate more compounds with
respect to their adjuvanticity in the intestinal tract and examine whether
these vaccines can be adapted for use in ovo vaccination protocols. 7.
What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When
is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end
user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? A
patent application is pending for the electrostatic space charge system
technology and three license applications have been received for
manufacture of the system. Working under a CRADA with a manufacturer, we
developed a panel system, using monoclonal specific for SE flagella
developed in our laboratory, for detecting SE in poultry samples within 15
minutes. A Small Business Innovative Research grant was awarded by USDA to
further evaluate the capabilities of the panel in depth. 8. List your most
important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work(NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below). HOLT, P.S. Induced molting and possible Salmonella enteritidis
problems in layer flocks. Foodonics Incorporated Egg Quality Assurance
Producer's Meeting, Blackshear, GA, 1999. HOLT, P.S. Induced molting and
possible Salmonella enteritidis problems in layer flocks. Southeastern Egg
Producers Conference, Tallahassee, FL, 1999. HOLT, P.S. Risk factors for a
Salmonella enteritidis infection. SE Research Forum, Atlanta, GA, 1999
sponsored by the United Egg Producers.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. HOLT, P.S., MITCHELL, B.W., SEO, K-H.,and GAST, R.K. 1999. Use
of negative air ionization for reducing airborne levels of Salmonella
enterica serovar Enteritidis ... Journal of Applied Poultry Research, in
press.
2. DODSON, S.V., MAURER, J.J.. HOLT,
P.S., and LEE, M.D. 1999. Temporal changes in the population genetics of
Salmonella pullorum. Avian Diseases 43, in press.
3. HOLT, P.S., GAST, R.K. ,... 1999. Hyporesponsiveness of the
systemic and mucosal humoral immune systems in chickens infected with
Salmonella at one day of age. Poultry Science, in press.
4. CHAUBAL, L.H. and HOLT, P.S. 1999. Characterization of
motility and identification of flagella proteins in the avian pathogen
Salmonella pullorum. American Journal of Veterinary Research, in
press.
5. MITCHELL, B.W. 1999. Electrostatic
space charge system for dust and pathogen removal in commercial hatching
cabinets. Poultry Science 78(S1):143.
6. MITCHELL, B.W. 1999. Performance of an electrostatic dust
reduction system in a commercial hatchery. Dust Control in Animal
Production Facilities International Symposium, CIGR EurAgEng, Jutland,
Denmark.
7. HOLT, P.S., MITCHELL,B.W. , SEO,
K.-H., and GAST, R.K. 1999. Use of negative air ionization for reducing
airborne levels of Salmonella Enteritidis in a room. Proc. Western Poultry
Disease Conference, page 31.
8. HOLT, P.S., GAST,R.K., STONE, H.D.. 1999. Infection of chicks
with Salmonella enteritidis at one day of age results in persistent
infection and hyporesponsiveness humoral immune system. Immunology Letters
69:65.
9. HOLT, P.S. 1999. Possible
application of the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein assay as an indicator of
stress during an induced molt. Poultry Science
78(S1):29.
Termination Year
2000
ACCESSION NO: 0178835 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: ILLU-35-0226 AGENCY: SAES ILLU
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 AUG 1998 TERM: 31 JUL 2000 FY:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: BAHR, J. M.;
MALOY, S. R.; EDWARDS, R. A.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
ANIMAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS
URBANA, ILLINOIS
61801
DEVELOPMENT OF SALMONELLA
VACCINES FOR CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: C-FAR
1999 Internal. Salmonella enteritidis is a pathogenic bacteria responsible
for most cases of human food poisoning acquired from eating chickens or
eggs. Because this bacterium does not usually cause symptoms in chickens,
it is difficult to detect contaminated flocks. The long term aim of this
project is to design a vaccine against S. enteritidis that can be easily
administered to young chicks to protect chickens and their eggs from
infection.
APPROACH: Virulence factors
that have formed the basis of other vaccines include fimbriae, long
proteinaceous molecules on the bacterial surface. The SEF fimbriae are
unique to S. enteritidis virulence and seem to play a pivotal role in the
ability of this particular bacteria to infect chickens and eggs.
Therefore, we will use a molecular genetic approach to characterize the
role of SEF fimbriae in virulence and to test the role of SEF fimbriae as
a protective immunogen.
PROGRESS: 1998/08 TO 2000/07
C-FAR 1999 Internal. The objective was to design an effective,
inexpensive vaccine against Salmonella enterica sv. enteriditis that can
be administered to young chicks to protect chickens and their eggs from
infection. Preliminary studies suggested that a type of fimbriae
restricted to enteriditis may provide a useful vaccine target. Fimbriae
are long, proteinaceous structures that extend from bacterial cells and
mediate attachment to specific surfaces. Fimbriae have been shown to be
critical virulence factors in enteric bacteria and play multiple roles in
the course of infection. Salmonella infections are initiated by adherence
to intestinal epithelium using multiple fimbriae. Fimbriae involved in
this common step of Salmonella infections are found in all Salmonella
serovars. Enteritidis also produce a unique fimbriae encoded by the sef
genes (Salmonella Enteritidis fimbriae). SEF are not found in S.
Typhimurium or more distantly related Salmonella serovars, but all
Enteritidis isolates express SEF fimbriae. Results implicated SEF as a
unique virulence factor for Enteritidis. Immunization of mice with
purified SEF protects mice from Enteritidis infection, indicating that SEF
are expressed in the host and elicit a strong immune response. Properties
of these fimbriae suggest that this may be a novel vaccine target. We
showed that mutations in sef reduce virulence of Enteritidis in mice by 10
4-fold and 10 5-fold. In contrast, mutations in sef increase virulence in
chickens, suggesting that these fimbriae may play an important role in
establishment of chronic, asymptomatic infections in chickens. We have
characterized Enteritidis infections in chickens to develop a model system
for subsequent characterization of disease. Our research showed that day
old Leghorn chicks are susceptible to Enteritidis infections and a dose of
10 4-fold bacteria is lethal to young chicks. At lower doses, Enteritidis
colonizes the ceca, cloaca, liver, spleen and reproductive tissue of
chicks. Older chickens effectively clear the infection. Competition
experiments between the sefA mutant and wild-type Enteritidis confirm that
loss of SEF results in increased virulence in chickens. A simple
explanation of these results may be that SEF acts as an effective
immunogen, stimulating an protective cell-mediated immune response. This
would enhance the clearance of the wild-type strain while allowing a
mutant lacking SEF to persist in higher numbers. This conclusion is
supported by previous studies indicating that SEF induces a strong
T-lymphocyte response. Why would SEF promote virulence in mice and
decrease virulence in chickens? In BALB/c mice, SEF promotes uptake of
Enteritidis into macrophages which may limit the direct exposure of this
potential antigen to the host immune system. These results imply that SEF
may play different roles in the pathogenesis of Enteritidis depending on
the host. To test the effectiveness of SEF as a vaccine, we developed
methods to overproduce and purify SEF protein and we plan to use this
protein to immunize chickens. The immunized chickens will be subsequently
tested for protection against Enteritidis infections.
IMPACT: 1998/08 TO 2000/07
Salmonella enteriditis infects a wide variety of animals,
including chickens and humans. enteriditis typically initiates an
infection through the fecal oral route where it colonizes the intestinal
wall and causes diarrhea. In adult chickens these infections are usually
asymptomatic, but seemingly healthy chickens can carry and shed
enteriditis for long periods of time after the initial infection.
enteriditis can also colonize the developing egg in an otherwise
asymptomatic chicken, making enteriditis infections very insidious.
Recently, the occurrence of enteriditis infections in humans has increased
dramatically, largely due to the consumption of infected chicken eggs.
Despite the impact of enteriditis infections on agriculture and human
health, the virulence determinants (i.e., the mechanisms responsible for
causing disease) that mediate the unique aspects of enteriditis infections
in chickens are poorly understood. Understanding the unique virulence
mechanisms of enteriditis may lead to new, better ways of preventing
infections in chickens and thereby alleviating this major source of food
poisoning. Although enteriditis is the principle causes of Salmonella food
poisoning, most research on Salmonella pathogenesis has focused on
Salmonella Typhimurium. Work in many labs is beginning to elucidate the
Typhimurium virulence determinants. Our work identified a virulence factor
that is unique to Salmonella Enteritidis which has potential for use as a
cheap, effective vaccine for chickens.
PUBLICATIONS: 1998/08 TO 2000/07
1. Edwards, R., Schifferli, D. and Maloy, S. 2000. A novel role
for Salmonella enteritidis fimbriae in resistance to macrophage killing.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1258-1262.
2. Edwards, R. and Maloy, S. 2001. Inside or outside: Detecting
the cellular location of Salmonella during infection. Biotechniques 30:
304-311.
3. Townsend, S. 2001. Salmonella
enterica serotype Typhi possesses a unique repertoire of fimbrial genes.
Infect. and Immun. 69 (In Press).
4. Edwards, R., Matlock, B., Heffernan, B. and Maloy, S. 2001.
Regulation of SEF fimbriae expression in Salmonella enteritidis
(Submitted).
5. Helm, R.A., Sanderson, S.
and Maloy, S. 2001. A rapid approach to determine the rrn arrangement in
Salmonella serovars (Submitted).
6. Matlock, B., Heffernan, B., Edwards, R., Bahr, J. and Maloy,
S. 2001. The role of SEF14 fimbriae in the pathogenesis of Salmonella
enteritidis in day-old chicks (In Preparation).
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Bahr, J. M.
Phone:
217-333-2900
Fax: 217-333-8286
Email:
j-bahr@uiuc.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0149377 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6406-32000-005-00D AGENCY: ARS
6406
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 21 MAR 1995 TERM: 20 MAR
2000 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
BRANTON S L; BEARSON S M; LOTT B D; SIMMONS J D
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
MISSISSIPPI STATE, MISSISSIPPI 39762
DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF MYCOPLASMOSIS IN
POULTRY
OBJECTIVES: Improve both the
diagnosis and identification of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (MG) using an antigen-based ELISA and selected monoclonal
antibodies. Strain specificity will be pursued for MG. Determine effects
of common poultry mycoplasmal commensals on serology and egg quality.
Determine effects of commercially available live MG vaccines on layer
chickens. Isolate the receptor gene(s) from F strain Mycoplasma
gallisepticum and insert them into Mycoplasma
gallinarum.
APPROACH: Commercial hens
maintained in fiberglass isolation units will provide both production and
egg quality data. They will further serve as both the sera and culture
source for use in selecting from currently existing monoclonal antibodies
which will be used to produce the antigen-based ELISA. BALB/c mice will be
purchased and used to produce other needed monoclonal antibodies which
will be screened and selected against both direct hen mycoplasmal isolates
and against multiple-passaged mycoplasmal cultures. Selection should
result in a bank of monoclonals having specificity towards
mycoplasmal-common, species-specific as well as strain-specific epitopes.
The antigen-based ELISA will be utilized to determine the contribution of
common avian mycoplasmal commensals on MG and MS serology. Using molecular
approaches, a non-pathogenic, life-long protective immunity to respiratory
disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum will be
developed.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO
1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? The objectives of this
research are: a) to improve the diagnosis and identification of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), b) to identify virulence
factors that enable F strain MG to displace S6 strain MG, c) to
characterize the effects of the three currently available live MG vaccines
on egg production, egg and eggshell quality parameters, d) to characterize
the antibody responses of infected poultry to mycoplasma antigens by using
monoclonal antibodies and molecular techniques, and e) to evaluate the
impact of Mycoplasma infection in poultry. 2. How serious is the problem?
Why does it matter? Fully 80% of commercial egg laying chickens are
believed infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) which results in
decreased egg production, increased pharmaceutical costs, and mortality.
MG infection of broiler breeders is sporadic and results in either
condemnation and slaughter of infected hens and/or infection of progeny
which in turn, results in increased mortality, feed costs and slaughter
house condemnation. "Backyard" flocks exist as primary reservoirs of
infection. Numerous other species of Mycoplasma have been found in
commercial poultry. Fully 20% of the approximately 125 known mycoplasmas
can be found in the class Aves and of these about one-half (12) are found
in poultry. Of these 12, only four have been investigated to any depth. At
least five of the 12 mycoplasmas found in poultry can be isolated in
commercial layer chickens. We do not know the effect(s) of these other
mycoplasmal species on poultry and, coupled with the fact that mycoplasmal
infections in poultry are not cleared with antibiotics (once infected, a
chicken remains infected for the duration of its life) mycoplasmal
infection presents a dread scenario for the poultry industry. 3. How does
it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it
has been assigned? This research is assigned to National Program 103
Animal Diseases. It is appropriate for the sections on "pathogen
detection," "epidemiology of disease," and "disease prevention/control
through vaccine and novel strategies." 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? Although the temperature sensitive (ts-11)
live vaccine strain of MG has been available for use in commercial layers
for the past nine years, there has been NO information available to the
producer concerning the vaccines effects on egg production, egg weight
distribution, egg weight, blood/meat spot incidence, pimpling incidence,
Haugh unit determination and eggshell strength despite the fact that the
vaccine was developed to reduce egg production losses associated with MG
infection. The research included measuring, recording and analysis of the
aforementioned parameters together with hen mortality was conducted at the
Mid South Area Poultry Research Unit and involved collaborators from
Mississippi State University's College of Veterinary Medicine as well as
from the Mid South Area Office of the Director. We determined that the
ts-11 MG vaccine does not detrimentally affect any of the parameters
measured when the hens are vaccinated at ten weeks of age. The outcome of
this research is that now egg producers can make an informed decision
regarding the use of this vaccine in their flocks. Most commercial layer
chickens are infected with MG and most of these chickens remain "on the
farm" for approximately 100 weeks of age; this becomes important when
attempting to eradicate MG from multi-age layer operations, particularly
in view of the fact that "the influence of age on resistance to disease
has not been adequately examined." Chickens were maintained in biological
isolation units at the Mid South Area Poultry Research Unit and chickens
were infected at either 10 or 66 weeks of age whereupon recovery of the
organism was attempted involving collaboration from Mississippi State
University's College of Veterinary Medicine. Organism recovery data
indicated that older infected hens are more efficient at suppressing the
replication of the organism than are hens infected at a younger age. The
ramification of this research impacts epidemiological investigations in
that it suggests that older infected hens do not shed (implying that
transmission to other hens is decreased) the organism as readily as
younger infected hens. Most commercial layers are infected with MG and
remain "on the farm" through 100 weeks of age during which time they are
molted at about 65 weeks of age. Choanal cleft swabs were taken before and
after molting during which time the birds were maintained in biological
isolation units at the Mid South Area's Poultry Research Unit and involved
collaboration from Mississippi State University's College of Veterinary
Medicine. Molting was shown to result in a decreased ability to isolate MG
from known infected chickens. This result has epidemiological
ramifications in that it suggests that confirmatory MG isolation tests may
be impaired when conducted on hens either in molt or immediately after
molt. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project
including their predicted or actual impact. Major accomplishments over the
life of the project include: a) the finding that the chicken remains
infected over its life and that neither isolation nor disinfection of its
environment will rid the chicken of the organism, impact - unless you can
depopulate an infected farm, you cannot get rid of the organism from the
flock, b) that the cellular profile of the chicken's blood reflects an
acute infection with mycoplasma; however, the cellular blood profile of
the chronically infected chicken is similar to control hens, despite the
fact that the organism can still be isolated from the chronically infected
hen, impact - the chicken's immune system is apparently "tricked" by the
organism into believing there is no need to continue mounting an immune
response, c) that the addition of the commonly used therapeutic agent
ammonium chloride in layer chickens hinders the bacteriological recovery
of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from chickens, impact - a diagnostician needs
to know that a flock is being treated with ammonium chloride when he is
attempting to isolate the organism and therefore take a greater number of
swabs in order to assure the organism's isolation when the flock is
actually infected, d) that vaccination of chickens at 10 weeks of age with
the F strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum does not reduce egg production
over a 44-week laying cycle, impact - since 1979, flock managers have used
the F strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with the understanding that the
vaccine reduces egg production by approximately 7 eggs/hen over a 45-week
laying cycle. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the
next 3 years? In 2000, we expect to demonstrate the effects of an
available live MG vaccine (6/85) on egg production, egg size distribution,
and egg and eggshell quality parameters of layer chickens. Further, we
expect to sequence the genetic code and location of a putative gene
associated with the ability of the MG organism to adhere to a host cell
(cytadhesin gene) thereby inciting infection of the host. In 2001, we
expect to investigate the effect of one of the most prevalent Mycoplasma
species (Mycoplasma gallinarum) found in commercial layer chickens on egg
production, egg size distribution, and egg and eggshell quality
parameters. Also, we expect to show the impact of MG infection on the
lipoprotein content of eggs and further, to evaluate the virulence of the
cytadhesin gene sequenced in 2000. In 2002, we expect to demonstrate the
impact of Mycoplasma gallinaceum, the second most prevalent Mycoplasma
species found in commercial layer chickens, on egg production, egg size
distribution, and egg and eggshell quality parameters. We also expect,
contingent upon a determination of non-virulence in 2001, to insert the
cytadhesin gene sequenced in 2000 into Mycoplasma gallinarum to result in
the initiation of the development of a novel vaccine against MG. This
novel vaccine will be capable of preventing colonization by wild or field
strains of MG and will also result in enhanced interstate movement and
export of commercial poultry by not resulting in positive seroconversion
for both MG and MS tests. Finally, this vaccine should be more acceptable
to the broiler and turkey industries as it will be protective against MG
and MS yet cause no pathology. 7. What science and/or technologies have
been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely
to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)?
What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the
technology product? Information pertaining to the effect of ts-11 MG
vaccine on egg production, egg size distribution, Haugh unit measurement,
egg shell breaking strength, blood meat spot incidence, pimpling
incidence, and average egg weight has been made available to egg
producers, veterinarians, and diagnosticians. Similarly, information
regarding both molting and age of the chicken at the time of MG
vaccination has been made available as it pertains to these factors
potential for hindrance to isolation of the MG organism. The foregoing
information is relevant immediately as approximately 80% of the commercial
layer chickens are either infected or vaccinated with MG. This technology
has been delivered to commercial layer managers via telephone call,
reviewed journal articles, and conference talks. The value will continue
as long as this vaccine is used in commercial layers. The only constraints
to adoption of the technology rest with the individual states and whether
they permit use of the vaccine within their borders. 8. List your most
important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work(NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below). Becker, Hank. "Timing of vaccination could increase egg output."
Poultry Times, March 22, 1999, p. 14. Becker, Hank. "Vaccinating hens at
the right time saves eggs." Agricultural Research, March 1999, p. 17.
Becker, Hank. "Vacc boost for egg production." ANIMAL PHARM World Animal
Health and Nutrition News, July 2, 1999, p. 19.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. BRANTON, S.L., LOTT, B.D., MAY, J.D., MASLIN, W.R., PHARR,
G.T., BROWN, J.E. and BOYKIN, D.L. 1999. The effects of F strain ... .....
II. Egg size distribution. Avian Diseases 43:326-330.
2. BRANTON, S.L., MAY, J.D., LOTT, B.D. and PHARR, G.T. 1999.
Effects of age at inoculation and induced molt on .... Mycoplasma
gallisepticum from layer chickens. Avian Diseases
43:516-520.
3. BRANTON, S.L., LOTT, B.D.,
MAY, J.D. and MASLIN, W.R. 1999. The effects of ts-11 strain of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum in commercial layer hens. Poultry Science (Suppl.
1):17.
4. BRANTON, S.L., SIMMONS, J.D.,
PHARR, G.T. and BROWN, J.E. 1999. Mycoplasma isolates in layer chickens.
Poultry Science (Suppl. 1):107.
ACCESSION NO: 0177392 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: MOR-9702552 AGENCY: CSREES MO.R
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO:
97-35201-4936
START: 01 OCT 1997 TERM: 30 SEP 2000 FY: 2000 GRANT YR:
1997
INVESTIGATOR: CURTIS III, R.;
WILMES-RIESENBERG, M.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
BIOLOGY
WASHINGTON UNIV
#1 NORTH BROOKINGS
DRIVE, CAMPUS BOX 1137
ST LOUIS, MISSOURI
63130
ADHESINS FOR COLONIZATION OF
CHICKENS & THEIR USE IN PREVENTION OF SALMONELLOSIS
OBJECTIVES: An understanding of the mechanism of
Salmonella adherence to chicken cells could be particularly valuable when
developing strategies to eliminate or reduce Salmonella colonization of
poultry, and consequently, the shedding of Salmonella in feces, its
transmission to eggs, and the cross-contamination of chicken carcasses
which occurs during processing. The specific aims of this proposal are: to
identify the gene(s) encoding the iron-induced adhesin, to evaluate the
role of the iron-induced adhesin in the adherence of the Salmonella to
avian cells in culture, the colonization of the chicken intestine, and the
attachment of Salmonella to the surface of chicken carcasses and to
determine if the iron-induced adhesin is made by other serotypes of S.
enterica which colonize chickens.
APPROACH: The goals of this proposal are to identify the
iron-induced adhesin and to evaluate its role in the adherence of the
Salmonella to avian cells in culture, the colonization of chicken
intestine, and in the attachment of Salmonella to the surface of chicken
carcasses. This information may ultimately be used to design an avirulent
S. typhimurium vaccine strain which will express the gene(s) encoding the
Iia constitutely, and to evaluate its potential to induce an immune
response that would lessen the ability of S. typhimurium and other
serotypes to colonize the intestinal tract of chickens. The experiments
proposed involve using a variety of genetic and molecular biology
techniques. Mutants will be evaluated using tissue culture and animal
models.
PROGRESS: 1999/10 TO
2000/09
Our long-term objective is to reduce
or eliminate Salmonella colonization of poultry resulting in a reduction
in the shedding of Salmonella in feces, transmission to eggs and cross
contamination which occurs during processing. Toward this end, we
initially constructed a S. typhimurium strain possessing knockout
mutations in the genes encoding type 1 fimbriae (Fim), long polar
fimbriale (Lpf), plasmid encoded fimbriale (Pef) and thin aggregative
fimbriae (Agf). A derivative of this strain was also generated but lacking
the ability to synthesize flagella, which can also serve as an adhesin.
These strains were constructed to facilitate better identification of
mutants defective in the expression of an iron-induced adhesin using
TnphoA mutagenesis. Such a mutation, iia-8::TnphoA was identified in a S.
typhimurium strain with a phoP allele to block synthesis of acid
phosphatase which would then enable screening for strains that could or
could not express alkaline phosphatase encoded by the phoA gene in the
presence rather than in the absence of high iron concentrations. This
Iia-defective mutant adhered to tissue culture cells with only 5 to 10
percent of the efficiency of wild-type cells under high iron conditions
and with equal but low efficiency under low iron conditions. Using genomic
subtractive hybridization and selective capture of transcribed sequences
(SCOTS), we have identified another unique fimbrial operon, termed stf, in
the S. typhimurium genome flanking the ferrochrome uptake operon. This stf
fimbrial operon is similar to sequences encoding a mannose- resistant
fimbrial type in Proteus mirabilis. Although the stf fimbrial operon is
absent from the human pathogen S. typhi, it is present in the genomes of
broad host range serovars that are specifically adapted to avian hosts. A
lacZ reporter fusion was constructed, and studies demonstrated that the
stf fimbrial operon was not regulated by iron concentration or by other
environmental stimuli or stresses that affect expression of other fimbrial
operons. A mutant with constitutive expression of Stf fimbriae has been
constructed as well as a knockout mutant unable to synthesize Stf
fimbriae. These mutants, as well as those with combination of these
mutations and those affecting synthesis of other adhesins, including Iia
fimbriae, will be evaluated for ability to colonize day-of-hatch chicks
and to cause disease. Future studies will explore the potential
effectiveness of the immune responses against these fimbrial adhesins in
blocking the ability of Salmonella of diverse serotypes to colonize the
avian intestinal track and thus to reduce the likelihood that the
Salmonella will be transmitted through the food chain to
humans.
IMPACT: 1999/10 TO
2000/09
We have identified six fimbrial
adhesins, two newly identified by our efforts, that permit Salmonella
typhimurium strains to effectively colonize the intestinal tract of
chickens and thus become invasive. Flagella can also facilitate adherence
and contribute to colonization of the avian intestinal tract. Using mutant
strains with various constellations of mutations, colonization of the
intestinal tract and virulence can be reduced significantly, if not
eliminated. The results obtained permit us to postulate that effective
immune responses against the 7 adhesins would likely abolish the ability
of Salmonella strains to colonize the intestinal tract and be invasive and
thus reduce the likelihood for Salmonella transmission through the food
chain to humans.
PUBLICATIONS:
1999/10 TO 2000/09
1. Morrow, B.J., J.E.
Graham, and R. Curtiss III. 1999. Genomic subtractive hybridization and
selective capture of transcribed sequences identify a novel Salmonella
typhimurium fimbrial operon and putative transcriptional regulator that
are absent from the Salmonella typhi genome. Infect. Immun.
67:5106-5116.
2. Abstracts of poster
presentations have been submitted for the 2001 general meeting of the
American Society for Microbiology. Full-length papers describing our
results are in preparation.
ACCESSION NO: 0402941 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-017-05T AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 26 APR 1999 TERM: 31 MAR
2000 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT
P S
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH SERVICE, ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
COMPARISON OF THE IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS TO INDUCE
INFECTION IN WHITE LEGHORN HENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the impact of different molting procedures on
a Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens
APPROACH: Hens will be molted via feed removal, skip feeding, or
low nutrition diets and then infected with s. enteritidis. The course of
the infection in these hens will be compared with normal-fed hens. Trust
Agreement with US Poultry an Egg Association
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Induced molting is a prevalent procedure used by the layer
industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging flocks. It is estimated
that 70% of the flocks nationwide are molted. There are a variety of
methods to induce a molt but taking the birds off feed until they drop
25-30% body weight is the preferred method. Early studies on molting
showed that the effects of molting on a flock were primarily positive but
we showed that the procedure depressed the immune system of the birds and
dramatically exacerbated a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. This
increased the chance for the production of eggs contaminated with SE and
therefore presented a food safety problem. Procedures need to be developed
which will allow the producers access to this important economic tool
while, at the same time, not putting the consuming public at risk for an
SE infection. One procedure which we examined was the use of alternative
molt procedures in the place of chronic feed removal to reduce or
eliminate the exacerbated SE infection. We submitted a grant which was
funded by the U.S. Poultry and Egg Association to examine the efficacy of
using these alternative molt procedures to decrease or eliminate the SE
problem. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? A 70%
prevalence of molting means the procedure affects between 144-168 million
hens annually - a tremendous number of birds. It is estimated that
approximately one third of the egg industry's profits is derived from
molted birds which means that this is a very valuable industry tool.
Successful completion of these studies could mean that the egg industry
could use this important procedure without putting the consuming public at
risk. The impact would therefore be dramatic. 3. How does it relate to the
National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it has been
assigned? National Program 103, Animal Health (25%) National Program 108,
Food Safety (75%) Food safety is a major component of the National Program
agenda and intervention strategies which help prevent the dissemination of
a human disease organism within flocks and block the entry of the organism
into the human food chain are important areas of investigation. 4. What
were the most significant accomplishments this past year? We wanted to see
if feeding the hens a nonnutritive filler such as soybean hulls, which
would provide the hens with bulk materials to keep the intestinal tract
filled but yet provide no nutrition and therefore put the hens into a
egg-laying pause, would result in a less severe intestinal infection
compared with hens totally without feed. We found that the use of soybean
hulls had a minimal effect on the SE infection at day 3 post challenge,
compared with the fasted birds but there was a significant, 1000-fold SE
decrease in the soybean hull group at day 10 post challenge, indicating
that use of a nonnutritive diet can affect the SE situation during a molt.
In a second group of experiments, we examined whether a shortened feed
removal period, 6 days, followed by 3 alternating periods of 3 days on
feed/1 day off, would result in lower intestinal SE levels compared with
total feed withdrawal. As was seen in the soybean hull experiment, no
significant effects were observed at day 3 post challenge but by day 10,
there was a significantly lower number of SE in the intestinal tract of
the birds receiving the skip feed procedure compared with the birds off
feed for the entire time. These studies show that there are molting
strategies which will allow producers to recycle their birds and not
increase the risk of contaminated egg production. 5. Describe the major
accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or
actual impact. This CRADA has been going 0.5 years and question 4 is the
data to date. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the
next 3 years? This grant terminates on March 31, 2000. 7. What science
and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science
and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry,
farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the
adoption & durability of the technology product? None 8. List your
most important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work (NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below).
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO
1999/09
No publications reported this
period.
ACCESSION NO: 0149083 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: 6202-42000-008-00D
AGENCY: ARS 6202
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
NEW
START: 01 MAY 1995 TERM: 30 APR 2000 FY:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: KOGUT M H;
VACANT; VACANT
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS
77845
CYTOKINE-MEDIATED MODULATION
OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO PREVENT SALMONELLOSIS IN
POULTRY
OBJECTIVES: 1) Produce
cytokines or immune lymphokines in poultry by stimulation of spleen cells
to proliferate in vitro; 2) identify functional activity of cytokines; 3)
elucidate the mechanism of action of cytokines in poultry to aid in
identification; 4) encapsule and/or bind cytokines to cell or other
support matrix for delivery to neonatal chicks; and 5) purify cytokine(s)
and cloning of gene for possible mass production.
APPROACH: Research will be focused on the identification and
purification of cytokines which potentiate the innate immune responses of
poultry that effectively prevent organ invasion of Salmonella enteritidis.
Experiments will be conducted to separate and determine any effector
cytokines present in our T cell supernatants and any host-derived
cytokines induced endogenously in response to the injected material.
Studies will be conducted to identify the specific components of a
protective response and to elucidate the mechanisms of protection induced
by a prophylactic administration of cytokines in neonatal chicks. Emphasis
will be placed on the development of a cost-effective delivery system that
can be incorporated into the poultry industry.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Despite the endeavors of researchers and public health
agencies, the incidence of human salmonellosis has continued to increase
over the past 20 years. Salmonellosis is now one of the most common
food-borne causes of gastroenteritis. The number of reported cases of
human salmonellosis exceeds 40,000 per year. The CDC estimates the true
annual incidence of human salmonellosis in the US may be as high as 2 to 4
million cases/year. Animal food products are the principal source of human
infections. Traditional management of infectious diseases in poultry has
for the large part depended on the use of either broad-spectrum
antibiotics and/or vaccines. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and concerns
of antibiotic residues in meat causing microbial resistance in humans
disease, has caused a public outcry demanding the removal of many
antibiotics from animal feed and ultimately limiting future introduction
of antibiotics for animal use. Vaccinations have limitations, at least
7-10 days are required for the stimulation of the acquired immune response
for protection, and thus early protection for chicks from diseases is
attempted through maternal antibodies. We propose an alternative
immunological method for the control of infectious diseases, cytokine
immunomodulation. Using avian cytokines as natural enhancers of the
functional activity of the avian immune system results in direct
protection against infectious diseases and provides an adjuvant-like
promotion to any vaccine administered. Additionally, cytokines would be
given during the first few days of life when the animals' immune system is
functionally immature. Cytokines induce a very rapid protective response
(within hours) which would last through this susceptible period of life.
2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? More than 8 billion
broiler chickens are produced and commercially processed in the US each
year. Research has indicated that 35% or more of all processed poultry
meat products purchased by consumers may be contaminated by salmonellae.
Because those Salmonella serotypes most often associated with human
illness do not cause serious disease or grossly identifiable lesions in
poultry, it has not been possible to eliminate contaminated poultry
carcasses by inspection procedures during processing. Induced molting of
laying hens is a common practice used by the US layer industry for the
continual productivity of aging hens. However, induced molting has been
linked to the decreased resistance and increased severity of Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) in these hens. In fact, table eggs have been shown to be
major sources of SE infections in humans with the risk of eggs becoming
positive for SE contamination increasing threefold in flocks molted within
the previous 10 weeks. Since 60% of the hens undergo a forced molt,
approximately 200 million hens have an increased risk to SE infection.
Salmonellosis in swine has been estimated to cost swine producers over
$100 million dollars/year in losses. 3. How does it relate to the National
Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it has been assigned? Food
safety belongs to a cross cutting program area. A major research direction
in the Food Safety program (NP-108) is to decrease pathogenic bacteria.
Targeted microbes include Salmonella spp. There is a need to develop
integrated strategies for the prevention of Salmonella colonization and
organ invasion in poultry and swine. One such strategy is the modulation
of the host immune system. Immunological research on the control of
intestinal and tissue colonization of poultry by invasive Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) has largely focused on the development of live,
attenuated vaccines. Regardless of the efficacy of a vaccine, at least
7-10 days are required for the stimulation of the acquired immune response
for protection. Unfortunately for the poultry industry, neonatal poultry
are most susceptible to Salmonella infections during the first 4 days
post-hatch, after which they become increasingly more resistant to
infection. During this first 4 days post-hatch we hypothesized
immunopotentiation of the innate defense mechanism(s) would prevent
Salmonella organ infectivity. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? This year tests were undertaken to
determine the effects of induced molt on basal functional activities of
heterophils from aging hens. The results indicated that feed withdrawal to
induce molt alters the number and function of peripheral blood
heterophils. This decreased efficiency of heterophil functional activity
appears to play a role in the increased susceptibility of molting hens to
Salmonella enteritidis infections. Preliminary investigations conducted
during the last year demonstrated that the oral administration of
Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines (SILK) to hens 24 h before feed
withdrawal for molting will prevent SE infections in the hens. These
results suggest that SILK could become a commercial product for hens
during induced molt that can convey protection against Salmonella
enteritidis infections. During the last year, we conducted experiments
that clearly showed that SILK delivered to day-old turkey poults orally,
intranasally, and subcutaneously is effective in protecting the birds from
SE infections. This protection is mediated by the activation of peripheral
blood heterophils. These results are significant because we have now
demonstrated in both chickens and turkeys multiple cost-effective industry
friendly delivery systems for SILK. We have also conducted experiments to
evaluate the effect of SILK on the incidence of horizontal transmission of
S. arizonae in turkey poults and S. gallinarum in broiler chickens. Our
results demonstrated that the immunoprophylactic administration of SILK to
young turkey poults and broiler chicks significantly reduces the
horizontal transmission of Salmonella in poultry. These results further
suggest the possibility of using a non-vaccine immunologically-based
preventive strategy against Salmonella in poultry. We also evaluated the
effects of SILK on the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of
heterophils from chicks during the first 1-7 days of life. We demonstrated
that following the administration of SILK, the functional activities of
heterophils from 1-7 day-old birds is comparable to that of an
immunologically mature (2-3 weeks of age) bird. Mechanistically, these
functionally mature heterophils are responsible for the protective
inflammatory response, which protects the birds from salmonellae
infections. These data demonstrate that SILK augments the innate host
defenses in chicks during the greatest period of susceptibility to
Salmonella infections. We have also demonstrated that recombinant chicken
interferon-gamma (rChIFN-gamma) is capable of enhancing the functional
activities of heterophils from day-of-hatch chicks. These results
demonstrate that the heterophils from neonatal chicks possess the receptor
for IFN-gamma; thus, this cytokine could possibly be used either as an
immunopotentiator for day-old chicks or as an adjuvant for vaccines. We
conducted studies to identify the specific protein in SILK responsible for
the protective effect in chickens. SILK was fractionated by ammonium
sulfate precipitation and the protective activity was recovered in the 40-
60% ammonium sulfate saturation fraction. Monoclonal antibodies against
SILK were then linked to a solid matrix to form an immunoaffinity column
over which the 40-60% fraction was run. The recovered activity was then
subjected to size exclusion, ion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction
chromatography. Isolation of the SILK protein will enable us to clone the
gene for this protein that will be a useful tool for the development of
economical and effective immunologically-based treatments for the
reduction of Salmonella in poultry products. 5. Describe the major
accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or
actual impact. Our laboratory has been evaluating the practicality of
potentiating the endogenous innate host defenses of poultry using immune
and inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines, chemical messengers secreted by
various immune and non-immune cells, are some of the most effective
mediators of natural host defenses. Specifically, we have found that the
prophylactic administration of cytokines derived from T cells (SILK)
isolated from Salmonella enteritidis-immune chickens have a favorable
effect in controlling or eliminating salmonellosis in neonatal poultry and
hens undergoing induced molting. This resistance is associated with a
dramatic peripheral blood leukocytosis after the injection of the SILK
followed by a marked infiltration of bactericidal inflammatory heterophils
in the lamina propria of the ceca. Heterophils are highly phagocytic,
polymorphonucleated white blood cells which are important mediators of
innate resistance in poultry; especially in young birds that have not yet
developed an acquired immune response. Under normal conditions, invasion
of the intestinal mucosa by Salmonella spp. initiates the recruitment of
heterophils to the lamina propria which control bacterial numbers in the
bird until the development of acquired immunity. Administration of SILK
into neonatal chicks induces a significant increase in the production and
release of heterophils into the peripheral blood and also augments the
effector functions of these phagocytes. Thus, salmonellae infections are
not only controlled but eliminated from chicks following the
administration of SILK. Further studies indicate that the delivery of SILK
either in ovo at 18- days of embryogenesis or orally and as an aerosol at
hatch can be used by the poultry industry to confer protection to chickens
against a localized enteric SE organ invasion by potentiating the systemic
heterophilic innate response. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by
year, over the next 3 years? In FY-00, we hope to identify and purify the
effector cytokine(s) in SE- ILK and clone the gene for mass production. We
also hope to identify and clone genes for many avian cytokines for use in
the immunopotentiation of host immune responses in neonatal poultry. Genes
for interferon-gamma and the putative homologue of human IL- 8, 9E3/CEF4
have been cloned in our laboratory and they will be evaluated for their
protective abilities in our Salmonella models. This CRIS will terminate in
April FY-00. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? SILK has been sent to scientists all over the world for use in
research in immunology enhancement of the avian and porcine immune
systems, as well as for evaluation in the prevention and control of
various viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases of food animals. The main
constraint for the transfer of this technology is the purification and
identification of the effector molecules in the SILK. Once we can fully
identify the components of our SILK soup the pharmaceutical industry will
license this material. In addition, we have developed a CRADA with
Cobb-Vantress Poultry Breeders to evaluate the effect of SILK in
commercial birds. 8. List your most important non-peer reviewed
publications and presentations to non-scientific organizations, and
articles written about your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer
reviewed publications which are listed below). Heterophils to the Rescue!
Agricultural Research p. 9. July, 1997.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. KOGUT M.H., HOLTZAPPLE C., LOWRY V.K., GENOVESE, K. and
STANKER, L.H. 1998. Comparison of the functional and turkey heterophils in
response to stimulation by inflammatory agonists. Am. J. Vet. Res.
59:1404-1408.
2. GENOVESE, K.J., LOWRY,
V.K., STANKER, L.H. and KOGUT, M.H. 1998. Administration of Salmonella
enteritidis-immune lymphokine blood heterophilia, and heterophil
activation. Avian Pathol. 27:597-604.
3. LOWRY, V.K., NISBET, D.J., STANKER, L.H. and KOGUT, M.H. 1999.
Efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis-immune turkeys and S. gallinarum in
chickens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 48:139-148.
4. GENOVESE, L.L., LOWRY, V.K., GENOVESE, K.J. and KOGUT, M.H.
1999. Enhancement of phagocytosis and bacterial administration of
Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines. Vet. Microbiol.
65:133-143.
ACCESSION NO: 0153343 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IND073045V AGENCY: CSREES IND
PROJ TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ
STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 07 MAY 1996 TERM: 30 SEP 2000 FY:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: SAEED, A. M.;
ASEM, E. K.; CSONCO, L.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY PATHOBIOLOGY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
WEST LAFAYETTE,
INDIANA 47907
VIRULENCE FACTORS OF
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS AND INFECTIVITY FOR THE AVIAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES: To characterize
the virulence factors in Salmonella enteritidis isolates from poultry,
eggs and human cases of food poisoning to study the relatedness among
Salmonella isolates from different sources and to establish pathotypes for
the organism that may be associated with disease outbreaks in commercial
poultry flocks, which result in the production of Salmonella infected
eggs.
APPROACH: To use the
characteristics of Salmonella pathotypes in experimental infection of
egg-laying hens and study the course of the disease microbiologically,
pathologically and serologically to identify useful markers for the
diagnosis of the disease and characterize Salmonella infectivity to the
avian reproductive system.
PROGRESS: 1996/05 TO 2000/09
Salmonella Enteritidis is among the most virulent Salmonella
Serotypes in humans and animals. In the US. More than 25 percent of all
cases of salmonellosis in humans are associated with eating raw or
undercooked eggs. In previous reports we demonstrated that egg
contamination may take place transovarially. Our recent investigation
targeted the virulence factors of Salmonella Enteritidis that enable the
organism to contaminate the preovulatory follicles of the laying hen that
leads to the contamination of laid eggs. We produced knockout mutants of
three phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis such that their flagellar
expression was suppressed. We studied the role of flagella in the in vitro
attachment and invasion of the avian ovary cells maintained in primary
tissue culture. We found that flagellar suppression was associated with
the failure of the organism to attach or invade the avian ovary cells
compared to the parent or wild flagellated strains. We also found that
incubating the inoculated cells at 42C, which is closer to the normal
temperature of the avian species, enhanced flagellar expression. These
results may suggest the preference of hens by the salmonella organisms as
a major reservoir.
PUBLICATIONS:
1996/05 TO 2000/09
Popiolarczyk. M., Asem
E.,., Koons. C., Csanco. L., Kazocos. E., Thacker. L. Saeed. A.M.. The
role of flagella in the virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis. pp 425-439.
in Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the United States Animal
Health Association. San Diego, CA, October 7-14. 1999
Termination Year
1999
ACCESSION NO: 0401397 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-019-01T AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 DEC 1997 TERM: 30 NOV 1999
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S; GAST, R. K.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERVENTION MEASURES TO REDUCE SALMONELLA
ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS IN CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the utility of using different licensed
products as intervention measures to reduce the severity of Salmonella
enteritidis infections in birds exposed during periods of high
susceptibility.
APPROACH: Subject hens to
induced molting procedure and infect with Salmonella enteritidis. Use
antibiotics in the presence or absence of probiotics to eliminate
infection. Subject hens to induced molting procedure and infect select
hens with Salmonella enteritidis. Treat part of the unchallenged hens with
probiotics while the others remain untreated to examine the effects of the
probiotics on horizontal transmission of the Salmonella enteritidis.
Infect one day old chicks with Salmonella enteritidis in the presence or
absence of probiotics to examine the effects of treatment on long term
persistent infections and immunodepression. CRADA with Bayer
Corporation.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO
1999/11
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? Induced molting is a
prevalent procedure used by the layer industry to achieve a second egg lay
from aging flocks. It is estimated that 70% of the flocks nationwide are
molted. There are a variety of methods to induce a molt but taking the
birds off feed until they drop 25-30% body weight is the preferred method.
Early studies on molting showed that the effects of molting on a flock
were primarily positive but we showed that the procedure depressed the
immune system of the birds and dramatically exacerbated a Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) infection. This increased the chance for the production
of eggs contaminated with SE and therefore presented a food safety
problem. Procedures need to be developed which will allow the producers
access to this important economic tool while, at the same time, not
putting the consuming public at risk for an SE infection. One procedure
which we examined was the use of antibiotics, in combination with
reconstituting the intestinal bacterial flora with competitive exclusion
cultures, to eliminate the SE problem. We established a CRADA with Bayer
Corporation, marketers of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin and
a competitive exclusion culture , to examine the efficacy of treating with
these products to decrease or eliminate the SE problem 2. How serious is
the problem? Why does it matter? A 70% prevalence of molting means the
procedure affects between 144-168 million hens annually - a tremendous
number of birds. It is estimated that approximately one third of the egg
industry's profits is derived from molted birds which means that this is a
very valuable industry tool. Successful completion of these studies could
mean that the egg industry could use this important procedure without
putting the consuming public at risk. The impact would therefore be
dramatic. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National
Component(s) to which it has been assigned? National Program 103, Animal
Health (25%) National Program 108, Food Safety (75%) Food safety is a
major component of the National Program agenda and intervention strategies
which help prevent the dissemination of a human disease organism within
flocks and block the entry of the organism into the human food chain are
important areas of investigation. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? We wanted to see if treatment of molted
infected birds with antibiotics and competitive exclusion cultures would
decrease the SE infection after the molt. Birds were molted, infected with
SE 4 days into the feed removal, and then put back on feed after 14 days.
They were put on a regimen of antibiotics for 10 days followed by two days
of competitive exclusion administration. We showed that antibiotic
treatment after the birds went back on feed reduced the percentage of
infected birds from 33% and 25% to 4% and 0% in experiments one and two,
respectively. The addition of the competitive exclusion cultures were
critical in the protection. These studies showed that there are
intervention strategies which will allow producers to molt their birds and
not increase the risk of contaminated egg production. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project including their
predicted or actual impact. This CRADA has been going 1.5 years and
question 4 is the data to date. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year
by year, over the next 3 years? This CRADA will be terminated at the end
of the calendar year. 7. What science and/or technologies have been
transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to
become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)?
What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the
technology product? N/A 8. List your most important non-peer reviewed
publications and presentations to non-scientific organizations, and
articles written about your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer
reviewed publications which are listed below). HOLT, P.S. Possible
intervention strategies for Salmonella enteritidis problems in layer hens.
Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, January
1999.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO
1999/11
SEO, K.-H., HOLT, P.S., ... 1999.
Combined effect of antibiotic and competitive exclusion treatment on
Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding in molted laying hens. Proceedings
of the 86th IAMFES meeting, pp 55-56.
ACCESSION NO: 0401397 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-019-01T AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 DEC 1997 TERM: 30 NOV 1999
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S; GAST, R. K.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE ATHENS,
GEORGIA 30613
IMPLEMENTATION OF
INTERVENTION MEASURES TO REDUCE SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS IN
CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the
utility of using different licensed products as intervention measures to
reduce the severity of Salmonella enteritidis infections in birds exposed
during periods of high susceptibility.
APPROACH: Subject hens to induced molting procedure and infect
with Salmonella enteritidis. Use antibiotics in the presence or absence of
probiotics to eliminate infection. Subject hens to induced molting
procedure and infect select hens with Salmonella enteritidis. Treat part
of the unchallenged hens with probiotics while the others remain untreated
to examine the effects of the probiotics on horizontal transmission of the
Salmonella enteritidis. Infect one day old chicks with Salmonella
enteritidis in the presence or absence of probiotics to examine the
effects of treatment on long term persistent infections and
immunodepression. CRADA with Bayer Corporation.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/11
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Induced molting is a prevalent procedure used by the layer
industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging flocks. It is estimated
that 70% of the flocks nationwide are molted. There are a variety of
methods to induce a molt but taking the birds off feed until they drop
25-30% body weight is the preferred method. Early studies on molting
showed that the effects of molting on a flock were primarily positive but
we showed that the procedure depressed the immune system of the birds and
dramatically exacerbated a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. This
increased the chance for the production of eggs contaminated with SE and
therefore presented a food safety problem. Procedures need to be developed
which will allow the producers access to this important economic tool
while, at the same time, not putting the consuming public at risk for an
SE infection. One procedure which we examined was the use of antibiotics,
in combination with reconstituting the intestinal bacterial flora with
competitive exclusion cultures, to eliminate the SE problem. We
established a CRADA with Bayer Corporation, marketers of the
fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin and a competitive exclusion
culture , to examine the efficacy of treating with these products to
decrease or eliminate the SE problem 2. How serious is the problem? Why
does it matter? A 70% prevalence of molting means the procedure affects
between 144-168 million hens annually - a tremendous number of birds. It
is estimated that approximately one third of the egg industry's profits is
derived from molted birds which means that this is a very valuable
industry tool. Successful completion of these studies could mean that the
egg industry could use this important procedure without putting the
consuming public at risk. The impact would therefore be dramatic. 3. How
does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s) to
which it has been assigned? National Program 103, Animal Health (25%)
National Program 108, Food Safety (75%) Food safety is a major component
of the National Program agenda and intervention strategies which help
prevent the dissemination of a human disease organism within flocks and
block the entry of the organism into the human food chain are important
areas of investigation. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments
this past year? We wanted to see if treatment of molted infected birds
with antibiotics and competitive exclusion cultures would decrease the SE
infection after the molt. Birds were molted, infected with SE 4 days into
the feed removal, and then put back on feed after 14 days. They were put
on a regimen of antibiotics for 10 days followed by two days of
competitive exclusion administration. We showed that antibiotic treatment
after the birds went back on feed reduced the percentage of infected birds
from 33% and 25% to 4% and 0% in experiments one and two, respectively.
The addition of the competitive exclusion cultures were critical in the
protection. These studies showed that there are intervention strategies
which will allow producers to molt their birds and not increase the risk
of contaminated egg production. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over
the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. This
CRADA has been going 1.5 years and question 4 is the data to date. 6. What
do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? This
CRADA will be terminated at the end of the calendar year. 7. What science
and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science
and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry,
farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the
adoption & durability of the technology product? N/A 8. List your most
important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work(NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below). HOLT, P.S. Possible intervention strategies for Salmonella
enteritidis problems in layer hens. Poultry Diagnostic and Research
Center, University of Georgia, January 1999.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/11
SEO, K.-H., HOLT, P.S., ... 1999. Combined effect of antibiotic
and competitive exclusion treatment on Salmonella enteritidis fecal
shedding in molted laying hens. Proceedings of the 86th IAMFES meeting, pp
55-56.
ACCESSION NO: 0167506 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-400-25-27 AGENCY:
CSVM IOWV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 01 JUL 1994 TERM: 30 JUN
1999 FY: 1995
INVESTIGATOR:
REYNOLDS, D. L.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
IOWA STATE
UNIVERSITY
S. & 16TH
ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA 50011
STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF A SWINE SALMONELLA
VACCINE FOR PREVENTION OF SALMONELLA COLONIZATION IN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to
evaluate the feasibility of using a swine salmonella vaccine for use in
poultry.
APPROACH: The experimental
design and approach for evaluating safety and efficacy of the swine
vaccine for use in poultry is very direct and straight-forward and is as
follows: All birds used will be specific pathogen free (SPF) leghorn type.
These birds will be hatched and reared at our facility designed for
maintaining SPF status. The SC-54 modified live vaccine will be supplied
by a commercial laboratory and used at 10/8 CFUs/chick administered
intranasally. A nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella enteritidis
will be used at a challenge dosage of 10/8 CFUs per bird. Four groups of
birds will be used as follows: 1) unvaccinated, unchallenged; 2)
unvaccinated, challenged; 3) vaccinated, unchallenged; 4) vaccinated,
challenged. Day-old birds will be intranasally vaccinated with SC-54 and
will be challenged at 2 weeks of age. Birds will be monitored daily for
the presence of clinical signs of disease. At 8 to 10 days following
inoculation birds will be euthanized, data and samples will be collected
for evaluation. Parameters of evaluation include 1) number of salmonella
(CFUs) per gram of cecal content, 2) clinical signs and/or lesions of
disease, 3) body weights, 4) serologic antibody to pullorum antigen (plate
test), 5) organ cultures of liver and spleen will be
done.
PROGRESS: 1995/01 TO
1995/12
A commercially licensed live
Salmonella swine vaccine was evaluated for efficacy in protecting chickens
from Salmonella enteritidis infections. It was found that there was no
efficacy in protecting chickens from SE infections.
PUBLICATIONS: 1995/01 TO 1995/12
No publications reported this period.
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Reynolds, D.
L.
Phone:
515-294-0914
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
dlr@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0149221 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 3602-32000-002-00D AGENCY: ARS
3602
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW MULTISTATE PROJ NO:
W-173
START: 10 NOV 1994 TERM: 09 NOV 1999 FY:
1999
INVESTIGATOR: SHEA MOORE M M;
VACANT; VACANT; PRUIETT S D
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE WEST
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 47907
ETHOLOGY OF FOOD
PRODUCING ANIMALS
OBJECTIVES:
Identify internal states of animal cognition and learning. Establish
objective indicators of well-being (behavioral, immunological,
neuroendocrinological and molecular). Determine how well-being in food
producing animals relates to behavior, health and production
efficiencies.
APPROACH: Develop
physiological measures as indicators of stress and well-being including
immune and neuroendocrine responses as well as alterations in gene
products in food producing animals. Measure behavior and learning in
livestock to identify animal interactions with the production environment
and identify conditions that both cause and alleviate stress. Combine
physiological and behavioral measures to define cause and effect
relationships between well-being and production efficiency in food
animals.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO
1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? Determination of objective
indicators of animal cognition and well-being in food producing animals.
We have developed a team consisting of expertise in ethology, immunology
and neuroscience combined with highly skilled technicians to ensure a
multidisciplinary approach to answering complex whole-animal questions. 2.
How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Animal welfare is an
international issue and consumers of food products in this country are
beginning to demand to know how the animals are raised and cared for in
production systems. If information on the well- being of food-producing
animals is not provided by scientifically assessing the animal's welfare,
then emotional, subjective opinions will be used to provide this
information to the consumer. This will in turn, be harmful to the American
Producer with no scientific evidence to support or contradict the
opinions. Ultimately, the market for U.S. livestock products will be
affected both locally and internationally. 3. How does it relate to the
National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it has been
assigned? This project is in direct concurrence with National Program 105.
All of the research conducted in this project directly addresses the
"Animal Stress and Well-Being, 105" National Program. 4. What were the
most significant accomplishments this past year? As this project
progresses, advances in determining indicators of well- being are being
made in the species studied. Behavioral and immunological data continue to
show advantages to all tail-banding first calf heifers over young calves.
Calves show higher levels of agitative behaviors and elevations in acute
phase proteins (liver proteins released in response to tissue trauma) if
docked in close proximity to banding date. Additionally, a new study has
shown improvements in immunological & productivity measures when
first-calf heifers are exposed to a pre-milking experience prior to
calving. The implications of this study suggest that gradual habituation
of the animal to a management procedure, such as milking, improves the
well-being of the animal. Further progress was also made with the
different genetic lines of pigs selected for lean gain. The most
significant accomplishment in this area of research was to combine the
genetic lines with a transportation stressor. Results indicated that pigs
selected for lean growth show significantly higher levels of aggressive
activity when mixed during transportation. These data compliment the
previous data describing greater handling problems in these pigs selected
for lean growth. Salivary stress hormones, although significantly elevated
due to transportation stress, were not higher in pigs selected for lean
gain over other genotypes. Furthermore, genotype did not affect the meat
quality scores after transportation. Finally, significant progress was
made in the area of cognition work this year. It was shown that piglets
are capable of perceiving and remembering olfactory and gustatory cues
presented in their prenatal environment, affecting postnatal behavior. By
adding volatile compounds to diets during gestation, it may be possible to
increase feed consumption and reduce stress at weaning. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project including their
predicted or actual impact. The major accomplishment over the life of this
project is the building of an interdisciplinary team to address complex
questions about animal welfare across three species, dairy, swine and
poultry. To combine neuroscience, immunology, and ethology in
comprehensive approaches to answering animal welfare questions is very
difficult. We have made significant progress in this area. Furthermore, we
have built teams with scientists at Purdue University to incorporate
genetics, nutrition and production to strengthen our approach to welfare
questions. This is an essential component to the success of this project.
6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
Year 1: Addition of 2 new scientists to expand our interdisciplinary team.
One neuroscientist with expertise in gross morphology/structure/function,
and one new post-doctoral scientist to focus in the area of neuroethology
(relationship between the brain and behavior)in dairy, swine and poultry.
These two people will establish a quantifiable link between management
systems and animal welfare by incorporating the role of the brain into new
and ongoing projects in our unit. Year 2: Both the first and second year
will also determine both chronic and/or acute 'pain', associated with
common industry practices (beak trimming, induced molting, tail docking)in
conjunction with the expression/lack of expression of behavior in these
animals. There is a politically sensitive concern between forced molting
and food safety (Salmonella enteritidis) currently under discussion in the
U.S. Year 2 and 3 will try to connect this information with animal welfare
(neuroscience, stress physiology, immunology and behavior). Year 3: We
should have a full-team of scientists hired into our unit at this point.
This will include: 2 ethologist (one of whom will address food safety
concerns in connection with behavior), 1 immunologist, 1 neuroscientist (1
neuroethologist, postdoc), 1 animal scientist, and possibly a gut
microbiologist. This unit should be up to full-speed by year 3 with a
significant scientific contribution to the area of animal welfare science.
7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom?
When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the
end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? Data
from three research projects on tail docking in dairy cattle were
summarized in a letter published in Hoard's Dairyman (May 25, 1999, Vol.
144 #10, p. 390). Currently being disseminated to the dairy industry, are
results from a study using pre-milking in dairy heifers to decrease the
stress of first milking in first-calf heifers. This information has been
shared with and presented by Purdue Dairy Extension Specialists to
producers in Indiana. One of our ARS scientists will present this
information in an invited seminar at the University College Dublin, Animal
Science and Production Department in September, 1999. A primer for the
porcine IL-1 receptor antagonist was developed and will be listed as
available for other scientists as earlier as October, 1999. This work will
permit us to look at the microenvironment of the pig for early cell
signals in response to stressors (environmental, physiological, social).
The receptor antagonist modulates the early response of cytokines to
stress. 8. List your most important non-peer reviewed publications and
presentations to non-scientific organizations, and articles written about
your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer reviewed publications
which are listed
below).
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. BUSSE, C. and SHEA-MOORE, M. 1999. Behavioral and
physiological responses to transportation stress on three genetic lines of
pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (Suppl. 1):147.
2. EICHER-PRUIETT, S.D. and MORROW-TESCH, J.L. 1999. Tail-docking
alters behavior but not acute phase proteins of young dairy calves. J.
Dairy Sci. 82:842.
3. EICHER-PRUIETT, S.D.
and SCHUTZ, M.M. 1999. Prepartum milking of Holstein heifers: II Effect on
acute phase proteins and immune activation. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl.
1):60.
4. EICHER-PRUIETT, S.D. 1999. Data on
Docking. p. 390 IN: Hoard's Dairyman Vol.144 N o. 10. Eds.:Knox and
Larson.
5. SCHUTZ, M.M. and EICHER, S.D. 1999.
Prepartum milking of Holstein heifers: I Effects on production,
parturition, edema, and SCC. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl.
1):60.
6. SCOTT, K.A. and SHEA-MOORE, M.
1999. Influence of sow gestation diet on piglet behavior. J. Anim. Sci. 77
(Suppl. 1):145.
7. SHEA-MOORE, M. 1999. Social
behavior of Pekin ducks raised in a production environment. 33rd Intl.
Congress of the Intl. Soc. for Appl. Ethology. P. 183.
ACCESSION NO:
0173189 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: GEO00812 AGENCY: CSREES
GEO
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 01 NOV 1996 TERM: 31 OCT
1999 FY: 1999
INVESTIGATOR:
WEBSTER, A. B.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
POULTRY SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA
30602
WELFARE ASPECTS OF INDUCED
MOLTING PROGRAMS
OBJECTIVES: To
assess the welfare impact on hens of extended feed withdrawal typical of
commercial induced molting programs for commercial
layers.
APPROACH: To obtain
quantitative measures of behavior, plasma corticosterone and
heterophil:lymphocyte ratios during an induced molt and second cycle of
egg production. To assess the capacity of hens to react to an additional
stressor during a fast by recording behavior and plasma corticosterone of
fasting hens in open field tests. To determine if hens experience
increasing levels of hunger during a fast, and to determine if hens have
sufficient cognitive capacity to suffer during a fast by recording the
behavior of trained, fasting hens in a standardized test in which a food
reward which might be expected is withheld.
PROGRESS: 1996/11 TO 1999/10
The first phase of this project has been wound up. Behavioral
changes of hens during the molt fast reflected conservation of bodily
reserves rather than debilitation. A small increase in aggression occurred
on the first day of feed withdrawal. Increased attentiveness and stimulus
generalization in foraging behavioral patterns was evident on the second
day of feed withdrawal. Afterward, hens appeared to adjust expectations in
regard to feeding opportunity although behavior associated with foraging
and feeding did not disappear entirely. Hens which experienced feed
withdrawal had significantly better survival during the second production
cycle than did control hens. Preparations are being made to develop the
next phase, which will involve investigation of the variation of
motivational strengths in relation to hunger. This research will shed
light on changes in a hen's cognitive status during feed withdrawal and
determine if the potential for a hen to suffer during feed deprivation
reaches a steady state or increases continuously with time off
feed.
PUBLICATIONS: 1996/11 TO
1999/10
Webster, A.B., 2000. Behavioral
changes of laying hens during feed withdrawal. Poultry Science: (in
press)
Termination Year
1998
ACCESSION NO: 0149691 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-017-03S AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 58-6612-6-012
START: 08 JAN 1996 TERM: 30 SEP
1998 GRANT YR: 1997
INVESTIGATOR: PETTER, J. G.; MATIN, A.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
STANFORD UNIV
PALO ALTO,
CALIFORNIA 94305
PRODUCTION OF
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS SUBUNIT VACCINES
OBJECTIVES: To produce stabilized populations of S. enteritidis
that hyperexpress virulence factors using continuous culture
technology.
APPROACH: Specific nutrients
will be titrated into cell populations at defined dilution rates. Once
stabilized, samples of cells will be assayed for the production of
virulence factors, which include but are not limited to
lipopolysaccharide, flagella, invasomes, and pili. Those conditions that
are found to produce copious amounts of virulence factors will be used to
obtain enough cells for the production of a pilot killed subunit
vaccine.
PROGRESS: 1998/01 TO
1998/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? Vaccines made from killed
cells have been made by industry for years as aids to prevent colonization
and organ invasion by Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellae.
However, these products lack the level of efficacy (greater than 90%
protection) that is the usual hallmark of a highly successful vaccine. We
believe that partial protection by vaccines can in some cases perpetuate
problems with infection by this organism rather than solve them. Our
research indicates current products do not provide a high degree of
protection against S. enteritidis, possibly because new information about
subpopulation biology is not incorporated into current methods for
preparing vaccines. The research of many investigators already indicates
that Salmonella isolates vary in their ability to survive in the
environment, to colonize the intestinal tract, to invade the mucosa, to
gain access to internal organs via the lymphatic or circulatory systems,
and to survive intracellularly. Indeed, mutations introduced into
Salmonella produces defined strains that target one niche versus another,
but do not complete a cycle of pathogenesis because an essential ability
to undergo change has been deleted. At SEPRL, scientists have concentrated
on understanding what characteristics enable Salmonella enteritidis to be
so invasive that eggs become routinely contaminated with this pathogen.
Contamination of eggs is the final outcome of infection in hens that
affects the food safety, because eggs are the most important source of S.
enteritidis for people. Research at SEPRL indicates that the ability of
S.enteritidis to contaminate eggs can be tracked by following the
structure of the predominant outer membrane molecule lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), and indeed, some strains produce a structure much like that of S.
typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. This phenomena is known as
LPS O-chain phase variation. The importance of this phenomena to
manufacturers of vaccines is that production of immunogenic cell-surface
proteins change in coordination with changes in LPS O-chain structure. In
addition, S. enteritidis appears to be able to produce S. typhi-like LPS
while it grows to very high cell densities. Because these biological
capabilities are so remarkable, scientists at SEPRL have developed special
strains and methods to improve second generation bacterins intended to aid
in the prevention of egg contamination specifically and organ invasion by
any salmonellae in general. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it
matter? Salmonella enteritidis has emerged within the last fifteen years
to become the leading cause of salmonellosis around the world, with
overall incidence of human illness increased from 5 to 40 fold depending
upon the country. The most frequently identified food source for this
pathogen is the hen's egg, and wherever isolation of this organism from
eggs has increased, so has human salmonellosis. While the United States
does not yet have a problem of epidemic proportions, with risk of
consuming a contaminated egg estimated at about 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 eggs
consumed, the European problem is at least 10 times worse, with risk of
eating a contaminated egg estimated at between 1 in 100 (Germany) to 1 in
700 eggs consumed (United Kingdom). Since incidence of infection with S.
enteritidis in Central America, South America and Pacific Rim countries is
also estimated to be much worse than within the USA, the potential for
eggs produced in this country to become contaminated at epidemic levels is
ever present. Infection of people by S. enteritidis is indeed a serious
problem for USDA due to its association with poultry. 3. How does it
relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it
has been assigned? This research allowed scientists to develop novel
methods for increasing the efficacy of bacterins against Salmonella
enteritidis. This project ended 9/30/98. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? A patent award was received on a special
medium and associated intellectual property that describes enhanced
recovery of proteins from Salmonella enteritidis that produces Typhi-like
lipopolysaccharide. This patented medium in general supports high cell
density growth and cellular differentiation of the salmonellae. 5.
Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including
their predicted or actual impact? . The actual impact of this research is
that it broadens our knowledge about how Salmonella enteritidis became a
world wide problem. The predicted impact is that the information can be
used to understand how sustained epidemics (greater than 10 years) due to
bacterial pathogens come into existence. Specific accomplishments are as
follows: 1) A strain of Salmonella enteritidis was developed that
efficiently contaminates eggs and that greatly improved our ability to
assess the efficacy of vaccines, both killed and modified live products.
This new strain produces a plethora of cell-surface proteins and grows to
cell densities two logs higher than the parent strain. Surprisingly, use
of this strain in animals also indicated that parenteral adaptation is
required to achieve efficient egg contamination. This finding confirmed
previous results that indicated an orally invasive phenotype was required
to be mixed with parenterally adapted phenotypes in order to achieve egg
contamination following oral infection. 2) Collaboration with Dr. A.C.
Matin of Stanford University helped expose yet another problem associated
with production of bacterins. Dr. Matin grew a wildtype attenuated strain
of Salmonella enteritidis in continuous culture, but found he could get
good protein production only in diluted medium. Since economical
production of bacterins requires growth of bacteria to high cell yields,
this collaboration confirmed that SE-HCD, which can produce lots of
cell-surface proteins at high-cell-densities in rich broth, was a crucial
development. Dr. Matin has been asked for a final report on this
collaborative research, which is still pending. 3) At least 3 manuscripts
were published that described findings from these studies as they were
pursued for their relevance to general objectives of CRIS 6612-32000-017.
One of these papers describes the intellectual property associated with
the patented medium. Two others describe the recovery from farms of
invasive Enteritidis that grows to high cell density and the unique growth
properties of a genetically modified strain of Salmonella enteritidis that
grows to high-cell-density (SE-HCD). 4) Use of the patented growth medium
revealed that serotyping can be used to do more than just name salmonellae
according to the LPS O-chain and flagellar antigens they produce. It
appears that the patented medium produces unexpected changes in serotype
that can be used to assess invasive potential and important aspects of
epidemiology. 5) The patented medium also detects metabolites present in
hen houses that can cause cells to undergo differentiation into
potentially more invasive forms. New lines of research with relevance to
major CRIS objectives are originating from this use. 6. What do you expect
to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? This proj. has ended.
However, we are now in a new stage of applying these findings. We will be
growing SE-HCD in continuous culture to begin defining the exact
conditions for maximizing both cell-surface protein and cell yields. These
two factors are crucial to producing pilot vaccines with enhanced efficacy
that can be produced en masse. 7. What science and/or technologies have
been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely
to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)?
What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the
technology product? The patented medium is now available for non-exclusive
licensing. The technology is available now. One major constraint to the
adoption of the technology is a lack of understanding of the new
information and how it addresses practical issues. Another major
constraint is that this research has been dependent upon the efforts of
one scientist who has no authority to scientific support staff to build
upon this research. To educate USDA staff and other scientists about the
impact this new information could have on issues of food safety, ARS News
is planning an article on how bacterial cells communicate when they grow
to high cell density, how high cell density growth changes gene
regulation, and how novel research conducted at SEPRL provides the first
clear evidence that these factors are important to improving food safety.
8. List your most important non-peer reviewed publications and
presentations to non-scientific organizations, and articles written about
your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer reviewed publications
which are listed below) . Presentations: Approved Patent: "A complex
growth supplement for maintenance of bacterial cell viability and
induction of bacterial cell differentiation." Uses of the medium include
improving bacterins and refining diagnostic serotyping to detect pandemic
strains of S. enterica ser Enteritidis. Jean Guard-Petter. 1998. Variants
of smooth Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis that grow to higher cell
density than the wild type are more virulent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
64:2166-2172. American Soc. for Microbiology (ASM), S.E. Branch Meeting,
Montgomery, Alabama. Symposium on emerging human disease: The specialized
virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Oct. 1998.
PUBLICATIONS: 1998/01 TO
1998/09
HOGUE, A., WHITE, P.,
GUARD-PETTER, J., SCHLOSSER, W., GAST, R.K., et al.
1998. Invited Review Article: Epidemiology and control of
egg-associated S.E. in the U.S. Rev. Sci. et Tech., Intnl Office of
Epizootics 16:542-553.
ACCESSION NO: 0161480 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IND073058V AGENCY: CSREES IND
PROJ TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ
STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 01 OCT 1993 TERM: 30 SEP 1998 FY:
1998
INVESTIGATOR: PORTER, R. E.;
BOWERSOCK, T. L.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VET SCIENCE & ANIMAL
DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC LAB
PURDUE
UNIVERSITY
WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA
47907
ORAL VACCINATION OF CHICKENS
WITH HYDROGELS TO PROMOTE RESISTANCE TO ENTERIC SALMONELLA
ENTERITIDIS
OBJECTIVES: To stimulate
systemic and mucosal immunity in chickens by oral vaccination with
hydrogels; to determine whether a defined oral vaccination regimen with SE
flagellin-hydrogels can promote resistance of the intestine to
colonization and invasion by Salmonella enteritidis.
APPROACH: Hydrogels containing flagellin of
Salmonella enteritidis will be orally administered to white leghorn
chickens. The dose regimen will be varied to determine what regimen
promotes the greatest humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses.
Alimentary fluid and serum will be analyzed for IgA and IgG anti-SE
activity by ELISA. Cell-mediated immunity will be measured by delayed-type
hypersensitivity of the toeweb to intradermal injection of purified
protein subunits of SE, such as flagellin or fimbriae. In an additional
study, a defined oral vaccination regimen of hydrogels containing
flagellin will be administered to chickens. Two weeks later the chickens
will be infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 13. At one week
after infection chickens will be euthanized and cecum, colon, liver, and
spleen will be cultured for Salmonella enteritidis to determine the effect
of the vaccine.
PROGRESS: 1993/10 TO
1998/09
Vaccination of poultry against various
infectious disease etiologies using parenteral routes is cumbersome and
costly because it involves handling the birds during the vaccination
process. This can be associated with significant stress which may
compromise the immune status of the birds. We have started the evaluation
of the Alginate hydrogels as carrier particles for Salmonella enteritidis
proteins that may offer protection to the hens against natural infection
with these organisms. We evaluated several lectins from: Arachis hypogea,
Conavalia ensiformis, Lens culinaris, Ricinus communus, Triticum
esculentum (wheat germ lectin) and Triticum vulgaris. These lectins were
conjugated with Fluoresin isothiocyanate before oral administration into
the White Leghorn hens. Results of these experiment suggested that there
are specific pattern of attachment and engulfemnet of these lectins by the
different parts of the alimentary tract of the hens. These results
suggested the heterogenous composition of the villus epithelium of the
alimentary tract in chickens. Wheat germ lectin was found to be the best
stimulant when used to coat the Hydrogel particles uptake by the
intestinal and liver and spleen tissues of the hens. The mean diameter of
less that 5 microns appeared to be optimal in the tissue uptake of these
microspheres.
PUBLICATIONS: 1993/10 TO
1998/09
1. T. L. Bowersock, K. Park, R.E.
Porter, Jr. 1997. Patent No. 08-394, 802 awarded 9/97. Alginate based
vaccine composition
2. R. E. Porter, Jr, N.P.
Macri, T.L. Bowersock. 1997. Uptake of aliginate microspheres by the
intestinal tract of white leghorn chickens. Proceedings of the North
Central Avian Disease Conference, Des Moines, IA.,
p.11-12.
Termination Year
1997
ACCESSION NO: 0169155 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: PENV-9503113 AGENCY: CSREES PENV
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO:
95-37201-2007
START: 15 SEP 1995 TERM: 30 SEP 1997 FY: 1998 GRANT YR:
1995
INVESTIGATOR: KELLER, L.
H.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
PATHOBIOLOGY
NEW BOLTON CENTER
KENNETT SQUARE,
PENNSYLVANIA 19348
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS COLONIZATION OF 2 MHC-CONGENIC LINES OF
CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: This laboratory
has previously identified two MHC-congenic lines of White Leghorn chickens
that respond differentially to an oral challenge with S. enteritidis. The
project will examine the role of the immune response in this differential
susceptibility in 2 day old and 5 day old chicks from these lines. The
study will also determine the effect of the MHC locus differences on the
shed of S. enteritidis into the eggs of adult laying hens from these two
lines of chickens, and the involvement of the immune response in that
shed. Therefore, the objectives of this project are to: (1) define immune
cell populations that respond to S. enteritidis infection of neonatal
chicks from the MHC-congenic lines, G-B1 and G-B2. (2) Compare S.
enteritidis tissue colonization and shed into the eggs between the adult
G-B1 and G-B2 laying hens. (3) Define immune cell populations that relate
to S. enteritidis colonization of tissues and eggs from adult G-B1 and
G-B2 laying hens.
APPROACH: Objective
1 will be carried out by isolation of intestinal intra-epithelial or
lamina propria lymphocytes, and lymphoid cells from the spleen, cecal
tonsils from chicks infected with S. enteritidis at either 2 or 5 days of
age. Subtype specificities of the immune cell populations responding to S.
enteritidis challenge will be compared with the specificities of immune
cell populations in naive chickens by flow cytometric analysis after
staining isolated lymphoid cells with avian immune-cell-specific
monoclonal antibodies. Tissue samples will be taken 24, 72, 120 and 144
hours post-infection (pi). Objective 2 will be accomplished through
bacterial culture for S. enteritidis isolation of tissues from the liver,
spleen, intestine, ovary and oviduct, including eggs both pre-and
post-oviposition, from infected and un-infected adult G-B1 and G-B2 laying
hens. Objective 3 will utilize adult G-B1 and G-B2 laying hens, who will
be inoculated with S. enteritidis at 24 weeks of age to compare immune
cell populations that may relate to a differential shed of the pathogen
into eggs. The same methods as described under objective 1 will be
employed except the immune cell populations will also be identified from
the oviduct and the cloaca of these hens.
Termination Year 1996
ACCESSION NO: 0174233 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: PENV-5-24358 AGENCY: CSVM PENV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
NEW
START: 01 JAN 1996 TERM: 31 DEC 1996 FY:
1998
INVESTIGATOR: KELLER,
L.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
SCHOOL OF VETERINARY
MEDICINE
UNIV OF PENNSYLVANIA
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19104
SHED OF S. ENTERITIDIS INTO THE EGGS OF SUSCEPTIBLE AND
RESISTANCE CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: To
compare the shed of S. enteritidis into the eggs of adult hens from two
MHC-congenic lines of chickens with differential susceptibility to the
pathogen and to monitor antibody titers and examine phagocytic cell
functions that may relate to the differential response to S. enteritidis
of the two MHC-congenic lines of chickens.
APPROACH: One-hundred twenty chickens from lines G-B1 and G-B2
will be used. At 3 days of age the chicks will be orally inoculated with
organisms of the invasive strain of 575 S. enteritidis. Males will be
culled within 10 weeks. As the matured hens begin to lay, their eggs will
be collected daily. The eggs will be tested by bacteriology for the
presence of S. enteritidis contamination for up to 12 months. Serum blood
samples will be taken from the chickens every week for 1 month
post-inoculation and every 2 weeks thereafter to test for anti-Salmonella
antibody titers. Samples of egg yolks will be taken from each freshly laid
egg as it is cracked for culturing. Yolk samples will be pooled in groups
of 10 for ELISA testing.
ACCESSION NO: 0165256 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: LAB03087 AGENCY: SAES LA.B
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 JUL 1994 TERM: 31 DEC 1996 FY:
1997
INVESTIGATOR: LOE, L. C.;
INGRAM, D. R.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
CALHOUN RESEARCH
STATION
LOUISIANA STATE
UNIVERSITY
BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA
70893
EVALUATION OF MOLTING PROGRAMS
FOR LAYING HENS
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the
effectiveness of molting programs on subsequent egg production and egg
shell quality in laying hens.
APPROACH: Six molting treatments will be examined: 1) control (no
treatment); 2)10-day fast; 3) 4-day fast; 4) feeding 150,000 ppm zinc for
10 days; 5) feeding 150,000 ppm zinc for 4 days; 6) fasting hens until
they achieve a 30% body weight loss. 240, 72-week old hens will be
subjected to 7 days of 24 hour photostimulation prior to the start of the
study. Egg production, egg specific gravity, egg weight, feed consumption,
and livability will be measured during the treatment period and for 9,
28-day periods.
PROGRESS: 1994/01
TO 1996/12
Feed withdrawal (FW) and .15%
dietary zinc (ZN) were evaluated for inducing molting laying hens. Six
treatments (trt) included: 1) control- no FW or ZN (CON); 2) 4-day FW
(4FW); 3) 10-day FW (10FW); 4) 4-day ZN (4ZN); 5) 10-day ZN (10ZN); and 6)
feed withdrawal until a 30% loss in body weight was achieved 14-18 days
(30BW). Each trt was applied to ten, individually cages hens, 74 wks old.
The experiment had 4 replicates. Seven days prior to trt application,
photoperiod was increased from 18L:6D to 24L:OD. Photoperiod was reduced
to 17L:7D at trt initiation and was maintained at this level for the
duration of the study. During the molt period, ZN trt proved inhibitory to
feed consumption. No differences between FW and ZN trt of the same length
were noted for days to pause, number of shell-less eggs or time to 50%
production. Increasing length of molt trt increased hen weight loss and
days to 50% production. Cumulative feed consumption per hen (36 wk post
trt) was affected in a like manner. Hen weight at the end of the study was
the same. No differences in cumulative production indices were found (egg
production, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and feed efficiency)
although initial trt effects were noted.
PUBLICATIONS: 1994/01 TO 1996/12
Loe, Linda C. and LeRon Robbins. 1996. Evaluation of dietary zinc
or fasting in molting laying hens. Louisiana Academy of Sciences 70th
Annual Meeting. (Poster presentation).
Top of Document |
Acknowledgements |
How to Use This Document |
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES) Reports |
Review of the Literature |
Salmonella, Other Pathogens, and Immunology |
Poultry Welfare |
Management Strategies |
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes |
Records from the National Agricultural Library
Electronic Catalog
REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE
SALMONELLA, OTHER
PATHOGENS, AND IMMUNOLOGY
Press Release |
Selected Websites
Alodan MA; Mashaly MM (1999). Effect of induced molting in laying hens on production and
immune parameters. Poultry Science 78(2): 171-177.
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
A total of 600 commercial strain (DeKalb) Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 80 wk of age,
were used in this study to determine the effects of different induced molting programs on
production and immune parameters. The hens were randomly divided into four treatment
groups (three experimental and one control) of 150 hens each. The hens in the first treatment
group were fed a layer ration containing 20,000 ppm of zinc for 5 d, and received a reduced
photoperiod of 8 h/d for 5 d (Zn group). In the second group, feed was withdrawn for 10 d,
the photoperiod was reduced to 8 h/d and oyster shell and water were provided for ad libitum
consumption. At Day 11, hens consumed corn and oyster shell ad libitum until Day 30 and at
Day 31, hens were returned to a full feed layer ration and received 16 h of light/d [California
treatment (CAL group)]. In the third treatment, light was reduced to 8 h/d, and oyster shell
was provided for ad libitum consumption until Day 60. Feed and water were removed for the
first 2 d and on Days 4, 6, and 8. On Days 3, 5, 7, and 9, hens were fed 45 g of feed per hen.
On Day 10 until Day 60, hens were fed 90 g/hen and at Day 61, hens were returned to the
layer ration ad libitum and received 16 h of light/d [on-again, off-again program (ON-OFF
group)]. The last group served as controls (CONT). Body weight, egg production, egg size,
internal egg quality, shell weight, and mortality were determined. Total circulating
leukocytes, differential leukocyte counts, and antibody production were also measured. The
results demonstrated that induced molting significantly increased egg production from 64%
to 77 to 83%, Haugh units from 80.4 to 85.9 to 87.3, and shell weight from 5.3 g to 6.3 to 6.4
g when compared to CONT. The body weight of the molted hens decreased significantly to
84.8, 74.5, and 88% of the initial body weight for Zn, CAL, and ON-OFF groups,
respectively. The total circulating leukocytes was significantly lower in molted hens than in
CONT hens. Differential leukocyte counts were affected by all induced molting programs and
the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was significantly increased, reaching 0.61, whereas that of
CONT was only 0.20. Antibody production was largely unaffected by any of the induced
molting programs.
Descriptors: hens, molting, zinc, mineral supplements, photoperiod, restricted feeding,
maize, oyster shells, refeeding, body weight, blood picture, ratios, leukocyte count, weight
losses, laying performance, egg weight, egg shell, weight, egg quality, antibody formation,
mortality, heterophil lymphocyte ratio
Al-Rawashdeh OF; Gumaa AY; Saeed M; Orban JI; Patterson JA; Nour AYM (2000). Effects of
sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel and feed restriction on the performance,
hematological values and cecal bacteriological counts of broiler chickens. Acta
Veterinaria (Beograd) 50(4): 225-239.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6447
Inclusion of fructo-oligosaccharide in poultry diets and feed restriction are some of the
strategies that have received increased attention in efforts to improve production efficiency
and reduce mortality and Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens. Forty-eight 3-week-old
Peterson x Arbor Acres males were used in an experiment to evaluate the influence of the
novel sugar sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel (STOC) on haematological values and
caecal total Gram-negative counts in growing broilers fed ad libitum or restricted diets.
Broilers fed STOC consumed more feed, gained more weight (P<0.001) and had a similar
feed conversion compared with birds on the control diet. Birds fed ad libitum consumed more
feed and gained more (P<0.001) weight compared with birds fed the restricted diet. Chickens
fed STOC had slightly but not significantly higher (P>0.05) MCV, heterophil counts, H/L
ratio and basophils than chickens fed the control diet. Feed-restricted birds had slightly higher
PCV, MCV, WBC, heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes than birds fed ad libitum.
Six-week-old birds had slightly but not significantly higher values for PCV, RBC, MCV,
WBC, lymphocytes and basophils. Packed cell volume (PCV) was lower for 4-week-old birds
and tended to increase up to 6 weeks of age. In 8-week-old-birds fed STOC ad libitum there
were lower lymphocyte counts and a higher H/L ratio compared with the control group.
Although diet did not influence caecal Gram-negative bacterial counts (log10), the results
indicate a significant decrease in log10 bacterial counts in birds fed the restricted diets. Birds
fed STOC had slightly less caecal Gram-negative bacteria than the control group. Caecal
Gram-negative bacteria were influenced by age in broilers. Eight-week-old birds had lower
mean log10 bacterial counts in their caeca than 6-week-old birds. The results showed only
slight alterations in haematological profile in broilers due to the influence of STOC and feed
restriction. The observation of reduced numbers of Gram-negative bacteria in birds fed STOC
with feed restriction needs further investigation.
Descriptors: oligosaccharides, heat treatment, processing, caramel, restricted feeding,
haematology, caecum, intestinal microorganisms, pathogens, Gram negative bacteria, feed
supplements, poultry
Alshawabkeh K; Tabbaa MJ (2002). Using dietary propionic acid to limit Salmonella
gallinarum colonization in broiler chicks. Asian-Australasian
Journal of Animal Sciences 15(2): 243-246.
NAL Call Number: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: chicks, broilers, propionic acid, feed additives, Salmonella gallinarum,
experimental infections, inhibitors, dosage, digesta, crop, cecum, pH, bacterial count,
intestinal microorganisms
Ambrus SA; Tellez G; Hargis BM; Corrier DE; Deloach
JR (1992). Resistance to cecal
Salmonella-enteritidis (SE) colonization following dietary lactose or
capsaicin administration is associated with histopathological and
morphometric changes of the cecal mucosa in leghorn chicks.
Poultry Science 71(Suppl.1): 135.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Arnold JW; Holt PS (1996). Cytotoxicity in chicken alimentary secretions as measured by
a
derivative of the tumor necrosis factor assay. Poultry Science 75(3): 329-334.
USDA, ARS, Poultry Processing and Meat Quality, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The host immune response to enteric bacterial infections, including salmonellosis, results in
inflammatory cells entering the intestine near the site of infection. These cells produce
factors, such as cytokines, that are cytotoxic to bacteria-infected cells, resulting in loss of host
cells. In this study, an assay was developed, based on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) assay,
that measured the cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from chickens during a
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. Secretions were collected by pilocarpine-induced
evacuation from the alimentary tract and clarified by centrifugation. Activity was assessed by
the cytotoxic effect of secretions on chicken embryo fibroblasts as target cells. Cytotoxic
activity from SE-infected hens was measured at intervals during the first 24 h following
infection and daily for the next 10 d. The level of activity varied between hens but was
maximal in secretions obtained at 24 h and 10 d after SE infection. Maximal levels of
cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from hens occurred in response to a dose of 5 X
10(8) cfu/mL of SE. The cytotoxicity in secretions from SE-exposed hens that were deprived
of feed was greater than those from control SE-exposed hens by more than fivefold.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, cytotoxicity, inflammation, intestines,
secretions, molting, bioassays, tumor necrosis factor, experimental infections
Bailey JS;
Blankenship LC; Cox NA Effect of
fructooliogsaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken
intestine. Poultry Science 70(12):
2433-2438.
USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The influence of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the ability of Salmonella typhimurium to
grow and colonize the gut of chickens was investigated. In vitro studies showed that
Salmonella did not grow when FOS was the sole carbon source. When FOS was fed to chicks
at the .375% level, little influence on Salmonella colonization was observed. At the .75%
level 12% fewer FOS-fed birds were colonized with Salmonella compared with control birds.
When chicks given a partially protective competitive exclusion (CE) culture were fed diets
supplemented with .75% FOS, only 4 of 21 (19%) chickens challenged with 10(9)
Salmonella cells on Day 7 became colonized as compared with 14 of 23 (61%) chickens
given CE alone. When chickens were stressed by feed and water deprivation on Day 13 and
challenged with 10(9) Salmonella on Day 14, 33 of 36 (92%) chickens fed a control diet were
colonized compared with only 9 of 36 (25%) chickens fed a .75% FOS diet. Chickens treated
with FOS had a fourfold reduction in the level of Salmonella present in the ceca. Feeding
FOS in the diet of chickens may lead to a shift in the intestinal gut microflora, and under
some circumstances may result in reduced susceptibility to Salmonella colonization.
Descriptors: fowls, salmonella typhimurium, colonizing ability, oligosaccharides, oral
administration, competitive ability, stress response, feed additives, competitive exclusion
Barnhart ET; Caldwell DJ;
Crouch MC; Byrd JA; Corrier DE; Hargis BM (1999). Effect of lactose administration in drinking
water prior to and during feed withdrawal on Salmonella recovery
from broiler crops and ceca.
Poultry Science 78(2): 211-214.
Department of Poultry Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station,
Texas 77843
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Salmonella contamination of the chicken crop has been reported to increase markedly and
significantly during feed withdrawal, probably due to coprophagy, and may contribute to
carcass contamination at processing. The effect of prolonged lactose administration (2.5%) in
the drinking water on the incidence of Salmonella recovery from broiler crops or ceca was
evaluated in seven experiments. In these experiments, all or a percentage (providing seeders
and contacts) of 7-wk-old broilers were challenged with approximately 1 x 108 cfu
Salmonella enteritidis and provided lactose for 5 or 11 d prior to and during an 18 or 24 h
feed withdrawal period. A small but significant lactose-mediated reduction in Salmonella
contamination of crops was observed in one of two identical experiments with 18 h feed
withdrawal. Extending the feed withdrawal period to 24 h did not improve the ability of
lactose to affect Salmonella recovery from crops or ceca. Similarly, lactose did not affect
Salmonella recovery when the percentage of birds challenged was reduced to 3 out of 16 and
Salmonella recovery from crops or ceca of unchallenged, contact broilers was measured.
Extending the duration of exposure to 2.5% lactose in the drinking water from 5 to 11 d did
not improve the ability of lactose to affect Salmonella recovery. Taken together, these data
suggest that provision of 2.5% lactose in the drinking water during the last 5 to 11 d of
growout prior to slaughter will not be useful in an integrated Salmonella control program
under commercial conditions.
Descriptors: *Chickens--microbiology--MI; *Lactose--pharmacology--PD; *Salmonella
--isolation and purification--IP ; Animal Husbandry--methods--MT;
Cecum--microbiology--MI; Chickens --physiology--PH; Crop, Avian--microbiology--MI;
Drinking; Food Contamination--prevention and control--PC; Food Deprivation; Lactose
--administration and dosage--AD; Salmonella--pathogenicity--PY
Barua A; Furusawa S; Yoshimura Y; Okamoto T (2001). Effects of forced molting on the IgY
concentration in egg yolk of chickens. Japanese Poultry Science 38(2): 169-174.
Hiroshima Univ., Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Descriptors: laying hen, yolk, immunoglobulin, rearing management, restricted feeding,
molting, ELISA, immunoglobulin Y, forced molting, IgY concentration is increased during
early phase of postmolt
Berchieri A Jr; Murphy CK; Marston K; Barrow PA (2001). Observations on the persistence a
nd
vertical transmission of Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in
chickens: effect of bacterial and host genetic background. Avian Pathology 30(3):
221-231.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Commercial laying hens inoculated with a strain of Salmonella enterica ser. Pullorum when
they were 4 days old showed no morbidity, but harboured infection until they came into lay,
and then produced S. Pullorum-contaminated eggs and infected progeny. There was limited
evidence of transmission of maternal immunity to the progeny. Attempts were made to set up
similar infections in hens with Salmonella Gallinarum, but without success. Infection either
resulted in clinical disease or elimination of the pathogen. Infection of birds when in lay
produced a similar result. The possibility of eggs becoming contaminated with S. Gallinarum
after they were laid in the nest box was evaluated but there was no evidence for this. In-bred
chicken lines with a SalI-susceptible phenotype showed greater localization of S. Pullorum in
the reproductive tract than did a SalI-resistant line. In addition, in-bred birds, which were SalI
resistant but showed greater susceptibility to intestinal colonization by Salmonella, infected
with S. Gallinarum when they were 1 week old, showed longer term persistence in the liver
and spleen than did a resistant line.
Descriptors: hens, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella gallinarum, microbial contamination,
eggs, chicks, vertical transmission, persistence, liver, spleen, maternal immunity, line
differences, susceptibility, genetic-resistance
Berchieri A. Jr.; Wigley P; Page K; Murphy CK; Barrow PA (2001).
Further studies on vertical
transmission and persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 in
chickens. Avian Pathology 30(4): 297-310.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
One-week-old commercial layers were infected orally with 10(8) colony forming units of
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4. No mortality was observed. The
inoculated organism was isolated in decreasing viable numbers from a number of tissues,
particularly the spleen, liver and caeca. Organisms present in the spleen were primarily
localized within macrophages. No Salmonella Enteritidis organisms were isolated between
10 and 24 weeks of age, when the experiment was terminated after several weeks of lay.
When two groups of adult hens, housed with males, were infected, contaminated eggs were
found within 2 weeks of infection in one of the experiments only. Progeny hatched from
these eggs showed no mortality unless they were infected artificially with the S. Enteritidis
strain. In this case, the percentage mortality fell as the hatches progressed, indicating
increasing immunity to infection. The faecal excretion of the inoculated phage type 4 strain
by infected but healthy progeny was followed. Although most birds ceased to excrete by 11 to
12 weeks of age, a small number of the birds continued to excrete until they themselves came
into lay. The small numbers of birds in which this occurred indicates that tolerance to
infection does not occur readily following infection of hens laying fertile eggs or in progeny
birds infected before or within hours of hatching. Birds infected when they were less than 24
h old remained persistently infected until they were well into lay. However, control birds
infected when 1 week old, on this occasion, showed a high level of excretion until the birds
began to lay at 18 weeks. Inbred lines of chickens showing differences in their susceptibility
to systemic salmonellosis did not show significant differences in the extent to which S.
Enteritidis localized in the organs of the reproductive tract or in the number of infected eggs
produced.
Descriptors: chickens, Salmonella enteritidis, vertical transmission, persistence,
macrophages, experimental infections, eggs, microbial contamination, mortality, maternal
immunity, chicks, genotypes, susceptibility, age
Bhatia TR;
McNabb GD (1980). Dissemination of
Salmonella in broiler-chicken operations.
Avian Diseases 24(3): 616-624.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Dissemination of Salmonella from hatchery to broiler farm and from broiler farm to
processing plant was assessed. Bacteriological examination of fluff and meconium at the
hatchery, feed and litter at the farm, and carcass rinsing at the plant level was conducted.
When fluff and/or meconium were contaminated with Salmonella, litter and carcasses were
contaminated with the same serotypes. Properly pelleted feed does not seem to be an
important source of infection. Stress (feed and water deprivation) and some effect on
shedding of Salmonella. Fluff and meconium at hatchery, feces from 3-to-7-day-old chicks,
and litter at 3 and 6 weeks can be used as an indicator of flock infection and thus carcass
contamination.
Descriptors: *Chickens--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella--isolation and purification--IP ;
Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Feathers--microbiology--MI; Food Microbiology;
Food-Processing Industry; Manure; Meat; Meconium --microbiology--MI; Salmonella
typhimurium--isolation and purification
Bierer BW; Eleazer TH (1965). Clinical salmonellosis accidentally induced by feed and wat
er
deprivation of one-week-old broiler chicks. Poultry Science 44(6): 1606-1607.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: *Poultry Diseases; *Salmonella Infections, Animal--etiology--ET; *Starvation
Branton SL; May JD; Lott BD; Pharr GT (1999). Effects of age at inoculation and induced molt
on the recovery of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from layer chickens. Avian Diseases 43(3):
516-520.
USDA, ARS, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of age at inoculation and induced molt
on the reisolation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) from commercial leghorn hens that
had been eyedrop-inoculated with F strain MG at either 10 or 66 wk of age. Chickens were
maintained in biological isolation units from 10 wk of age through 78 wk of age. At 70 wk of
age (premolt), hens were swabbed, cultured for MG, and molted. Swabs were taken both at
the end of molt (postmolt [74 wk]) and again 4 wk later (postmolt + 4 [78 wk]). A significant
(P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in MG isolations was observed in the postmolt swabs
as compared with the premolt swabs of hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk of age. A
significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increase in isolations was observed in the postmolt +
4 swabs as compared with the postmolt swabs of hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk of age.
For the hens inoculated at 10 wk, no significant difference was found in premolt as compared
with postmolt + 4 MG isolations; however, for hens inoculated at 66 wk, a significant (P less
than or equal to 0.05) decrease was observed between premolt and postmolt + 4 isolations.
Significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) fewer MG isolations were obtained from the
premolt swabs of hens inoculated at 10 wk as compared with hens inoculated at 66 wk. No
significant difference in MG isolations was observed in either the postmolt or postmolt + 4
swabs between hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk.
Descriptors: chickens, mycoplasma gallisepticum, age, vaccination, molt, persistence
Branton SL; Simmons JD; Hardin JM (1989). The effect of biological isolation and a
molt-inducing regimen on the recovery of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from commercial
Leghorn hens. Avian Diseases 33(3): 574-577.
USDA, ARS, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, Mississippi
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of induced molt on the reisolation of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) from commercial leghorn hens that had been
eyedrop-inoculated with MG at 10 weeks of age. Chickens were maintained in a conventional
floored chicken house on dry litter through 100 weeks of age. At age 64 weeks, 4 days (Trial
1), and at 100 weeks (Trial 2), hens were swabbed and cultured for MG and then molted in
biological isolation units. Swabs were again taken at the end of each molt. No difference was
observed in the number of MG isolations between molted hens and controls that did not
undergo molting. However, a significant decrease in MG isolations was observed in both
trials from swabs obtained when hens were housed on dry litter floors as compared with
swabs taken from the same hens after 18 days (Trial 1) or 21 days (Trial 2) of confinement in
isolation units.
Descriptors: Chickens--microbiology--MI; Mycoplasma--isolation and purification--IP;
Mycoplasma Infections--veterinary--VE; Poultry Diseases--microbiology--MI ; Age Factors;
Chickens--physiology--PH; Housing, Animal; Mycoplasma Infections--microbiology--MI
Byrd JA; Corrier DE; Hume ME; Bailey RH; Stanker LH; Hargis BM (1998). Effect of feed
withdrawal on Campylobacter in the crops of market-age broiler chickens. Avian
Diseases 42(4): 802-806.
USDA, ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, Texas
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella on poultry meat products remains a
significant public health concern. Previous research has indicated that feed withdrawal may
significantly increase Salmonella contamination of broiler crops and that crop contents may
serve as an important source of Salmonella carcass contamination at commercial processing.
The present study evaluated the effect of preslaughter feed withdrawal on the incidence of
Campylobacter isolation in crops of market-age commercial broiler chickens prior to capture
and transport to the processing plant. The incidence of Campylobacter isolation from the crop
was determined immediately before and after feed withdrawal in 40 7-wk-old broiler
chickens obtained from each of nine separate broiler houses. Ceca were collected from
broilers in six of the same flocks for comparison with the crop samples. Feed withdrawal
caused a significant (P < 0.025) increase in Campylobacter-positive crop samples in seven of
the nine houses sampled. Furthermore, the total number of Campylobacter-positive crops
increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 90/360 (25%) before feed removal to 224/359
(62.4%) after the feed withdrawal period. Alternatively, feed withdrawal did not significantly
alter the Campylobacter isolation frequency from ceca. Similar to our previous studies with
Salmonella. the present results suggest that preharvest feed withdrawal increases the
frequency of Campylobacter crop contamination and, thus, provides a source of
Campylobacter contamination of carcasses at commercial processing.
Descriptors: broilers, campylobacter, food deprivation, crop, food safety, contamination,
carcasses, incidence, cecum
Corrier DE; Byrd JA; Hargis BM; Hume ME; Bailey RH; Stanker LH (1999). Survival of
Salmonella in the crop contents of market-age broilers during feed withdrawal. Avian
Diseases 43(3): 453-460.
USDA, ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, Texas
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Recent studies have indicated that crop contamination increases during preslaughter feed
withdrawal and that contaminated crop contents may serve as an important source of
Salmonella entry into poultry processing plants. During the present study, we evaluated the
effect of preslaughter feed withdrawal on crop pH and Salmonella crop contamination in
broilers from three commercial broiler flocks. The effect of experimental feed withdrawal on
crop pH, lactic acid concentration, and Salmonella crop contamination was also evaluated in
market-age broilers challenged experimentally with Salmonella typhimurium. Crop pH
increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 3.64 +/- 0.25 before feed removal to 5.14 +/- 0.72
after 8 hr of feed withdrawal in broilers from commercial flocks. The incidence of
Salmonella crop contamination in the commercial broilers increased (P < 0.05) from 3.3%
before feed removal to 12.6% after 8 hr of feed withdrawal. Similarly, crop pH increased (P <
0.05) by a magnitude of approximately 1 unit in broilers after 8 hr of experimental feed
withdrawal. The population of S. typhimurium in the crops of the experimentally challenged
broilers increased (P < 0.05) by approximately 1 log unit during the 8-hr experimental feed
withdrawal. The concentration of lactic acid in the crop of the broilers during experimental
feed withdrawal decreased (P < 0.01) from a range of 119-135 micromol/ml before feed
removal to a range of 22-32 micromol/ml after 8 hr of feed withdrawal. The results indicated
that feed withdrawal resulted in a decrease in lactic acid in the crop, accompanied by an
increase in crop pH, and an increase in Salmonella crop contamination.
Descriptors: broilers, salmonella, survival, crop, pH, food deprivation, microbial
contamination, lactic acid, flocks
Corrier DE; Nisbet DJ; Hargis BM; Holt PS; DeLoach JR (1997).
Provision of lactose to molting
hens enhances resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Journal of Food
Protection 60(1): 10-15.
ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, USDA, College Station, TX.
NAL Call Number: 44.8 J824
Older leghorn hens, more than 50 weeks of age, were divided into three groups designated 1,
unmolted controls; 2, molted; or 3, molted treated with lactose. Forced molt was induced by
14 days of feed removal. Lactose was provided to the hens in group 3 as 2.5% (wt/vol) of the
daily drinking water. Each hen in all groups was challenged orally with 10(5) Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) cells on day 7 of feed removal. The study was repeated in three replicated
trials. The concentrations of acetic, propionic, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the cecal
contents of the molted hens in groups 2 and 3 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) on days 6
and 14 of molt compared with the unmolted controls. Forced molt had no apparent effect on
pH or on the oxidation-reduction potential of the ceca. Compared to the unmolted controls,
SE cecal and spleen and liver colonization was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the
molted hens in group 2. Compared to the molted hens in group 2, SE cecal and spleen and
liver colonization was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in two of three trials in the hens in
group 3provided with lactose. The results suggested that the increased susceptibility of
molting hens to SE colonization may be associated with decreased fermentation and
production of VFA by cecal bacteria or by a depletion of the number of VFA-producing
bacteria present in the ceca. The results further suggest that providing lactose in the drinking
water during molting may significantly enhance resistance to SE colonization.
Descriptors: chickens, diet, lactose, salmonella enteritidis, disease resistance ;
Corrier DE; Nisbet DJ; Hargis BM; Kogut MH; Deloach JR (1995).
Protective effect of providing
lactose to leghorn hens during molting on Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry
Science 74(Suppl. 1): 51.
Food Animal Protection Res. Lab., USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845 USA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Dorn CR; Silapanuntakul R; Angrick EJ; Shipman LD (1993). Plasmid analysis of Salmonel
la
enteritidis isolated from human gastroenteritis cases and from epidemiologically
associated poultry flocks. Epidemiology and Infection (ENGLAND) 111(2): 239-243.
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
NAL
Call Number: RA651 A1E74
Plasmid analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human gastroenteritis cases and from
two commercial egg-producing poultry flocks was performed to determine if the poultry
flocks were the source of the human infections. The plasmid profile and restriction fragment
pattern (fingerprint) of five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases matched those of nine
isolates from internal organs of egg-laying hens in one flock which was the source of eggs
consumed by the cases. Another commercial flock was epidemiologically associated as the
source of eggs consumed by affected persons in four separate gastroenteritis outbreaks from
which S. enteritidis isolates were available. Five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases in
these four outbreaks had the same profile and fingerprint, and they all matched those of the
24 isolates from hens in this flock. These results provide further documentation of egg-borne
transmission of S. enteritidis to humans.
Descriptors: *Chickens--microbiology--MI; *Food Microbiology; *Gastroenteritis
--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella Food Poisoning--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella
enteritidis--genetics--GE ; DNA Fingerprinting; DNA, Bacterial--analysis--AN; Disease
Outbreaks; Eggs --microbiology--MI; Gastroenteritis--epidemiology--EP; Plasmids--genetics
--GE; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Salmonella Food Poisoning -
Durant JA; Corrier DE; Byrd JA; Stanker LH; Ricke SC (1999). Feed deprivation affects cro
ps
environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion of Leghorn
hens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65(5): 1919-1923.
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
NAL Call Number: 448.3 Ap5
Leghorn hens over 50 weeks of age were assigned to two treatment groups designated as
either unmolted controls or molted. A forced molt was induced by a 9-day feed withdrawal,
and each hen was challenged orally with 10(5) Salmonella enteritidis organisms on day 4 of
feed withdrawal. On days 4 and 9 of molt, the numbers of lactobacilli and the concentrations
of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids in the crops
decreased while crop pH increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to
the controls. S. enteritidis crop and cecal colonization, in addition to spleen and liver
invasion, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls. The
invasive phenotype of Salmonella spp. is complex and requires several virulence genes which
are regulated by the transcriptional activator HilA. Samples of the crop contents from the
molted and unmolted birds were pooled separately, centrifuged, and filter sterilized. The
sterile crop contents were then used to measure the expression of hilA. By using a lacZY
transcriptional fusion to the hilA gene in S. enteritidis, we found that hilA expression was
1.6- to 2.1-fold higher in the crop contents from molted birds than in those from control birds
in vitro. The results of the study suggest that the changes in the microenvironment of the crop
caused by feed deprivation are important regulators of S. enteritidis survival and influence the
susceptibility of molted hens to S. enteritidis infections. Furthermore, our in vitro results on
the expression of hilA suggest that the change in crop environment during feed withdrawal
has the potential to significantly affect virulence by increasing the expression of genes
necessary for intestinal invasion.
Descriptors: transcription factors, gene expression
Durant JA; Corrier DE; Stanker LH; Ricke SC (2000). Expression of the hilA Salmonella
typhimurium gene in a poultry Salmonella enteritidis isolate in response to lactate and
nutrients. Journal of Applied Microbiology 89(1): 63-69.
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472
NAL Call Number: QR1 J687
Pathogens express virulence genes in response to the combination of environmental
conditions present in the host environment. The crop is the first gastrointestinal environment
encountered in birds. However, feed withdrawal alters the crop environment resulting in an
increased pH, and decreased concentrations of lactate, glucose and amino acids compared
with unmoulted birds. Salmonella enteritidis infections increase significantly in hens that
have been forced to moult by feed withdrawal. The effects of pH, carbohydrate sources,
amino acids and lactate on expression of S. enteritidis virulence was investigated by
measuring expression of hilA. The hilA gene encodes a transcriptional activator that regulates
expression of Salmonella virulence genes in response to environmental stimuli. HilA
expression was measured using a poultry isolate of S. enteritidis carrying a hilA-lacZY
transcriptional fusion from S. typhimurium. The media used were Luria Bertani (LB) broth
and LB broth diluted 1:5 (DLB). The expression of hilA was 2.9-fold higher in DLB broth
compared with LB broth which suggested that there is a nutritional component to the
regulation of hilA. Addition of 0.2% glucose, fructose or mannose to LB and DLB reduced
hilA expression 1.5- to 2-fold. Addition of 0.2% Casaminoacids, arabinose, fucose, or lactose
had little effect on hilA expression. Lactate (25 and 50 mmol/litre) reduced hilA expression
at pH 6, 5 and 4, with the lowest expression at pH 4. These results suggest that the
composition of the crop lumen could potentially affect S. enteritidis virulence expression.
Descriptors: nutrients; poultry; amino acids; arabinose; environment; fructose; digestive
system; genes; lactates; mannose; nutrition; virulence; gene expression; in vitro culture;
bacterial diseases
Ebel E; Schlosser W (2000). Estimating the annual fraction of eggs contaminated with
Salmonella enteritidis in the United States. International Journal of Food Microbiology
61(1): 51-62.
NAL Call Number: QR115.I57
Descriptors: eggs, food contamination, microbial contamination, salmonella enteritidis,
estimation, incidence, monte carlo method, epidemiology, flocks, prediction, risk assessment,
mathematical models, molting, affected flocks
Fadly AM; Davison TF; Payne LN; Howes K (1989). Avian leukosis virus infection and sheddi
ng
in Brown Leghorn chickens treated with corticosterone or exposed to various stressors.
Avian Pathology 18(2): 283-298.
AFRC Inst. Anim Hlth., Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE17 2DA, UK.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Brown Leghorn chicks derived from hens positive for antibodies to subgroup A avian
leukosis virus (MAB+) and chicks derived from virus-free hens (MAB-) were exposed to
avian leukosis virus (ALV HPRS-F42 strain)-infected hens from hatching to 18 weeks of age.
At one or two weeks of age some chicks were implanted with a pellet containing a mixture of
corticosterone and cholesterol (1:4 w/w) or with an osmostic pump containing corticosterone
dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) which delivered 50 micro g/hour over 7 days. In
a second trial implanted chicks were moved to climatic chambers at two weeks old and kept
at 40 deg C or 25 deg C for 3 weeks, or at 15 deg C for 4 days and then at 10 deg C. In a third
trial 38-week-old hens that had been inoculated with ALV as embryos, at one day old or at 4
weeks old and forced to moult by changes in photoperiod and food and water intakes were
examined for egg production, plasma corticosterone and triiodothyronine. In a fourth trial
these hens were implanted with osmotic pumps as above after return to lay (60 weeks old)
and inoculated with ALV (1.6 x 105 infectious units) by oral, nasal, ocular and tracheal
routes. Samples of meconium, cloacal, and vaginal swabs and plasma were tested for ALV.
Increased levels of plasma corticosterone following implantation of the hormone at 1, but not
2, weeks after exposure to ALV at hatching, increased cloacal shedding of ALV in chickens
that lacked maternal antibody (MAB-) to ALV. Exposure of 2-week-old chickens, which had
been exposed to virus at hatching, to heat- or cold-stress for 21 days had no effect on ALV
infection and shedding in treated as well as in control chickens. Induced moulting or raised
circulating corticosterone in adult hens did not affect the incidence of ALV infection or
shedding.
Descriptors: glucocorticoids, cold zones, heat, molting, stress
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Fernandez F; Hinton M; Gils B van (2002). Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effec
t
on
chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian
Pathology 31(1): 49-58.
Division of Food Animal Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of
Bristol, Langford, Avon BS40 5DU, UK.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
This study first investigates the effects of mash diet, or mash supplemented with either 2.5%
mannose-oligosaccharide (MOS) or palm kernel meal (PKM), on the microflora of the hen
caecal contents. Second, it investigates the effect of caecal contents of hens (HCC) fed mash
or mash supplemented with MOS or PKM on the major microflora groups of chicks, and
their inhibitory effect on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (PT4) colonization. Finally,
this study investigates the effect over time of diets supplemented with MOS or PKM on S.
Enteritidis colonization and the microflora of chicks. In hens, supplemented diets increased
Bifidobacterium spp., while decreasing members of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus
spp., compared with the mash diet. Chicks dosed with the HCC showed, on average, increased
numbers of anaerobes, while the numbers of aerobes decreased including coliforms and S.
Enteritidis compared with controls without HCC. In chicks fed the MOS-supplemented or
PKM-supplemented diets, S. Enteritidis colonization decreased over time, compared with mash
alone. Four-week-old PKM birds showed an increase in Bifidobacterium spp. and
Lactobacillus spp., with a decrease in S. Enteritidis compared with week 2. Generally, the HCC
and diets supplemented with MOS or PKM affected the birds intestinal microflora by
increasing the Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., while decreasing the
Enterobacteriaceae groups. They also reduced susceptibility in young chickens to colonization
by S. Enteritidis.
Descriptors: caecum, chicks, diets, hens, infection, mannans, microbial flora,
oligosaccharides, palm kernel cake, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Furuta K (1); Mekada Hiroyuki (2); Hayashi N (2) (1991). Detection of antibodies against
pathogens and measurement of serum components of chickens which laying was paused
by forced molting. Nippon Kakin Gakkaishi (Japanese Poultry Science) 28(1): 47-51.
(1)Univ. of Ryukyus, College of Agriculture ; (2)Gifu Prefect. Poultry Exp. Stn.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Descriptors: molting, laying hen, antibody titer, enzyme activity, egg-laying, blood
component, serum, alkaline phosphatase, GOT, GPT, pathogen, rearing management
Gast RK; Nasir MS; Jolley ME; Holt PS; Stone HD(2002). Serologic detection of experimenta
l
Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens by fluorescence polarization and enzyme
immunoassay. Avian Diseases 46(1): 137-142.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry
Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Detection of infected poultry flocks is essential for controlling eggborne transmission of
Salmonella enteritidis to humans. The present study evaluated the detection of antibodies in
the sera of experimentally infected chickens by a fluorescence polarization assay with a tracer
prepared from the O-polysaccharide of S. enteritidis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) with an S. enteritidis flagellin antigen. In two trials, groups of
specific-pathogen-free laying hens were infected orally with either 10(6) or 10(8)
colony-forming units (CFU) of S. enteritidis (phage type 13a) or with 10(8) CFU of
Salmonella typhimurium. Serum samples were collected before inoculation and at five
subsequent weekly intervals. Both assays successfully detected the majority of hens infected
with S. enteritidis at either dose level, but they also identified a substantial number of hens
infected with S. typhimurium as seropositive. The fluorescence polarization test detected S.
enteritidis infection significantly more often and cross-reacted with sera from hens infected
with S. typhimurium significantly less often than the ELISA. The fluorescence polarization
assay also offered advantages in terms of speed and methodologic simplicity.
Gray JS (1982). The effect of
induced moulting in hens on resistance to primary and secondary
infections of Raillietina cesticillus Molin, 1858. Journal of Helminthology 56(1): 37-40.
NAL Call number: 436.8 J82
Mature hens induced to moult were subsequently found to be resistant to both primary and
secondary infections of Raillietina cesticillus; non-moulting birds that continued to lay were
susceptible to both.
Descriptors: resistance, host, immunity, reproduction, Raillietina cesticillus (Cestoda)
Hill CH (1989). Effect of
Salmonella gallinarum infection on zinc metabolism in
chicks. Poultry Science 68(2): 297-305.
Dep. Poultry Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The effect of Salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens on serum, liver and kidney zinc
concentrations was studied. Within 48 h after intraperitoneal administration of S. gallinarum,
serum Zn decreased to about one-half the control value. In one experiment, serum Zn
remained low for the 12 days of the experiment, whereas in a second experiment, serum Zn
gradually increased after 6 days postinoculation but never returned to the control value.
Supplemental zinc 500 mg/kg did not prevent the infection-induced decrease in the serum Zn.
The infection resulted in a sequestering of Zn in the liver; the kidney remained relatively
unresponsive in this system. Fractionation of liver homogenates by gel filtration column
chromatography revealed that the Zn in livers of infected animals eluted in a volume
characteristic of metallothionein, whereas that of controls was associated with high molecular
weight proteins. Increasing serum Zn by repeated subcutaneous Zn injections had no effect on
mortality. Restricting feed intake of uninfected chickens to that of infected chickens resulted
in similar weight gains, but effects on metallothionein and serum Zn were minimal compared
with effects in infected chickens.
Descriptors: zinc metabolism, infection, Salmonellosis, Salmonella gallinarum
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Holt PS (1999). Impact of induced molting on immunity and Salmonella enterica serovar
Enteritidis infection in laying hens. In Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans
and animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control, Saeed AM; Gast RK; Potter ME;
Wall PG (eds.), Iowa State University Press: Ames, Iowa USA, p.367-375.
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
Descriptors: moulting, immune response, hens, animal husbandry, disease transmission,
poultry
Holt PS (1995). Horizontal
transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in molted and unmolted
laying chickens. Avian Diseases 39(2): 239-249.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The impact of induced molting on the horizontal transmission of S. enteritidis was studied. In
Expt. 1, every other hen in rows of either molted or unmolted hens was infected with S.
enteritidis (1 X 10(6) bacteria/hen). S. enteritidis was transmitted more rapidly to the
unchallenged hens in the adjacent cages of molted hens than in unmolted hens, and these
molted hens shed significantly more of the organism than unmolted hens. In Expts. 2 and 3,
the center hen in two rows each of 11 molted and unmolted hens was infected with S.
enteritidis (dose of 6-8 X 10(4) in Expt. 2 and 1 X 10(3) in Expt. 3). In both trials of Expt. 2,
the rate of transmission was significantly higher in molted hens than in unmolted hens, and
the molted hens shed significantly more of the organism. In Trial 1 of Expt. 3, molting had
little effect on S. enteritidis shedding. In Trial 2 of Expt. 3, however, molted hens had
significantly higher shed rates and shed more S. enteritidis than the unmolted hens. Individual
hens in Expts. 2 and 3 frequently shed more S. enteritidis than the original challenge. The
amplification of intestinal S. enteritidis in the molted hens plus their previously described
higher susceptibility to S. enteritidis infection accelerated transmission of the organism to the
uninfected hens in neighboring cages. These results indicate that induced molting can have
substantial effects on transmission of S. enteritidis to uninfected hens, which could affect the
overall S. enteritidis status of a flock.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, disease transmission, spread, molting,
susceptibility, food deprivation, induced molting
Holt PS (1993). Effect of induced molting on the susceptibility of white leghorn hens to
a
Salmonella enteritidis infection. Avian Diseases 37(2): 412-417.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Older white leghorn hens (more than 52 weeks old) were induced to molt using a 14-day
feed-removal protocol. On day 4 of feed removal, groups of hens were infected with varying
10-fold dilutions of Salmonella enteritidis, and these hens were examined for S. enteritidis
intestinal shedding 7 days later. Molting hens infected with a 10-1 dilution of S. enteritidis
shed 3-4 logs more of the organism at 7 days postinfection than the unmolted group receiving
a similar dose. The mean infectious dose (ID50) for S. enteritidis in unmolted hens ranged
from 0.65 X 10(4) to 5.6 X 10(4), whereas in molting hens the ID50 was found to be less
than 101, a 2-3 log increase in the susceptibility of the hens to the organism.
Descriptors: hens, molting, induction, salmonella enteritidis, susceptibility, disease
resistance, inoculum, experimental infection
Holt PS (1993). Effect of induced
molting on the susceptibility of chickens to Salmonella
enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 72(Suppl.1): 171.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Holt PS (1992). Effect of induced on molting on B cell and CT4 and CT8 T cell numbers in
spleens and peripheral blood of White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 71(12): 2027-2034.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Two trials were conducted to examine the possible effect of induced molting on splenic and
peripheral blood T and B cells. Molting was achieved using shortened light exposure and a
14-day fast. Feed was removed on Day 0 and blood for analysis was removed on Days 3, 10,
and 17 whereas spleens were removed on Days 4, 11, and 18. Fluorochrome-labeled
antichicken CT4 and CT8 monoclonal antibodies were used to examine molting effects on
chicken T cells and polyclonal anti-chicken immunoglobulin was used to detect chicken B
cells. The labeled cell preparations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Molted hens had
significantly decreased CT4+ peripheral blood T cells on Day 3 in both trials and on Day 10
in one trial. No effects on peripheral blood CT8+ T cells were observed. Splenic CT4+ T
cells were decreased on Day 11 in one trial whereas splenic CT9+ T cells were significantly
increased on Day 4 in two trials and on Day 11 in one trial. Peripheral blood and splenic B
cells were largely unaffected in both trials. These results indicate that fasting to induce a molt
does alter T lymphocyte subpopulations and these effects primarily occur early in the fasting
procedure.
Descriptors: hens, fasting, b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, molting, spleen, blood, cell
counting, flow cytometry, immunological deficiency
Holt PS (1992). Effects of induced moulting on immune responses of hens. Britis
h
Poultry
Science 33(1): 165-175.
US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research
Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
In spent hens from White Leghorn and White Rock layer flocks induced to moult by
withdrawal of food, lymphocyte numbers were lower in moulted birds than in nonmoulted
controls. Antibody responses to sheep red blood cells or Brucella abortus antigen were
largely unaffected. The delayed type hypersensitivity response to the skin sensitiser
dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was depressed during the period of food withdrawal but
recovered when feeding resumed. It is concluded that induced moulting probably has a
negative effect on the cellular component of the immune system of the moulted birds.
Descriptors: cell mediated immunity, humoral immunity, immunity, molting, molt,
immunuosuppression
Holt PS; Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL (1993). Comparison of molt induction by 14-day
feed-removal versus the use of a low-energy, low density molt feed on the exacerbation
of an intestinal Salmonella enteritidis infection on white leghorn hens. Poultry Science 72
(Suppl.1): 90.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Holt PS; Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL; Porter RE Jr (1994). Effect of induced molting via feed
removal or low energy, low density feed on the severity of an intestinal infection by
Salmonella enteritidis in white leghorn hens. Poultry Science 73 (Suppl.1): 140.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Res. Lab., 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Holt PS; Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL; Porter RE Jr (1994). Effect of two different molting
procedures on a Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 73(8): 1267-1275.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous studies have shown that inducing a molt using feed removal exacerbated an
intestinal infection by Salmonella enteritidis (SE). The current study was conducted to
determine whether inducing a molt using a molt diet would still cause a pause in egg laying
but not exacerbate an intestinal SE infection. In Experiments 1 and 2, hens were either
provided ad libitum access to layer feed (control), fed 45 g molt diet (molt-feed) daily, or
deprived of feed for 14 d (molted), and were orally infected with 1 X 10(7) SE on Day 4 of
molt. Egg lay ceased in hens subjected to both molt treatments. The percentage of hens
shedding SE did not differ among treatment groups in Experiment 1, whereas in Experiment
2 the molted hens had significantly higher shed rates than the controls on Days 10, 17, and 24
postinfection and the molt-feed hens on Days 17 and 24 postinfection. Compared with both
fed groups of hens, the molted hens shed significantly more SE in Experiment 1 on Day 10
postinfection, and in Experiment 2 the molted hens shed significantly more SE on all 4
sampling days. In Experiment 3, subgroups of hens within each treatment group received
serial 10-fold dilutions of SE and intestinal shedding of the organism in each subgroup was
determined 7 d later. The 50% infectious dose (ID50) was calculated for each treatment
group from these shedding results. The ID50 was 2.7 X 10(3) SE, 5.2 X 10(2) SE, and 1.3 SE
for control, molt-feed, and molted hens, respectively, indicating that feed removal
substantially increased the susceptibility of hens to an SE infection and the molt diet
decreased this susceptibility. Little difference was observed in the pH of alimentary samples
or of cecal contents from hens in each treatment group, indicating that increased severity of
SE infection was not due to alterations of intestinal pH. Histologically, the molted hens
exhibited more extensive inflammation of the intestinal tract at Day 4 postinfection compared
with the unmolted group. Intestinal inflammation in the molt-feed hens was intermediate
between the two. These results indicated that molt induction, using a molt diet, will not put
hens at risk for the severe intestinal infection observed in birds subjected to feed removal.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, restricted feeding, fasting, unrestricted
feeding, experimental infections, digesta, ph, digestive tract, inflammation
Holt PS; Macri NP; Porter RE Jr. (1995). Microbiological analysis of the early
Salmonella
enteritidis infection in molted and unmolted hens. Avian Diseases 39(1): 55-63.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
A study was conducted in which the early kinetics (4 hr to 96 hr) of an infection by
Salmonella enteritidis in older white leghorn hens was examined, and a molt was induced
through withholding feed to determine its effect on the progression of this infection. Molted
and unmolted hens were orally infected with 5-10 X 10(6) S. enteritidis on day 4 of the feed
removal. At 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr postinfection, liver, spleen, ileum, colon, cecum, and
feces were removed from six hens per group and sampled for the presence of the challenge
organism. By 24 hr postinfection, S. enteritidis was most prevalent in the cecum and feces of
unmolted hens, and this prevalence continued throughout the experimental period. In molted
hens, however, S. enteritidis could be determined in a high percentage (90-100%) of colon,
cecum, and feces samples at 24 to 96 hr postinfection and in 67% or more of ileum samples
at 48 to 96 hr postinfection, indicating a much wider distribution of the S. enteritidis along
the intestinal tract than in unmolted hens. The numbers of S. enteritidis recovered from these
alimentary samples were also significantly higher in molted than unmolted hens. S. enteritidis
could not be detected in livers or spleens of either treatment group at 4 or 24 hr postinfection.
At 48, 72, and 96 hr postinfection, 50% or more of the livers and spleens in both the molted
and unmolted hens were positive for the challenge organism, but significantly more S.
enteritidis was recovered from the organs of the molted hens at these three sampling times.
These results indicate that induced molting has a profound effect on both intestinal and
extraintestinal infection by S. enteritidis, and these effects occur within 24 hr postinfection in
the intestine and within 48 hr postinfection in the livers and spleens.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molt, fasting, bacterial diseases, disease course,
liver, spleen, ileum, colon, cecum, feces
Holt PS; Mitchell BW; Gast RK (1998). Airborne horizontal transmission of Salmonella
enteritidis in molted laying chickens. Avian Diseases 42(1): 45-52.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Salmonella enteritidis is currently thought to be transmitted principally through contact with
infected individuals and ingestion of fecally contaminated materials. The present study was
undertaken to determine if S. enteritidis could be spread in chickens by the airborne route and
if induced molting could affect this mode of transmission. To test for airborne transmission,
hens were placed in two rows of cages, the rows separated from each other by 1 m. One row
of hens was challenged with S. enteritidis, whereas the other row remained unchallenged but
exposed to the room air. Ventilation delivered within the room provided an even air
distribution within the area and minimized directional air flow toward any set of cages. In
Expt. 1, 4 of 12 and 9 of 12 exposed molted hens became infected with S. enteritidis after 3
and 8 days of exposure, respectively, compared with 1 of 12 and 0 of 12 unmolted hens
sampled on the same days. Similar S. enteritidis levels were detected circulating in the air in
the two rooms housing the hens. Expts. 2 and 3 examined airborne transmission in molted
hens only. In Expt. 2, 2 of 12 exposed hens became infected with S. enteritidis at 3 days
postchallenge, and this increased to 12 of 12 1 wk later. In Expt. 3, exposed hens were again
housed in cages 1 m from challenged hens but were placed in every other cage to prevent
transmission through contact with hens in adjacent cages. At day 3 post challenge, 0 of 12
exposed hens were culture positive for S. enteritidis, and this increased to only 3 of 10
positive hens at day 10. Large numbers of S. enteritidis shed by the molted challenged hens
were recovered from the floors beneath the cages. These results indicate that, contrary to the
generally held beliefs regarding organism spread, airborne transmission S. enteritidis can
occur and induced molting can provide the impetus for this event. As was observed
previously, rapid dissemination of the organism to other members of the flock resulted
through bird-to-bird contact.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, disease transmission, airborne infection, molting,
ventilation, experimental infection, epidemiology
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1993). Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous
Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 72(11): 2069-2078.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that hens infected with Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) during the feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more SE
and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in adjacent cages when compared with
unmolted hens. A study was conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the
recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk
in Trials 1 and 2, respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days later. In Trial
1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and
45 (P less than or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to.05 and P less than or equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens.
Horizontal transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact exposed hens in adjacent
cages was also higher in the molted group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted, contact- exposed hens also shed
significantly more SE than unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed
progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the differences were not significant.
However, more molted contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and also shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to .05 and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the unmolted hens.
Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to
exert no effect on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary tract were lower in
the molted hens than the unmolted hens on Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P
less than or equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly infected hens and two of
eight molted contact-exposed hens produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the
unmolted hens produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE-contaminated eggs
were produced.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, relapse, susceptibility, disease
transmission, stress
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Effect of induced molting on the course of infection and
transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in White Leghorn hens of different ages. Poultry
Science 71(11): 1842-1848.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that inducing molt using a 2-wk feed
removal protocol in 58- to 84-wk-old White Leghorn hens increased the severity of intestinal
infection by Salmonella enteritidis (SE). As susceptibility to infection can be influenced by
age, a study was conducted to compare the effect of the feed removal on infection by SE in
20-, 40-, and 74-wk-old hens. Birds were orally infected with 5 to 10 X 10(6) SE on Day 4 of
fast and were sampled for SE shedding 3, 10, 17, and 24 days later. Significantly higher
numbers of SE were shed in fasted birds on Day 3 (20 and 40 wk of age), Day 10 (40 and 74
wk of age), and Day 17 (74 wk of age). Transmission of SE to uninfected, contact-exposed
birds was observed in all three trials for both the fed and fasted groups. However,
significantly more fasted contact-exposed birds became positive for SE on Day 3 (20-wk-old), Day 10 (74-wk-old), and Day 17 (74-wk-old). Significantly more SE was also shed in
these fasted contact-exposed birds on Day 3 (20-wk-old), Day 10 (all age groups), and Day
17 (74-wk-old). The current results indicate that the fasting conditions used to induce a molt
in hens increase the shedding of SE in direct-infected and contact-exposed hens and this
effect does not appear to be affected by age.
Descriptors: hens, age differences, molting, fasting, salmonella enteritidis, susceptibility,
aging, disease transmission, disease course
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1993). Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous
Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 72(11): 2069-2078.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that hens infected with Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) during the feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more SE
and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in adjacent cages when compared with
unmolted hens. A study was conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the
recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk
in Trials 1 and 2, respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days later. In Trial
1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and
45 (P less than or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to.05 and P less than or equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens.
Horizontal transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact exposed hens in adjacent
cages was also higher in the molted group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted, contact- exposed hens also shed
significantly more SE than unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed
progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the differences were not significant.
However, more molted contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and also shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to .05 and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the unmolted hens.
Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to
exert no effect on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary tract were lower in
the molted hens than the unmolted hens on Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P
less than or equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly infected hens and two of
eight molted contact-exposed hens produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the
unmolted hens produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE-contaminated eggs
were produced.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, relapse, susceptibility, disease
transmission, stress
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Effect of induced molting on severity of Salmonella enteritidis
infection in different aged hens. Poultry Science 71(Suppl.1): 156.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA. 30605.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: bacteria, microorganism, bird, starvation, intestinal disease, poultry industry
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Induced molting increases severity and recrudescence of
Salmonella enteritidis intestinal infections in laying hens. Proceedings 19th World's
Poultry Congress Amsterdam 19-24 September 1992, Volume 1: 346-349.
NAL Call Number: SF481.2 W6 1992
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, poultry, food deprivation, egg production, moulting,
predisposition, stress, poultry diseases, Salmonella enteritidis
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Microbiological and histopathological effects of an induced-molt
fasting procedure on a Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Diseases 36(3):
610-618.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AV5
A study was undertaken to determine if a 2-week feed-removal protocol, as is used by
industry to induce a molt in aging hens, could affect the course of a Salmonella enteritidis
infection. White leghorn hens aged 69-84 weeks were deprived of feed to induce a molt, and
on day 4 of the fast, the birds were orally infected with 5 X 10(6) S. enteritidis. S. enteritidis
organisms were enumerated in the spleen on day 6 and from the alimentary tract on days 7,
14, 21, 28, and 35. Little difference was detected in numbers of S. enteritidis from spleens of
molted and unmolted hens. Significantly more molted hens shed detectable intestinal S.
enteritidis than unmolted hens on day 14 (one of two trials) and day 21 (one of two trials).
Intestinal levels of S. enteritidis were increased 100- to 1000-fold in the molted birds on day
7 (one of two trials) and day 14 (two of two trials), and many of the hens exhibited bloody
alimentary secretions. Histological examination of the intestinal tract of S. enteritidis-infected
molted hens showed increased inflammation in the epithelium and lamina propria of colons
and ceca, compared with unmolted infected hens.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, food deprivation, experimental infection,
histopathology, disease course, immune response
Holt PS; Porter RE (1991). Effects of induced molting on immunocompetence and susceptibility
to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection in laying hens. Poultry Science 70(Suppl. 1): 53.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: Salmonellosis, Immune response, disease resistance
Horuto P (1998). The SE countermeasure in hen. 1. Concentrating countermeasure in forced
molting and day-old chicken. Effect of aerial negative ionization. Niwatori no Kenkyu
73(12): 23-26.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N64
Descriptors: laying hen, animal hygiene, Salmonella enteritidis, bird disease, rearing
management, chick, indoor air, anion, forced ventilation, antibiotics, forced molting
Humphrey TJ; Baskerville A; Whitehead A; Rowe B; Henley A (1993). Influence of feeding
patterns on the artificial infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type
4. The Veterinary record : Journal of the British Veterinary Association 132(16): 407-409.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, food deprivation
Ito T (1999). HACCP as prevention
measures for Salmonella food poison in the U.S. and food
poisoning tendency by foodservice facilities in Japan and countermeasures. Shokuhin
Eisei Joho 10(2): 1-8.
Tokyo Kenbikyoin
Descriptors: HACCP, USA, food poisoning, chicken egg, chicken house, Salmonella, rat,
food service, cooking place, microorganism contamination, heating, heat sterilization,
education and training, consumer, rearing management, forced molting
Jones DR; Anderson KE; Curtis PA; Jones FT (2002). Microbial contamination in inoculated
shell eggs: I. Effects of layer strain and hen age. Poultry Science 81(5): 715-720.
Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Three Ottawa control strains and a current commercial laying stock were reared and housed
under identical environmental and management conditions. Eggs were collected from each
strain when hens were 32, 45, 58, 71, and 84 wk of age. The eggs were inoculated with
Salmonella enteritidis (SE), Pseudomonasfluorescens (PF), or a combination of the two.
After storage at 26 C, bacterial counts were obtained from the exterior shell surfaces (rinse),
air cell, egg contents, and shell structure. SE and PF survived at different rates on the shell
surface with as much as a 1 log difference during a given collection period. Egg content
counts tended to be higher than eggshell counts in PF, whereas the opposite was true for SE.
These data suggest that PF is a primary invader of eggs that is more capable of contaminating
egg contents through the shell membranes than SE. The PF and SE data suggest that bacterial
contamination of air cells, shells, and egg contents is more easily achieved in eggs from older
hens than from younger hens. There were also differences between the strains. Control Strain
10 consistently maintained a lower level of contamination for both organisms in each
sampling location. The overall results of this study suggest that genetic selection has altered
the ability of eggs to resist microbial contamination and that screening for microbial integrity
should be considered in the selection process among the laying egg breeders.
Kato H(1999). For right knowledge
and correspondence of Salmonella enteritidis(SE). 144.
Concepts of HACCP in raising of layer. 9. Keiranniku Joho (Poultry Magazine) 29(11):
42-46.
Descriptors: laying hen, chicken egg, HACCP, Salmonella enteritidis, rearing management,
clostridium infection, coccidiosis, bird disease, Salmonella enteritidis, forced molting
Keiranniku Joho (1998). State of
Maryland Department of Agriculture. Keiranniku Joho (Poultry
Magazine) 28(9): 48-52.
Descriptors: Maryland, Salmonella enteritidis, chicken egg, food contamination, laying hen,
rearing management, slaughter and dressing, slaughter house, forced molting
Kogut MH; Genovese KJ; Stanker LH (1999). Effect of induced molting on heterophil functio
n
in
White Leghorn hens. Avian Diseases 43(3): 538-548.
USDA, ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, TX.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of induced molt on basal functional
activities of heterophils from aging hens. For this purpose, heterophils from both molted and
unmolted hens were examined by in vitro bioassays for functional responsiveness and
efficiency. We evaluated the ability of the heterophils to migrate to chemotactic stimuli,
phagocytize opsonized and nonopsonized Salmonella enteritidis (SE), and generate an
oxidative burst in response to inflammatory agonists. A significant (P < 0.001) heterophilia
was found in the molted hens within 2 days after feed withdrawal and remained throughout
the length of the experimental feed withdrawal period. No significant differences were found
in the random migration of heterophils from either group. The chemotactic movement of
heterophils from molted hens was not affected until 8 days after feed withdrawal when
compared with heterophil chemotaxis from unmolted hens. A significant decrease in
chemotaxis by the heterophils from molted hens was observed days 8-12 after feed
withdrawal (P < 0.05). Significantly (P < 0.05) fewer heterophils from molted hens were able
to phagocytize opsonized (59% vs. 38%) and nonopsonized (26% vs. 15%) SE within 2 days
after feed withdrawal. Likewise, significantly (P < 0.05) fewer bacteria were phagocytized
per heterophil from the molted hens when compared with the number of bacteria per
heterophil from the unmolted hens. The oxidative burst of heterophils stimulated by either
opsonized zymosan A or phorbol myristate acetate of heterophils from molted hens was
significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when compared with that generated by heterophils from the
unmolted hens. These results indicate that feed withdrawal to induce molt alters the number
and function of peripheral blood heterophils. This decreased efficiency, of heterophil
functional activity appears to play a role in the increased susceptibility of molting hens to SE
infections.
Descriptors: hens, molting, phagocytes, phagocytosis, salmonella enteritidis, chemotaxis,
defense mechanisms
Latshaw JD (1991). Nutrition--mechanisms of immunosuppression. Veterinary
Immunology and
Immunopathology 30(1): 111-20.
Department of Poultry Science, Columbus, OH 43210
NAL Call Number: SF757.2 V38
Nutritionists must formulate diets that supply adequate amounts of nutrients from five major
groups. These are carbohydrate, protein (amino acids), fat, minerals and vitamins.
Carbohydrate is usually a cheaper source of energy than fat, but fat is often used to increase
the caloric concentration of the diet. Variations in energy intake which may effect
immunocompetence usually result from management practices rather than diet formulation.
Feed restriction for broiler breeders and withholding feed in forced molting practices may
affect immunocompetence. Feed restriction causes higher plasma corticosterone levels, which
are known to decrease the immune response, possibly through effects on cytokines. Excessive
feed, through forced feeding, may also have short-term effects on indicators of humoral
immunity. Protein and amino acid nutrition have been studied in relation to
immunocompetence. The level of dietary amino acid needed to maximize growth and feed
efficiency will also generally maximize measures of immunocompetence. The level of amino
acids needed for maximum growth is lower in chicks which have been immunologically
stressed than in chicks which have not. An immune response changes metabolism so that less
growth occurs, thereby decreasing the need for amino acids. Dietary levels of minerals can
affect immunocompetence. While deficient levels of sodium and chloride decrease humoral
immunity, levels of these nutrients which supported maximum growth also supported
maximal humoral immunity. Low dietary zinc levels did not affect indicators of
immunocompetence in the chick. The effect of fat soluble vitamin levels on the immune
system has been studied. Vitamin A is needed to maintain epithelial tissue and prevent
infection. Cellular immune response is decreased when the chick is deficient in this nutrient.
Several indicators of immune responsiveness are depressed when chicks are vitamin E and/or
selenium deficient. Since these nutrients serve as antioxidants, cellular integrity may be
affected by a deficiency. Cellular integrity is very important for receiving, and responding to
the messages needed to coordinate an immune response. High levels of vitamin E (greater
than 10 times the required level) have been found to be immunostimulatory.
Descriptors: Animal Nutrition, Chickens--immunology--IM, Immune Tolerance ,
Avitaminosis--immunology--IM, Poultry Diseases--immunology--IM, Virus
Diseases--immunology--IM, Virus Diseases--veterinary--VE
Le Floch N
(1992. [Effect of starvation and cooling
on chick sensibility for Salmonella infection]
Effet de la privation alimentaire et hydrique et du refroidissement sur la sensibilite du
poussin a l'infection salmonellique. Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes (France) Thesis
Degree: Doctorat (These) , 7 Fev 1992 , 108 p.
Availability: INRA, Centre de Jouy, Unite Centrale de Documentation, Domaine de Vilvert,
78350 Jouy en Josas (Fr)
Descriptors: chicks, salmonella typhimurium, pathogenicity, stress, water deprivation,
malnutrition, biological contamination, in vivo experimentation , bacteria, biological
properties, birds, chickens, contamination, domestic animals, domesticated birds,
enterobacteriaceae, experiments, galliformes, livestock, microbial properties, poultry,
salmonella, useful animals, young animals
Leitner G;
Heller ED (1992). Colonization of
Escherichia coli in young turkeys and chickens.
Avian Diseases 36(2): 211-220.
Department of Animal Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture,
Rehovot, Israel
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
In order to investigate the possibility of pathogenic Escherichia coli penetrating the
bloodstream via the intestinal mucosa in normal and stressed turkeys and chickens, birds
were inoculated orally with the bacteria or exposed environmentally to it. Immediately after
hatch, intestines contained a substantial number of coliform bacteria that increased with time.
In orally infected turkeys, the pathogenic bacteria (nalidixic-acid-resistant O78) replaced
10%-50% of the native coliform flora but could not be isolated from the trachea or blood.
Environmentally exposed groups exhibited pathogenic bacteria in intestines but not in blood.
Stressing of exposed turkeys resulted in isolation of the pathogenic bacteria from blood and
even spleen. In orally infected broiler chickens, stress resulted in bacteremia and mortality.
Chickens that were exposed to pathogenic bacteria at a young age and showed no mortality or
morbidity demonstrated no detrimental effects due to challenge with the same pathogenic
bacteria later in life. Stress seems to cause penetration of the pathogenic bacteria into the
bloodstream, which in turn can cause severe disease and mortality.
Descriptors: *Chickens; *Escherichia coli--physiology--PH; *Escherichia coli Infections
--veterinary--VE; *Poultry Diseases--microbiology--MI; *Turkeys ;
Bacteremia--etiology--ET; Bacteremia--microbiology--MI; Bacteremia --veterinary--VE;
Carrier State--microbiology--MI; Carrier State --veterinary--VE; Escherichia coli--isolation
and purification--IP; Escherichia coli--pathogenicity--PY; Escherichia coli
Infections--etiology --ET; Escherichia coli Infections--microbiology--MI; Food Deprivation;
Heat--adverse effects--AE; Intestines--microbiology--MI; Poultry Diseases --etiology--ET;
Spleen--microbiology--MI; Stress--complications--CO; Stress--veterinary--VE; Water
Deprivation
Leitner G;
Waiman R; Heller ED (2001). The effect of
apramycin on colonization of pathogenic
Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of chicks. Veterinary Quarterly (Netherlands ) 23(2):
62-66.
Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
NAL
Call Number: SF601 V46
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of apramycin sulphate on the
colonization of pathogenic E. coli in the intestines of chicks. Apramycin treatment (0.5g/l in
the drinking water) of 3-to 5-week-old Leghorn chicks for 24 or 48 hours resulted in a
reduction, to an undetectable level, in the number of coliforms in the digestive tract for at
least the first 24 h. Per os inoculation of E. coli (O2:K1) after 24 to 48 h of treatment resulted
in a significant decrease in colony forming units (cfu) in the digestive tract of the treated
chicks. Food deprivation from the time of inoculation did not significantly change the results.
However, food and water deprivation caused bacteraemia in a number of the control chicks
but not in the treated chicks. Comparison of the level of protection between Leghorn and
broiler (Anak strain) chicks revealed that there was a significantly higher (P<0.05) level of
bacteraemia in the broiler than in the Leghorn chicks. Chicks treated with 0.25 g/l or 0.125
g/l apramycin for 24 or 48 h before E. coli inoculation showed significantly lower cfu in the
colon and caecum than untreated control chicks, but significantly higher cfu were found in
the colon than in chicks treated with 0.5 g/l apramycin. Although in vitro preincubation of
apramycin with ileum cells did not decrease the percentage of cells to which the bacteria
adhered, the number of bacteria adhered per cell decreased significantly. Taken together, our
in vitro and in vivo results show that apramycin is effective against E. coli by preventing
colonization of the gut by the bacteria, which could lead to a reduction of colibacillosis in
poultry.
Descriptors: *Antibiotics, Aminoglycoside--pharmacology--PD; *Chickens; *Escherichia
coli--drug effects--DE; *Escherichia coli Infections--veterinary--VE; *Nebramycin--analogs
and derivatives--AA; *Nebramycin--pharmacology--PD; *Poultry Diseases--prevention and
control--PC ; Bacteremia--etiology--ET; Bacteremia--veterinary--VE; Bacterial Adhesion
--drug effects--DE; Cells, Cultured; Colony Count, Microbial--veterinary --VE; Escherichia
coli--pathogenicity--PY; Escherichia coli Infections --drug therapy--DT; Escherichia coli
Infections--prevention and control --PC; Food Deprivation; Intestines--microbiology--MI;
Poultry Diseases --drug therapy--DT; 10Water Deprivation
Lloyd AB
(1978). Salmonellosis and stress.
Proceedings Second Australasian Poultry and Stock
Feed Convention, 12-17 March, p.253-254.
NAL
Call Number: SF95 A8 1978
Descriptors: poultry, bacterial diseases, hygiene, cold zones, social behaviour, food
deprivation, carrier state, predisposition, stress, poultry diseases, salmonellosis
Macri NP; Porter RE; Holt PS (1997). The effects of induced molting on the severity of acute
intestinal inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Diseases 41(1): 117-124.
Purdue University, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Lafayette, IN.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
This study describes and compares early inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis in
molted and nonmolted hens. Adult white leghorn chickens were orally infected with
Salmonella enteritidis 4 days after feed removal. At 2, 4, 8, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after
infection, the hens were euthanatized, and the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon
were evaluated by light microscopy. Two trials were conducted, and in both trials
inflammation occurred more frequently and was significantly greater in the cecum and colon
of molted-infected hens compared with nonmolted-infected hens beginning at 8 hr after
infection. In one trial, inflammation was more severe in the ileum of molted-infected hens
compared with nonmolted-infected hens. Results indicated that molting by feed deprivation
shortened the time of onset and increased the severity of acute intestinal inflammation caused
by Salmonella enteritidis.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, restricted feeding, disease course,
inflammation, intestines, experimental infections
Maxwell MH; Robertson GW; Anderson IA; Dick LA; Lynch M (1991). Haematology and
histopathology of seven-week-old broilers after early food restriction. Research in
Veterinary Science 50(3): 290-297.
Agricultural and Food Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics
Research, Edinburgh Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS (United Kingdom)
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: chicks, broiler chickens, pathogenesis, deficiency diseases, blood , pathology,
nutritional disorders, birds, chickens, disorders, domestic animals, domesticated birds,
functional disorders, galliformes, livestock, meat animals, poultry, useful animals, young
animals
McElroy AP; Manning JG; Jaeger LA; Taub M; Williams JD; Hargis BM (1994). Effect of
prolonged administration of dietary capsaicin on broiler growth and Salmonella
enteritidis susceptibility. Avian Diseases 38(2): 329-333.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The effect of continuous (42 days) dietary administration of 5 or 20 ppm capsaicin to broiler
chickens on Salmonella enteritidis susceptibility, body weight, and feed efficiency was
investigated. Chickens were weighed at 1, 21, and 42 days of age. No significant differences
in body weight or feed efficiency were observed. Chickens were challenged with 1 X 10(8)
colony-forming units of S. enteritidis at 21, 28, or 42 days of age. The S. enteritidis-positive
culture rate for cecal tonsils was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups
receiving 5 ppm or 20 ppm dietary capsaicin than in the untreated control group at all
challenge times. Dietary capsaicin (5 and 20 ppm) resulted in protection against S. enteritidis
organ invasion at 28 days in one experiment and at both 21 and 42 days in the other. These
results indicate that continual dietary capsaicin administration increases resistance to S.
enteritidis colonization and organ invasion throughout the normal growth period without
detrimental effects on growth in broiler chickens,
Descriptors: broilers, capsaicin, chemoprophylaxis, Salmonella enteritidis, susceptibility,
disease prevention, body weight, feed conversion efficiency, growth rate, colonization
Mityushnikov VM; Kozharinova TA (1976). Effect of forced moulting on the resistance of hens
to disease. Veterinariya, Moscow (No.8): 39-41.
Descriptors: disease resistance, moulting, animal husbandry, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Mohammed HO; Carpenter TE; Yamamoto R; Mcmartin DA (1986). Prevalence of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial layers in Southern and Central
California USA. Avian Disease 30(3): 519-526.
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of California, Davis, California 95616.
The prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) in commercial
pullet and layer flocks in Southern and Central California was estimated by testing serum and
egg-yolk samples from 360 sample flocks in Southern California and 41 sample flocks in
Central California. Data relating to potential risk factors associated with MG and MS
infections were collected. The estimated true prevalence rate of MG was 73% in Southern
California and 3% in Central California. The estimated true prevalence rate of MS was 91%
in Southern California and 32% in Central California. Compared with uninfected flocks,
MG-infected flocks in Southern California were significantly older and were medicated less
(P < 0.05). More managements were under a multiple-age system, more flocks had molted,
more were vaccinated with F-strain, and more had concurrent infection with MS (P < 0.05).
Only one sample flock in Central California was MG-infected; none were vaccinated with
F-strain. In Southern California, MS-infected flocks were older than uninfected flocks, more
had molted, more were medicated, and more had concurrent infection with MG (P < 0.05). In
Central California, MS-infected flocks did not differ significantly from uninfected flocks in
any factor examined; the lack of statistical significance may be due to small sample size.
Descriptors: risk factors, age, medication, multiple-age
management, molt history, F-strain,
vaccination, concurrent infection
Copyright© 2002, Biosis
Mondini S (1980). Cannibalism due to earthquake in laying hens after forced moult.
[Cannibalismo (da terremoto?) in ovaiole da consumo in muta forzata]. Clinica
Veterinaria 103(7): 456-458.
Ist. Allevamenti Zootecnici, Universita, Bologna, Italy
NAL Call Number: 41.8 C61
When a previously successful method was used to induce moult in 7107 hens, 224 (3%) died
in the following 10 days as a result of cannibalism. This had not occurred in the 400 000
already treated, the only difference this time being an earth tremor of intensity IV on the
Mercalli scale on the day after moult induction.
Descriptors: etiology, disasters, moulting, cannibalism
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Nakamura M
(1999). Transmission of Salmonella
enterica serovar Enteritidis and effect of stress
on shedding in laying hens. In Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans and
animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control, Saeed AM; Gast RK; Potter ME; Wall PG
(Eds.), Iowa State University Press: Ames, Iowa, p.377-389.
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
Descriptors: disease transmission, stress, restraint of animals, vertical transmission, egg shell,
contamination, experimental infections, water deprivation, food deprivation, social
behaviour, heat, cold zones, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Nakamura M (1999). For right
knowledge and correspondence of Salmonella enteritidis(SE).
146. Salmonella pollution control strategy of egg 1. For control of Salmonella food
poison. Effect of stress on Salmonella infection of chicken. Keiranniku Joho (Poultry
Magazine) 29(13): 40-46.
Kitasato Univ., Sch. of Vet. Med. and Anim. Sci.
Descriptors: Gallus, stress(physiology), Salmonella, bird disease, bacterium count, cecum,
egg-laying, air duct(respiration), vitamin, rearing management, chicken egg, germ excluding,
forced molting
Nakamura M (1999). Salmonella
(SE) countermeasure in layer hen. (Japan chicken raising society
S). Yokei Seisan Taio Shisutemu Kento Jigyo, p. 2-6.
Kitasato Univ., Sch. of Vet. Med. and Anim. Sci.
Descriptors: Salmonella enteritidis, Gallus, bird disease, salmonellosis, pathogenicity, USA,
Japan, bacteria test, rearing management, stress(physiology), United Kingdom, Netherlands,
prevention, Salmonella enteritidis, pullorum disease, forced molting
Nakamura M (1995). Effect of
forced molting on the salmonellosis infection. Yokei
Gijitsu to keiei
5: 9-13.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory
Descriptors: rearing management, salmonellosis, bird disease, Salmonella enteritidis, Gallus,
prevention of animal epidemic, heat stress, fasting
Nakamura M; Nagamine N; Takahashi T; Norimatsu M; Suzuki S; Sato S (1995). Intratracheal
infection of chickens with Salmonella enteritidis and the effect of feed and water
deprivation. Avian Diseases 39(4): 853-858.
Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The tissue distribution of Salmonella enteritidis in intratracheally inoculated chickens and the
effect of deprivation of food and water on tissue distributions of the bacteria have been
investigated. Seven-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intratracheally
with 10(2), 10(5), or 10(8) cells and orally with 10(5) cells. The intratracheally inoculated
organisms entered the blood stream immediately after inoculation and produced generalized
infection. Infection by the intratracheal route resulted in colonization of S. enteritidis in the
cecum that was similar to infection by the oral route. The tissue distribution of S. enteritidis
was markedly affected when chickens were deprived of food and water for a short time,
demonstrating an increased susceptibility of chickens to S. enteritidis infection. This suggests
that stresses such as food and water deprivation are one of the causes of the rapid
dissemination of S. enteritidis among chickens in poultry houses.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, experimental infection, trachea, application
methods, stress, food deprivation, water deprivation, susceptibility, animal tissues, oral
administration
Nakamura M; Nagamine N; Takahashi T; Suzuki S; Kijima M; Tamura Y; Sato S (1994).
Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis and effect of stress on shedding in
laying hens. Avian Diseases 38(2): 282-288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens and the short-term effect of
stress on shedding were examined in 32 seven-month-old laying hens. Half were inoculated
with 10(5) colony-forming units of S. enteritidis phage type 4, and the remaining half were
left uninoculated to study horizontal transmission. Isolation of S. enteritidis from cecal
droppings of all hens was attempted every morning. Uninoculated hens rapidly became
infected through contaminated drinking water. Introduction of young chickens to the same
rearing room and withdrawal of water and feed for 2 days coincided with a rapid increase in
the shedding rate of S. enteritidis for a short period of time. The results showed that a
short-term increase in the shedding rate of S. enteritidis is associated with short-term
exposure to environmental stress.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, disease transmission, stress, dexamethasone,
immunosuppression, egg production
Nakamura M; Saeed AM (ed.); Gast RK (ed.); Potter ME (ed.); Wall PG (1999). Transmission
of
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and effect of stress on shedding in laying hens. In
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans and animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis,
and control, p. 377-389.
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
Descriptors: disease transmission, stress, restraint of animals, vertical transmission, egg shell,
contamination, experimental infections, water deprivation, food deprivation, social
behaviour, heat, cold zones
Nihon'yokeikyo (1998). Guideline
of Salmonella countermeasure in egg-laying farm. Keiranniku
Joho (Poultry Magazine) 28(19): 42-46.
Descriptors: laying hen, salmonellosis, bird disease, guiding principle, animal hygiene,
microorganism test, rearing management, sterilization(disinfection), cleaning(sweeping),
forced molting
Niwatori no Kenkyu (1998). Effect of feed additives. 3. Production of much high quality o
f
chicken meat and eggs, by improving productivity. Supply of the safety food by using
oligosaccharides. Niwatori no Kenkyu 73(10): 41-44.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N64
Descriptors: commentary, Gallus, feed additive, oligosaccharide, diarrhea, umami,
egg-laying, Salmonella, offensive odor, reducing sugar, rearing management, forced molting
Oyarzabal OA; Conner DE (1996). Application of direct-fed microbial bacteria and
fructooligosaccharides for Salmonella control in broilers during feed withdrawal.
Poultry Science 75(2): 186-190.
Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5416, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Providing direct-fed-microbial (DFM) bacteria and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for the
control of potential escalation of Salmonella colonization during simulated feed withdrawal
and confinement was assessed. Eight hundred and eighty broilers (16 pens; 55 chicks per
pen) were reared to 6 wk of age. Chicks were sprayed with a solution containing 10(6)
nalidixic-acid resistant Salmonella typhimuriumNR cells per milliliter on the 2nd d after
hatching. Because this first challenge did not yield a high infection rate, chickens were
rechallenged per Os at Day 18 by providing water containing 10(7) cells of S.
typhimuriumNR per milliliter. At 3 and 5 wk of age, 10 birds per pen were euthanatized and
cecal Salmonella were quantified (log colony-forming units per gram). Feed was removed
from all pens at 6 wk, and pens were randomly assigned to be either the treatment group or
the control group. The treatment groups were provided a DFM (mixture of nine bacteria) and
FOS 50 ®) (10%) in the drinking water. The control groups received drinking water only.
After 6 h of feed withdrawal, chickens were cooped (eight per coop) and held 10 h.
Immediately after confinement, 10 chickens were used for cecal enumeration of S.
typhimuriumNR. Salmonella colonization declined from 99% at 3 wk to 44% at 5 wk. After
feed withdrawal, application of the treatment, and confinement, 11 and 14% of the treated
and control groups, respectively, yielded S. typhimuriumNR by direct plating from ceca (3.87
and 3.75 log 10 cfu/g, respectively). No difference (P > 0.05) in Salmonella colonization
occurred between the treated and the control groups; however, enrichment of ceca
(incubation in nutrient broth at 37 C for 24 h) yielded a higher incidence of S.
typhimuriumNR in the control groups (32% in the treated vs 51% in the control). Ceca
weights were greater in the treated group (P < 0.05). Simulated feed withdrawal and
confinement did not escalate Salmonella colonization in the chicken ceca.
Descriptors: *Diet--veterinary--VE; *Food Deprivation--physiology--PH; *Lactobacillus
--physiology--PH; *Oligosaccharides--pharmacology--PD; *Poultry Diseases --prevention
and control--PC; *Salmonella--growth and development--GD; *Salmonella Infections,
Animal--prevention and control--PC ; Cecum--microbiology--MI; Chickens;
Diet--standards--ST; Drinking --physiology--PH; Eating--physiology--PH; Enterococcus
faecium--isolation and purification--IP; Enterococcus faecium--physiology--PH;
Lactobacillus --isolation and purification--IP; Lactococcus lactis--isolation and
purification--IP; Lactococcus lactis--physiology--PH; Oligosaccharides --administration and
dosage--AD; Pediococcus--isolation and purification --IP; Pediococcus--physiology--PH;
Poultry Diseases--diet therapy--DH; Poultry Diseases--physiopathology--PP;
Propionibacterium--isolation and purification--IP; Propionibacterium--physiology--PH;
Salmonella--isolation and purification--IP; Salmonella Infections, Animal--diet therapy--DH;
Salmonella Infections, Animal--physiopathology--PP; Salmonella typhimurium --isolation
and purification--IP; Water Microbiology
Palmu L; Camelin I (1997). The use of competitive exclusion in broilers to reduce the lev
el
of
Salmonella contamination on the farm and at the processing plant. Poultry Science
76(11): 1501-1505.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The effect of a competitive exclusion (CE) product, Broilact, on Salmonella contamination of
broiler chickens was studied on the farm and at the processing plant. In the first part of the
study, two flocks per week, a CE-treated and an untreated control flock, were placed in
similar broiler houses. The CE treatment was administered in the hatchery using a modified
spray vaccination cabinet. Salmonella was analyzed from the paper pads of the transport
boxes on arrival at the farm and from fecal samples taken 2 wk before slaughter. The results
of Salmonella sampling were received for 67 flocks. The other 141 flocks of the company
that were reared during the trial period were also sampled for Salmonella and the results were
compared to those of treatment and control groups. Broiler performance, including mortality,
weight, and feed conversion, was recorded for the trial flocks. In the second part of the study,
Salmonella contamination of neck skin samples taken at the processing plant from 18
CE-treated and 28 control flocks was compared. The Broilact®-treatment significantly
reduced Salmonella contamination both on the farm and at the processing plant. At the level
of the farm, the percentage of Salmonella-positive flocks was essentially the same in the
control flocks and in other flocks reared during the trial period. An improvement in broiler
performance was indicated, although the difference was not significant.
Descriptors: poultry, Salmonella, farm hygiene, slaughter hygiene, field trial
Pimentel JL; Cook ME; Greger JL (1991). Immune response of chicks fed various levels of zinc.
Poultry Science 70(4): 947-954.
University of Wisconsin, Department of
Poultry Science, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706,
USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8
Am33P
In 5 experiments, the effects of zinc intake on immune response of chicks was studied. 144
Ancona chicks (experiment 1), 180 New Hampshire (experiment 2), 88 New Hampshire X
Leghorn (experiment 3), and 280 broiler chicks (experiments 4 and 5) were fed semipurified
(experiments, 1, 2, 3 and 4) or maize and soyabean meal diets (experiment 5) containing Zn
from 8 to 88 ╡g/g of diet. An extra group of chicks in experiments 1, 2 and 4 were fed on a
diet adequate in Zn, but pair fed to intakes of chicks fed the lowest Zn level in each
respective experiment. Low Zn intake (less than 28 ╡g/g of diet) suppressed body weight at
all times measured. The effect of Zn intake on the size of lymphoid tissues was variable, but
at 5 weeks old, chicks given Zn 8 ╡g/g of diet had smaller bursae of Fabricius and thymi than
those given additional Zn. Zn intake had no influence on primary and secondary immune
response to sheep red blood cells or delayed hypersensitivity to phytohaemagglutinin-P
(PHA) or human gamma globulin in Ancona and broiler chicks. However, Zn intake did have
a small effect in chicks with New Hampshire parents. In experiments 1, 2 and 4 (at least at
certain times), antibody titres were reduced in pair-fed chicks. Thus, although Zn
supplementation at the levels of practical diets did not affect immune function, feed
restriction did.
Descriptors: immune response, restricted feeding, zinc intake
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Porter RE; Holt PS (1993). Effect of induced molting on the severity of intestinal lesion
s
caused
by Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Diseases 37(4): 1009-1016.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
A study was conducted to describe the intestinal lesions caused by Salmonella enteritidis
infection in 20-, 40-, and 74-week-old white leghorn chickens that were undergoing a feed
deprivation-induced molt. The chickens were infected on the fourth day after feed was
removed. At 4 days postinfection (8 days of feed deprivation), cecal and cecal tonsil
inflammation was significantly greater in molted infected chickens than in unmolted infected
chickens. The cecal lamina propria and epithelium of molted infected chickens contained
heterophilic infiltrates, and there were heterophils and sloughed epithelial cells in cecal
lumina. Colonic inflammation, consisting of heterophils infiltrating lamina propria and
epithelium, occurred more often in molted infected chickens than in unmolted infected
chickens. Immunoperoxidase staining of intestinal sections from 20- and 40-week-old
chickens revealed S. enteritidis antigen in the lamina propria of cecum, cecal tonsil, and
occasionally the colon of molted infected chickens. The character of the S. enteritidis-induced
intestinal lesions associated with molting was similar for different ages of birds.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, disease course, intestines, histopathology,
molting, restricted feeding, age differences
Porter RE Jr; Holt PS (1992). Effect of induced molting on the intestinal lesions caused
by
Salmonella enteritidis in different aged hens. Poultry Science 71(Suppl.1): 169.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA. 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: bacteria, microorganism, starvation, poultry industry, feed industry
Praharaj NK (1996). Nutrition and the immune response in chickens. Indian Journ
al
of Poultry
Science 31(1): 1-5.
Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, India.
NAL Call Number: SF481 I5
The effects of feed restriction and nutrients (energy, amino acids, vitamins and minerals) on
immune response in chickens are reviewed. Nutrient requirements of the immune system are
different from those of other body tissues. Therefore, immunosuppression may occur when
nutrient requirements are based on criteria, such as genetic stock, body weight gain, rate of
production and husbandry practices. In the formulation of diets, attention should be given to
requirements of those nutrients that are associated with the development of the immune
system and the degree of protection required against diseases.
Descriptors: immune response, nutrition, restricted feeding, immunity, nutrient requirements,
reviews
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ramirez GA; Sarlin LL; Caldwell DJ; Yezak CR Jr.; Hume ME; Corrier DE; DeLoach JR; Hargis
BM (1997). Effect of feed withdrawal on the incidence of Salmonella in the crops and
ceca of market age broiler chickens. Poultry Science 76(4): 654-656.
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous research regarding Salmonella contamination in poultry has focused predominantly
on cecal and intestinal contamination. Recently, the crop has been implicated as an important
source of carcass contamination within the processing plant. In the present study, broiler
chickens were orally challenged with 1 X 10(8) cfu S. enteritidis at 6 wk of age. At 7 wk of
age, birds were randomly divided into two groups consisting of full access to feed, or total
feed withdrawal, 18 h prior to sample collection. At the time of sample collection, crops and
ceca were aseptically removed and cultured for the presence or absence of S. enteritidis by
enrichment. The incidence of S. enteritidis-positive crops was consistently higher (range: 2.8-
to 7.3-fold increases) following feed withdrawal than the incidence in samples collected from
full-fed broilers in four experiments. Similarly, the incidence of S. enteritidis isolation was
consistently higher (range: 1.4- to 2.1-fold increases) in ceca following feed withdrawal than
in samples collected from full-fed broilers in these experiments. In a subsequent experiment,
ceca and crops were aseptically collected and cultured for the presence of Salmonella
immediately prior to or following 8 h feed withdrawal at a commercial broiler house. Similar
to the laboratory experiments, the incidence of Salmonella isolation was significantly (P <
0.01) greater from crops following feed withdrawal (36/100) than from samples obtained
immediately prior to withdrawal (19/100). However, the incidence of Salmonella in the ceca
was not significantly higher following feed withdrawal (31/100) than in samples obtained
immediately prior to withdrawal (25/100) in this field experiment. These studies indicate that
feed withdrawal increases the incidence of Salmonella in broiler crops prior to slaughter and
provide further evidence that the crop may be an important critical control point for reducing
Salmonella contamination of broiler carcasses.
Descriptors: broilers, salmonella enteritidis, oral administration, experimental infection, crop,
food deprivation, starvation, cecum, slaughter
Rigby CE; Pettit JR (1981). Effects of feed withdrawal on the weight, fecal excretion and
Salmonella status of market age broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Comparative
Medicine 45(4): 363-365.
Anim. Path. Lab., 116 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2R3, Canada.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 C162
In 7-week-old fowls, previously infected with S. typhimurium, withdrawal of feed for 8 hours
before being crated for 18 hours (to simulate transportation), had little effect on live weight,
but reduced intestine weight in 84 of 120 birds, and caecal weight in 60 of 132; it greatly
reduced faecal excretion, but there was no consistent effect on salmonella excretion. Feed
withdrawal may be an effective means of reducing the spread of salmonella through faecal
contamination during transport.
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, feces, poultry, epidemiology, food deprivation, transport of
animals, poultry diseases, salmonellosis, fecal transmission
Rigby CE; Pettit JR (1979). Some factors affecting Salmonella typhimurium infectio
n
and
shedding in chickens raised on litter. Avian Diseases 23(2): 442-455.
Anim. Dis. Res. Inst., PO Box 11300, Station H, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Inapparent Salmonella typhimurium (S.t.) infection of chickens
placed at different ages on contaminated pinewood-shaving litter was
studied in three sequential trials. Infection spread rapidly through
chicks on new litter contaminated by infected seeders. As the flock
matured, fewer birds were infected, and the number of organisms in their
caeca and faeces decreased. After 87 days, 36/59 were infected, 7 were
shedding, and the litter contained 104 S.t. per g. 30 three-day-old
chickens placed on this litter readily became infected; 28 days later,
although the number of S.t. in the litter had fallen to 102/g, 28/80 birds
were infected, and 8 were shedding. Two days later, 63-day-old chickens
were placed on this 131-day-old litter, and 32 days later, 41/50 birds
were infected and 23 were shedding, although the litter contained only 102
organisms/g. Removing infected 24-day-old chicks to a wire cage hastened
the age-related decline in faecal excretion of S.t. Subjecting chickens to
"transport stress" (crowding, motion, chilling, and food and water
deprivation) did not increase shedding or detectable infection, although
the average weights of both caecal and cloacal contents
increased.
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, transport of animals,
epidemiology, age, floor husbandry, poultry, litter, salmonellosis,
excretion of salmonella, salmonella contamination, infection in
fowl
Rozak; Ungerer T; Nasution SH (1992). Effect of stress from feed and drinkwater restriction
on
hormone level and body resistance reaction of chickens. [Pengaruh stress pengurangan
makanan dan minuman terhadap kadar hormon dan kadar reaksi alat pertahanan
tubuh]. Gema Penelitian 5(1): 17.
NAL Call Number: S471 I5G45
Descriptors: chickens, feed consumption, starvation, water deprivation, forced moulting,
stress, antibodies, leukocytes, erythrocytes , biological development, birds, blood, blood cells,
cells, consumption, domestic animals, domesticated birds, feeding, galliformes,
immunological factors, immunology, livestock, moulting, poultry
Ruszler PL (1998). Health and
husbandry considerations of induced molting. Poultry Science
77(12): 1789-1793.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
There have been many methods proposed to induce molting. Some worked very well in
practice, but others were detrimental to the health and welfare of the hens. The most effective
methods use some level of feed restriction and daylength manipulation to reduce body weight
(Hansen, 1966; Ruszler, 1974, 1984, 1996; Swanson and Bell, 1974; Brake and Carey, 1983).
Weight reduction is necessary for rest and rejuvenation of body tissues. Other methods
evaluated incorporated dietary imbalances using either zinc, iodine, or sodium.
Pharmaceuticals have been used but have not been cost effective. In recent years there have
been those who question whether molting techniques are humane. Therefore, interest has
been heightened in alternate methods to induce molting. Research reported to date has been
inadequate to accurately determine which methods of induced molting are the least stressful,
if they in fact, cause any more stress than that experienced by the hen during a natural molt.
The three or four most highly refined methods being used commercially are not generally
detrimental to the health and welfare of today's laying hen, provided that they are managed in
accordance with proper husbandry practices.
Descriptors: hens, molting, starvation, duration, animal welfare, restricted feeding, protein
intake, weight losses, light regime, oyster shells, calcium, laying performance
Saeed AM; Gast RK; Potter ME; Wall PG (eds.) (1999). Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in
humans and animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control, Iowa State University
Press: Ames, Iowa, 443 p. ISBN: 0-8138-2707-8
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
This book was prepared with the help of 84 international scholars and scientists. A wide
coverage of the epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is given in 4 parts.
Part 1, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis epidemiological and public health
considerations: a global prospective, has 12 chapters on the epidemiology in the UK, United
States, France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy. The second
part, Molecular epidemiology, has 4 chapters on methods of differentiation, molecular
markers, phenotypic and genotypic characterization and molecular biological markers. Part 3,
Virulence and pathogenesis, has 7 chapters on virulence, contamination of eggs and poultry,
vertical transmission, phage type and outer membrane protein characteristics, experimental
infection models, and the role of fimbriae in pathogenesis. Part 4, Prevention and control, has
an introduction and 15 chapters. These cover economic consequences of infection in man and
on the US egg industry, disease control in Sweden, the US National Poultry Improvement
Plan, epidemiology in UK flocks, infection in poultry and rodents in the US, prevalence in
unpasteurized eggs and aged laying hens, the Pilot Project in Pennsylvania, USA, the effect
of induced moulting on immunity in hens, transmission caused by stress in hens, competitive
exclusion, immunization and immunoprophylaxis, and culture methods for isolation of S.
enterica serovar Enteritidis. Papers are well illustrated with diagrams and maps. There is an
index.
Descriptors: zoonoses, public health, eggs, poultry, disease control, epidemiology
Seo KH; Holt PS; Gast RK; Hofacre CL (2000). Combined effect of antibiotic and competitiv
e
exclusion treatment on Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding in molted laying hens.
Journal of Food Protection 63(4): 545-548.
NAL Call Number: 44.8 J824
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research
Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
Salmonella enteritidis is an important pathogen for the layer industry, primarily because of its
ability to infect hens and ultimately contaminate egg contents. Studies have shown that stress
situations, such as flock recycling (induced molting), can increase Salmonella Enteritidis
problems in the flock. The present study examined the effect of antibiotic treatment and
competitive exclusion (CE) on Salmonella Enteritidis shedding in the period following molt
and 14-day feed withdrawal. In two separate trials, 48 birds after molt and feed withdrawal
were divided into one group that was treated for 10 days with enrofloxacin in water followed
by administration of CE culture and a group that was left untreated. Salmonella Enteritidis
shedding was significantly reduced in the antibiotic-CE group. The Salmonella Enteritidis
shedding rate was 33 and 25% in untreated birds versus 4 and 0% in the enrofloxacin-CE
group on the two test days. These results indicate that treatment of Salmonella
Enteritidis-positive laying hens after molting with enrofloxacin and CE culture can
substantially reduce Salmonella Enteritidis problems due to molting and would be a possible
alternative to diverting eggs for pasteurization or slaughtering the infected flock. Possible
development of bacterial resistance in conjunction with antibiotic use is also discussed.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, shedding, poultry droppings, enrofloxacin, drug
therapy, cell cultures, time, molting, restricted feeding, salmonellosis, competitive exclusion
cultures, feed withdrawal, induced molting, intestinal shedding
Seo KH; Holt PS; Gast RK (2001). Comparison of Salmonella enteritidis infection in hens molted
via long-term feed withdrawal versus full-fed wheat middling. Journal of Food
Protection 64(12): 1917-1921.
USDA/ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605 USA.
NAL Call Number: 44.8 J824
Molting is an important economic management tool for the layer industry as a means of
maximizing the effective laying life of a flock. Previous work has shown that molting birds
through feed removal (FM) increased the severity of a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection.
The current study was conducted to follow the progression of an SE infection in unmolted
hens versus hens molted via 14-day FM or ad libitum feeding of wheat middlings (WM), in
the presence or absence of 2.5% lactose administered in the drinking water. In two trials of
the experiment, all hens were infected with approximately 1 x 10(7) SE at day 4 of molt and
sampled for SE shedding on days 4, 10, 17, and 24 postinfection (PI). Organ levels of SE
were determined on day 7 PI. All molt procedures caused cessation of egg lay within 3 to 7
days. In trials 1 and 2, birds subjected to total FM shed 3 to 5 logs more SE than either the
control birds (unmolted) or the birds fed WM on days 4 and 10 PI. Liver and spleen, ovary,
and cecum counts were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fasted birds in one trial and
liver and spleen and cecum counts in the second. No differences in any of the SE counts were
observed in unmolted versus WM-fed birds. Lactose supplementation in drinking water did
not provide any advantage in reducing SE infection in either trial. These results indicate that
there are alternative methods to long-term FM that can be used to molt birds and not increase
the risk for SE problems. How these alternative methods compare with FM with regard to
second-cycle egg production and the mechanisms involved in the reduced SE shedding
remain to be investigated.
Descriptors: *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Poultry Diseases--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella
Infections, Animal--transmission--TM; *Salmonella enteritidis--isolation and purification--IP;
Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry--methods--MT; Colony Count, Microbial; Eggs;
Feces--microbiology--MI; Food Deprivation; Poultry Diseases--epidemiology --EP; Poultry
Diseases--transmission--TM; Recurrence; Salmonella Infections, Animal--epidemiology--EP;
Salmonella Infections, Animal --microbiology--MI; Time Factors
Shcherbina PF (1986). Natural stressor resistance of hens of different genotypes with com
bs
of
different shapes. Soviet Agricultural Sciences 4: 68-72. [Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia
akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk, Doklady, (4), 1986, p. 38-40.]
NAL Call Number: S1.S68
Descriptors: hens, genotypes, stress, resistance, molting, forced molting
Souza ERN de (2000). Study of the
presence of Salmonella sp in layers submitted to forced
moulting [Estudo da presenca de Salmonella sp em poedeiras submetidas a muda
forcada]. Thesis Degree: Tese (Mestre em Microbiologia dos Alimentos), Universidade
Federal de Lavras, MG (Brazil), 37 p.
Availability: CENAGRI, CP 02432, 70043-900 Brasilia, DF - Brazil.
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, forced moulting, salmonella, rations, eggs,
microbiological analysis, infection , animal husbandry methods, animal products, bacteria,
biological analysis, birds, chickens, disease transmission, domestic animals,
enterobacteriaceae, galliformes, livestock, pathogenesis, poultry
Tellez GI; Jaeger L; Dean CE; Corrier DE; DeLoach JR; Williams JD; Hargis BM (1993). Effe
ct
of
prolonged administration of dietary capsaicin on Salmonella enteritidis infection in
leghorn chicks. Avian Diseases 37(1): 143-148.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The effect of 14 or 19 days of dietary capsaicin (18 ppm) on Salmonella enteritidis infection
and histological, morphometric, and pH changes of the ceca was investigated. At day 13 or
day 18, chicks were challenged with 10(8) colony-forming units of S. enteritidis. Chicks were
killed and cultured 24 hours later. The total number of S. enteritidis-organ-culture-positive
chicks was significantly lower among chicks fed capsaicin for either 14 or 19 days than
among controls (P <0.05). Subjective histological examination revealed a mild to moderate
infiltration of mononuclear cells and heterophils in lamina propria of ceca, as well as
epithelial cell proliferation in chicks following either 14 or 19 days of capsaicin
administration. Using morphometric analysis, the mean lamina propria thickness and mean
epithelial cell thickness in chickens fed capsaicin for 14 or 19 days were significantly greater
than in controls (P < 0.65). Capsaicin significantly decreased luminal pH in both trials (P <
0.05). These data indicate that the observed capsaicin-induced resistance to S. enteritidis
organ invasion is associated with measurable pH and morphological changes of the cecal
mucosa.
Descriptors: chicks, capsaicin, Salmonella enteritidis, colonization, cecum, histopathology,
pH, intestinal mucosa
Terachi H; Tanimoto A; Otani Y; Yano M; Sumii K; Takahashi M (1999). Food hygienic
countermeasure against hen's eggs contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis.
Hiroshimaken Jui Gakkai Zasshi (Hiroshima Journal of Veterinary Medicine) 14: 107-112.
Descriptors: chicken egg, Salmonella enteritidis, food hygiene, survey on actual situation,
chicken raising, animal hygiene, food distribution, microorganism test, storage stability
To S; Nagino K; Kuroda N; Goto K (1998). Field Experiences with Monitoring and Reducing
Salmonella in Layer Farms. Keibyo Kenkyu Kaiho (Journal of the Japanese Society of
Poultry Diseases) 34, zokango: 7-11.
Descriptors: laying hen, Salmonella, animal hygiene, Salmonella enteritidis, antibacterial
drug, Lactobacillus preparation, rearing management, cleaning(purification), pathogen
control, Fukuoka prefect, forced molting
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection
Service (1998). Salmonella
Enteritidis Risk Assessment: Shell Eggs and Egg Products. Final
Report.
Available at:
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/risk/index.htm
NAL Call Number: aQR201 S25S25 1998
Weinack OM; Snoeyenbos GH;
Soerjadi-Liem AS; Smyser CF (1985). Influence of temperature, social, and dietary stress on development
and stability of protective microflora in chickens against S.
typhimurium. Avian Diseases 29(4):
1177-1183.
Dep. Vet. Anim. Sci., Univ., Amherst, MA 01003,
USA.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
In the 1-day-old chick, physiological stress in the form of high (40.6-43 deg C) or low (10-16
deg C) temperatures of feed and water deprivation either interfered with colonization or
altered the protection provided by the normal intestinal microflora against subsequent
challenge with S. typhimurium. The response was more obvious after individual exposure of
chicks to salmonella than after exposure to infected seeders. Physiological and dietary stress
at 2 weeks of age did not appreciably alter the S. typhimirium excretion pattern in treated
chicks. The protective micoflora appeared to be stable under these stress conditions.
Descriptors: poultry, susceptibility, prevention, intestinal microorganisms, stress,
salmonellosis, bacterial diseases, poultry diseases, Salmonella exclusion
Yamauchi K; Nakanishi U (1997). Poultry farmers group making effort to produce safe eggs and
sanitation guidance. Yokei no Tomo 427:
21-24.
Miekenkitasekachikuhoken'eisho
Descriptors: chicken egg, laying hen,
rearing management, animal hygiene, Salmonella, microorganism
contamination, microorganism test, food hygiene, prevention of animal
epidemic, Mie prefect
Zakia AMA; El-Khashab E; El-Nabarawi AM; El-Jaky J
(1995). Effect of light and food
withdrawal on the broiler responses to heat stress and/or Salmonella
typhimurium infection at early growing stage. Veterinary
Medical Journal Giza 43(4): 461-468.
Dept. of Hygiene, Husbandry and
Zoonoses, Fac. Veg. Med., Zagazig University, Egypt
NAL
Call Number: SF604 C13
Eight-day-old broilers were exposed to heat stress
of 40 deg C for a period of 4 h each day for 4 days (1000-1400 h). The
birds were inoculated with S. typhimurium at 9 days of age by intercrop
instillation of 0.1 ml of 106 CFU. The birds were kept under good
husbandry with ample floor area (200 cm width x 200 cm length x 210 cm
height/pen). Birds were divided in 3 groups which received either no food
(starting 2 h before the heat stress), no light or both available during
the hot period, with uninfected controls for each regimen. Food and light
withdrawal had no significant effect on body weight gains throughout the
experiment. All treatments had decreased body weights at the end of the
2nd and 3rd week compared to the controls. Alleviating heat stress by
light and food withdrawal showed a significant decrease in rate of
reisolation of S. typhimurium from all internal organs of the infected
birds. No significant differences were detected in weights of liver and
spleen between all treatments and controls, whereas there was a
significant difference in the weights of the Fabricius bursa between the
treatments and controls. Mortality rate was highest in the
Salmonella-infected birds (24%) and lowest (10%) in the heat stressed
birds with access to food and light.
Descriptors: poultry, heat, stress,
husbandry, weight gain, mortality, heat stress, lighting, food
deprivation, bacterial diseases, Salmonella typhimurium
PRESS
RELEASE
Hot Pepper May
Prevent Salmonella In Poultry
October 29, 2001
Contact: Audrey
McElroy
Department of Poultry Science,
Virginia Polytechnic University
[Ed. Note: See also CSREES Reports for project
report]
Adding capsaicin, the spicy
component of peppers, to the diet of broiler chicks appears to increase
their resistance to Salmonella, according to Audrey McElroy, poultry
science researcher at Virginia Tech.
As a student, McElroy and her advisor got the idea of feeding hot
pepper oil to chickens while they were eating hamburgers covered with
jalapeno peppers. When they wondered why people like spicy food even
though it often causes a runny nose and other ill effects, a Mexican
student said that people in his country believe spices provide protection
from disease.
The researchers hypothesized
that a diet that included some form of hot peppers might protect poultry
from intestinal disease. Salmonella typically results in little to no
observable illness in chickens, but can cause human
illness.
They divided 1,530 chicks into
three groups and fed each group a standard corn and soybean meal-based
diet for 42 days. McElroy fed the plain feed to the first group, added
five parts per million of pure capsaicin to second group's feed, and 20
parts per million to the third group's feed. She administered Salmonella
enteritidis to the chicks at 21, 28, and 42 days of age. Both the low and
the high level of capsaicin increased resistance to the Salmonella without
adversely affecting feed consumption, weight gain, or the taste of the
chicken when cooked.
"The capsaicin
appears to cause a mild inflammation in the intestines," she
says.
She's investigating the possibility
that the capsaicin-induced inflammation might make it more difficult for
the Salmonella to bind to the intestinal cells and, from there, to invade
the blood, liver, and spleen.
"Or," she says, "it may be that the capsaicin acts on the
intestine to recruit immune cells, which then fight off the
Salmonella."
Her current research is
designed to evaluate any observable effects of capsaicin directly on
Salmonella in laboratory conditions the effects of capsaicin on the
intestinal environment, and the most economical scheme of feeding
capsaicin to poultry.
The poultry seem to
have no objections to the taste or sting of the
capsaicin.
Contact Dr. McElroy at
540-231-8750 or
amcelroy@vt.edu
Selected Websites
Agricultural Research Service, US Department of
Agriculture Projects:
Detection And Control Of Salmonella Enteritidis In
Poultry
http://nps.ars.usda.gov/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=404010
Evaluation Of Strategies For Induced Molting On
Salmonella Enteritidis Problems In Laying Flocks
http://nps.ars.usda.gov/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=404430
Molecular Pathobiology And Epidemiology Of
Egg-Contaminating Salmonella Enteritidis
http://nps.ars.usda.gov/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=405800
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory
http://nps.ars.usda.gov/locations/locations.htm?modecode=66-12-07-00 (links to research
projects)
http://seprl.ars.usda.gov/ (laboratory homepage)
Egg Safety From Production to
Consumption: An Action Plan to Eliminate Salmonella Enteritidis
Illnesses Due to Eggs December 10, 1999: President's Council on Food
Safety
http://www.foodsafety.gov/~fsg/ceggs.html
Focus On Shell Eggs: Food Safety
and Inspection Service
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/pubs/shelleggs.htm
Good Management
Practices for Salmonella Risk Reduction in the Production of Table
Eggs: University of Minnesota Extension Service
http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/DI6054.html
Joint FAO/WHO
Activities on Risk Assessment of Microbiological Hazards in Foods. Risk
Assessment: Salmonella spp. In Broilers and Eggs. Preliminary
Report Prepared for Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Risk Assessment
of Microbiological Hazards in Foods, FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy, 17 -
21 July 2000
http://www.who.int/fsf/Micro/Report_of%20_July2000_Consultation.pdf
The National
Poultry Improvement Plan
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/npip/
Project No. 15:
Effects of a Variety of Stress Factors on the Immune Systems of Poultry
and Subsequent Infection of Shell Eggs by Salmonella enteritidis:
US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and
Nutrition
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/3fs3re15.html
Public Meeting on Salmonella
enteritidis Research Hapeville, Georgia, September 8, 2000, Transcript
of Proceedings: U. S. Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of
Agriculture
http://www.foodsafety.gov/~dms/egg0900.html
Salmonella
http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
Includes information from the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s FoodNet:
-
Salmonella
Cost Estimate Update Using FoodNet Data.
-
Phage
Type and Antimicrobial Resistance Trends among Human Salmonella
serotype typhimurium Infections, 1997-1998: Continued Dominance of
DT104 R-Type ACSSuT.
-
FoodNet
1996 to 1998: Data on Deaths and Invasive Illnesses Demonstrate the
Severity of Salmonella and
Listeria.
-
Dramatic
Decreases in Salmonella serotype enteritidis (SE) in FoodNet Sites,
1996-1998.
-
Reading
between Declines: Characteristics of the Decrease in Reported
Salmonella Isolations within FoodNet,
1996-1998.
-
Decline
in Salmonella and Campylobacter but not E. coli O157
isolation rates in FoodNet sites: Farm, food, or
fluctuation?
-
Eggs
identified as a risk factor for sporadic Salmonella serotype
heidelberg infections: a
case-control study in FoodNet sites.
-
Chicken,
a newly identified risk factor for sporadic Salmonella serotype
enteritidis infections in the United States: A case-control study in
FoodNet sites.
Salmonella Control And Molting Of Egg-Laying Flocks--Are They
Compatible: University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/vm017
Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in Table Eggs-NAHMS
Layers '99 (October, 2000)
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cahm/Poultry/poult.htm
Salmonella enteritidis
and molting California Poultry Letter March/April 2001 Cooperative
Extension - University of California at Davis
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/cpl301.pdf
Salmonella enteritidis in
Eggs. AGENCIES: Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA; Food and
Drug Administration, HHS.ACTION: Advance notice of proposed rulemaking; request for
comments. Federal Register.
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/97N-0322.htm
U.S. Poultry & Egg Association
position papers: Induced Molting in the Layer
Industry
http://www.poultryegg.org/positionpapers/docs/moltingposp.PDF
Valuing Pain and Suffering and Lost
Productivity: Measuring the Pain, Suffering, and Functional Disability
Associated with Foodborne Illness (Salmonella enteritidis
(SE) in shell eggs and egg products)
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/mp1570/mp1570g.pdf
Top of Document |
Acknowledgements |
How to Use This Document |
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES) Reports |
Review of the Literature |
Salmonella, Other Pathogens, and Immunology |
Poultry Welfare |
Management Strategies |
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes |
Records from the National Agricultural Library
Electronic Catalog
POULTRY WELFARE
Selected Websites
Aggrey SE; Kroetzl H; Foelsch DW (1990). Behaviour of laying hens during induced moulting
in three different production systems. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 25(1/2): 97-105.
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
This work is a critical investigation of how methods of moulting are practiced by farmers.
Dekalb hens were fasted with a reduced photoperiod to induce moult and hence lengthen the
total egg laying period in three housing systems, namely wire floor, multifloor (globovolg)
and battery cages. The behaviour of the hens was compared with their behaviour during the
production period. The hens were frustrated at the time of feed deprivation, leading to
increases in object pecking, locomotion and negative social interaction activities in the wire
floor and globovolg systems. The behaviour of hens in cages during both production and
moulting periods did not show any changes. At 4 days of fasting, resting activity dominated
and during the moulting period (when new feathers were pushing out old feathers), the hens
were almost inactive.
Descriptors: hens, molting, fasting, photoperiod, locomotion, agonistic behavior, chicken
housing
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Avrutina AYa;
Shinkareva VP; Vol'pe NO; Frolova EG (1976). Reaction of the adrenal system of the laying hen to the stress of
starvation. [Reaktsiya adrenalovoi sistemy kur-nesushek na stress
golodaniya.] Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina Akademii
Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk (Proceedings of the Lenin Academy of
Agricultural Sciences) (No. 4): 33-34.
Vsesoyuznyi –I inst. razvedeniya I genetiki
Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh, USSR
NAL
Call Number: 20 Ak1
Leghorn hens were fed on a complete dry diet; daily egg production was measured. During
the month before testing, sexual activity of the hens was assessed by mean frequency of
mating during 24 h for 3 days. By age 14 months, the hens were subjected to starvation for 10
days, which induced moulting, then feed was reintroduced gradually. For the 10 days before
starvation egg yield was, on average, 45.5%; on days 5 and 8 of starvation, yields were 14.3
and 0.93%, and by day 9 nil. Loss of weight was 15 to 20%. Plasma corticosterone was 7.99
plus or minus 0.45 mu g/100 ml before, on day 2 of starvation rose by 7.9% and by day 10
had dropped to 1.61 plus or minus 0.205 mu g/100 ml. During refeeding, the hormone
concentration rose to 5.97 plus or minus 0.545 mu g/100 ml. In high-yielding hens with high
sexual activity and in those with increased functional activity of the adrenals, compared with
low-yielding hens and those with subdued sexual activity, there was a less sharp increase in
corticosterone on day 2 of starvation. The findings could be used in selection of highly
productive, stress-resistant lines of hens.
Descriptors: hens, starvation, corticosterone
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Barnett JL; Newman EA (1997). Review of welfare research in the laying hen and the research
and management implications for the Australian egg industry. Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research 48(4): 385-402.
Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Vic., Australia.
NAL Call Number: 23 Au783
Descriptors: hens, animal welfare, battery husbandry, battery cages, animal health,
debeaking, perches, enrichment, molting, restricted feeding, environmental temperature,
handling, transport, slaughter, occupational health, farm workers, poultry industry, literature
reviews, alternative cage systems, beak trimming, environmental enrichment
Eskeland B (1981). Anatomical modifications and induced moulting: effects of beak trimmin
g
[laying hens, pens, population density, group size, behaviour]. First European symposium
on poultry welfare: Report of proceedings, Soerensen LY (ed.), World Poultry Science
Association: Copenhagen (Denmark), p.193-200. ISBN: 87-88162-00-1
Norges Landbrukshoegskole, Aas. Dept. of Poultry and Fur Animals
NAL Call Number: HD9437 E9 1981
Gentle MJ; Breward J (1981). Anatomical modifications and induced moulting: the anatomy o
f
the beak [chicken, trimming, Herbst corpuscle, Grandry corpuscle, taste buds]. First
European symposium on poultry welfare: Report of proceedings, Soerensen LY (ed.), World
Poultry Science Association: Copenhagen (Denmark), p.185-189. ISBN: 87-88162-00-1
Agricultural Research Council, Roslin, Midlothian, UK. Poultry Research Centre.
NAL Call Number: HD9437 E9 1981
Gildersleeve RP; Johnson WA; Satterlee DG; Scott TR (1979). Daily rhythms of plasma
corticosterone in hens during production and before a forced molt. Poultry Science
58(4): 1061.
Poultry Science Dep., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Study was of plasma corticosterone in laying hens force-moulted by deprivation of feed.
Plasma corticosterone was reduced in hens allowed short daily photoperiods, 6 h light daily.
In hens allowed 19 h of light daily (LH) the rhythm of plasma corticosterone values during 48
h tended to have 4 peaks. LH hens seemed to have an indistinct rhythm of plasma
corticosterone.
Descriptors: corticosterone, blood plasma, hens
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Hoshino S; Suzuki M; Kakegawa T; Imai K; Wakita M;
Kobayashi Y; Yamada Y (1988).
Changes
in plasma thyroid hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone and
corticosterone of laying hens during a forced molt. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology. A: Comparative Physiology 90(2): 355-359.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Descriptors: hens, blood plasma, thyroid hormones, LH,
estradiol, progesterone, corticosterone, molt
Hussein AS (1996). Induced
moulting procedures in laying fowl. World's Poultry Science
Journal 52 (2): 175-187.
Department of Animal Production,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.
Box 17555, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 W89
Several methods of inducing moulting in laying hens are reviewed. Such methods are used to
recycle laying hens, the majority of which require an optimum weight loss of 25-30% to
achieve maximum egg production during the post-moulting period. The conventional feed
restriction procedure is most often used in the egg industry because it is a simple, practical
and economical technique that can be used in combination with light and/or water restriction.
Mineral-induced moulting procedures, such as the use of high levels of either aluminum in
the form of a soluble salt or dietary zinc, have also been used successfully. In addition, low
concentrations of dietary Zn combined with a low-calcium diet have also induced moulting in
laying hens. The use of low-sodium diets has also been as successful as the conventional feed
restriction technique. Mineral-induced moulting procedures produce similar results to the
conventional feed restriction techniques in post-moulting egg production, but with lower
mortality rates; however, some of these procedures may not yet be practical for use in the egg
industry. Hormone-induced moulting is another method and involves the use of the
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. It has an advantage over the conventional feed
restriction procedure in that it does not require severe initial body weight loss to attain
maximum egg production in the post-moulting period.
Descriptors: hens, molting, induction, weight losses, egg production, restricted feeding,
mineral excess, aluminum, zinc, mineral deficiencies, calcium, sodium, GnRH, animal
welfare, literature reviews
Jensen JF (1981). Anatomical
modifications and induced moulting: [egg-laying hens,
egg-laying
capacity, control of diseases, control of environment]. First European symposium on
poultry welfare: Report of proceedings, Soerensen LY (ed.), World Poultry Science
Association: Copenhagen (Denmark), p.165-173. ISBN: 87-88162-00-1
Statens Husdyrbrugsforsoeg, Copenhagen, Denmark. Afdeling for Fjerkrae og Kaniner
NAL Call Number: HD9437 E9 1981
Karunajeewa H (1987). A review of current poultry feeding systems and their potential
acceptability to animal welfarists. World's Poultry Science Journal 43(1): 20-32.
Dep. Agric. Rural Affairs, Animal Res. Inst., Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
NAL Call Number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: chicken, barley, protein, feed intake, growth, induced molting
Luk'yanov V; Baidevlyatov A; Tsinovyi V; Ol'khovik L; Kuznetsov M (1976). A study of stre
ss
associated with the induction of moult in laying hens. [Ob otsenke stressa prinuditel'noi
lin'ki u kur.] Ptitsevodstvo (No. 8): 17-19.
Ukrainskii nauchno-issledovatel'skii institut ptitsevodstvo, Kiev, Ukrainskaya SSR, USSR.
NAL Call Number: Z5074 P8R4
Trials were carried out on 18,000 laying hens with moult induced by (I) deprivation of food
and water, (ii) deprivation of calcium, (iii) oral administration of "Evertas" (metallibure
analogue), (iv) injection of testosterone and thyroxine. Methods (I) and (ii) induced a moult
after 10-15 days, lasting for 20-50 days. A general loss in weight was observed 10-40 days
after the start of treatment. Water deprivation reduced eggshell thickness. Method (iii) caused
inappetence, loss of weight and depression. These effects lasted for about 50 days. The use of
hormones (method iv) caused marked depression; many treated birds adopted a "penguin"
stance, and the depression lasted about 3-4 days. The greatest mortality in the first month
after treatment was in birds treated by methods (I) and (ii). Mortality was much lower in birds
treated with "Evertas" or with hormones. All methods of malt induction caused initially a
decrease in blood calcium, cholesterol, lipoproteins and ribonuclease activity; and an increase
in blood proteins. During the later stages of moult these values returned to normal.
Descriptors: egg production, stress, hens, moulting
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Novidov BG; Garmatina SM; Danilova OV (1980). Neuroendocrine mechanisms of stressor
molting in birds. Doklady Biological Sciences, Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of
the USSR, Biological Sciences Sections 247(1/6): 1042-1044.
NAL Call Number: 511 P444AEB
Descriptors: hens; hormonal control; moulting
Rolon A; Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL (1993). Twenty-four-hour feed withdrawal and limited
feeding as alternative methods for induction of molt in laying hens. Poultry Science
72(5): 776-785.
The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Alternative molting methods involving shorter periods of feed
withdrawal and feeding a low-density and low-energy "molt
diet" were compared to conventionally molted (8-day feed
removal) and nonmolted hens. Alternative molt methods consisted of feeding the molt diet
for 28 days for ad libitum intake, daily limited, or alternate-day limited (feeding every other
day). Egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, body weight, feed intake, and mortality
were recorded for 31 wk from the start of the molt (4 wk molt, 1 wk prelay, and 26 wk
postmolt). Economic variables (feed cost, egg value, income over feed costs per hen housed)
were compared between molting methods. Hens provided ad libitum access to the molt diet
produced more eggs during the molt period than hens molted by other methods. Total egg
production and income (egg value minus feed cost) were comparable among all molting
methods and exceeded the values for nonmolted control hens. Income per hen housed was
$2.20 for nonmolted control, $2.87 for the conventional, $2.92 for ad libitum, $2.81 for daily
limited, and $2.97 for the alternate-day limited hens. These results indicate that alternative
molting methods involving periods of feed withdrawal of 24 h or less can be as economically
effective as conventional methods using longer periods of feed withdrawal.
Descriptors: hens, restricted feeding, diet, molt, metabolizable energy, body weight, egg
weight, egg production, mortality, feed intake, production costs, income, animal welfare, feed
costs
Rozak; Ungerer T; Nasution SH (1992). Effect of stress from feed and drinkwater restriction
on
hormone level and body resistance reaction of chickens. [Pengaruh stress pengurangan
makanan dan minuman terhadap kadar hormon dan kadar reaksi alat pertahanan
tubuh]. Gema Penelitian 5(1): 17.
NAL Call Number: S471 I5G45
Descriptors: chickens, feed consumption, starvation, water deprivation, forced moulting,
stress, antibodies, leukocytes, erythrocytes , biological development, birds, blood, blood cells,
cells, consumption, domestic animals, domesticated birds, feeding, galliformes,
immunological factors, immunology, livestock, moulting, poultry
Ruszler PL (1998). Health and
husbandry considerations of induced molting.
Poultry Science
77(12): 1789-1793.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
There have been many methods proposed to induce molting. Some worked very well in
practice, but others were detrimental to the health and welfare of the hens. The most effective
methods use some level of feed restriction and daylength manipulation to reduce body weight
(Hansen, 1966; Ruszler, 1974, 1984, 1996; Swanson and Bell, 1974; Brake and Carey, 1983).
Weight reduction is necessary for rest and rejuvenation of body tissues. Other methods
evaluated incorporated dietary imbalances using either zinc, iodine, or sodium.
Pharmaceuticals have been used but have not been cost effective. In recent years there have
been those who question whether molting techniques are humane. Therefore, interest has
been heightened in alternate methods to induce molting. Research reported to date has been
inadequate to accurately determine which methods of induced molting are the least stressful,
if they in fact, cause any more stress than that experienced by the hen during a natural molt.
The three or four most highly refined methods being used commercially are not generally
detrimental to the health and welfare of today's laying hen, provided that they are managed in
accordance with proper husbandry practices.
Descriptors: hens, molting, starvation, duration, animal welfare, restricted feeding, protein
intake, weight losses, light regime, oyster shells, calcium, laying performance
Ruszler PL; Minear LR (1997). Comparison of induced molts using periods of four vs ten da
ys
feed withdrawal. Poultry Science 76(Suppl. 1): 104.
Dep. Animal Poultry Sci., Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: body weight loss, commercial flocks, four versus ten days feed withdrawal,
induced molts comparison, light exposure
Simonsen HB (1981). Anatomical modifications and induced moulting: welfare aspects relate
d
to number of laying periods of hens [ethics, legislation, disease, mortality, physiology,
behaviour]. First European symposium on poultry welfare: Report of proceedings,
Soerensen LY (ed.), World Poultry Science Association: Copenhagen (Denmark), p.177-182.
ISBN: 87-88162-00-1
Kongelige Veterinaer- og Landbohoejskole, Copenhagen, Denmark. Afdeling for
Retsmedicin
NAL Call Number: HD9437 E9 1981
Taylor AA; Hurnik JF (1996). The long-term productivity of hens housed in battery cages a
nd
an aviary. Poultry Science 75(1): 47-51.
University of Guelph, ON, Canada.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
This study examined the long-term effects of housing system on several aspects of laying hen
production. At 19 wks of age, 336 White Leghorn hens were placed, 3 birds per cage, into
battery cages; 437 birds were assigned to an aviary with communal nests, ambulation areas,
and three raised tiers with feeders and drinkers. Family groups were split between the two
housing systems. The hens were housed in such a manner for over 3 yr (until the end of the
168th wk of age), with forced molts between 66 and 74 and between 119 and 125 wk of age.
Feed consumption and conversion, egg weight, eggshell deformation, and hen-day
productivity were assessed monthly in both systems. Although feed consumption and
conversion tended to be higher in the aviary throughout the study, these variables differed
significantly due to housing system only in Year 2 (P = 0.04). There were no differences in
egg weight (P = 0.7), eggshell deformation (P = 0.85), egg cracking during shaking (P =
0.34), total hen-day productivity (P = 0.55), or egg mass produced per hen per month (P =
0.4). Although aviary systems have been criticized for egg losses due to floor laying, only
2.5% of eggs in the current study were laid on the floor in Year 1, and 0.3% in Years 2 and
3;1.7% across all years. Hen mortality was variable across production and molt periods, and
did not differ due to housing system (P > 0.05). The results of this study confirm that hen
productivity in well-managed alternative housing systems can compare favorably with that in
battery cages.
Descriptors: hens, battery cages, aviaries, feed intake, feed conversion, egg weight, egg shell
defects, laying performance, mortality, egg mass, animal welfare, unrestricted feeding
Vermaut S; de Coninck K; Onagbesan O; Flo G; Cokelaere M; Decuypere E (1998). A jojoba-ri
ch
diet as a new forced molting method in poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7(3):
239-246.
Laboratory of Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, K. Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
NAL Call Number: SF481.J68
The use of jojoba meal for inducing molting, based on feed restriction was studied. Broiler
breeder chickens were force-moulted by 12% jojoba meal supplementation in the diet
resulting in higher egg production than before moulting. This percentage of jojoba meal
restricted feed intake to a level similar to that of chickens moulted by a well-established
qualitative force-moulting method (UK Agricultural Development and Advisory Service's,
involving a quantitative feed restriction of wheat only, combined with a reduced
photoperiod). The regression of the oviduct during the moulting period is probably due to the
severe feed restriction itself, and is not a toxic effect of jojoba meal. The oviduct regrew
completely after withdrawal of jojoba meal. Jojoba meal thus has no irreversible inhibitory
effect on regrowth of the oviduct of adult broiler breeders after moulting, whereas in growing
pullets, jojoba meal is known to produce an irreversible inhibition of the oviduct
development, resulting in no egg laying.
Descriptors: chickens, molting, restricted feeding, jojoba, animal welfare, anorexiants,
chemical composition, body weight, laying performance, oviducts, length, weight, ovaries,
photoperiod, feed intake
Wakeling DE (1977). Induced moulting-a review of the literature, current practice and are
as
for further research. World's Poultry Science Journal 33(1): 12-20.
ADAS, MAFF, Starcross, Devon, UK.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: hens, animal physiology, reviews, molting, molt induction, poultry
Wang G; Zhu J; Zhao W; Yan J; Huang D; Li Z (1995). Endocrine characteristics of moult
induced by GnRH agonist in laying fowls. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11(1):
36-39.
Institute of the Application of Atomic Energy in Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of
Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
NAL Call Number: S539.5 C55
In hens treated with a GnRH agonist, plasma thyroxine concentration was significantly higher
than in untreated, control hens, but there was no significant difference in triiodothyronine
concentration. Plasma progesterone concentration was significantly lower, and oestradiol
concentration was significantly higher, in treated than in control birds. Treatment with the
agonist resulted in suspension of laying for 22 days. At the start of the next laying season,
laying rate and egg weight did not differ significantly between treated and control birds.
Descriptors: moult, induction, GnRH, egg production, egg weight, thyroid hormones, sex
hormones
Webster AB (2000). Behavior of White Leghorn laying hens after withdrawal of feed.
Poultry
Science 79(2): 192-200.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
To approximate a commercially induced molt, feed was withdrawn (FW) from Hy-Line W-36
hens (65-wk-old) until they lost 35% of their initial body weight. Behaviors of 36 FW hens
and 36 control hens were video recorded on Days 1 to 3, 8 to 10, and 19 to 21 of FW, when
FW hens reached 15, 25, and 35% body weight loss. The FW hens then were fed a pullet
grower ration until Day 28 after the start of FW, whereupon they were provided a layer
ration. Second cycle production of FW hens to 40 wk postmolt initiation averaged 15.5 dozen
eggs/hen housed. The FW hens manifested increased aggression on the first d of FW, perhaps
indicative of frustration, and then exhibited increased standing, head movement, and
nonnutritive pecking on Day 2, followed by reduction of these actions on Day 3. Resting
behavior was observed 24 and 40% of the time for FW hens on Days 8 to 10 and 19 to 21 of
the FW period, respectively. Nonnutritive pecking was higher for FW hens than for control
hens throughout the FW period. Preening was more frequent for FW hens on Days 8 to 10,
probably due to skin sensitivity near the start of feather push out, which began on Day 11.
Behavior during the feed withdrawal period was consistent with conservation of bodily
reserves, but FW hens never lost their capability for alertness and reactivity. The FW hens
had significantly lower mortality during the study than control hens (2 vs 12%, respectively).
Descriptors: hens, body weight, starvation, weight losses, molting, mortality, laying
performance, animal behavior, rest, aggressive behavior, preening, pecking
Selected Websites
American Veterinary Medical Association Position on Induced Molting in Layer Hens
http://www.avma.org/policies/animalwelfare.asp#molting
Canadian Veterinary Medical
Association Animal Welfare Position Statement on Forced Molting of
Chickens
http://canadianveterinarians.net/ShowText.aspx?ResourceID=32
Food Marketing Institute (FMI) and the National Council of Chain Restaurants (NCCR)
Animal Welfare Program June 2002 Report
http://fmi.org/animal_welfare/62602finalrpt.pdf
Force-molting Studies with an Emphasis on Animal Welfare at Cornell University
http://japr.fass.org/cgi/reprint/11/1/54.pdf
Forced Molting of Laying Birds
http://www.poultry.org/molting.htm
Induced Molting Resolution Fails, but Delegate Support for Alternatives Grows. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, September 1, 2001
http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/sep01/s090101i.asp
McDonald's Corporation Laying Hens Guidelines
http://www.mcdonalds.com/usa/good/products/hen.html
Molting, Bird
Density, and Animal Welfare by Ken W. Koelkebeck, University of
Illinois
http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu/poultrynet/paperDisplay.cfm?ContentID=135
Research on
Alternative Molting Methods California Poultry Letter September/October
2001, Cooperative Extension Service, University of California at
Davis
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/cpl1001.pdf
Wendy’s
Animal Welfare Program Fact Sheet: Chicken Supplier
Requirement
http://www.wendys.com/community/animal_welfare.jsp#5
Top of Document |
Acknowledgements |
How to Use This Document |
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES) Reports |
Review of the Literature |
Salmonella, Other Pathogens, and Immunology |
Poultry Welfare |
Management Strategies |
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes |
Records from the National Agricultural Library
Electronic Catalog
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Economics |
Nutritional and Lighting Manipulations |
Mineral Supplements and Deficiencies |
Hormonal and Pharmaceutical Induced Molting
ECONOMICS
Selected Websites
Bell D (2000). Economics of
alternative replacement programs. World Poultry 16(6): 30-35.
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Riverside, California
NAL Call Number: SF481 M54
The paper discusses the factors involved in analyzing whether induced moulting, as part of a
layer replacement programme, can increase economic returns over those from all-pullet
programmes. Because of the complex interrelationships involved, it cannot be stated
conclusively that recycling is economically better or worse than an all-pullet programme.
With accurate performance and pricing information, and the use of a computer, the final
answer can be determined for each set of conditions. The impacts of the elimination of
induced moulting on the US egg industry are highlighted.
Descriptors: pullets, hens, moulting, replacement, economic analysis, economics,
optimization, profitability, egg production, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Bondarev EI; Popova LA; Andrushchenko NA (1998). Extension of production period of utilizing
laying hens of commercial flock by forced molting. Izvestiya Timiryazevskoi
Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii (3): p 161-171. ISSN: 0021-342X
Dep. Poult. Breed., K. A. Timiryazev Mosc. Agric. Acad., Moscow, Russia
The effect of different schemes of forced molting on productivity of commodity laying hens
of P-46 cross under intermittent and non-intermittent lighting has ben studied. By a number
of characteristics, including economic ones, 2 schemes of forcing molting in poultry appeared
to be most efficient: fasting for 9 days under intermittent lighting and fasting for 6 days
followed by alternation of three days of fasting with days of limited feeding hens under
regime of non-intermittent lighting.
Chen LH; McNaughton JL; Malone GW (1982). A system approach to determining the feasibilit
y
of forced molting commercial layers. Poultry Science 61(6): 1029-1036.
Agricultural Biological Engineering Dep., MAFES-Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi
State, Mississippi
NAL Call Number: 47.8-AM33P
The economical and practical considerations in determining the feasibility of molting a
commercial layer flock are based on several production and economical factors. A
computerized model used to predict: the economic feasibility of molting when layers are in
various production periods; the net profit resulting from different molting procedures and the
effect of increased feed cost on profit is described. Forced laying hen molt resulted in higher
net profit for 2 different molt regimens than for the no-molt alternative. Based on the fixed
inputs, the molt procedure employed resulted in different net revenues. The situation and
assumed conditions evaluated represented several alternatives to commercial producers. The
model is designed to generally evaluate the feasibility of molting at various ages. The
reliability of using a computer model to predict molt or no-molt alternatives is dependent on
accurate data inputs.
Descriptors: laying hens, production factors, economic factors, computer modeling,
environmental temperature, stage of production, molting strategies, feed costs, net profit
Copyright© 2002, Biosis
Cunningham DL; McCormick CC (1985). A multicycle comparison of dietary zinc and feed
removal molting procedures production and income performance. Poultry Science 64
(2). 1985. 253-260
Dep. Of Poultry And Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate performance and income factors associated
with ZnO and feed removal multicycle molt programs. Experiment 1 compared 2 strains of
commercial White Leghorn layers molted with 20,000 ppm ZnO in the feed for 4 days with a
feed removal program of 10 days followed by 10 days of cracked corn. Experiment 2
compared a single strain of White Leghorn layers molted with 20,000 ppm ZnO with feed
removal for 4 and 10 days. Body weight loss during molt averaged 25-30% for the longer
duration molt programs compared to 14-16% for the short duration programs. Differences on
body weight loss between ZnO and feed removal programs employing the same durations of
treatment were not significant (P < 0.05). No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed
between ZnO and feed removal programs for hen-housed egg production, days to reduce egg
production to 0%, feed usage or mortality rates. Differences in egg size and egg grade
distributions were observed among molting programs and strains. Incomes over pullet and
feed costs for the molted flocks were greatest during the 1st molt cycle. Incomes over pullet
and feed cost during the 2nd molt cycle were generally negative. The longer duration molt
programs resulted in total incomes over feed and pullet costs averaging 5.0.cents./doz more
than the shorter 4 day duration programs. Duration of molt-inducing periods had greater
effects on performance and income results than did the method used to induce rest.
Descriptors: white leghorn chicken, corn, metabolic-drug, egg production,
pharmacodynamics
Douglas CR; Christmas RB; Ford SA (1989). An economic analysis of molting systems includi
ng
length of fast age and multiple molts. Poultry Science 68(Suppl.1): 180.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: hens, food deprivation, egg production, specific gravity
Gonzalez EA (1970). Aspectos economicos de la muda forzada engallinas ponedoras. [Economi
c
aspects of forced moulting in laying hens.] Ciencia Veterinaria (Mexico) 15(1): 55-63.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 C483
Gordon RW; Roland DA Sr (1997). Performance and profitability of second cycle laying hens as
influenced by body weight and body weight reduction during molt. Poultry Science
76(Suppl.1): 3.
Dep. Poult. Sci., Auburn Univ., Auburn, Alabama
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: body weight, economics, egg weight, feed consumption, feed costs, molt,
performance, profit
Horn RG (1976). A look at force
moulting [Economics of poultry production] Poultry Notes New
South Wales Department of Agriculture Jan: 9-18.
NAL Call Number: 47.9 N472
Kashibuchi M (1972). Forced molting in laying chicken and its economic traits in poultry
industry. Animal Husbandry (Tokyo) 26 (12): 68-72.
NAL Call Number: 49 C43
Kashiwagi S; Shirasaki K; Sagara H; Kaizuka T; Nakaso H; Iwase N; Yamao H; Takahashi Y;
Matuzaki M; Ikeda K; Okuyama M (1981). Effects of restricted feeding during the rearing
period and of induced molting during the laying period on the economical profit in the
laying hens. Japanese Poultry Science 18(2): 105-119.
Kagoshima Prefectural Poultry Experiment Station, Sendai-shi 895, Japan.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
From the results of previous research (see previous abst.) a management programme was
recommended in which growing pullets were given restricted feed. From an economic
analysis it is recommended that hens should be force-moulted at 80 weeks and replaced at
113 weeks of age. With the recommended feeding programme it is concluded that the
economically-productive life of a hen will be increased by 40% and that the annual profit per
hen will be increased by up to 26%, compared with hens fed to appetite without
force-moulting.
Descriptors: feed intake, hens, moulting, egg production
Lee K; Holiday OR; Petty CE (1981). Effect of force molting regime on economic return
(chickens, egg production). Arkansas farm research - Arkansas Agricultural Experiment
Station 30(2): 11.
NAL Call Number: 100 AR42F
McClelland JW; Wetzstein ME; Noles RK (1989). Dynamic asset replacement decisions to
enhance farm profits. Technical Bulletin, US Department of Agriculture No. 1758, 24pp.
NAL Call Number: 1 Ag84Te no.1758
A model is developed to improve farm profitability by helping farmers determine when to
rejuvenate assets instead of replacing them. The model is especially applicable to recyclable
assets (like breeding stock, producing stock, farm machinery) and when replacement costs are
a significant portion of production costs. In making its rejuvenation/replacement
recommendation, the model considers seasonal fluctuations in net revenue resulting from
price cycles of the farm product. Applied to the Georgia egg industry, the model shows that
force molting hens (temporarily halting egg production) can extend their productive life. A
mixed strategy of asset rejuvenation and replacement can raise profits significantly.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
McDaniel BA; Aske DR (2000). Egg
prices, feed costs, and the decision to molt. Poultry Science
79(9): 1242-1245.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
On April 7, 1998, the United Poultry Concerns filed a petition with the Department of Health
and Human Services of the Food and Drug Administration calling for the elimination of the
practice of forced molting of laying hens in the US. In reaction to this petition, this study
investigated the economic importance of forced molting as a short-term production
management tool for egg producers. The relationship between shell egg prices and feed costs
and the occurrence of forced molting in the five shell egg-pricing regions in the US was
addressed. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether forced molting is used to
slow egg production during periods of falling or low egg prices or periods of high or rising
feed costs. Ordinary least squares was used to test the relationship between the independent
variables (egg, corn, and meal prices) and the dependent variable (percentage of layers in
molt). In four of the five regions, there was a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.05)
between egg prices and the percentage of layers in molt. This analysis suggests that producers
were influenced by current egg prices when making the decision to molt. However, the
relationship between the percentage of layers in molt and corn and meal prices was less clear.
Although a positive relationship between feed prices and molt was found in each region, in
only one region was the relationship statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Descriptors: hens, molting, egg production, agricultural prices, price elasticities, production
costs, maize, soybean oilmeal
Narahari D (2001). Performance of
force-moulted hens. Cheiron 30(5/6): 153-156.
Department of Poultry Science, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai - 600 007, India.
NAL Call Number: SF604 C56
The effects of force-moulting on the subsequent performance of hens and on the cost of
production of eggs were studied. A total of 52 989 commercial hybrid hens were used in this
study. Force-moulting of hybrid layers, by combining feed, water and light restriction at 75
weeks of age, increased egg production by 14.8%. The 13-month pre-moult hen-day egg
production was 79.9%, whereas the 6-month post-moult hen-day egg production was 76.1%.
The post-moult peak egg production was 84.7%. The mortality during pre-moult, moulting
and post-moult periods were 10.8, 3.12 and 5.26%, respectively. The total cost of egg
production was Rs 1.12 during pre-moult; whereas, the post-moult egg production cost was
Rs 1.00 only, leading to a 10.7% reduction in the egg production cost. When pre- and
post-moult egg production periods were combined (20-106 weeks), the egg production cost
was Rs 1.08, with a saving of 3.57%. Based on this study, it is more economical to retain
layers for egg production, until 106 weeks of age after force-moulting at around 75 weeks of
age.
Descriptors: costs, egg production, eggs, hens, laying performance, mortality, moulting,
poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Parlour JW; Halter AN (1970). A study of the economics of force molting in commercial egg
production. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 112, Dec 1970,
74pp.
NAL Call Number: 100 OR3S
Descriptors: decision theory, economic analysis, eggs, risk, management, poultry, t-linear
programming
Sahota AW; Bhatti BM (2001). Effect of feed restriction during growing period on laying
performance of white leghorn hens. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 21(3): 145-147.
Poultry Research Institute, Punjab, Shamsabad Murree Road, Rawalpind, Pakistan
NAL Call Number: SF604 P32
The experiment was conducted to study effect of feed restriction during growing period on
the subsequent performance of commercial White Leghorn (Babcock) layers. Two hundred
and seventy chicks (6-weeks-old) were randomly divided into three equal groups (A, B and
C). The birds in group A were given feed ad libitum (full feeding -FF) while those in groups
B and C maintained on the restricted feeding (RF) were given 10 and 20 % less feed than the
recommended daily feed allowance, respectively from 7 to 9 and 13 to 15 weeks and 20 and
30 percent lesser feed respectively, of the daily allowance from 10 to 12 weeks of age. From
16 weeks onward till 58 weeks of age all the groups were fed ad libitum. The results showed
reduction (P< 0.01) in feed intake and body weight (P<0.05) of pullets and delay in age of
sexual maturity (P<0.01) due to feed restriction. During the laying phase a non-significant
effect of the feed restriction programme on egg production, feed consumption, feed
conversion efficiency (feed/dozen eggs), mortality rate and cost of feed/dozen eggs was
noted. An overall benefit of Rs. 13.54 and 21.54 on RF-I (group B) and RF-II (group C),
respectively, in comparison to that of FF during the growing period reflect on better
economics of feed restriction programme in laying stock under given environmental
conditions.
Descriptors: age at first egg, costs, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake, hens, laying
performance, liveweight, mortality, poultry, pullets, restricted feeding, sexual maturity
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Sharma RR; Mehta RK (1998). Economics of feeding different levels of protein to force moulted
commercial White Leghorn egg laying hens. Indian Journal of Animal Production and
Management 12(3/4): 154-158.
Department of Animal Nutrition and Forages, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
141004, India
NAL Call Number: SF55 I4I53
Experiments were conducted to develop a cost-effective post-moult feeding programme for
hens. 57-week-old commercial White Leghorn hens were force-moulted, divided into 3
groups and fed on diets containing 13 (T1), 15 (T2) or 17% (T3) CP for 32 weeks. Diets
contained maize, deoiled rice bran, deoiled groundnut cake and fish meal. Economics of egg
production in the second year was compared with that in the first year (premoult). Egg
production was 58.3, 63.6 and 63.9% in T1, T2 and T3, respectively; egg size was 53.0, 55.5
and 56.7 g, respectively. Feed intake per egg laid was 207, 187 and 189 g, respectively. Based
on egg production and egg mass, feed cost/egg was lowest in T2. Cost of moulting, which
took into account salvage value, feeding cost during moulting, labour and amortization cost,
was Rs 36.32, 38.98 and 39.44 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Profit/hen for 32 weeks was
greater during the second year; profit/head and moulting profit/head were highest in T2 (Rs
7.93 vs. 2.14 and 4.18 in T2 and T3, respectively). The results suggest that under the
conditions of the present study, maximum profit can be achieved by feeding force-moulted
hens 15% CP.
Descriptors: hens, feeding, costs, egg weight, feed intake, protein intake, economics, egg
production, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Shirasaki K; Kashiwagi S (1987). Effects of restricted feeding during the rearing period and of
induced molting during the laying period on the economical profit in the laying hens.
Japanese Poultry Science 24(6): 336-347.
Kagoshima Prefectural Poultry Experiment Station, Sendai-shi 895, Japan
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Equations are given for computing profits with laying hens fed freely or subjected to feed
restriction and force-moulted at 56, 68, 80 or 96 weeks old or at 56 and 96, or 68 and 96
weeks old.
Descriptors: egg production, feed intake, economics moult
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Smith GS (1990). A stochastic
asset replacement model for regenerative assets. Dissertation
Abstracts International. A, Humanities and Social Sciences 50(10): 3309.
Thesis, University of Georgia, 1989, 112pp., available from University Microfilms, Inc.
Order Number: DA9007699
NAL Call Number: Z5055.U49D5
A dynamic stochastic replacement model for regenerative assets is developed. Numerical
techniques are implemented in estimating the theoretical model for a layer hen application.
The cyclical nature of egg prices is exploited in solving an infinite horizon problem with
dynamic programming procedures. Layer hens and the moulting process are considered
regenerative in nature. Production prices and quantities are stochastic elements in the
objective functional. Parameterization of risk parameters indicates varying levels of force
moulting decisions as well as optimal lengths of production periods. As risk aversion
increases (decreases) decisions to molt a flock, versus straight replacement, increases
(decreases). Sensitivity of the model to stochastic elements of the objective functional is also
explored. Initial solutions, given expectations of prices and quantities, were found to be fairly
robust to random shocks to prices and quantities.
Descriptors: risk, eggs, prices, moulting, poultry farming, hens, replacement, optimization,
stochastic models, dynamic programming, optimization methods
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Swanson MH; Bell DD (1976). Force
molting of chickens. VI. Economics [Costs]. Division of
Agricultural Science, Univ Calif Berkeley Coop Ext Leaflet Number2874: 11pp.
NAL Call Number: S544.3.C2C3
Zeddies J (1981). Economical aspects for inducing force moulting in layers.
[Betriebswirtschaftliche Betrachtungen zur Durchfuhrung der Mauser bei
Legehennen.]
Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 45(4): 158-166.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
Descriptors: hens, egg production, economics, cost benefit analysis, molting
Zeelen HHM (1975). Technical and economic results from forced moulting of laying hens [Eg
g
production costs]. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 31(1): 57-67.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 W89
Zeelen HHM (1973). Technical and economical results of forced moult in layers. [Technisch
e
en
economische resultaten met geforceerde rui bij leghennen.] Bedrijfsontwikkeling 4(7/8):
681-685.
NAL Call Number: S11.B43
25,000 layers were involved in a series of tests on four farms over several years. In one test,
production was compared in hens brought into moult during the 10th four-week laying period
and in untreated controls. Results were converted to a yearly basis. In the two groups
respectively, the number of eggs produced/hen averaged 211.8 and 214.8, egg weight 62.6
and 61.6 g., weight of eggs produced/hen 13.25 and 13.26 kg., and food consumed/kg. eggs
produced 3.09 and 3.07 kg. A similar test involved hens brought into moult in the 10th, 11th
or 12th four-week period and controls. The number of eggs produced/hen averaged 220.7,
221.4, 222.0 and 226.7 respectively, egg weight 63.2, 63.1, 63.3 and 62.2 g., weight of eggs
produced/hen 13.94, 13.96, 14.05 and 14.10 kg., and food consumed/kg. eggs produced, 2.93,
2.92, 2.95 and 2.88 kg.
Descriptors: hens, moulting, induction, laying performance, egg production, egg weight, food
conversion
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Selected Websites
Economics of Alternative Replacement Programs - An Egg Economics Update Number 226 -
April 20, 2000, Cooperative Extension - University of California at Davis
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/Cpl300.htm
Is your current replacement program still the best? An Egg Economics Update Number 178 -
April 19, 1996, Cooperative Extension - University of California at Davis
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/eeu496.pdf
Go Back To:
Management Strategies
NUTRITIONAL AND LIGHTING
MANIPULATIONS
Selected Websites
Agcanas PB (1971). Observation on the effect of forced-molting of single combed White
Leghorn hens due to an abrupt change of feeds. Philippine Journal of Animal Industry
28(1/4): 15-18.
NAL Call Number: 49.9 P53P
Ahmed N; Zia-ur-Rahman; Akram M; Shah TH; Yousaf M (1995). Effect of a new molting
program on productive performance of spent layers under indigenous conditions.
Pakistan Veterinary Journal 15(1): 46-48
Department of Poultry Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
NAL Call Number: SF604 P32
During the 1st week of Dec., 288 Babcock commercial layers were subjected to a newly
developed molting schedule. The fowls had completed their 1st production cycle at 76 weeks
of age. The layers were given full feed and 24.5 h light during a premolt period of 3 days,
along with treatment for helminths and vaccination for infectious bronchitis and Newcastle
disease, and antibiotics during that period. For molting the photoperiod was reduced to 6 h
per day for 7 weeks and the birds were subjected to fasting for 1 week accompanied with
water deprivation for 3 days. This resulted in body weight reduction by about 27.3% with
1.04% mortality during the 1st week. The average hen-day egg production for the 42-week
period was >71% with 89% peak production. The number of eggs laid per hen housed was
207.49 with a marked improvement in egg weight, averaging 63 g.
Descriptors: molting, performance, molt, induction, egg production, tropics
Akram M; Mushtaq-Ul-Hassan M; Farid S; Dar B; Raza NM; Khanum S (2001). Post-moult body
weight and production performance of commercial layers induced to moult under
various nutritional regimes. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 51(2/3 ): 163-170.
Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V6447
The experiment was carried out on 288 commercial (White Leghorn) laying hens available at
the age of 71 weeks. Birds were randomly divided into 18 experimental units comprising of
16 birds each. These experimental units were randomly allotted to 6 treatment groups
designated as A, B, C, D, E, and F with 3 replications each. All groups were given a
pre-moult treatment of vaccination and medication prior to subjecting them to the moulting
schedule. Group A was maintained as a control. During the post-moult period, each bird was
offered 110 g/day layer mash. Post-moult hen-day production (%), egg mass and feed
efficiency (per kg egg mass basis) varied significantly between moulted and non-moulted
birds. Less body weight was gained by the birds which were served with restricted feed (1.71
plus or minus 0.11) and corn (1.74 plus or minus 0.15) during the molt. The highest hen-day
production (%) (82.87 plus or minus 6.89) and greatest feed efficiency (either per dozen eggs;
1.52 plus or minus 0.13 or per kg egg mass; 2.02 plus or minus 0.22) were noted in the birds
which were fed with corn during the moult. Maximum egg weight (65.38 plus or minus 6.18)
and feed consumption (743.24 plus or minus 30.50) were recorded in the birds offered with
ration No. 3 during the moult.
Descriptors: body weight, egg mass, egg production, eggs, feed conversion, feed intake,
feeding, hens, maize, moult, moulting, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Bai Y; Sunde ML; Cook ME (1994). Egg production of laying hens before and after
force-molting is not correlated. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3(2): 127-132.
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
NAL Call Number: SF481.J68
Descriptors: hens, laying performance, molting, fasting, restricted feeding, refeeding,
duration, oats, hen feeding, selection criteria
Baker M; Brake J (1981). Relationship of body weight loss during a forced molt of commercial
layers to optimum postmolt performance. Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama,
Agricultural Experiment Station 28(2): 16.
NAL Call Number: 100 AL1H
Baker M; Brake J; McDaniel GR (1983). The relationship between body weight loss during an
induced molt and postmolt egg production, egg weight, and shell quality in caged
layers. Poultry Science 62(3): 409-413.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Two trials were conducted to determine the relationship between percent body weight loss (%
BWL) during an induced molt and postmolt performance. The molt was induced by fasting
and photoperiod manipulation. Four groups with 24, 27, 31, or 35% BWL (Trial 1) or 20, 25,
30, or 35% BWL (Trial 2) were utilized in each trial. Performance was evaluated on the basis
of 24 weeks of egg production and determinations of egg weight (EW), specific gravity (SG),
and shell weight (SW) conducted during Weeks 8 (Trial 2 only), 18, and 24 following the
removal of feed. The 27 and 31% BWL groups of Trial 1 and the 30 and 35% BWL groups of
Trial 2 produced significantly more eggs per hen housed than the remaining treatments in
their respective trial. Differences in SG and SW at the end of the trial were most pronounced
in Trial 1 where the 27 and 21% BWL groups exhibited significantly greater SG and SW at
Week 24 than did the 24 or 35% BWL groups. No significant differences occurred for SG at
Week 24 of Trial 2, but the 35% BWL group exhibited significantly improved SW when
compared to the 25% BWL group with the remaining groups intermediate. The EW was
greatest for the 31% BWL and least for the 35% BWL group at 24 weeks in Trial 1 but did
not differ in Trial 2. It was concluded that a body weight loss of approximately 27 to 31%
produced optimum postmolt performance.
Descriptors: *Body Weight; *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Oviposition; Egg Shell; Eggs;
Housing, Animal
Baloch WA;
Suzuki H; Onoue Y (2000). Effect of
different fasting and feeding regimes on body
weight and productive performance of layers after first induced molt. Pakistan Journal
of Zoology 32(3): 275-277.
Department of Freshwater Biology and Fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
NAL
Call Number: QL1 P3
One hundred and eighty commercial (Babcock) hens, 108 weeks old, after the completion of
the first production cycle were kept in 18 experimental units comprising ten birds each. The
18 experimental units were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups comprising 3 starvation
X 2 feeding regimes in a factorial arrangement with 3 replicates. Groups A, B and C were
starved for five, ten and 15 days, respectively. Two feeding regimes, feeding daily (groups
AD, BD and CD) and on alternate days (groups AE, BE and CE) were carried out for ten days
following each starvation regime. The results showed that the group of birds starved for 15
days with alternate day feeding maintained relatively less mean weight (1.51 kg) leading to
significantly higher weekly egg number (4.82), egg mass (290.30 g), hen-day production
(68.88), and better feed efficiency in terms of feed intake per dozen eggs (1.98) and per kg
egg mass (2.75). However, egg weight showed no significant differences in relation to
starvation or feeding regime.
Descriptors: body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion efficiency, feed
intake, feeding, feeding frequency, fowl feeding, management, poultry, starvation
Bar A; Razaphkovsky V; Wax E; Malka Y (2001). Effect of age at molting on postmolting
performance. Poultry Science 80(7): 874-878.
Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet
Dagan, Israel. ariebar@agri.gov.il
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Molt was induced at the 431, 501, or 571 d, in Lohmann (L) and Hy-Line W-77 (H) hens, by
8 or 14 d, respectively, of feed withdrawal followed by a rest period of 16 d. Induced molt
resulted in increases in egg production, numbers of intact eggs, egg mass per housed or
surviving hen, and shell quality and in decreases in egg breakage (not significant), mortality,
and culling. Egg weight was only slightly affected by molt, and the EW of hens induced to
molt at 431 or 501 d of age were slightly lower than those of the unmolted hens or of those
induced to molt at 571 d. Both strains reacted similarly to molt, although the L hens
responded better, and expressed their responses more intensively when induced to molt
earlier (431 d). This finding suggests that although different breeds have some effects of molt
in common, molt protocols should be finely tuned for each breed. Total intact egg production
and egg mass of the molted hens became higher than those of the unmolted hens at 650 to
728 d, which suggests that no benefit would be achieved by rearing molted hens for less than
700 to 730 d.
Descriptors: hens, molting, age, performance, age differences, feed rations, food restriction,
egg production, fecundity, egg shell quality, mortality, culling, egg weight, egg mass
Bell D; Kuney D (1984). A
comparison of force molting methods. IV. Progress in Poultry
“Through Research.” June (27): 6 p.
University of California: Cooperative Extension, University of California.
NAL Call Number: SF487.8.C2P76
Descriptors: hens, molting, strain differences
Bell D; Kuney D (1979). A
comparison of force molting methods. II. Progress in Poultry
“Through Research.” Feb (15): 11 p.
University of California : Cooperative Extension, University of California.
NAL Call Number: SF487.8.C2P76
Descriptors: hens, molting, laying performance, diet
Bell D; Swanson M; Kuney D (1980). A comparison of force molting methods. III Progress in
Poultry “Through Research.” May (21): 6 p.
University of California: Cooperative Extension, University of California.
NAL Call Number: SF487.8.C2P76
Descriptors: hens, molting, laying performance
Bell D (1991). Ten versus
fourteen day fasting with and without molt feed. Poultry Adviser
24(12): 59-61.
University of California, Riverside, USA.
NAL Call Number: SF481 P622
White Leghorns of 6 different strains were fed in 4, 28- to 40-week experiments of 10 or 14-
days starvation followed by 18 days of diets containing cracked milo (sorghum) or fed
immediately on mash diets. Body weight was decreased by 24.5 and 28.8% with 10 and 14
days starvation, respectively. 14 days starvation and 18 days of milo feeding gave the highest
hen day egg production (60.9%), increased feed conversion efficiency, decreased mortality
and gave favourable shell smoothness and thickness compared to the other treatments.
Bessarabov BF; Zhavoronkova LD; Kuznetsov VS; Gorbachev EP (1973).The use of artificial
moulting in commercial poultry production. [Ispol'zovanie metoda iskusstvennoi lin'ki
kur v promyshlennom ptitsevodstve.] Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov. Moskovskaya
Veterinarnaya Akademiya No. 71: 131-132.
In a flock of 6000 Katman-63 White Leghorns, aged 552 days, moulting was induced by 3
days of starvation and withholding of water, followed by gradual re-introduction of normal
feeding, and restriction of light to 8 h/day, followed after 1 mth by an increase of ½ h light
daily until the daily photoperiod reached 16 h. Laying had ceased entirely 5 days after the
beginning of starvation, and started again on the 20th day. 50% egg production was reached
on day 60. At 620 days of age, egg production percentage was 62 v 30 prior to the moult. Egg
weight at 620 days of age in moulted birds was 11.2% greater than that of 16-mth-old,
unmoulted birds.
Descriptors: moult, induction, egg production, egg weight
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Brake J; Thaxton P; Garlich J D; Sherwood DH (1979). Comparison of fortified ground corn and
pullet grower feeding regimes during a forced molt on subsequent layer performance.
Poultry Science 58(4): 785-790.
Poultry Science Dep., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27650, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The 160 Hyline W-36 and 3000 Shaver 288 Single-Comb White Leghorn hens were
force-molted. Then for 18 days they received ground maize fortified with minerals and
vitamins or growing feed for pullets. Performance was measured during the molt and for 5 or
6 periods of 28 days afterwards. Hens given the growing feed began to lay earlier than hens
given maize, and reached peak production 4 weeks earlier. They produced more eggs of the
same size and shell quality, with better feed utilization and mortality rate than the group
given maize. 17 ref.
Descriptors: hen feeding, complete feeds
Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL (1994). Evaluation of molt induction to body weight loss of fiftee
n,
twenty, or twenty-five percent by feed removal, daily limited, or alternate-day feeding
of a molt feed. Poultry Science 73(10): 1499-1510.
Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Postmolt egg production variables were compared among hens induced into molt by feed
removal, by limited daily feeding of a low-density and low-energy molt feed at 22.8 g per
hen, or by limited alternate-day feeding at 45.5 g per hen, until approximate body weight loss
of 15, 20, and 25% was obtained. Hens were housed two per cage (25.4 x 45.7 cm) in a house
of environmental design, and photoperiod was reduced to 8 h during the 28-d molt period.
When target body weight loss was obtained, packed cell volume was determined and hens
were maintained on 45.5 g/d of 1.2% calcium prelay feed through the 28-d molt period. Egg
production and mortality were recorded daily; egg weight, egg specific gravity, body weight,
and feed intake were recorded at 4-wk intervals postmolt. Packed cell volume of hens molted
by feed removal (36.4%) was higher (P < .01) than that of alternate-day (34.1%) or daily
limited (33.6%) hens. Hens that lost 25% of their body weight had higher packed cell volume
(36.3%) than hens that had body weight loss of 20% (34.4%) or hens that lost 15% (33.4%).
Postmolt mortality and egg production were not different (P > .05) as a result of molt
induction method or percentage body weight loss. At the 4th wk postmolt, body weights were
50 and 57 g heavier for hens that had lost 15% body weight than those that lost 25 or 20%,
respectively, and egg production was negatively linearly related to body weight loss. From
the 8th to the 28th wk postmolt, within 4-wk periods, molt induction method or percentage
body weight loss did not affect feed consumption (91.8 to 103.9 g), egg weight (66.0 to 66.2
g), egg specific gravity (1.0823 to 1.0831), or body weight (1,634 to 1,788 g).
Descriptors: hens, molting, weight losses, body weight, hematocrit, egg production, feed
intake, fasting, mortality
Camiruaga LM (1977). El ave de
postura. Pro y contra de la pelecha forzada [The laying hen.
The pros and cons of forced molting]. Journal: Campesino 108(12): 26-33.
Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago
NAL Call Number: 9.3 So12
Castanon F; Leeper RW; Parsons CM (1990). Evaluation of corn gluten feed in the diets of
laying
hens. Poultry Science 69(1): 90-97.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The use of corn gluten feed (CGF) in the diets of laying hens and in induced molting
programs was investigated through four experiments. The first two experiments evaluated the
effects of CGF on egg production from 23 to 56 or from 32 to 65 wk of age. Graded levels of
CGF from 0 to 25% were added to a corn-soybean meal, control diet (16.5% CP) in a
nonisocaloric and an isocaloric manner. The ratio for dietary MEn:protein was held constant
in some diets, but varied in others. The nonisocaloric inclusion of up to 25% CGF did not
negatively affect egg production in either experiment. When 25% CGF was fed to the 32 wk
old hens, egg weight was decreased. Egg weight was also decreased when 10% CGF or
higher levels were fed to the younger hens. The nonisocaloric addition of CGF also increased
feed intake and decreased feed efficiency (gram of egg per gram of feed) in most cases.
Isocaloric inclusion of 15% CGF did not affect egg-production parameters, but 25% CGF
negatively affected most parameters. When the ratio for MEn:protein of the CGF diets was
equal to that of the control diet, 25% CGF negatively affected most parameters, 17.5% CGF
decreased egg weight and feed efficiency, and 10% CGF increased egg production. Feed
intake was increased at all of the CGF levels. Two additional experiments evaluated CGF in
programs for induced molting. The molting procedure involved feed withdrawal for 10 days
followed by feeding molt diets consisting of 99.75% corn, 99.75% CGF, 49.75% corn:50%
CGF, or two grower-type diets for pullets (15% CP) containing 25% CGF or 18.5% wheat
bran. The two grower-type diets for pullets yielded similar and significantly greater postmolt
gains in body weight and early postmolt egg production (3 wk) than did the other diets. The
corn:CGF diet also yielded greater postmolt weight gains and early postmolt egg production
than the 100% corn or 100% CGF diets. Long-term postmolt egg production (30 or 37 wk)
was not affected by the molt diets.
Descriptors: *Animal Feed; *Animal Nutrition; *Chickens--physiology--PH;
*Gluten--administration and dosage--AD ; Chickens--growth and development--GD; Corn;
Oviposition
Cave NAG (1983). Effect of
duration of induced-molting period on broiler breeder hens.
Poultry Science 62(7): 1398.
Agriculture Canada, Centre for Animal Research, Ottawa KLA 0C6, Ontario, Canada
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Christmas RB (1987). Short rests versus long molt of laying hens. Proceedings
of
the ... Florida
Poultry Institute (46th): 42-52.
University of Florida, Chipley, FL
NAL Call Number: SF481.2.F56
Descriptors: hens, eggs, egg production, molt, rest, specific gravity, laying performance
Christmas RB (1986). Recent force
resting procedures for laying hens. Poultry Adviser 19(11):
27-34.
Poultry Science Dep., Univ. Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
NAL
Call Number: SF481 P622
Laying hens are force-rested one or
more times during their productive life in order to improve egg-shell
quality, egg production and cash flow. Force-resting includes starvation
for 7 to 10 days with or without water for 1 day. Starvation is followed
by feeding on a low-protein, low-calcium diet until egg production is
resumed. Literature on force-resting of layers is reviewed.
Descriptors: egg shell quality; egg
production, force resting
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1984). The subsequent performance of hens subjected to standard o
r
short 4 day force rest methods. Poultry Science 63(SUPPL. 1): 79-80.
Dep. Poultry Sci., Univ. Fla., Gainesville, FL 32611.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1983). The performance of four strains of laying hens subjected to various
postrest combinations of calcium and phosphorus after forced rest in
winter or summer. Poultry Science 62(9):
1816-1822.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Four strains of laying hens, including one brown egg strain, were
force-rested in February at approximately 62 weeks of age. Hens from the
same four strains, which were the same age, were also force-tested under
similar conditions during August of the same year. In each of the two
trials, a total of 2300 hens were housed at the rate of two per 25.4 x
45.7-cm cage. The resting procedure for both studies included feed
withdrawal for 9 or 10 days followed by feeding a 8.6% protein diet for 25
days. Water was supplied at all times. After the 35-day resting period,
the hens were assigned to four calcium and phosphorus combinations, which
varied from the duplication of a first-year pullet phase feeding program
to the feeding of a final phase type diet for the entire postrest
production period. Nutrient level within each dietary system was adjusted
periodically based on daily feed intake. Strain performance differences
were observed in both seasons. Rate of return to production and postrest
production rates were similar to the patterns observed within the
respective strain's performance during the pullet year. This was noted in
both studies. Relative strain production performance, however, when
compared to the other strains, was not consistent between the two rest
seasons. There was no difference in performance due to calcium and
phosphorus treatment utilized in either postrest production
season.
Descriptors: *Calcium Phosphates--administration and dosage--AD;
*Calcium, Dietary --administration and dosage--AD;
*Chickens--physiology--PH; *Oviposition ; Body Weight;
Chickens--genetics--GE; Seasons
CAS Registry No.: 0 (Calcium, Dietary); 10103-46-5 (calcium phosphate)
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1983). The effect of protein level during force-rest recovery on the
performance of winter or spring rested laying hens. Poultry Science 62(7): 1403.
University of Florida, Dept of Poultry Science, Gainesville, Florida 32611
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1983). Performance of laying hens subjected to various nutritiona
l
systems after force-rest in the winter or summer. Poultry Science 62 (7): 1402.
University of Florida, Dept of Poultry Science, Gainesville, Florida 32611
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1983). Subsequent post-rest performance of laying hens as affecte
d
by water restriction at 2 different times during the force rest period. Poultry Science
62(7): 1341.
University of Florida, Dept of Poultry Science, Gainesville, Florida 32611
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1983). The postrest performance of laying hens subjected to early or
late water restriction during the feed withdrawal period (Force-rest). Poultry Science
62(12): 2489-2491.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1983). The performance of four strains of laying hens subjected t
o
various postrest combinations of calcium and phosphorous after forced rest in winter or
summer (Metabolism and nutrition). Poultry Science 62(9): 1816-1822.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Christmas RB; Harms RH (1982). The effect of various post molt nutritional systems on the
performance of 4 strains of laying hens force molted in the winter or the summer.
Poultry Science 61(7): 1438.
Univ. Florida, Dep. Poultry Sci., Gainesville, Florida
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: protein, diet, feed withdrawal, egg production
Christmas RB; Harms RH; Junqueira OM (1985). Performance of Single Comb White Leghorn hens
subjected to 4 or 10-day feed withdrawal force rest procedures.
Poultry Science 64(12): 2321-2324.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens,
laying performance, molting, egg shell quality, rest,
fasting
El-Beeli MYM; El-Zubeir EA (1991). Feeding whole-grain sorghum (Feteraitea) as a resting
agent in egg-type breeder hens. Sudan Journal of Animal Production 4(2): 121-131.
Institute of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan.
Use of whole-grain sorghum to induce moulting in egg-type breeder hens and whether forced
moulting techniques would have beneficial effects on reproductive performance were studied.
Hens in 5 groups were fed on a control diet of ground sorghum 600, wheat bran 160, sesame
meal 50, groundnut meal 50, fish meal 50, oyster shell 80 and NaCl 5 g/kg, or that diet plus
zinc oxide 25 or potassium iodide 6.58 g/kg, or the control diet devoid of oyster shell or
made up entirely of whole-grain sorghum. During the first 28 days of the trial, all hens
received the control diet, and then for 21 weeks they were fed on each of the 5 group-diets.
With the high-Zn, high-iodine, low-calcium and whole-grain sorghum diets, the number of
days it took the hens to achieve minimum egg production was 20, 17, 70 and 26 days,
respectively, and average daily feed intake was 59.1, 84.4, 58.9 and 90.0 g. During the 2nd
phase of laying from 73 to 97 weeks old, percentage hen-day egg yield was 48.2, 38.5, 41.0,
47.8 and 38.4, in the 5-group order. Percentage mortality was 8.3, 15.9, 8.0, 8.0 and 9.4.
There were no significant differences between groups in mean egg weight or Haugh units.
Egg shell thickness was 0.048, 0.054, 0.052, 0.0511 and 0.053 cm; percentage egg fertility,
66.5, 74.3, 60.1, 56.9 and 81.6; and percentage hatchability, 71.7, 70.8, 60.3, 63.9 and 61.5. It
was concluded that whole-grain sorghum can be used successfully to induce molting in
egg-type breeder hens.
Descriptors: hen feeding, moulting, egg fertility, egg hatchability, zinc, iodine, supplements,
hens
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Embleton H; Hinds H B (1941). Poultry feeding experiments / by H. Embleton; Molting and
housing experiments / by H.B. Hinds. Bulletin / University of Arizona, College of
Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station no. 177: 331-365.
University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona
NAL Call Number: 100 Ar4 no.177
Descriptors: poultry, Arizona, feeding and feeds, feed utilization efficiency, housing, molting
Emeash HH; Attia MZ (1998). Performance and behavioural characters of layers as influence
d
by forced molt. Proceedings of the Fifth conference of the Egyptian Veterinary Poultry
Association, p. 217-233
Cairo Univ., Beni-Suef (Egypt). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine)
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, forced molting, laying performance, blood
composition, age, cages, egg production, behaviour , animal housing, animal husbandry
methods, animal performance, animal production, birds, blood, chickens, domestic animals,
galliformes, livestock, poultry, production
Escalante Cruz RE; Herrera Crespo JA; Lozano Torres MN; Oliveros Carballosa OO (1993).
Evaluation of two systems of induced molting in commercial White Leghorn laying
hens. [Evaluacion de dos sistemas de muda forzada en la ponedora comercial Leghorn
blanca.] Revista de Produccion Animal, Cuba 7(3): 105-108.
Combinado Avicola Nacional, Camaguey, Cuba.
32,512 hens were deprived of water for 3 days and of food for 7 days (group 1), and 70,500
hens were deprived of water for 3 days and of food for 10 days (group 2). After treatment, the
egg production was 50.6 and 50.3% respectively for hens in the 2 groups, egg production per
hen averaged 157.2 and 153.6 respectively, food intake per kg eggs 2.32 and 2.44 kg, and the
percentage of normal eggs was 96.1 and 96.0. All differences between groups were
non-significant, but the 10-day fast produced a significant saving in feeding costs compared
with the 7-day fast. Mortality was <2% in both groups.
Descriptors: hens, profitability, restricted feeding, molting, induction, egg production, feed
conversion efficiency, mortality, tropics, laying performance
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Farran MT; Dakessian PB; Darwish AH; Uwayjan MG; Dbouk HK; Sleiman FT; Ashkarian VM
(2001). Performance of broilers and production and egg quality parameters of laying
hens fed 60% raw or treated common vetch (Vicia sativa) seeds. Poultry Science 80(2):
203-208.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of feeding 60% untreated (U) or coarsely
ground treated vetch (V) seeds on performance of broilers and laying hens. In Experiment 1,
the V seeds were soaked in 1% NaHCO3 (1:10) or in 1% acetic acid (1:5) at room
temperature for 24 h (RTAA). Birds on the NaHCO3-treated V diet had 100% mortality rate
but had significantly longer survival time than those on UV (14.9 vs 5.1 d). Birds on
RTAA-V survived and had similar BW and feed conversion but greater kidney size than
those of the controls at 7 wk of age (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, control, UV, V soaked in
water at 40 C (40WV), RTAA-V, and V soaked in acetic acid at 40 C (40AAV) diets were
fed to laying hens for 84 d. The ground seeds in RTAA-V and 40AAV were soaked in acetic
acid (1:10) at room temperature or at 40 C, respectively, for 24 h. For 40WV, the seeds were
soaked in water (1:10) at 40 C for 72 h with a water change every 12 h. The UV-fed hens
ceased egg production within 14 d and had the highest BW loss and the lowest feed intake
among all treatments (P < 0.05). The 40WV and 40AAV significantly improved these
criteria. Moreover, the RTAA-V resulted in performance comparable to that of the controls.
Eggs produced by hens on treated V diets had similar weight but higher Haugh unit score (11
points), thinner shell, and lower yolk color score than those of the controls (P < 0.05). Results
indicated that RTAA-V at 60% dietary level was not detrimental to broilers and laying hens.
Descriptors: broilers, hens, vetch, vicia sativa, seeds, chemical treatment, sodium
bicarbonate, acetic acid, detoxification, poisoning, mortality, liveweight gain, feeds, feed
conversion, dressing percentage, feed intake, molting, laying performance, egg weight, egg
quality, egg shell thickness
Fedorchenko NG; Bololepov VI (1978). Artificial induction of moulting in hens and its use in
reducing mortality from disease. [Kotsenke metodov iskusstvennoi lin'ki kur.]
Veterinariya, Moscow, USSR (No. 10): 86-87.
Laboratoriya po Boleznei Molodnyaka Zhivotnykh, Ministerstvo Sel'skogo Khozyaistva,
Moscow, USSR.
During artificial moult induction by restricted drinking, feeding and lighting regimes
(conventional) the main cause of losses was leukosis (40%). With administration of an
anabolic, losses were due mainly to diseases of the egg-forming organs (71.5%). With I/m
injection of 1-2.5% oily solution of progesterone, losses occurred from leukosis, diseases of
the egg-forming organs, hepatitis and visceral gout. Total losses by the three methods were
(respectively) 1.7% of 596 birds, 2.25% of 301, and 1.4% of 294 birds. Other losses were due
to cannibalism, pneumonia and colibacteriosis (first method) and enteritis (second method).
The first method may be included in control measures for leukosis and other diseases in a
breeding flock.
Descriptors: progesterone, anabolics, moulting, hens, poultry, moult, induction, mortality,
poultry diseases
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Fratila SO; Nedelescu P (1981).Technique of forced molting in layer hens. [Contributii la
tehnica napirlirii fortate a gainilor ouatoare.] Revista de Cresterea Animalelor 31(10):
19-23.
NAL Call Number: 49 P943
Descriptors: hens, feathers, molting
Garcia EA; Mendes AA; Curi PR; Pinto MCL; Silva ABP da; Poiatti ML (1996). An evaluation
of
performance and egg quality of semi-heavy laying hens submitted to induced molt and
fed low energy rations during different periods. [Parametros productivos e qualidade
dos ovos de poedeiras semipesadas, alimentadas com racao de baixa densidade por
diferentes periodos durante a muda forcada.] Veterinaria e Zootecnia 8: 75-84.
Departamento de Producao e Exploracao Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e
Zootecnia, UNESP, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
NAL Call Number: SF604 V466
Descriptors: fowl feeding, egg production, performance, egg quality, hens, molting, energy
deprivation, feeds, poultry
Garlich JD; Anderson KE; Brake J (1995). Molt induction by fasting: Effects of vitamin and
electrolyte supplementation in the drinking water. Poultry Science 74(Suppl. 1): 190.
Dep. Poultry Science., N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, North Carolina
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: chickens, hens, erythrocyte biochemistry
Garlich JD; Parkhurst CR (1982). Increased egg production by calcium supplementation duri
ng
the initial fasting period of a forced molt (Laying hens). Poultry Science 61(5): 955-961.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Gerry RW (1979). The effect of
forced molting (resting) on the performance of chickens laying
brown eggs. Bulletin, Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Maine
May, Bulletin #755, 19 pp.
NAL Call Number: 100-M28S-1
The results of a series of experiments designed to study the effects of periodic forced molting
(by withdrawal of feed and/or water and manipulation of the lighting pattern) on the
performance of medium-weight hens, (including breeders) laying brown eggs are reported.
The study involved 2 types of birds, 2 experiments of 2 trials each, 2 laying years/trial, 2
types of housing (floors and cages) and several replicates of each treatment in each trial. All
of the molting techniques reported caused the birds to cease egg production rapidly and did
not cause excessive feather loss. The speed at which birds returned to production depended
on the treatment received after the molt, but there appeared to be no advantage to prolonging
the rest period. Egg production and feed efficiency over 2 years were not consistently
improved although some improvement in egg production was usually observed following the
molt. This varied from 10% among birds molted after 12 months of lay to no improvement
among birds which had been subjected to a third molt after 18 months of lay. Greater
mortality occurred during the first year of the 2-year trials and mortality tended to be less
among birds which were molted more often. Treatment had little or no effect on egg weights
but improved shell thickness in the second experiment. Interior egg quality, measured in
Haugh units, improved after nearly every molt. The performance of force-molted breeding
hens was similar and fertility and hatchability after recovery from the molt were similar to
those from control hens.
Descriptors: egg production, forced molting
Gulyamov KKH; Komilov DK; Chugunkin DN; Akhmadov T (1977). Productivity, respiratory
gas exchange and heat production in hens force-moulted by different regimes of
starvation and water availability in a hot climate. [Produktivnost' I gazoenergeticheskii
obmen u kur-nesushek, podvergnutykh lin-ke pri razlichnom rezhime golodaniya I
dostupa k vode v usloviyakh zharkogo klimata.] Zhivotnovodstva 9: 139-148.
Tematicheskii Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov. Tadzhikskii Nauchno-Issledovatel' skii Institut
NAL Call Number: 49 Z6
In the experiment, groups 1-4, each of 1840 line 18 Katman crossbred fowls weighing, on
average, 1272-1548 g before the experiment, were force-moulted by withdrawing food for 5,
8, 10 and 12 days resp., after which ad lib. feeding was progressively reintroduced over a
6-day period. Two subgroups of each group were, resp., (a) deprived of water for 3 days at
the start of the experiment, and (b) given water ad lib. Egg production traits were recorded for
212 days after starvation. For the 8 subgroups resp. (i.e. 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, etc.), egg weight
averaged 60.1, 60.1, 60.5, 59.5, 59.8, 60.2, 60.9 and 59.9 g v 58.6 for all hens before the
forced molt, shape index 1.38, 1.38, 1.40, 1.38, 1.38, 1.38, 1.40 and 1.38 v 1.36, egg sp. gr.
1.081, 1.078, 1.081, 1.081, 1.079, 1.081, 1.079 and 1.082 v 1.068, percentage of albumen in
the egg 52.77, 52.33, 51.58, 52.43, 52.49, 53.01, 52.86 and 52.62 v 58.56, percentage of yolk
36.06, 36.33, 36.90, 37.06, 36.36, 36.72, 35.90 and 36.10 v 31.39, shell thickness 327, 329,
336, 341, 336, 334, 337 and 335 v 309 mu , albumen index 0.086, 0.086, 0.085, 0.086, 0.086,
0.086, 0.084 and 0.085 v 0.086, yolk index 0.431, 0.426, 0.428, 0.423, 0.426, 0.426, 0.422
and 0.429 v 0.418, percentage of hens culled 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 5.6, 5.3, 5.1, 5.4 and 5.7 v 2.3,
number of eggs laid during the experiment 84.08, 87.34, 87.80, 91.27, 83.61, 83.52, 89.82
and 97.27, and weight of food consumed/kg eggs laid 4.14, 3.96, 3.90, 3.76, 4.19, 4.01, 3.84
and 3.47 v 6.16 kg.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance, nutrition, food restriction, water
deprivation
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Gupta JJ; Singh KS (1987). Force
molting by nutritional manipulation. Indian Journal of Poultry
Science : Official Journal of the Indian Poultry Science Association. 22(3): 221-222.
ICAR Research Complex, Bishnupur, Shillong
NAL Call Number: SF481.I5
Descriptors: hen feeding, molting, egg production
Harms RH (1983). The relationship
of molted primaries of commercial layers to first egg after
molt. Poultry Science 62(6): 1123-1124.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The number of primary feathers molted was observed when hens were force molted in two
separate experiments. The number of days required for the hens to return to production was
directly related ® = .98, Experiment 2) to the number of primary feathers molted.
Descriptors: *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Oviposition ; Dietary Proteins--administration and
dosage--AD; Feathers--physiology--PH
Harms RH (1983). Influence of protein level in the resting diet upon performance of force
rested hens. Poultry Science 62(2): 273-276.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Hassanein EI; Awadallah SA; Ismail EY; Zahran KA (1985). Induction of forced molting in
Isa-Brown layers by continuous food deprivation. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary
Science 1(2): 93-102.
Zagazig Univ., Egypt, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Descriptors in English: chickens, weight, forced molting, laying performance, feed
conversion efficiency, starvation, biological development, birds, digestibility, domestic
animals, domesticated birds, feeding, galliformes, livestock, molting, nutritive value,
performance, poultry, quality, useful animals
Hembree DJ; Adams AW; Craig JV (1980). Effects of force-molting by conventional and
experimental light restriction methods on performance and agonistic behavior of hens.
Poultry Science 59(2): 215-223.
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
White Leghorn females , aged 68 wk, were subjected to a stress period (no feed and 8-h light
per day for 10 days) followed by a period when they were fed ground corn and given 8-h light
per day for 18 days, or were given the same treatment except that the ground corn was
supplemented with cystine, glycine, serine and threonine. White Leghorns not subjected to
forced molting served as controls. During the molting period, the percentage hen-day
production was 4.9 and 56.2 (P<0.05) for force-molted and control hens resp. The
corresponding percentages during the first 28 days after molting were approx. 24 and 50
(P<0.05), and during 140 days after molting they were approx. 57 and 56.2 (P<0.05). In a 2nd
experiment, White Leghorn females induced to molt by a regime of cracked corn and no light
for 10 days produced heavier eggs (P<0.05) after molting than hens induced to molt by
starvation and 8-h light per day.
Descriptors: molt, induction, laying performance, light, egg production, restriction, molt
induction, force molting
Hembree DJ; Adams AW; Craig JV (1978). Effects of light restriction and amino acid
supplementation on performance and agonistic behavior of forced-molted hens. Poultry
Science 57(4): 1143-1144.
Dep. Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hen feeding, amino acids, egg production, lighting
Herrick RB; Ross E (1986). Intermittent and low-intensity lighting for force-molted layin
g
hens.
Research series - Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Hitahr College of Tropical
Agriculture and Human Resources. July, No. 049: 10 p.
Manoa : Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station.
NAL Call Number: S539.5.R43
Descriptors: hens, molting, lighting, hen feeding, egg production, strain differences
Hill AT; Richards JF (1975). Effects of limited watering time on the performance of cage
d
pullets and hens. Poultry Science 54(5): 1704-1706.
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, V0M 1A0, Canada.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
In 3 trials with a total of 640 pullets and 592 year-old hens, all Leghorns, some had water
freely and others were offered it for 5 equally spaced periods daily, each of 25 min. For
pullets, water restriction had no significant effect on egg production, feed conversion or
mortality. For hens, it improved feed conversion significantly. In the second year of life, total
number of eggs rose significantly when water was restricted immediately after the forced
moult. Restriction had no effect on egg weight or the proportion of egg white solids or yolk
solids.
Descriptors: hens, feed conversion efficiency, egg production, water restriction
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Hurwitz S; Bornstein S; Lev Y (1975). Some responses of laying hens to induced arrest of egg
production. Poultry Science 54(2): 415-22.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Arrest of egg production was induced by forced-molt (artificial light deprivation and feed
deprivation for 10 days followed by 20 days of grain only) and by low-calcium regime in one
experiment, and by Nicarbazin in another. Post-arrest production and shell quality
significantly surpassed the control in the force-molt but not in the low-Ca treatment. At the
onset of production, following the pause, egg weight and shell weight per unit of surface area
rapidly increased up to the 9-10th egg. In the second trial, feed intake declined in about one
week after the arrest in egg production to a non-layer level. During this week, body weight
increased. However, despite the increase in feed intake after the onset of production,
pre-arrest levels were not obtained even after 11 days, resulting in a loss of body weight. The
separation of flock production into its components, rate of production of the layers, and the
proportion of layers in the flock, is proposed.
Descriptors: *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Oviposition ; Animal Feed; Body Weight;
Calcium, Dietary--administration and dosage--AD; Calcium, Dietary--metabolism--ME;
Cereals; Chickens--metabolism--ME; Dietary Proteins--metabolism--ME; Egg Shell; Eggs;
Fasting; Light; Nicarbazin--pharmacology--PD; Phosphates--administration and dosage--AD;
Phosphates--metabolism--ME
Hurwitz S; Wax E; Nisenbaum Y; Plavnik I (1995). Responses of laying hens to forced molt
procedures of variable length with or without light restriction. Poultry Science 74(11):
1745-1753.
Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The importance of the length of the rest period and of photoperiod as components of the
forced molt procedure was evaluated in 650- and 560-d-old Lohman hens. The procedure
included an 8-d feed withdrawal phase and rest periods varying from 0 to 35 d, during which
the birds were fed for maintenance only. In the first trial, forced molt was applied with or
without omission of artificial illumination. The rest period varied between 2 and 20 d. In the
second trial, all treatments included omission of artificial illumination, and a variable rest
period between 0 and 35 d. Egg production ceased, after 4 to 5 d of feed withdrawal and
resumed 8 to 15 d after the end of the rest period, without any consistent response to its
length. Forced molt stimulated egg production rate and diminished its age-dependent rate of
decline, reduced the proportion of broken and shell-less eggs, and improved shell quality.
Following wide oscillations proportional to the length of the rest period, egg weight
stabilized at levels similar to that of the unmolted controls. Feed intake was stimulated by
forced molt to levels exceeding those of the control hens. Body weight increased during the
postmolt period to levels slightly exceeding those of unmolted controls. Results of one trial
show that omission of artificial illumination was essential for the full expression of the molt
responses. In the other trial, production rate and shell quality were improved and the
percentage of broken eggs was reduced when the length of the rest period was increased.
Maximal improvements appears to have been reached with rests periods of 14 to 21 d.
Descriptors: hens, molting, fasting, restricted feeding, duration, laying performance, egg
shell quality, body weight, light regime, feed intake, unrestricted feeding, egg weight, egg
shell defects, broken eggs
Hurwitz S; Wax E; Nisenbaum Y; Ben-Moshe M; Plavnik I (1998).
The response of laying hens to
induced molt as affected by strain and age. Poultry Science 77(1): 22-31.
Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Molt was induced in 502-d-old Lohmann, Hy-Line W-77, Yafa, and Yarkon strains of laying
hens (Experiment 1), and at different ages during the 1st yr of production in the Lohmann
strain (Experiment 2). The induced molt treatment included an 8-d feed withdrawal period
followed by a 22-d rest period during which the birds received 60 or 70 g/d of a low-nutrient
maintenance diet, in both experiments, respectively, and a reduced duration of daylight. In
both experiments, induced molt resulted in an increase in postmolt egg production rate and a
diminution of the rate of decline of production with age. The first eggs during the postmolt
period were smaller than those of the unmolted birds but egg size increased rapidly to control
levels. Egg breakage was markedly reduced by induced molt and its rate of increase with age
was diminished. Postmolt feed intake was higher than that of the unmolted birds and body
weights reached values higher than those of the controls. Those responses were not different
among strains but the ranking among the strains in the molted group was similar to that of the
unmolted controls, for all production traits. The postmolt rate of production approached that
of first cycle peak and was not affected by treatment age. Shell quality as reflected by the
percentage of breakage during the postmolt period was similar to that of the unmolted
controls approximately 3 to 4 mo earlier
Descriptors: hens, molting, induction, strain differences, laying performance, egg shell
quality, age differences, egg weight, body weight, egg shell, weight, egg shell defects,
breakage, feed intake
Huyghebaert G; Fontaine G; Groote G de (1977). Vergelijkende studie van enkele kunstmatig
e
ruimethoden bij W.L.-hennen [Comparative study of different treatments of forced
molting in White Leghorn hens]. Landbouwtijdschrift 30(4): 957-977.
Rijkscentrum voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, Merelbeke, Belgium. Rijksstation voor
Kleinveeteelt)
NAL Call Number: 13 L233
Ingram DR; Mather FB (1988). White Leghorn production parameters as affected by body
weight loss and length of rest period during a force molt. Nutrition Reports International
37(5): 901-908.
Dep. Poultry Science, Louisiana Agriculture Experiment Station, Louisiana State Univ.
Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
NAL Call Number: RC620 A1N8
In a 40-week 3 x 3 factorial design experiment 720 65-week-old Shaver 288A White Leghorn
hens within 1.5 standard deviation of mean body weight were deprived of feed to achieve
weight losses of 10 to 15, 20 to 25 or 30 to 35% and this weight maintained for 1, 3 or 5
weeks by feeding on ground maize every other day. After the treatment period, standard
laying rations were given ad libitum. Egg production was recorded daily, egg weight and
specific gravity were estimated on 3 days' eggs when egg production after molting reached
50% of premolting rate and once monthly afterwards. All treatments improved egg
production over premolt birds, but overall postmolt hen-day egg production was not
significantly different among treatments. Specific gravity was affected more by length of rest
than weight loss.
Descriptors: egg production, molt
Jan ML (1982). Effects of
force-molting on egg production of White Leghorn under subtropical
environment. II. Effects of body weight and feed withdrawal time on egg production of
force molted hens. T'ai-wan hsu mu shou I hsueh hui hui pao = The Taiwan Journal of
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry 40 (August): 39-44.
NAL: 49 J822
Junqueira OM; Custodio RWS; Carvalho NP; Ariki J (1979). Effect of method of forced molti
ng
on laying hens. [O efeito de metodos de muda forcada no desempenho de galinhas
reprodutoras.] Cientifica 7(Special No.): 119-122.
NAL Call Number: SF604 C55
In 180 laying hens of different strains natural molting was compared with forced molting.
Forced molting was induced at the start of natural molting to increase feather loss and
completely stop laying. For forced molting there was total restriction of feed for 15 days and
of water for 7, then 40 g feed was supplied daily for 4 days, subsequently 80 g daily for 11
days and finally 120 g. Egg weight was not affected significantly by method of molting, but
egg production was increased after forced molting.
Descriptors: egg production, forced molting
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Kalayci UM (1990). Effects of breeding intensity and methods of molting preparations on t
he
performance of light and medium weight laying hens in the second laying season
[Auswirkungen der Aufzuchtintensitat und der Methodik der Mausereinleitung auf die
Leistungen leichter und mittelschwerer Legehennen in der zweiten Legeperiode.] Thesis
(doctoral)--Universitat Bonn, Germany, 137 p.
NAL Call Number: 105.8 B644 1990 [no.26]
Karunajeewa H; Tham SH; Hofmann A; Harris P (1986). The effects of rice by-products,
acidulated soapstock and sunflower seeds on the laying performance of induced
moulted hens. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 50(5): 193-197.
Animal Research Inst., Princes Highway, Werribee, Vic. 3030, Australia
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
From 72 to 92 weeks old a total of 576 induced-moulted White Leghorn hens were in 6
treatment groups. The control diet (B1) was based on wheat and meat-and-bone meal and had
linoleic acid 0.69%. In diets B2, B3 and B4 some of the wheat and meat-and-bone meal was
replaced by either acidulated soapstock (ASS) rice pollard (RP) or deoiled rice pollard (DRP)
to increase the linoleic acid contents in these diets to 1.00, 1.21 and 0.82%, respectively. In
diets B5 and B6 mixtures of DRP and ASS (B5) and DRP and sunflower seeds (B6) were
used to increase the linoleic acid content to 1.13 and 1.14%. All 6 diets were formulated to be
isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (11.63 MJ/kg). Methionine (0.26%) and lysine (0.69%) in
diets were equalized by supplementation with synthetic methionine and L-lysine HCl.
Calcium in the diets was equalized to 3.4% but phosphorus varied with the inclusion of RP
and DRP. Diets were given in the mash form for 5 periods of 28 days each. Increasing the
linoleic acid content from 0.69 to 1.21% had no significant effect on egg weight or other
production characteristics (rate of lay, daily feed intake, feed intake/kg eggs, body weight at
92 weeks, mortality). Inclusion of 2.16% ASS containing rapeseed soapstock reduced the
proportion of eggs >65 g, and the inclusion of 1.67% whole sunflower seeds reduced the
Haugh units (albumen quality) of eggs. The fatty acid composition of egg yolk was affected
by the composition of the dietary fats.
Descriptors: rice byproducts, hen feeding, soapstock, sunflower seeds, egg production,
nutrition, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Kashiwagi S; Shirasaki K; Kaizuka T; Nakaso H; Iwase N; Yamao H; Takahashi Y; Matsuzaki M;
Ikeda K; Okuyama M (1981). Effects of restricted feeding during the rearing period and
of induced molting during the laying period on laying performance of hens. Japanese
Poultry Science 18(2): 67-77.
Kagoshima Prefectural Poultry Experiment Station, Sendai-shi 895, Japan.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Two experiments were carried out in each of 9 poultry research stations. In each station one
group of chickens was fed to appetite as a control and the others were given a restricted
amount of feed every other day so that feed intake from 4 to 18 weeks of age was calculated
to be 60% of that for unrestricted controls. After 18 weeks of age, all of the chicks were fed
to appetite. At 20 weeks of age, the hens of both groups were sub-divided into 4 sub-groups
each. The hens of the first and second sub-group were force-molted at 80 and 92 weeks of
age, respectively. The hens in the third and the last sub-group were force-molted at 56 and 68
weeks of age, respectively, and all the hens were again force-molted at 96 weeks of age. All
hens were kept until 128 weeks of age. Restricted feeding delayed sexual maturity, but
resulted in larger first egg than those from hens fed to appetite. Bodyweight and daily feed
intake of hens of the restricted group were less than for those of the unrestricted hens
throughout the laying period, while mean egg weight of the former was less than that of the
latter. Egg production of unrestricted hens was lower than that of hens on the restricted
feeding programme after peak production. Among the 4 sub-groups on the restricted feeding
programme, average egg production was almost the same regardless of age at the start of
molting. In contrast, with unrestricted hens average egg production of the sub-group forced to
molt twice at 56 and 96 weeks of age was the highest. Over 128 weeks the feed intake/kg
eggs was significantly less for restricted hens than for unrestricted hens. Among the 4
sub-groups on the restricted feeding programme, little difference was observed in feed
intake/kg eggs. Among the sub-groups on full-feeding, the lower the age at first molting, the
lower was the feed intake. Haugh units of eggs laid by restricted hens were higher than for
unrestricted hens. Forced molting increased both thickness of egg shell and Haugh unit of the
eggs, though the difference in Haugh units before and after the second forced molting was not
significant. After forced molting, restricted hens recovered egg production more rapidly than
did unrestricted hens.
Descriptors: feed intake, hens, egg production, molting, hatching season, laying performance,
molt, induction, nutrition, food restriction, age at first egg, sexual maturity, molt induction
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Katrich NI (1982). The intensity
of induced moult and its relationship with the physiological
condition of hens before the application of stress. Trudy, Kubanskii Sel'skokhozyaistvennyi
Institut No. 212(240): 47-51.
For hens which continued egg production after they had dropped 2-3 primary wing feathers
(group 1), hens which did not start moulting and continued egg production (group 2), hens
which were in an advanced stage of moult (3-5 wing primaries) and had stopped egg
production (group 3), and hens which did not molt but stopped egg production (group 4), the
rate of regrowth of wing primaries 50 days after molt induction was 69.6, 54.2, 70.0 and
58.9% resp. The differences of the 1st and 3rd groups from the 2nd and 4th were highly
significant.
Descriptors: moult, egg production
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Keshavarz, K. (1995). Impact of
feed withdrawal and dietary calcium level on force-rested hens.
The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4(3): 254-264.
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
NAL Call Number: SF481.J68
Descriptors: hens, laying performance, food deprivation, rest, duration, experimental diets,
calcium, nutrient content, egg production, egg mass, egg shell quality, specific gravity, bone
ash, body weight, force resting, recovery diets
Khan AG; Lad BK (1996). Consequences of induced rest feeding programme (IRFP) on dwarf
layer. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 66(2): 177-183.
Dep. Poultry Sci., Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482
004 India
NAL Call Number: 41.8 IN22
Response of dwarf layers to variable induced rest feeding programme (IRFP) was studied.
Seven days fasting followed by 2,4 and 6 weeks of 20 g feed/bird/day constituted T1, T2 and
T3 treatments. Data for 68 to 102 weeks of age was analysed along with that of the control.
IRFP initiated shedding of primary feathers but the secondaries remained intact. T3 hens
remained smallest in body size post-IRFP but T1 and T2 remained similar in size as that of
the control. Control group hens laid more number of eggs than all treatment groups during
IRFP periods. Post-IRFP to a fixed 28-weeks T1, T2 and T3 hens laid more eggs than the
control, but the superiority was lost when post-IRFP to 102 weeks production was analysed.
For 68 to 102 weeks of age, IRFP egg losses were compensated by higher peak and
persistency in treatments as compared with the control. T3 hens laid heaviest egg. Feed
consumption was associated linearly with the duration of IRFP irrespective of treatments. T3
group hens consumed less feed accounting 17.56% saving for production of 1 egg. In terms
of economics, feed savings during IRFP equally contributed as the egg laid in the net
financial gain which ranged from Rs -4.65 to + Rs 40.46 bird for different treatments.
Descriptors: economics, feed consumption, diet, egg production
Copyright© 2002, Biosis
Kharitonov MM (1973). Effect of an artificial moult on the productivity of laying hens an
d
the
hatchability of their eggs. [Vliyanie iskusstvennoi lin'ki kur-nesushek na ikh
produktivnost' I inkubatsionnye kachestva yaits.] Volgogradskii Sel'skokhozyaistvennyi
Institut 50: 68-71
Moulting was induced in 1850 birds by depriving them of light, water and food for 2 days,
after which each of the 3 factors was restored gradually. Compared with control birds in
which moulting was not induced, treated females on resuming lay produced eggs which were
1.6 g heavier and had shells 16.4% thicker. For treated and control females resp., hen-housed
egg production was 64.2 and 58.5%, egg fertility 82.1 and 74.6%, hatchability of eggs set
78.3 and 75.5%, and chick weight at 30 days of age averaged 235 and 224 g.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Khashem Y (1989). The effect of
interrupted light. Ptitsevodstvo (No. 6): 30-32.
NAL Call Number: Z5074 P8R4
Data were obtained on the egg-type commercial cross Zarya-17 (63 hens plus 6 old and 6
young cocks per group). The experimental group was maintained under a light regime which
corresponded to the photoperiod allowed to the controls during growth, and was 2-h light:4-h
darkness:8h-light:10-h darkness during the egg laying period. The controls were allowed light
decreasing from 231/2 h daily at the beginning of growth to 9 h at 17 wk of age, and then
increasing to 14-h daily. Egg production in the 1st yr of lay averaged 261.2 and 260.8 in the 2
groups resp., the percentage of eggs suitable for incubation 80.8 and 79.9, and hatchability of
eggs set 90.3 and 86.1%. At 74 wk of age, the moult was induced by withdrawal of food and
water for 4 days. For eggs laid in the 2nd cycle, egg fertility was 95.3 and 90.7%, hatchability
of fertile eggs 90.8 and 87.5%, and hatchability of eggs set 86.5 and 79.4%. Egg production
in the 34 wk after the moult averaged 138.5 and 141.0 in the 2 groups.
Descriptors: light regime, egg production, egg fertility, egg hatchability
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
King DF; Trollope GA (1934). Force-molting of hens and all-night lighting as factors in e
gg
production. Circular: Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute
No. 64: 1-7.
Auburn : Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic
NAL Call Number: 100 AL1S (2) no.64
Knowlton FL (1936). Force-molting
of white leghorn hens. Station circular: Agricultural
Experiment Station, Oregon State Agricultural College 119: 1-8.
NAL Call Number: 100 Or3 no.119
Koelkebeck KW; Parsons CM; Douglas MW; Leeper RW; Jin S; Wang X; Zhang Y; Fernandez S
(2001). Early postmolt performance of laying hens fed a low-protein corn molt diet
supplemented with spent hen meal. Poultry Science 80(3): 353-357.
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA.
kkoelkeb@uiuc.edu
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
We used a total of 504 commercial Single Comb White Leghorn hens (69 and 65 wk of age)
in each of two experiments, and hens were induced to molt by feed withdrawal only. Feed
withdrawal lasted for 12 and 11 d, and hens lost 26 and 25%, body weight in Experiments 1
and 2, respectively. All hens were then weighed, and seven replicate groups of 12 hens each
were assigned to molt diet treatments. In Experiment 1, diets consisted of a corn basal diet
(7.9% CP) or corn basal diet supplemented with 7.5 or 10% spent hen meal (SHM) each from
two different sources. In Experiment 2, the corn basal diet or this diet supplemented with 5 or
10% SHM alone or 5% SHM plus Met, Lys, and Trp was evaluated. A molt diet of 16% CP
corn-soybean meal was used as a positive control in both experiments. Molt diets were fed
for 15 d in both experiments, at which time all hens were fed a 16% CP layer diet.
Performance was measured for 8 wk following the beginning of feeding the layer diet.
Feeding the low-protein corn molt diet supplemented with 5 to 10% SHM improved early
postmolt egg production performance and body weight gain compared with hens fed the corn
basal diet alone. The 7.5 and 10% SHM diets yielded early postmolt performance that was
not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that of hens fed the high-protein (16% CP) diet.
Supplementing the 5% SHM diet with amino acids generally did not significantly improve
performance. The present study thus indicates that improved early postmolt performance may
be achieved by supplementation of a low-protein corn molt diet with 5 to 10% SHM.
Descriptors: Chickens--physiology--PH; Dietary Proteins--administration and dosage--AD ;
Food Deprivation; Molting; Reproduction ; Animal Feed
Koelkebeck KW; Parsons CM; Leeper RW; Moshtaghian J (1991). Effect of protein and
methionine levels in molt diets on postmolt performance in laying hens. Poultry Science
70(10): 2063-2073.
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 324 Mumford Hall, 1301 W. Gregory
Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
In 3 experiments, laying hens 70, 65 and 96 weeks old were induced to moult by fasting (feed
only) until 26 to 28% body weight loss occurred. Moult diets containing 16, 13 or 10% crude
protein (CP) without or with 0.15% methionine were then fed until egg production reached
about 10%, at which time all hens received a 16% CP layer diet for 30 weeks in experiments
1 and 2 and for 4 weeks in experiment 3. In experiment 1 (summer), hens regained body
weight more rapidly, returned to production faster, and had larger egg weights (weeks 1 to 4)
when fed the 16 or 13%-CP molt diets than when fed the 10%-CP moult diet. Long-term egg
production, egg yield (grams of egg per hen per day) (weeks 1 to 30), and feed efficiency
(weeks 1 to 8) were greater for hens fed the 16 or 13%-CP molt diets compared with those
fed the 10%-CP molt diet. Methionine supplementation had no effect on postmoult
performance. In experiment 2 (winter), the only significant treatment effect was that
methionine supplementation increased egg weight (weeks 1 to 30). Moult diet had no
consistent effect on egg specific gravity during the last 4 weeks of the postmolt production
period in experiments 1 or 2. The effects of the dietary treatments on early postmoult
performance in experiment 3 (early autumn) were similar to those observed in experiment 1.
Results indicate that protein content, but not methionine supplementation, in moult diets
influenced postmoult performance of hens during the summer and early autumn experiments,
but not in the winter experiments.
Descriptors: Egg production, protein intake, moulting, methionine, supplements
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Koelkebeck KW; Parsons CM; Leeper RW; Jin S; Douglas MW (1999). Early postmolt
performance of laying hens fed a low-protein corn molt diet supplemented with corn
gluten meal, feather meal, methionine, and lysine. Poultry Science 78(8): 1132-1137.
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801,
USA.
kkoelkeb@uiuc.edu
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Commercial White Leghorn hens (65, 63, or 70 wk of age in Experiments 1, 2, and 3,
respectively) were induced molted by feed withdrawal until approximately 28% body weight
was lost. All hens were then weighed, and seven replicate groups of 12 hens each were fed
molt diets. In Experiment 1, three diets consisted of a corn basal diet (7.9% CP) or this diet
supplemented with corn gluten meal (CGM) and Lys or feather meal (FM), Met, and Lys. In
Experiments 2 and 3, varying levels of FM and FM with Met and Lys were evaluated. A 16%
CP corn-soybean meal diet was used as a positive control in all experiments. The molt diets
were fed for 17, 15, and 17 d in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and production
performance was measured for 8 wk from the beginning of feeding the layer diet. In all
experiments, hens fed the 16% CP corn-soybean meal molt diet returned to egg production
and regained body weight at a faster rate than did hens fed any of the other diets. In
Experiment 1, early egg production of hens fed the corn basal diet supplemented with CGM
and Lys or supplementation with FM, Met, and Lys was greater (P < 0.05) than that of hens
fed the basal diet alone. In Experiment 2, very early egg production (Week 1) and body
weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) for hens fed the corn basal diet than for hens fed the basal
supplemented with FM, Met, and Lys. The addition of 5.75 or 8.5% FM or 5.75% FM plus
Met and Lys generally increased (P < 0.05) early egg production and postmolt body weight
gain compared to the corn basal diet in Experiment 3. The present study thus indicated that
improved early postmolt performance may be achieved by supplementation of a low-protein
corn molt diet with various combinations of CGM, FM, Met, and Lys.
Descriptors: Chickens--physiology--PH; Dietary Proteins; Molting; Reproduction ; Animal
Feed; Corn; Feathers; Lysine--administration and dosage--AD; Methionine--administration
and dosage--AD; Weight Gain
Koelkebeck KW (1991). Molting programs for layers: effect of dietary protein and methioni
ne
and length of fast on post-molt performance. Poultry Adviser 24(12 ): 49-51.
University of Illinois, USA.
NAL Call Number: SF481 P622
In experiments 1 and 2 during summer and winter, White Leghorn chickens 65 and 70 weeks
old were fed on maize/soyabean diets containing 10, 13 or 16% protein with 0 or 15%
methionine until production reached 10%. A 16% protein layer diet was then fed for 30
weeks. In experiment 3, Leghorn chickens, 65 weeks old were fed on maize/soyabean diets
containing 10 or 16% protein or 10% protein plus 0.25% lysine, 0.16% arginine, 0.10%
threonine and 0.15% methionine or starved for 4 days and then fed on a 16% protein diet.
Controls were not moulted. All diets were fed until 14% production was reached and then
16% protein diets were fed for 30 weeks. Body weight gain and egg production data are given
in a table. In the summer experiment post-moult egg production in weeks 1 to 10 was 60.2,
64.9 and 65.1 with diets containing 10, 13 and 16% protein, respectively. In weeks 1 to 20
and 1 to 30 egg production was significantly higher in hens fed on the 16% protein diet
compared with hens on the 10% protein diet. Feed intake was higher and body weight gain to
3 weeks lower for hens fed on the 10% protein diet compared with the hens on the 13 and
16% protein diets (100.4, 94.5 and 93.4 g/hen daily and 401, 431 and 441 g/hen,
respectively). In the winter experiment, feed intake, body weight gain, egg production and
egg weight were not different between hens fed on the different protein moult diets. In
experiment 3, overall egg production was lowest in the non-molted controls compared with
hens fed 16% protein diets at week 30 (65.7 vs. 74.6). Overall egg weights were higher for
the non-moulted controls than for hens fed 10% protein diets, 64.2 vs.62.3 g/egg. Egg
specific gravity at week 30 was lowest in the non-moult hens, 1.0736, and highest in hens fed
on the 10% protein diet with amino acids, 1.0782 g/cm3. Egg shell quality was not affected
by the short-term 4-day starvation. It was concluded that early and post-moult performance
may be increased by protein moult diets containing 16 and 13% protein compared with 10%
protein diets and that long-term egg production was not adversely affected by 4-day
starvation periods used to induce moult. Methionine supplementation of moult diets had no
benefit on post-moult egg production.
Descriptors: feed intake, liveweight gain, egg production, egg weight, protein intake, hens,
egg quality, moulting, starvation, methionine, intake, soyabeans
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Koelkebeck KW; Parsons CM (1990). Nutritional aspects of molting programs. Poultry Adviser
23(2): 43-44.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois
61801, USA.
NAL Call Number: SF481 P622
Experiments in summer and winter, each with 500 White Leghorn hens induced to moult by
feed restriction, indicated that early post-moulting layer performance could be enhanced by
increasing protein in the diet from 10 to 13 or 16%. However, these effects may be influenced
by environmental temperature, since they were observed in the summer but not in the winter
study. Long-term post-moulting performance was not substantially affected by using diets
ranging in protein content from 10 to 16%, with or without added methionine.
Descriptors: moulting, restricted feeding, hens, protein intake
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Kummerfeld N; Luders H (1978). Effect of dark periods on the food and water intake of adu
lt
chickens. [Futterverzehr und Wasserkonsum von Huhnern bei Dunkelheit]. Deutsche
Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 85(6): 212-216.
Tierarztliche Hochschule, Buntweg 17, D-3000 Hannover, German Federal Republic
NAL Call Number: 41.8 D482
The influence of 12 hour light - dark cycles and 84 hours continuous darkness on the food
and water intake were examined in 15 caged hens and 15 caged cocks. Once the light phase
was over the chickens stopped their food and water intake during the first hour of the dark
phase. Only in the cocks was an irregular, slight food and water intake ("nibbling") observed
in the later period of darkness. Food and water intake of the cocks was maintained in the dark
period corresponding to their physiological means in the intermittent 12 hour light period
when the dark time had suddenly been prolonged to 84 hours. Hens subjected to 84 hours of
darkness showed a reduction of food and water intake by 20% and a change in the food
rhythm. No signs of molting were observed in the period of prolonged darkness.
Descriptors: animal behavior, lighting, feeding behavior, drinking, hens, feed intake, water
intake
Lange K (1977). Forced moult in different strains of layers. [Di
e
Zwangsmauser bei
verschiedenen Legehennenherkunften]. Deutsche Geflugelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion 29(41): 1096-1099.
Hessische Landesanstalt fur Leistungsprufungen in der Tierzucht, Neu-Ulrichstein, German
Federal Republic
NAL Call Number: SF481 D48
At 506 days of age, a forced moult was induced in 6 groups of white-egg and 3 groups of
brown-egg layers (140 females /group). The white-egg strains involved were Shaver Starcross
288, Babcock B 305, Hisex White and HNL, and the brown-egg strains were Warren SSL
and Babcock B 380. Food and light were withheld for 3 days, and were reintroduced
gradually. Data on egg production in the 2nd laying period are tabulated. In the white-egg
layers, egg production decreased to less than or equal to 1% within 6 days of beginning
treatment v 9 days in the brown-egg groups. Egg production remained at less than or equal to
1% for 12 and 9 days resp. The time taken to regain 50% production was significantly shorter
in the Hisex Whites and Babcock B 305s (43 and 45 days resp.) than in all other groups
(54-60 days). In the HNLs, production after moulting averaged 83% of that in the pre-moult
period v 72-76% for the other white-egg groups. Egg production averaged 158 eggs in the
white-egg groups v 116 in the brown-egg groups, and hen-day egg production 56.6 v 41.4%.
The unsatisfactory performance of the brown-egg layers was ascribed to the laying pause
being too short. Overall, av. egg weight, the proportion graded 1-3, and egg-shell strength
were improved over values in the pre-moult period.
Descriptors: moult, induction, egg production, strain differences
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Lee K; Holiday OR; Petty CE (1980). Effects of forced molt and rest on egg production, fe
ed
efficiency, and mortality of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 59(7):
1566.
Dep. Agriculture, Univ. Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: egg production, molting, feed conversion efficiency, hens
Lien RJ; Roark LE (1993). Both
feed and daylength restriction are important in recycling laying
hens. Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station 40(1):
14.
Auburn University, Ala.: The Station.
NAL Call Number: 100 AL1H
Descriptors: hens, restricted feeding, light, egg production, molting
Loedl J; Augustynski M; Wezyk S (1977). The use of induced moulting in hens kept for two
seasons.[ Zastosowanie przymusowego przepierzania w dwusezonowym uzytkowaniu
kur niosek.] Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki 4(1): 249-257.
NAL Call Number: SF1 R63
Data are obtained over 2 yr on 455 Leghorn hens that were allowed to moult naturally and on
400 hens subjected to induced moult in the 13th mth of production using withdrawal of food
for 7 days (some food was allowed on the 6th day), water for 4 days and light for 4 days,
followed by light restriction to 8 h daily for 26 days. For the 2 groups resp., the performance
in the 2nd egg production cycle, lasting 9 mth, was as follows: egg production percentage,
45.1 and 49.2; egg production, 123.2 and 134.3; egg weight, 65.7 and 65.6 g; egg mass, 8.09
and 8.81 kg; consumption of food/kg eggs, 5.45 and 3.85 kg; mortality, 11.6 and 12.2%; body
weight at the end of experiment, 2184 and 2045 g.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Majun GK; Payne CG (1977). Autoclaved rice bran in layers' diets. British Poult
ry
Science 18(2):
201-203.
Univ. Sydney, Poultry Husbandry
Research Foundation, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 B77
In an experiment lasting 16 weeks 160 sixteen-month-old White Leghorn X Australorp hens,
previously force-molted, were caged singly and fed on one of 5 diets with 17.0% crude
protein. Control diet was based on wheat and soya bean meals; test diets had 30% rice bran,
raw or autoclaved 20 min at 120 deg C, or 60% raw or autoclaved. For diets in that order, egg
production/100 hen days was 73.5, 74.2, 75.6, 67.1 and 73.4 and egg mass was 48.4, 49.6,
49.1, 43.3 and 48.1 g/hen daily. Shell thickness and yolk colour were adversely affected by
60% raw rice bran.
Descriptors: hen feeding, rice bran
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Matsuzaki S; Takemoto Y; Murakami T (1994). Establishment of long-term utilizing technolo
gy
of hen in windowless chicken house. Lighting method during and after forced resting
period for intermittent lighting chicken. 2nd report. (Kumamoto Prefectural
Agricultural Res. Center Livestock Laboratory S). Kumamotoken Nogyo Kenkyu Senta
Chikusan Kenkyujo Shiken Seisekisho (Annual Report of the Kumamoto Prefectural
Agricultural Research Center Animal Husbandry Research Insititute) 1994: 134-139.
Descriptors: laying hen, photic stimulation, egg-laying, chicken house, rearing management,
lighting condition, feed efficiency, gravimetry, chicken egg, egg shell, energy saving, strain
specificity
McKeen WD (1984). Feeding grape
pomace to leghorn hens as an alternative to starvation to induce a
molt. Poultry Science 63(Suppl.1):
148-149.
Univ. Calif., Agric. Cooperative Extension, 777 E. Rialto Ave.,
San Bernadino, California
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: milo, metabolizable energy, protein,
vitamin, mineral, weight loss
McKeen WD (1979). Hot weather and force molting (Hens).
California Poultry Letter: University
of California, Cooperative Extension Aug: p. 1-3.
NAL Call Number: SF481.C3
McKeen WD (1978). The use of
grape pomace in a force molt feed. Progress in Poultry “Through
Research.” Sept (13): 4 p.
University of California, San Bernardino County Calif.: Cooperative Extension, University of
California.
NAL Call Number: SF487.8.C2P76
Descriptors: hen feeding, molting, grape pomace, egg production, laying performance,
production costs, statistics
McKeen WD (1977). The use of a mixture of 50 percent grape pomace and 50 percent whole
olive meal as a portion of a force molt ration. Progress in Poultry “Through Research.”
July (8): 6 p.
San Bernardino County Calif. : Cooperative Extension, University of California.
NAL Call Number: SF487.8.C2P76
Descriptors: hens, feed requirements, grape pomace, olive pulp, laying performance, egg
production, statistics
Mehta VS; Lahkotia RL; Singh B (1986). A study on forced resting and recycling of White
Leghorn layers. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management 2(3): 138-140.
Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Sukhadia University, Bikaner 334 001, India
NAL Call Number: SF55 I4I53
At the end of an 8-month laying period, a laying pause was induced in 255 White Leghorns
by withdrawal of water and feed for 2-3 days, followed by restricted feeding for 4 wk. During
the pause, hen-day egg production was <5% vs. 39% in 255 untreated layers (controls). After
the resumption of ad lib. feeding, egg production returned to the level of the controls within
13 days. In the 7 months following the pause, hen-day egg production averaged 43.95%
vs.33.2 in controls, and feed consumed per egg 216.2 g vs. 261.1. Over the total 16-month
period, egg production in the 2 groups averaged 47.6 and 44.6% resp., and feed consumed per
egg 199.1 and 222.1 g.
Descriptors: laying performance, molt, induction
Monteiro NM da C; Andrade AN de; Britto DPP de S; Guimaraes JF;
Sinzato D; Costa FA (1971). A comparison
between forced and natural moult in White Leghorn hens, caged at two
different densities. [Comparacao entre muda forcada e muda natural em
galinhas Leghorn Brancas alojadas em gaiolas, em duas densidades.]
Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira (Veterinaria) 6(4):
33-36.
Escritorio de Pesquisas e Experimentacao, Campo Grande, GB,
ZC-26, Brazil
NAL
Call Number: S15 P42
Experiments carried out in Rio de Janeiro with a total of 3200
hens, caged singly or 2 to a cage, showed that there were no significant
differences in egg production or quality characters between hens subjected
to force moulting, achieved by providing no food or water for 48 h,
followed by reduced rations for a further 12 days, and those moulting
naturally. Egg production was highest during June-Aug., and it was higher
in hens caged singly than in birds in a shared cage. Albumen density and
Haugh unit scores were affected by season but not by housing density or
type of moulting, whereas egg weight was affected by type of moulting,
housing density and age of hen. It was concluded that there is a need for
new methods of force moulting specially adapted for tropical
conditions.
Descriptors: egg production, egg quality, egg weight, moult,
induction, management, housing, cage density, seasons, age,
hens
Copyright©
2002, CAB International
Muhammad MUH; Muhammad A; Shah STH; Firdous R;
Ahmad R (2000). Post-moult egg quality of
commercial layers induced to moult under various fasting and feeding
regimes. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 50(2/3):
131-136.
Department of Zoology, Government College, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
NAL Call Number: 41.8
V6447
The effect of various starvation and feeding regimes during moulting on post-moult egg
quality characteristics of commercial layers was studied. The experiment was carried out on
180 Babcock laying hens available at the age of 122 weeks during the second production
cycle after the first moult induction. The birds were kept in single deck type cages comprising
18 experimental units of 10 birds each, that had previously been assigned to six treatment
groups having three (5, 10, 15 days) starvation regimes x two (once-a-day and skip-a-day)
feeding regimes in a factorial arrangement with three replications each. During the
experimental period each bird was given 0.80 kg layer mash weekly. A total of 18 randomly
selected eggs (one egg per experimental unit) taken every week were used for the study of
egg quality (egg weight (g), shell thickness (mm), Haugh unit values and yolk index). The
starvation and feeding regimes applied during the induced moult did not have any significant
effect on post-moult egg weight, shell thickness, or yolk index. However, the differences in
post-moult Haugh unit values in layers induced to moult under various starvation regimes and
their interaction with feeding regimes were significant, whereas feeding regimes did not
influence the mean Haugh unit values.
Descriptors: egg quality, starvation, feeding, egg weight, eggs, hens, poultry, moulting ,
management, egg shell thickness
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Mushtaq-Ul-Hassan M; Akram M; Sattar B; Raza NM; Dar B; Khanum S (2001). The influence of
various rations during the molt on subsequent egg number and egg quality
characteristic in commercial layers. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 51(2/3): 157-162.
Department of Zoology, Government College, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
NAL Call Number: 41.8
V6447
A total of 288 laying hens, randomly divided into 18 experimental units with 16 birds each,
were used in the study. Before the start of the molt induction all the birds were given a
pre-molt treatment of vaccination and medication for one week to eliminate internal parasites
and to protect against various diseases. Forty-eight birds (group A), which served as the
control were continued on Ration No.3 (16.5% crude protein (C.P.) + 2850 Kcal/kg
metabolizable energy (M.E.)). The remaining 240 birds were divided into 5 groups viz. B, C,
D, E, and F, which were starved for 14 days for the induction of molting. Only water was
given to these birds. After that, different rations were offered with different C.P. and M.E.
contents for 14 days. Restricted feed (Ration No. 3) was given to group B on an alternate day
basis (after 48 hours). Corn (9% C.P.), Ration No. 1, (20% C.P. + 2800 Kcal/kg M.E.),
Ration No. 2 (15% C.P. + 2700 Kcal/kg M.E.) and Ration No. 3 were offered to the hens of
groups C, D, E and F, respectively. All the groups were served with the same feed at the
termination of the molting treatment. Post-molt egg number (5.57 plus or minus 0.52), egg
weight (66.78 plus or minus 5.41 g) and shell thickness (0.39 plus or minus 0.04 mm) were
significantly higher in birds which were subjected to the induced molt. Among the molted
groups, the maximum number of eggs (5.80 plus or minus 0.48) were produced by the birds
given corn during the molt, whereas the maximum egg weight (68.30 plus or minus 5.58) was
noted in birds which were given Ration No.3. Shell thickness was greatest (0.41 plus or
minus 0.04 mm) in birds which were treated with the restricted diet during the molt.
Post-molt yolk index, Haugh units and meat spot values did not show any significant
variations between the groups.
Descriptors: crude protein, egg characters, egg quality, egg weight, eggs, feeding, feeds, hens,
maize, metabolizable energy, molt, molting, poultry, starvation
Mushtaq-Ul-Hassan M; Akram M; Shah STH; Firdous R; Ahmad R
(2000). Post-molt egg quality of
commercial layers induced to molt under various fasting and feeding
regimes. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 50(2-3):
131-136.
Department of Zoology, Government
College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
NAL Call Number: 41.8
V6447
The effect of various starvation and feeding regimes during moulting on post-moult egg
quality characteristics of commercial layers was studied. The experiment was carried out on
180 Babcock laying hens available at the age of 122 weeks during the second production
cycle after the first moult induction. The birds were kept in single deck type cages comprising
18 experimental units of 10 birds each, that had previously been assigned to six treatment
groups having three (5, 10, 15 days) starvation regimes X two (once-a-day and skip-a-day)
feeding regimes in a factorial arrangement with three replications each. During the
experimental period each bird was given 0.80 kg layer mash weekly. A total of 18 randomly
selected eggs (one egg per experimental unit) taken every week were used for the study of
egg quality (egg weight (g), shell thickness (mm), Haugh unit values and yolk index). The
starvation and feeding regimes applied during the induced moult did not have any significant
effect on post-moult egg weight, shell thickness, or yolk index. However, the differences in
post-moult Haugh unit values in layers induced to moult under various starvation regimes and
their interaction with feeding regimes were significant, whereas feeding regimes did not
influence the mean Haugh unit values.
Descriptors: egg-quality, starvation, feeding, egg-weight, eggs, hens, poultry, moulting,
management, egg shell thickness
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ohtsuka S (1986). Effects of
limited lighting and restricted feeding on the resumption of laying
after forced molting. Japanese Poultry Science 23(6): 334-343.
National Inst. Animal Industry, Ikenodai 2, Kukisaki, Inashiki, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Molt was induced in hens aged 70 wk by
withdrawing water for 3 days and food for 10 days. Light was restricted to
6 h per day during forced molting, and on the 11th, 21st or 31st day after
the beginning of molt induction it was increased by 1 h daily to 16 h. In
the control group, 16-h light was maintained throughout the experimental
period. Food was restricted to 45 g daily per bird for 10, 20 or 30 days
after forced molting, and given ad lib. thereafter. In the controls, food
was given ad lib. throughout. Egg laying ceased within 4-7 days after the
treatments began. Egg laying resumed within 13-24 days after lighting was
increased or ad lib. feeding began. When birds were given either of the
treatments for 40 days, egg production was relatively high when it resumed
after the molt
Descriptors: laying performance, molt,
induction
Copyright©
2002, CAB International
Ohtsuka S (1989). Effect of restriction of lighting and feed on resumption of laying
after
forced
moulting. [Efectos de la restriccion de iluminacion y alimentacion en la reanudacion de
la puesta despues de la muda forzada.] Revista Avicultura 33(1): 19-22.
National Institute of Animal Industry, Tsukuba Norindanchi, Ibaraki 305, Japan
NAL
Call Number: SF481 A9
The effect of restricted lighting (RL)
or feed (RF) on resumption of laying after forced moulting induced by
withdrawal of water and feed for 3 and 10 days, respectively, was studied
in 2 experiments with 128 White Leghorn hens, 70 and 66 weeks old. In RL
treatment lighting was restricted to 6 h daily during forced moulting
increasing by 1 h daily, to 16 h on the 11th, 21st or 31st day after
initiation of forced moulting. Hens were fed to appetite throughout. In RF
treatment feed was restricted to 45 g daily for 10, 20 or 30 days after
forced moulting and given to appetite thereafter. Lighting was 16 h,
daily, throughout. Cessation of laying began 7 days after initiation of
forced moulting and continued throughout RL and RF. Laying was resumed in
a mean 18, 14, 22 and 15 days after 10, 20, 30 and 40 days RL and 18, 18,
15 and 14 days after 10, 20, 30 and 40 days RF treatment (including the
forced moulting period) with unrestricted lighting and feeding. Both
treatments had a similar effect on egg production. Production was
relatively high after 40 days RL or RF.
Descriptors: egg production, restricted feeding, light regime, moult
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ovejero RI (1992). Forced molting of commercial layer chickens. [La muda forzada de
ponedoras comerciales]. Mundo Ganadero 3: 86-89.
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, forced molting, animal husbandry methods, animal
feeding, weight losses, laying performance, biological development, birds, chickens,
domestic animals, domesticated birds, galliformes, livestock, losses, molting, performance,
poultry
Palafox AL (1982). Effect of
force molt in performance of laying hens raised in Hawaii. (Diets,
feed composition, egg quality). Zootecnica International 10(October): 39-42.
NAL Call Number: SF600.Z6
Patel MB; McGinnis J (1981). Induced cessation of egg production forced molting by additi
on
of
guar meal to the diet. Poultry Science 60(7): 1710.
Dep. Animal Sci., Wash. State Univ., Pullman, Washington
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Petersen J; Horst P (1976). The effect of different treatments to induce a laying pause o
n
body
weight and laying performance. [Die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Behandlungen zur
Einleitung einer Legepause auf Korpergewichtsentwicklung und Leistungsgeschehen
bei Legehennen.] Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 40(1): 13-22.
Institut fur Tierproduktion, Lentzallee 75, 1000 Berlin 33, German Federal Republic
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
In 900 HNL laying hybrids which were fed 2730 kcal metabolizable energy (ME) and 21%
crude protein, moult was induced by 2 methods at 11, 15 or 18 mth of lay. Moult was induced
(1) by the normal method (food, light and water deprivation for 4 days and maize restriction
for 6 days), or (2) by a less severe method (similar restrictions for 3 and 2 days resp.). Level
of nutrition had a significant effect on body weight before moult was induced. Body weight
in all groups was significantly reduced by moult induction, but there was a lesser decrease
using method 2 than method 1, and a slower recovery rate with method 2 after normal
conditions were resumed. Egg laying was resumed 6 days earlier in hens given treatment 2
than in those given treatment 1, and performance in the first 100 days was similar in both
groups. However, during the 6th-9th mth of the 2nd laying season, treatment-1 hens averaged
58.9 eggs, while treatment B hens laid considerably fewer (no figures given). Over the whole
season, the more severely treated hens had significantly better egg production than the less
severely treated hens. Egg weight was not affected by treatment, but shell stability was
significantly better in hens given treatment 1 than in those given treatment 2.
Descriptors: moult, induction, body weight, laying performance, egg shell, age, animal
nutrition, hens, egg production, moulting, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Rangel-Lugo M; Keshavarz K; McCormick CC (1986). Effect of dietary energy dilution and
restriction on pre- and post-molt performance of laying hens. Proceedings - Cornell
Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers 1986: 57-63.
NAL Call Number: 389.79 C81
Descriptors: hens, diet, energy, restricted feeding, molt, performance ,
Rao SVR; Praharaj N K; Sunder GS; Raju MVLN; Reddy MR; Panda AK (2000). Requirement of
lysine and total sulfur amino acid for force moulted WL layers. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde
64(5): 214-218.
Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
An experiment was conducted to determine the lysine and total sulphur amino acid (TSAA)
requirements of chemically force moulted White Leghorn layers for a period of 24 weeks (81
to 104 weeks of age). Hens (72 weeks of age) were moulted by feeding excess zinc (15,000
ppm) for 10 days, followed by ground yellow maize for 25 days. Two basal diets were
prepared with 16.0 and 12.5% CP (basal diet A and B, respectively) with the same
metabolizable energy content. Basal diet A was fed to a group (5 replicates x 10 birds each)
of moulted and a group of non-moulted layers. Basal diet B was supplemented with three
levels of lysine (0.60, 0.70 and 0.80%) and three levels of TSAA (0.50, 0.60 and 0.70%) in a
3 x 3 factorial manner and each one was fed to a group of 50 moulted hens, divided into five
replicates. Hen-housed egg production was higher (P<0.05) at 0.70% lysine and 0.60%
TSAA (770 mg lysine and 680 mg TSAA intake per hen per day). The force moulted layer
performance did not increase further at higher levels of lysine in the diet (0.80%). Feed
intake, feed efficiency, albumin index, Haugh Unit score and shell thickness were also better
at 0.70% lysine and 0.60% TSAA in the diet. Egg weight and shell percent were not
influenced by dietary levels of lysine and TSAA in force moulted layers. The results of the
present experiment indicated that force moulted WL layers require about 770 mg lysine and
680 mg TSAA of which 450 mg was methionine per hen per day.
Descriptors: hens, moulting, lysine, amino acids, sulfur amino acids, methionine,
requirements, egg weight, egg production, egg quality, egg shell thickness
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ravindran R; Narahari D (1991). Effect of different methods of force moulting on egg
production, feed efficiency and mortality in White Leghorn hens. Journal of Veterinary
and Animal Sciences 22 (1): 128-133.
Department of Poultry Science, Madras Veterinary College, Madras 7, India
NAL Call Number: SF604 K42
120 White Leghorn hens, housed in individual cages, were fed ad lib. with 15% protein layer
mash from 72 to 112 weeks of age (controls) or were subjected to 4 different force moulting
treatments. There were no significant differences between hens in the 5 groups in egg
production, daily feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and mortality.
Descriptors: restricted feeding, moulting, hens, molt, induction, egg production, feed
conversion efficiency, mortality, tropics, laying performance, food consumption
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Rose SP; Campbell V (1986). Fatness of laying hens and induced molting regimens. <
i>
British
Poultry Science 27(3): 369-377.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: hens, obesity, molting, thinness, restricted feeding, egg weight, egg shell
quality, egg albumen haugh units, egg production
Rose SP; Campbell V (1985). Fatness of laying hens and induced moulting regimes. <
i>
Research
and Development Note, Scottish Agriculture Colleges (No. 28): 6 p.
Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone,
Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, UK.
In 1100 Ross Brown laying fowls, aged 99 wk and which had been moulted at 60 wk,
abdominal fatness was measured by calipers; the 324 birds with the lowest measurements
were allocated to a "lean" group, and the 324 birds with the highest measurements to a "fat"
group. The birds were then housed 3 to a cage. The birds were given 15 or 25 g whole wheat
per day (skip-a-day feeding), and were molted for 2, 3 or 4 wk. After moulting, egg
production was recorded for 22 wk after 50% production was reached. In the fat and lean
groups resp., the number of days from the end of moult to 50% production averaged 23.95
and 21.37 (P<0.01), egg weight (0-11 wk) 67.93 and 67.38 g, egg production percentage
(0-11 wk) 59.88 and 63.91 (P<0.05), and egg mass per bird per day (0-11 wk) 40.67 and
43.02 g (P<0.05). For 11-22 wk, only egg production percentage differed significantly
between the 2 groups (44.35 and 48.10 resp.). The effects of moult length on laying
performance were not significant, nor were most interactions involving fatness, moult length
and feed level during moulting. The treatments did not affect egg quality or shell traits.
Descriptors: body composition, obesity, laying performance, moulting, body fat, egg
production, moult
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ruiz VJG; Gomez GLJ; Castro CE (1978). Induction of forced molt (in laying hens) by using
steroid hormones. [Induccion de la muda forzada mediante el empleo de hormonas
esteroides]. Revista - Facultad nacional de agronomia medellin.Universidad Nacional de
Colombia. Facultad Nacional de Agronomia 31(1): 85-92.
Colombia, S.A., La Universidad.
NAL Call Number: 9.4 C717
Ruszler PL (1986). Comparison of
certain methods for induced molting of layers. College Park :
The Conference. Proceedings - Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers p.
27-33.
NAL Call Number: 389.9 UN342
Descriptors: hens, diet, forcing, feathers (bird), losses
Ruszler PL; Minear LR (1997). Comparison of induced molts using periods of four vs ten da
ys
feed withdrawal. Poultry Science 76(Suppl. 1): 104.
Dep. Animal Poultry Sci., Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: body weight loss, commercial flocks, four versus ten days feed withdrawal,
induced molts comparison, light exposure
Sakaida T; Sugiyama M; Kinbara H; Akama E; Enya K (1976). Studies on feed restriction of layer.
1. Effect of feed restriction on performance of layers. Japanese Poultry Science 13(6):
235-242.
Enya Poultry Experimental Station, Esaki Gifu-shi, Gifu-ken, Japan.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
1. The study was with strain cross of White Leghorn (No. 1), two crossbreds of Rhode Island
Red X White Leghorn (No. 2, 3) and strain cross of Rhode Island Red (No. 4), 162 of each.
The layers were on full diet until 154 days of age, when they were divided into control and
restricted group. Feed restriction was terminated at 519 days of age, and feed restriction rate
was 90% of full diet of the control layers. Hens were subjected to force molting by starving
for 7 days from 520 to 526 days of age, then for 365 days from 562 to 926 days were fed
without restriction. Feed consumption of the restricted groups was 88.4% of the control
during the experimental period. Hen-day egg production of restricted groups was 96.7% of
the control group. The ratio of average egg weight and egg production per bird and day were
99.3% and 96.0% of the control groups. Feed conversion ratio was improved 0.24 by feed
restriction. Bodyweight of the restricted groups was 88.6% of the control at 500 days of age.
The restricted groups lost weight in the same ratio to feed intake. Egg production of both
groups after force molting showed no effect of earlier feed restriction. (From summary.).
Descriptors: egg production, plane of nutrition
Samkharadze GS (1987). Optimum microclimatic conditions for hens during forced moult.
Aktual'nye problemy zoogigieny v promyshlennom zhivotnovodstve I ptitsevodstve. (Current
problems of hygiene in intensive livestock and poultry farming)., p.71-73
Moskovskaya Vet. Akad., Moscow, USSR.
The best conditions for keeping hens during artificially induced moult, in terms of feed
consumption and subsequent hatchability, were provided by an environmental temperature of
21 deg C, relative humidity 76%, air exchange of 3.72 m3/hour per kg body weight, and an
air flow rate of 0.24 m/s.
Descriptors: hens, poultry housing, moulting, microclimate
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Silva PCda; Zirlis AEF; Souza RNGde; Mercadante GdosS (1973). Inositol and methionine
supplementation of caged hens during the second year of lay, with or without forced
moult. [Supplementacao de inositol e metionina no segundo ciclo de postura, de
galinhas em gaiolas, com e sem muda forcada.] Boletim de Industria Animal 30(1):
153-159.
Secao de Avicultura, Divisao de Zootecnia Diversificada, Sao Paulo, Brazil
NAL Call Number: 49 R324
288 hens in 8 groups, which had been in lay for 14 mth, were given supplements of inositol,
methionine, inositol + methionine or no supplements; half the birds in each group were
subjected to forced moult and half were not. Forced moult had a significant, beneficial effect
on egg production, Haugh unit score and egg shell thickness, but did not affect egg weight,
food conversion or mortality.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance, egg production, egg shell, thickness, egg
quality
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Silveiro E (1987). Forced molting in layers. [Muda forzada de gallinas ponedoras].
ACPA (
Asociacion Cubana de Produccion Animal) no.3-4: 15-20. ISSN: 0138-6247
Instituto de Investigaciones Avicolas, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
NAL Call Number: SF17 A862
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, molting, feathers, oviposition, laying performance,
progesterone, livestock management, glucocorticoids , quality, eggs, adrenal cortex
hormones, animal morphology, animal products, biological development, birds, chickens,
corpus luteum hormones, corticoids , domestic animals, domesticated birds, galliformes,
hormones, integument, livestock, performance, physiological functions, poultry,
progestational hormones, reproduction, sex hormones, sexual reproduction, steroids
Sitnikov PA; Kni YuI; Shevtsova LI (1974). A study of the effect of artificial moulting on
productivity of fowls.[Izuchenie vliyaniya iskusstvenno vyzvannoi lin'ki na
produktivnost' kur.] Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Veterinarnogo
Instituta 116: 163-165, 279.
In 17-mth-old White Leghorns, moult was induced by shortening the daily photoperiod from
1 Oct. and by restriction of food and water over a 6-day period. The daily photoperiod was
gradually restored to 14 h, starting 1 mth after the shortening of the photoperiod. A similar
group of untreated birds served as controls. In the 2 groups resp., egg production in the 2nd yr
of lay averaged 186.2 and 168.7, and survival rate of hens to the end of the 2nd yr was 73.4
and 57.5%. Hatchability was 8.1% higher for eggs of treated than for those of untreated birds.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance, egg production, mortality, egg hatchability
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Sloan DR; Harms RH (1988). Recent research on resting of laying hens. Proceedin
gs
of the ...
Florida Poultry Institute (47): 31-35.
Gainesville: Florida Agricultural Extension Service.
NAL Call Number: SF481.2.F56
Descriptors: hens, egg production, molting, feeding frequency, feathers, fasting, regulations
Soldevila M; Siberio V; Soto RD (1984). Recycling of hens by an induced rest period in laying.
Original Title: Reciclaje de gallinas por medio de una pausa forzada en la postura.
Memoria, Asociacion Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal 19: 35-46.
Estacion Experimental Agricola, Colegio de Ciencias Agricolas, Univ. Puerto Rico, Puerto
Rico.
White Leghorn hens were studied during the 1st laying cycle, the induced rest-moult period,
and the 2nd laying cycle. In a randomized block design 12 replicates of 8 hens were used in 4
treatments: T1, induced rest-moult when the laying rate decreased markedly below 50%; T2,
induced rest-moult by restricting feed for 6 days and water on the 1st day after laying for 12
months, followed by giving maize for 18 days and then layer's feed; T3, induced rest-moult
by adding zinc oxide, 25 mg/g, feed, for 4 days after 12 months of laying, then giving layer's
feed; T4, 1st laying hens which reached 50% laying intensity when the other groups were
beginning their 2nd laying cycle. In the 2nd laying cycle production was 82.3%, egg weight
1.02% (100% = standard egg 56.75 g), eggs/kg feed 7.2 and mortality 1.0% for T4 and all
significantly different from the other groups, 62.1-64.5, 1.07-1.08, 5.5-5.7 and 10.4-11.5.
Moult induced with ZnO and with restricted feed and water was 13 and 18 days, respectively.
Descriptors: egg production, moult
Starchikov N; Guzhva V; Dubovtseva M (1977). Forced moult in a parent flock of egg-producing
fowls. [Prinuditel'naya lin'ka roditel'skogo stada yaichnykh kur]. Ptitsevodstvo 9: 24-26.
NAL Call Number: Z5074 P8R4
Cross-288, line C hens (150/group) were subjected to induced moult by withdrawing food,
water and light for 3 days. In the 1st group, both females and males were given the same
treatment; in the 2nd group, the males were withdrawn before treatment and re-introduced
later, and in the 3rd group, the males were withdrawn before treatment and replaced by young
males after treatment. For the 3 groups resp., egg fertility over the 270 days after moulting
averaged 82.3, 88.1 and 90.1%, and hatchability of egg set 89.7, 90.5 and 87.5%. The males
were adversely affected by induced moult. Mortality in the 3 mth after induced moult was
15.3%; testis weight decreased from approx. 25 g before treatment to 1.2 g 1 mth after
treatment, and returned to approx. 24 g by 120 days after treatment.
Descriptors: moult induction, reproduction, egg fertility, egg hatchability, mortality, testes,
weight
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Stilborn HL; Waldroup PW (1990). An evaluation of low-energy feedstuffs in diets for layi
ng
hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 27(4): 327-339.
P. W. Waldroup, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
72701, USA
NAL Call Number: SF95 A55
Rice bran (RB), lucerne meal (AM), wheat bran (WB) and maize gluten feed (MGF) were
used in laying hen diets containing metabolizable energy (ME) 2500, 2600, 2700 or 2800
kcal/kg and compared with diets based on maize and soyabean meal (MS). Each diet was
given to 8 groups of 5 individually caged hens, following a forced molt. Hen performance
was influenced more by the source of low-energy feed than by dietary energy content.
Hen-day production, egg weight, feed intake, feed per dozen eggs and weight gains for AM,
RB and WB diets were similar to that for MS control diets with equivalent energy content.
Egg production was similar for hens fed on a low ME intake of 2600 kcal/kg with these feeds
and hens given higher energy diets. Increasing MGF intake reduced hen performance. It is
concluded that performance on the lower ME diets is highly dependent on the type of feed
byproduct used.
Descriptors: egg production, energy sources, lucerne meal, rice bran, wheat bran, maize
gluten meal, maize, wheat
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Summers JD; Leeson S (1977). Sequential effects of restricted feeding and force-molting o
n
laying hen performance. Poultry Science 56(2): 600-604.
Dep. Animal and Poultry Science, Univ. Guelph, Ont., Canada N/G 2W1.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Laying hens were fed on diets with 15 or 17% crude protein, to appetite, restricted to 100
g/bird day or for 4 h each day (0800-1000 and 1430-1630 h). Dietary protein content had no
significant effect on performance, but the full-fed birds ate more feed, produced a greater
number of heavier eggs and gained more weight than restricted or time-limited birds. All
birds were given a 15 or 17% crude protein diet to appetite after force-molting induced by
removal of feed and water for a specified time. Pre-molt feeding had no effect during the
molting period. During the post-molt laying cycle, birds that had previously been restricted or
time-limited showed greater egg size and weight gain than birds fed freely during the first
laying cycle. Dietary protein had no significant effect on production during the post-molt
period. Egg shell deformation and Haugh unit measurements were not better after than before
the molt.
Descriptors: egg production, feed restriction, forced molting
Sus H (1974). Results of experiments on moult induction under practical conditions.
[Ergebnisse von Zwangsmauserversuchen in Praxisbetrieben.] Archiv fur Geflugelkunde
38(1): 9-13.
Abteilung Kleintierzucht, Universitat Hohenheim, Stuttgart, German Federal Republic
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
In the 1st experiment, with a flock of 500 HNLs, moult was induced after a 9-mth laying
season by deprivation of water, food and light for 4 days. On days 5-10, half the flock were
given 40 g oats/bird daily and the other half 40 g of an all-mash ration. In the 2nd experiment
with 3 flocks (2HNL and 1 Hisex) totaling 4165 birds, the same methods of moult induction
were used, but food deprivation was more severe. Moult was successfully induced in all
flocks. After commencement of moult, it took 35 days for birds in the 1st experiment to reach
a laying rate of 50% and 41-47 days for birds in the 2nd experiment. Trends in laying
performance in the 2nd laying season were similar to those in the 1st, but peak production
was not so high. Egg weight averaged about the same after moulting as before in both
experiments. The percentage of cracked and broken egg shells was reduced from 9.98%
before molting to 3.1% in the 2nd mth after moulting, and remained below 6% for at least 6
mth in the 1st experiment. Albumen height and yolk height showed marked improvement
after moulting. No practical problems were encountered.
Descriptors: egg production, egg weight, egg shell defects, egg quality, moult, induction,
laying performance, hens, moulting, animal husbandry, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Suwa K (1981). Effect of forced-rest during early laying period on post-rest performance
(Poultry). The Niwatori-no-kenkyu = Poultry journal 56(12): 74-78.
Tokyo, Poultry Research Association.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N64
Tatarchuk VV (1975). Effect of some stress factors on the production characters of hens o
f
different reproductive activity. [Vliyanie nekotorykh stress-faktorov na produktivnye
kachestva kur s raznoi polovoi aktivnost'yu.] Ptitsevodstva (No. 8): 94-96, 238.
Materialy Nauchnoi Konferentsii. Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii I
Tekhnologicheskii Institut
NAL Call Number: Z5074 P8R4
Groups of White Plymouth Rock hens of high, average and low reproductive performance
(300 females /group) were used. Hens in the high-performance group had an av. production
to 475 days of 205.7 eggs of 95.6% fertility and 93.2% hatchability, these values being 24, 14
and 10.3% resp. higher than in the low-performance group. When the females were subjected
to forced moulting as a result of 10 days starvation, egg production in the 2nd laying period
was 18.6 and 15.6% higher in the low-performance females than in the high-performance and
av. ones resp. Following forced moulting hen viability was higher in the high- and
av.-performance birds than in the low-performance ones (by 3.2 and 1.1% resp.).
Descriptors: laying performance, moult, induction
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Thomas WG; Bray DJ (1976). The
response of broiler breeder hens to forced molting. Poultry
Science 55(5): Abstract No. 2100.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: corn, oyster shell, light, mortality, egg, production, hatchability
Tonaka T (1980). A comparison of force molting methods (in laying hens). Circul
ar
letter -
Hawaii University, Cooperative Extension Service October 1980, 89: 1-6.
NAL: SF481.H3
United States Office of Experiment Stations (1904). Experiment station work, XXIII losses in
manure, apple pomace for cows, macaroni wheats, rations for laying hens, sterilizing
greenhouse soils, early molting of hens, tomatoes under glass, evaporation from
incubator eggs, protection of peach buds, the keeping quality of butter, dandelions in
lawns, curing cheese in cold storage. Farmers' bulletin / United States Department of
Agriculture no. 186: 32 p.
NAL Call Number: 1 Ag84F no.186
Verheyen G; Decuypere E (1988). Production results following forced molting by a mild and a
severe starvation procedure in brown laying hens (Warren S.S.L.) [Produktieprestaties
na toepassing van een diervriendelijke ruimethode en een strenge, konventionele
vastenmethode bij bruine leghennen (Warren S.S.L]. Landbouwtijdschrift 41(2): Dutch
edition 355-362; French edition 359-367.
Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium, Lab. voor Fysiologie der Huisdieren [Lab. for
Physiology of Domestic Animals)
NAL Call Number: 13 L233
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, molting, starvation, light regimes, laying performance,
agriculture, animal production, animals, biological rhythms, birds, chickens, domestic
animals, domesticated birds, egg production, galliformes , light, nutrition, nutritional
phenomena, physical states, poultry, production, radiations, time, timing, vertebrates
Verheyen G; Decuypere E (1983). Cessation of laying by induction in the hen. Effect of different
methods on some production parameters and on the concentrations of thyroid
hormones, prolactin, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and proteins in the blood serum
(Force molting). [Arret de la ponte par induction chez la poule. Effet de differentes
methodes sur certains parametres de production et sur les concentrations en hormones
thyroidiennes, en prolactine, en Ca, P, Na et en proteines dans le serum sanguin.] Revue
de l'agriculture 36(5): 1535-1559.
NAL Call Number: 13 R322
Yamagami Y (1990). Recent trend of increase in the number of hens under forced molting, a
nd
some problems in this relation. Yokei no Tomo 337: 28-38. ISSN: 0385-1648
Saitama Prefect. Poultry Exp. Stn.
Descriptors: rearing management, laying hen, molting, chicken egg, quality, egg-laying,
economy, efficiency, egg shell, weight(gravity), freshness
Zhvikas EB (1976). Effect of
different methods of forced moulting on reproductive characters
of laying hens. [Vliyanie razlichnykh metodov prinuditel'noi lin'ki na
vosproizvoditel'nye kachestva yaichnykh kur.] Ptitsevodstvu 4: 110-118, 142-143.
Sbornik Rabot. Pribaltiiskaya Zonal'naya Opytnaya Stantsiya po
NAL Call Number: Z5074 P8R4
Nine groups each of 75 Leghorn layers were treated as follows at the end of the 1st laying
season: (1) controls, maintained under 14 h light daily and with access to food and water; (2)
light stress (light period increased to 24 h daily for 10 days, shortened abruptly to 8 h daily
for 1 mth, and then lengthened to 14 h daily) but with access to food and water; (3) light
stress and with access to water but starved for 6 days; (4), (5), and (6) as in (3) but starved for
8, 10 or 12 days resp.; (7) light stress, with access to food and water, and fed 0.7 g thyroid
extract daily; (8) as in (7) but injected with 50 mg progesterone; (9) darkness, and withdrawal
of water and food for 3 and 4 days resp. For the 9 treatments resp., egg production to the
onset of forced moulting at 68 wk of age averaged 247, 247, 244, 238, 246, 238, 250, 250 and
246 v 216, 191, 222, 247, 230, 228, 213, 192 and 226 in the following 52 wk, group 4
producing significantly more and group 2 significantly less than the controls. Production to
43 wk after the onset of forced moulting was significantly better in groups 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9
(201, 230, 217, 216 and 212) and worse in group 2 (156) than in controls (178). Egg fertility
3 and 11 mth after forced moulting was generally higher than in birds aged 15-16 mth, but
hatchability of eggs set was lower (69.4-87.1 and 64.9-73.8 v 88.8-95.1%). Corresponding
values for hatchability in the control group were 87.7 and 80.5% v 92.9.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Zigic L; Srajber L; Masic B; Marinkovic V (1970). The effect of forced molting on the physical
properties and inner quality of eggs layed by New Hampshire hens. Veterinaria
(Sarajevo) 19(1): 66-71.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V6494
Descriptors: albumin, yolk, shell
Zimmermann N (1993). Effect of water additives during induced molt on postmolt performanc
e
of leghorn hens. Poultry Science 72(Suppl. 1): 64.
Dep. Anim. Sci., Wash. State Univ., Puyallup, Washington
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Zimmermann NG; Andrews DK (1990). Performance of leghorn hens induced to molt by limited
feeding of diets varying in nutrient density. Poultry Science 69(11): 1883-1891.
Washington State University, Puyallup, WA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, hen feeding, nutrient density, restricted feeding, molt, laying performance,
egg production
Zimmermann NG; Andrews DK; McGinnis J (1987). Comparison of several induced molting
methods on subsequent performance of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poultry
Science 66(3): 408-417.
Washington State University, Puyallup, WA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, molting, laying performance, fasting, restricted feeding, weight losses,
guar meal, methionine, calcium
Zimmermann NG; Andrews DK; Mcginnis J (1985). Comparison of 12 induced-molt procedures.
Poultry Science 64(Suppl.1): 204.
Department of Animal Science, Western Washington Research And Extension Center,
Washington State University Puyallup, Washington.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hen, guar meal, shell quality
Selected Websites
Induced Molting of Commercial Layers: North Carolina State University
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/tech_manuals/induced_molting_commercial.html
The Keys to Successful Induced Molting of Leghorn-type Hens
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/poultry/408-026/408-026.html
Go Back To:
Management Strategies
MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS AND
DEFICIENCIES
Abu-Serewa S; Karunajeewa H (1985). A comparison of methods for rehabilitating aging hens.
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25(2): 320-325.
Animal Res. Inst., Dep. Agric. Rural Affairs, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
NAL Call Number: 23-AU792
Three of five groups of White Leghorn .times. Australorp hens aged 73 weeks, housed in
cages, were fed a laying diet containing zinc (23.7 g/kg), or iodine (4.1 g/kg), or calcium (1.0
g/kg). The fourth group of hens was given only whole-grain barley while a fifth group given a
normal laying diet served as the control. All groups were fed their respective diets until rate
of lay dropped to 0% or less than 2%, and they were then given a normal laying diet until 97
weeks of age. Water was available at all times and 15.5 h of constant light was provided daily
to all treatments throughout the experiment. Hens given the zinc and the whole-grain barley
diets ceased egg production within 1 week and remained out of production for about 10 days.
The hens in both of these treatments reached peak egg production (67%, on a hen day basis) 8
weeks after the initiation of treatments, after which they continued to lay at a higher rate than
those given iodine, calcium and control treatments. Hens given the diets with either iodine or
calcium reached their lowest rate of lay (1.6%) after 15 and 7 days of feeding the two diets
respectively. They resumed laying immediately after the resumption of feeding the normal
laying diet and reached peak egg production (59%) at 8 and 12 weeks after feeding the iodine
and calcium diets respectively. The treated hens laid eggs with higher Haugh units and
specific gravity values than those eggs of the controls. The lowest rate of decline in both
those traits from the pretreatment values was in the zinc and barley treatments. These
treatments also had the lowest percentage of cracked eggs. There was no significant
difference among treatments in mean rate of lay, egg weight, or rate of mortality from 73 to
97 weeks of age. The present results suggest that feeding whole-grain barley can be used
successfully to extend the productive life of laying hens beyond the first year of egg
production if such an extension is desirable in a given economic situation. It is a simpler
technique than the conventional method of induced moulting and the method of feeding a
high level of zinc.
Descriptors: zinc, iodine, calcium, whole grain, barley, mean lay rate, egg production
Copyright© 2002, Biosis
Albuquerque R de (1988). Effect
of sodium chloride, zinc oxide and potassium iodide, compared
with feed restriction, on induced molting in laying hens and their productivity. [Acao do
cloreto de sodio, oxido de zinco e iodeto de potassio em comparacao com a restricao
alimentar, sobre o descanso forcado em galinhas poedeiras e sua produtividade.] Thesis
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Brazil, 86 pp.
NAL Call Number: SF494.A43
Departamento de Cricao de Ruminantes e Alimentacao Animal, Faculdade de Medicina
Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
At 66 weeks old, 128 each of Babcock and Hisex Brown hens, caged singly, were deprived of
feed for 11 days or given diets without added NaCl for 42 days or diets with 2% ZnO for 11
days or 0.6852% KI for 42 days. Thereafter all had the same commercial laying diet. Molting
was induced by all treatments except NaCl deprivation. Subsequent productivity was
significantly higher with feed deprivation and 2% ZnO than with the other treatments. With
feed deprivation and 2% ZnO and body weight loss was higher, feed consumption lower and
feed conversion better than the other treatments. Egg weight was highest and quality of eggs,
measured by Haugh units, and quality of shells was poorest in group 1. Survival rate was not
affected by treatment. Results between strains are compared.
Descriptors: molting, restricted feeding, sodium chloride, zinc oxide, potassium iodide , egg
quality
Alsobayel AA;
Alkhateeb NA (1992). Effect of force
molting induced conventionally or by high
dietary aluminum on egg and shell quality of laying hens. Asian-Australasian Journal of
Animal Sciences 5(2): 341-347.
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
NAL Call Number: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: hens, molting, aluminum, egg quality
Alsobayel AA; Alkhateev NA (1992). Evaluation of high dietary aluminum as a force-resting
agent in laying hens. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 10(3): 81-92.
Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, PO Box
2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
NAL Call Number: Q1 A65
Laying Saudi Arabian Baladi hens were subjected to 4 dietary treatments: fed to appetite on a
commercial control layer diet containing 17% crude protein, 3.6% calcium and 0.343%
available phosphorus; fed initially on a commercial force-molting diet, starved for 10 days
and then fed for 18 days on cracked maize; and fed for 15 days to appetite on the control diet
supplemented at 0.35% with aluminum as Al sulphate or Al chloride. During the molting
period hen-day egg production was 45.02, 37.50, 38.32 and 40.66 eggs, respectively. The
added Al depressed feed intake and body weight. Concentration of inorganic P in plasma was
highest with the control diet and lowest with aluminum chloride; differences between groups
were not significant 10 days after the end of dietary treatments.
Descriptors: hen feeding, aluminum, mineral supplements, molting, egg production, poultry,
minerals, trace elements, calcium, phosphorus
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Berry WD; Brake J (1987). Postmolt performance of laying hens molted by high dietary zinc
,
low dietary sodium, and fasting: egg production and eggshell quality. Poultry Science
66(2): 218-226.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, reproductive performance, molt, fasting, zinc, sodium, photoperiod, egg
production, egg shell quality
Berry WD; Brake J (1985). Comparison of parameters associated with molt induced by fasting,
zinc, and low dietary sodium in caged layers. Poultry Science 64(11): 2027-2036.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, molt, fasting, zinc, sodium, physiological functions, cage rearing
Berry WD; Gildersleeve RP; Brake J (1987). Characterization of different hematological
responses during molts induced by zinc or fasting. Poultry Science 66(11): 1841-1845.
Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Single Comb White Leghorn hens were induced to molt by complete fasting for 11 days
(FAST) or feeding a layer ration that contained 20,000 ppm zinc as zinc oxide for 11 days
(ZINC). In both cases hens lost approximately 30% of their initial body weight. A control
(CON) group was maintained. At 4, 8, 12, 18, and 42 days after initiation of the treatments,
total erythrocyte numbers (TRBC), percent packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular
volume, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHb), and mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined. Erythrocytes were characterized as
reticulocytes, intermediate Stage VII erythrocytes, or mature Stage VIII erythrocytes. The
FAST hens exhibited significantly increased PCV through 18 days, which was not exhibited
by ZINC hens. The FAST treatment increased TRBC on Days 8 and 12 and decreased TRBC
on Day 42 while ZINC decreased TRBC on Day 4 and increased TRBC on Day 12. The
FAST hens exhibited decreased Hb on Day 42, as reproduction resumed. Both ZINC and
FAST hens exhibited decreased MCHb and MCHC on Day 12. Percentages of reticulocytes
were decreased at Day 4 by FAST and increased at Days 8 and 18 by ZINC. Stage VII
erythrocytes were decreased on Days 4 and 12 in FAST hens whereas ZINC hens exhibited a
decrease on Day 4 and an increase on Days 8 and 18. Concomitantly, FAST hens exhibited
an increase in Stage VIII erythrocytes on Days 4 and 12, whereas an increase on Day 4 and
decreases on Days 8 and 18 were observed in ZINC hens.
Descriptors: Chickens--blood--BL, Fasting, Feathers--physiology--PH, Zinc
--pharmacology--PD, Zinc Oxide--pharmacology--PD , Chickens--physiology--PH,
Erythrocyte Count--veterinary--VE, Erythrocyte Indices--veterinary--VE, Feathers--drug
effects--DE, Hematocrit--veterinary --VE, Hemoglobins--analysis--AN
Bessei W (1978). Use of a low-sodium diet to induce a laying pause in hens. [Die Anwendun
g
einer natriumarmen Ration zur Steuerung der Legepause bei Legehennen.] Archiv fur
Geflugelkunde 42(3): 115-122.
Lehrstuhl fur Kleintierzucht, Univ. Hohenheim, Postfach 106, 7000 Stuttgart 70, German
Federal Republic
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
After 12 months of egg production 1600 hens in 2 groups were fed on a low-Na diet for 3 or
4 weeks. Subsequent production and egg quality were recorded for 8 periods of 4 weeks.
Within 3 weeks egg production decreased to below 3%. Both groups reached 50% hen-day
production at the 11th week and rose to a peak of 82 to 83%. When the low-Na diet was
introduced, egg weight decreased and then increased to 67 g when the hens were transferred
to the normal diet. Egg shell strength was improved until the 16th week of trial and then
decreased. Egg shell deformation, percentage egg shell and albumen index also improved in
the first part of the second year. Yolk colour decreased after the treatment and reached
normal values after 20 weeks. During feeding on the low-Na diet mortality increased but
returned to normal after changing to the complete diet. There was no significant difference
between groups for egg production, egg weight, albumen index or yolk colour. The egg shell
quality was better and the mortality higher in the group on the low-Na diet for 4 weeks.
Descriptors: egg production, feeds, sodium, molt, induction, laying performance, nutrition
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Bessei W; Lantzsch HJ (1980). Induction of pauses in laying with diets rich in zinc.
[Untersuchungen zur Einleitung von Legepausen mit zinkreichen Rationen.]. Archiv fur
Geflugelkunde 44(3): 133-140.
Lehrstuhl Kleintierzucht, Garbenstr. 17, 7000 Stuttgart 70 - Hohenheim, German Federal
Republic.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
To investigate the effect of zinc concentration in the diet of laying hens on egg production
and egg Zn levels, groups of 8 White Leghorn Hybrid (LSL) laying hens were given diets
with Zn 5000, 10 000, 15 000 or 20 000 mg/kg feed for periods of 2, 4, 6 or 8 days, following
which normal laying diets were given. Each of the 16 treatment combinations was replicated
8 times, and the trials were conducted for 4 laying periods of 4 weeks. Egg production during
administration of the Zn-rich diets decreased with increasing Zn concentration and duration
of treatment. Treatments producing the most marked reduction in output were those which
gave the best output during the third and fourth laying periods. During these periods there
were no treatment-related differences in the consumption of the standard diet. The daily
intake of Zn decreased in the groups given the highest level of dietary Zn for the longest
period, and efficiency of feed conversion was increased in the groups given Zn-rich diets for
periods greater than 2 days. Zn in eggs showed a slight increase with duration of treatment
but no apparent effect due to Zn concentration and even the highest level recorded (54
mg/kg) would be harmless to humans. Body Zn levels were estimated in other birds fed
similarly. Concentration of Zn or duration of treatment had no significant effect on levels of
Zn.
Descriptors: zinc, hen feeding, hens, egg production
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Brake J (1993). Recent advances
in induced molting. Poultry Science 72(5): 929-931.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Molt induction methods that produce a complete cessation of lay, reproductive involution for
several days, and loss of nearly 50% of the primary feathers are the most successful. Feed
deprivation and high levels of dietary zinc have proven to be the most consistent methods
available. Calcium appears to play a pivotal role in molt induction as calcium carbonate
feeding prolongs ovulation during the initial stages of an induced molt and dietary zinc has
been shown to interfere with calcium-related metabolic activities at the level of the ovary.
The primary site of action of feed deprivation appears to be at the level of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis, where calcium is involved in many endocrine pathways. The physiological
basis of postmolt rejuvenation has been related to the extent of ovarian and oviductal
involution. Evidence suggests that restructuring of receptor or membrane functions in the
oviduct is the basis for rejuvenation. A body weight loss of about 30% appears to be
necessary for appropriate restructuring of the shell gland.
Descriptors: hens, molting, induction, zinc, calcium, weight losses, fasting, feathers, lh,
ovaries, suppression, c-amp, oviducts, epithelium
Breeding SW; Brake J; Garlich JD; Johnson AL (1992). Molt induced by dietary zinc in a low-calcium
diet. Poultry Science 71(1): 168-180.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Three experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that zinc has a specific effect
independent of anorexia during induction of molt. In Experiment 1, hens were fed a low-calcium (.08%) basal molt diet to which was added 0, 110, 620, or 1,120 mg/kg (ppm) zinc as
zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) for 7 days and 0, 1,400, 2,800, or 4,200 ppm zinc,
respectively, for the following 14 days. In Experiment 2, hens were provided ad libitum
access to the low-calcium basal molt diet with 2,800 ppm added zinc for 14 days during
which a paired control hen received a similar amount of the low-calcium basal molt diet. In
Experiment 3, hens were fed the low-calcium basal molt diet on a restricted basis amended
with either 0 or 2,800 ppm zinc on a restricted basis for 10 days. In Experiment 1, all hens
that consumed zinc had significantly fewer days to last oviposition as compared with control
hens, and this occurred without significant differences in body weight or feed consumption
for the lowest zinc group. When compared with the control group, higher levels of zinc did
decrease body weight and feed consumption. In Experiment 2, the hens consuming the diet
with 2,800 ppm zinc (Zn2800) reached last oviposition significantly sooner than control hens,
although the Zn2800 hens actually consumed more feed. In Experiment 3, the Zn2800 hens
lost more body weight than control hens due partially to earlier reproductive tract regression.
Serum luteinizing hormone was increased in the Zn2800 hens. In the absence of
supplemental dietary calcium, dietary zinc in moderate concentrations (less than or equal to
52,800 ppm) has a specific suppressing effect on reproduction independent of anorexia.
Descriptors: hens, zinc, feed intake, molt, follicles, calcium, mineral deficiencies, body
weight, egg production, ovaries, weight, oviducts
Breeding SW; Berry WD; Brake J (1992). Research note: maintenance of duodenum weight
during a molt induced by dietary zinc in a low-calcium diet. Poultry Science 71(8): 1408-1411.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The duodenal loop was excised from hens that had been induced to molt by a low-calcium
diet containing 2,800 ppm zinc in the form of zinc sulfate heptahydrate. This was compared
to that of hens pair-fed a layer diet. In Experiment 1, hens exhibited an increased duodenum
weight after receiving the zinc diet for 14 days but no differences remained 14 days later. In
Experiment 2, increased duodenum weight was noted after 4 days on the zinc diet and this
persisted through 10 days. This greater tissue weight was observed whether expressed on a
wet or dry weight basis. Thus, there was a persistency of tissue mass. The duodenum does not
regress during a zinc-induced molt as it does during a fast-induced molt.
Descriptors: hens, dietary minerals, mineral deficiencies, calcium, zinc, molt, duodenum,
weight, induced molt
Cunningham DL; McCormick CC (1985). A multicycle comparison of dietary zinc and feed
removal molting procedures: production and income performance. Poultry Science
64(2): 253-260.
Dep. Of Poultry And Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate performance and income factors associated
with ZnO and feed removal multicycle molt programs. Experiment 1 compared 2 strains of
commercial White Leghorn layers molted with 20,000 ppm ZnO in the feed for 4 days with a
feed removal program of 10 days followed by 10 days of cracked corn. Experiment 2
compared a single strain of White Leghorn layers molted with 20,000 ppm ZnO with feed
removal for 4 and 10 days. Body weight loss during molt averaged 25-30% for the longer
duration molt programs compared to 14-16% for the short duration programs. Differences on
body weight loss between ZnO and feed removal programs employing the same durations of
treatment were not significant (P < 0.05). No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed
between ZnO and feed removal programs for hen-housed egg production, days to reduce egg
production to 0%, feed usage or mortality rates. Differences in egg size and egg grade
distributions were observed among molting programs and strains. Incomes over pullet and
feed costs for the molted flocks were greatest during the 1st molt cycle. Incomes over pullet
and feed cost during the 2nd molt cycle were generally negative. The longer duration molt
programs resulted in total incomes over feed and pullet costs averaging 5.0.cents./doz more
than the shorter 4 day duration programs. Duration of molt-inducing periods had greater
effects on performance and income results than did the method used to induce rest.
Descriptors: white leghorn chicken, corn, metabolic-drug, egg production,
pharmacodynamics
Dalin VN (1977). Development of a method for moult induction in intensively reared hens.
[Razrabotka metodiki provedeniya prinuditel'noi linki kur v usloviyakh ikh itensivnogo
soderzhaniya.] Izvestiya Timiryazevskoi Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii (No. 6): 158-169,
228.
The method developed involves (1) the withdrawal of food for 4 days, and its reintroduction
in a manner depending on the initial stage of moulting, (2) the use of low-calcium diet, and
(3) 2 periods (4 days and 3 days resp.) of complete darkness. For 3 groups, each of 8900
layers, induced to moult using this method, induced to moult by the previously used Canadian
method, and not induced to moult, egg production per hen in 9 mth averaged 108.0, 126.0
and 106.4 resp.
Descriptors: moult, induction, methodology, egg production
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Daniel M; Balnave DA (1980). A comparison of methods of inducing a pause in egg productio
n
in crossbred layers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31(6): 1153-1161.
Dep. Animal Husbandry, Univ. Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
NAL Call Number: 23 Au783
In experiment 1, 20 replicates of 6 White Leghorn X Australorp laying hens, aged 84 weeks,
were allocated to each of 4 treatments. The first involved withholding water and feed for 2
and 7 days, respectively; thereafter 50 g cracked wheat daily was given to each bird for 2
weeks followed by free access to a commercial laying diet. The second group was offered a
diet containing zinc 18.7 g/kg for 7 days and were then treated as group 1. The third group
was given a diet containing calcium 0.9 g/kg for 4 weeks and then returned to the commercial
laying hen diet. The fourth group was allowed free access to cracked wheat for 2 weeks then
50 g wheat/bird daily for 2 weeks followed by the commercial diet. Birds on treatments 2 to 4
consumed 12, 114.1 and 98 g daily, respectively, during the first 7 days compared to 136.2 g
for all birds at the start of the trial. After returning to the commercial diet, birds fed on
treatments 1 to 4 ate 129.1, 130.1, 121.1 and 127.1 g daily, respectively, between 89 and 104
weeks. Mean bodyweights at 104 weeks were 2.081, 2.041, 2.126 and 2.008 kg compared to
a mean weight of 2.110 kg at 84 weeks. Egg production for these birds was 65.55, 63.34,
48.07 and 55.24 eggs/100 birds. In experiment 2 each of 4 commercial laying diets was given
to 3 replicates of 4 White Leghorn X Australorp hens, aged 84 weeks. The diets were
supplemented with Zn 2.2, 4.1, 7.5 and 18.7 g/kg as zinc oxide. After 1 week, birds on diets 3
and 4 were given 50 g cracked wheat daily for 2 weeks before being allowed free access to
the unsupplemented layer's diet. Birds on diets 1 and 2 continued on these diets for 3 weeks
when they were returned to the unsupplemented layer's diet. Birds on diet 4 ceased lay by day
7 and those on diet 3 by day 8. Birds on diets 1 and 2 had their rates of lay reduced to 44%
and 22%, respectively by the end of week 3, compared to a rate of lay of 50% at the start of
the trial. There was no significant difference among treatments in mean food intake, daily egg
production, mean egg weight or Haugh unit value following the return to the commercial
diet.
Descriptors: egg production, molting, molt, induction, methodology
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Douglas CR; Harms RH; Wilson HR (1972). The use of extremely low dietary calcium to alter
the production pattern of laying hens. Poultry Science 51(6): 2015-2020.
Dep. Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Fla. 32601.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Hens that had been laying for 6 months were individually caged and given for 16 weeks diets
based on maize and soya bean meal. The control mixture contained 3% Ca and 0.7% P, other
groups were given 0.09% Ca and 0.32% P for 14 or 42 days and after that the control diet.
Many hens given the low-Ca diet were unable to stand after 3 days but soon recovered. By 14
days egg production had fallen from 65 to 12%. Four weeks later, after returning to the
control diet, egg production was similar to that of control birds. Egg production of the 42
days depleted group fell to 2% by 4 weeks. After return to the control diet, it increased only
to about 40%. The sp. gr. of eggs was not affected by any treatment. Mortality was 8.6% for
controls, 28.6% for the low-Ca groups.Hens in production for 10 months were given for 20
weeks the same diets as before and a further group was given the low-Ca diet for the whole
period. After 2 weeks egg production of all low-Ca groups had fallen to about 3%. After
return to the control diet both groups exceeded control group egg production 10%. Birds
continuously given the low-Ca diet had a mean egg production of about 6%. Egg shell
thickness was significantly greater at 60 days in groups depleted for 42 days in controls.
Bodyweight of birds continuously given the low-Ca diet was significantly lower than that of
all other groups; the breaking strength of the tibia and bone ash were significantly lower. The
possibility is considered that suspension of laying induced by a short period on low-Ca diet
might replace forced molting.
Descriptors: poultry, feeding, calcium, intake, egg production, hens
Filipovic Z; Stevancevic M (1999). Application of ZnO in diet for induction of molting in
SSL-hybrid hens on a farm "Koka-Promet" in Budva, Yugoslavia. [Primjena ZnO u
ishrani za izazivanje prinudnog mitarenja kod kokica SSL-hibrida na farmi
"Koka-promet" u Budvi.] Zivinarstvo 34(10): 9-12.
Javna veterinarska ustanova Republike Crne Gore, Podgorica, Yugoslavia.
The use of zinc oxide (ZnO) for induction of molting was evaluated on a farm of 10 000 of
SSL-hybrid hens in Budva, Yugoslavia, in April 1997. ZnO was added to the diet at 15
kg/600 kg of diet at the end of technological laying period at 73 weeks of age. molting was
completed within 8 to 10 days and new feathers appear 28 days after molting. Laying period
was extended by 10 months after induction of molting, at which time egg production was
53%. It is concluded that ZnO at 25 000 ppm/1000 kg of feed has no toxic effect. Total
mortality during 10 months of extended laying period was 7%.
Descriptors: molting, poultry, zinc oxide, diets, mortality, egg production, hens
Franchini A; Meluzzi A; Urrai G; Bertuzzi S; Giordani G (1986).
Induction of moulting in laying
hens. 2. Effect of starvation and diets deficient in calcium and sodium. [Induzione della
muta nelle galline ovaiole. 2. Effetti del digiuno e di diete calcio e sodio carenti.]
Avicoltura 55(3): 14-17.
Istituto Zoocolture, Facolta di Agraria, Univ. degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
NAL Call Number: 47.8 R523
Moulting was induced in 216 Warren laying hens, 74 weeks old, by starvation, a diet with
0.04% calcium or a diet with 0.02% sodium. Egg laying ceased after 8 days of starvation and
decreased to 5 and 6% of normal after 15 and 28 days on the diets deficient in Ca or Na.
Weight loss was 15.89, 12.29 and 10.71 g, respectively. Resumption of laying after feeding to
appetite took longer but performance during the 2nd production cycle was best in starved
hens. Egg weight and shell density were unaffected by molting method. Albumen quality was
improved by starvation.
Descriptors: moult, starvation, hens, calcium, deficiency, sodium
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Francis DW; Roberson RH (1980). Chemical constituents of blood from chickens subjected to
molt. Poultry Science 59 (7): 1610.
Dep. Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Laying hens, 3/cage, were bled before moult, after moult induced by deprivation of feed or
giving zinc, and 3 times after return to lay. Inorganic phosphorus, potassium and albumin
were significantly different between controls and treated hens. Means for lactic
dehydrogenase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were greater in the treated
groups than in controls. Thirteen blood constituents were significantly different for the
treatment X period interaction. The largest difference, which occurred between the control
and the 2 treated groups after moulting, was associated with weight loss and cessation of egg
production.
Descriptors: blood composition, moulting
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Gascon FM; Piquer JG; Vinas L (1985). Comparative study of two methods of forced moult in
layers. II. [Estudio comparativo de dos metodos de muda forzada en ponedoras. II.]
Medicina Veterinaria 2(9): 413-421.
Dep. Path., Fac. Vet., Zargoza, Spain.
Comparison of serum corticosterone, heterophil percentage and relative adrenal weight in
two groups of each of 60 layers undergoing the feed and water restriction method or the zinc
oxide method of forced moult revealed significant increases in all these values with the first
method, but not with the zinc oxide method.
Descriptors: hens, restricted feeding, zinc, moulting, stress, moult
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Gascon FM; Piquer JG (1985). Comparative study in two methods of forced molting in laying
hens, 3: Effect on different protein fractions and total serum proteins. [Estudio
comparativo de dos metodos de muda forzada en ponedoras, 3: Efecto sobre las
diferentes fracciones proteicas y proteinas totales sericas]. Medicina Veterinaria 2(10):
487-492.
Zaragoza Univ., Spain, Facultad de Veterinaria
The serum protein fractions and total protein in 180 White Leghorn hens of 44 weeks of lay
are studied during a forced molt using two different methods: feed and water restriction and
zinc oxide. The hiprotaenemia is very significant (P<0.01) in both molting groups but there
are no differences between them, except the decrease of gamma-globulins what is higher in
the feed and water restriction group. In the other serum proteic fractions no differences have
been observed between the three groups. According to the results observed the zinc oxide
method seems better than the feed and water restriction for the practice of forced molt.
Descriptors: layer chickens, molting, globulins, albumins, blood protein disorders, water
deprivation, oxides, zinc, animals, biological rhythms, birds, blood composition, blood
disorders, blood proteins, chickens, composition, disorders, domestic animals, domesticated
birds, elements, galliformes, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, inorganic
compounds , metals, nutrition, nutritional phenomena, organic compounds, pollutants,
poultry, proteins, time, timing, vertebrates
Goodman BL; Norton RA; Diambra OH (1986). Zinc oxide to induce molt in layers.
Poultry Science 65(11): 2008-2014.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The effects of the addition of Zn as ZnO to diets to induce molt were evaluated against a
fasted control. Experiment 1 involved 315 Leghorn hens, 15 months old, randomly
distributed among five treatments, each replicated seven times with 9 hens per replicate. Hens
fasted for 10 days were compared with hens fed diets to which ZnO was added at 10,000,
5,000, or 2,500 ppm for 7, 14, or 21 days. No significant differences were observed among
treatments for days to return to 50% production, hen-day and hen-housed production, egg
weight, grams egg per hen-day, grams of feed per gram egg, mortality, or Haugh units during
the 22-week experimental period. Experiment 2 involved 420 Leghorn hens, 18 months old,
randomly distributed among five treatments, each replicated seven times with 12 hens per
replicate. Treatments involved fasting for 10 days or feeding diets with 10,000, 5,000, or
2,500 ppm ZnO fed for 7, 14, or 21 days. Hens fasted and hens fed diets with 10,000 ppm
ZnO at the start of the experiment ceased production in significantly less time (4.6 to 6 days)
than hens fed 5,000 ppm ZnO (14.3 to 14.9 days); however, days to return to 50% production
from the start of the experiment did not differ among treatments. Feed consumption and feed
cost per hen day during molt were lowest (P less than .05) in the fasted hens.
Descriptors: physiology--PH; Feathers--drug effects--DE; Zinc--pharmacology --PD; Zinc
Oxide--pharmacology--PD ; Diet CAS Registry No.: 1314-13-2 (Zinc Oxide); 7440-66-6
(Zinc)
Harms RH (1991). Effect of removing salt, sodium, or chloride from the diet of commercial
layers. Poultry Science 70(2): 333-336.
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Two experiments were conducted with Hy-Line W-36 hens. The hens were 45 and 65 wk old
at the start of Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was used.
Four diets were fed for 19 days: 1) control; 2) no added NaCl; 3) no added NaCl with Na
supplied as NaHCO3; and 4) no added Na with Cl supplied as CaCl2. All hens were fed the
control diet from Day 20 to Day 84. Hens fed a diet without NaCl reached zero production in
9.8 and 13.3 days in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Hens fed the diet without Na reached
zero production in 10.3 and 13.1 days in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Only a few of the
hens fed the diets with no Cl reached zero production. Time required for all hens to return to
production after returning to control diets were 16.0, 15.7, and 6.0 days for hens receiving no
added NaCl, Na, or Cl, respectively in Experiment 1, and 13.2, 15.0, and .6 days in
Experiment 2. Molting occurred in 92.7, 77.8, and 24.2% of the hens receiving the no NaCl,
Na or Cl, respectively, in Experiment 1, and 80.0, 72.5, 30% in Experiment 2. Mortality rates
were 7.5, 12.5, 20.0, and 5.0% for the hens receiving diets with no NaCl, Na, Cl or control,
respectively, in Experiment 1, and 2.5, 10.0, 20.0, and 0% in Experiment 2.
Descriptors: hens, sodium chloride, egg production, molt, feed intake, feathers, mortality,
mineral deficiencies, egg weight, specific gravity ;
Harms RH (1983). Benefits of low
sodium in the diets of laying hens during the period prior
to
forced rest. Poultry Science 62(6): 1107-1109.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Hassan MSH (1996). Physiological changes in laying fowl during forced molting. Thesis Degree:
Thesis (M.Sc. in Poultry Production) Cairo Univ. (Egypt). Faculty of Agriculture, 156 p.
Availability: Library, of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Univ., Egypt
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, forced molting, zinc, feed additives, laying
performance, animal performance, blood composition, additives, animal husbandry methods,
animal performance, birds, blood, chickens, domestic animals, domesticated birds, elements,
galliformes, heavy metals, livestock, metallic elements, poultry
Hussein AS; Cantor AH; Johnson TH (1989). Comparison of the use of dietary aluminum with
the use of feed restriction for force-molting laying hens. Poultry Science 68(7): 891-896.
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, molting, aluminum sulfate, restricted feeding, egg production
Johnson AL; Brake J (1992). Zinc-induced molt: evidence for a direct inhibitory effect of
granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Poultry Science 71(1): 161-167.
Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick,
New Jersey 08903, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Results from previous studies indicate that the use of dietary zinc may provide an effective
means to initiate an induced molt in laying hens. Although much evidence indicates that high
concentrations of zinc (10 000 to 20 000 ppm) cause the cessation of lay primarily by
reducing feed intake, recent data suggest that lower concentrations (2800 ppm) in a
calcium-deficient diet may have a direct action on the ovary. Therefore, in a series of in vitro
studies it was evaluated whether zinc can affect granulosa cell progesterone production.
Incubation of granulosa cells from the largest preovulatory (F1) follicle with Zn as zinc
sulfate (0.1 to 10 micro M) had no effect on basal progesterone production. By contrast,
ovine LH-stimulated progesterone production was inhibited (P<0.05) in a dose-related
fashion by Zn in both the sulfate and acetate forms (1 to 10 micro M). Furthermore, Zn
attenuated ovine LH- and forskolin-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
formation, and inhibited 8-bromo-cAMP- and calcium ionophore (A23187)-induced
progesterone production. Such results indicate both pre- and post-cAMP sites of action for
the inhibitory actions of Zn on progesterone production in F1 granulosa cells. Finally, ovine
FSH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and progesterone production in granulosa cells
collected from 9- to 12-mm follicles (a stage of development representing the early, rapid
growth phase) were suppressed (P<0.05) by co-incubation of cells with Zn. From these data,
it can be concluded that the effectiveness of Zn to induce the cessation of lay is due, at least
in part, to a direct inhibitory action on ovarian granulosa cell function both in differentiating
and in preovulatory follicles.
Descriptors: steroid metabolism, granulosa cells, zinc, intake, hens, molting, molt, induction,
nutrition, ovaries, steroidogenesis, in vitro, minerals
Kilic A; Kor I (1983). Effects of
induction of moulting by zinc oxide in laying hens. [Yumurta
tavukculugunda cinko oksit ile tuy dokumune zorlanimin etkinlikleri uzerine
arastirmalar.] Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi 20(3): 15-28.
For 4 days groups of 6500 Golden Comet laying hens 76 weeks old were given a layer feed
alone or with zinc oxide 25 g/kg. Zn increased egg yield and profitability but decreased feed
intake and liveweight which however improved with time. Induction of moulting by Zn
supplement was considered better than conventional methods.
Descriptors: hen feeding, zinc, supplements, egg production, moult
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Kuchinski KK; Harms RH (1994). Signs observed in commercial laying hens fed a low dietary
salt level. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 3(1): 93-99.
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
NAL Call Number: SF481.J68
Descriptors: hens, dietary minerals, sodium chloride, mineral deficiencies, laying
performance, molting, follicles, feed intake, egg weight, specific gravity, sodium-restricted
diets, duration
Lukarev T; Dodovski M; Prodanov R (1988). The use of zinc oxide in feed for the induction
of
moult in light egg-laying hybrids. [Primena cink oksida u ishrani za izazivanje
prinudnog mitarenja kod lakih hibrida.] Peradarstvo 23(5-6): 139-145.
Veterinary Institute, Skopje, Yugoslavia
NAL Call Number: SF481 P4
Moult was induced in Hisex hens aged 79, 80, 83 or 85 wk (3265, 8000, 804 and 480 females
per group resp.) using supplementation of feed with zinc oxide (2.5 kg/100 kg feed) and
shortening daylight to 12 h daily. Egg production decreased to 50% within 2 days of the
beginning of treatment, and to 0 on the 7th day; the pattern was similar for all age groups.
Feed consumption, and consequently body weight, also decreased: on the 7th day of
treatment, feed consumption was only 20% of that before treatment, and body weight
decreased from 1920-2030 to 1704-1807 g during that period. moult began on the 10th-12th
day. Feed intake increased to normal within a week from the end of treatment, and egg
production resumed during the 2nd week.
Descriptors: moult, induction, nutrition, zinc oxide, zinc, hens, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Marafi A; Goodman BL; Gholson JT (1981). Recycling methods in adult hens (Forced molt,
byfeed and water removal, nicabozin, low calcium, protein, sodium). Ag Review Southern
Illinois University, School of Agriculture p. ANI5-ANI7.
NAL Call Number: S537.S5S6
Mather FB; Wilson HR; Ingram DR (1982). Performance and oviductal histology of hens as
influenced by low calcium and-or low sodium diets during a force molt. Poultry Science
61(7): 1385-1386.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hen, premature, egg production, magnum, atrophy, isthmus
McCormick CC; Cunningham DL (1987). Performance and physiological profiles of high dietar
y
zinc and fasting as methods of inducing a forced rest: a direct comparison. Poultry
Science 66(6): 1007-1013.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hen feeding, fasting, zinc, body weight, egg production, ovaries (animal),
oviducts, rest
McCormick CC; Cunningham DL (1984). Forced resting by high dietary zinc: tissue zinc
accumulation and reproductive organ weight changes (Laying hens). Poultry Science
63(6): 1207-1212.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary zinc, as a means of
inducing a forced-rest, on selected organ accumulation of zinc and reproductive function in
terms of ovary and oviduct weight in the laying hen. Single Comb White Leghorn hens laying
approximately at 60% production were fed either 10,000 ppm zinc as zinc oxide (10 Zn) or
20,000 ppm zinc (20 Zn) for a period of 4 days. At the initiation of the experiment (Day 0),
five hens were killed and organs obtained for analysis. On 4, 10, 16, and 22 days afterward,
similar samples were obtained from 5 hens per treatment. Ovary and oviduct weights were
determined and zinc analysis performed on the latter as well as liver, kidney, and pancreas.
The brief 4-day feeding of either high zinc diet caused a marked 80% reduction in ovary
weight by Day 10. The oviduct, although less affected, was still reduced approximately 60%
in weight after feeding either 10 Zn or 20 Zn for 4 days. The oviduct exhibited a statistically
significant elevation in zinc concentration on Day 4 but was normal by Day 10 (6 days
following the refeeding of a normal diet) and not different between treatments. There was
extensive accumulation of zinc in kidney, liver, and especially pancreas after 4 days of
feeding either 10 Zn or 20 Zn. The level of dietary zinc had no effect on the extent of
accumulation in any tissue. The depletion of tissue zinc roughly corresponded to the
magnitude of increase in the concentration of zinc observed at Day 4. Possible ramifications
of the dramatic increase observed in pancreatic zinc were discussed. We concluded that
feeding either 10 Zn or 20 Zn as a means of inducing a forced rest effects a marked and rapid
reduction in ovary and oviduct weight as well as an extensive increase in renal, hepatic, and
especially pancreatic zinc.
Descriptors: *Chickens--metabolism--ME; *Ovary--anatomy and histology--AH; *Oviducts
--anatomy and histology--AH; *Zinc--administration and dosage--AD; *Zinc
--metabolism--ME; *Zinc Oxide--administration and dosage--AD ; Chickens--anatomy and
histology--AH; Diet; Kidney--metabolism--ME; Liver --metabolism--ME; Organ Specificity;
Organ Weight; Pancreas--metabolism--ME
McCormick CC; Cunningham DL (1984). High dietary zinc and fasting as methods of forced
resting: a performance comparison (Hens). Poultry Science 63(6): 1201-1206.
NAL: 47.8 AM33P
McCormick CC; Cunningham DL (1982). Forced molting of laying hens by zinc toxicity.
Proceedings - Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, p. 17-24.
NAL Call Number: 389.79 C81
A study was conducted to compare fasting and high dietary zinc as procedures to induce a
forced rest of laying hens. Five to six replicates (25 hens each) of Single Comb White
Leghorn hens laying approximately 60% were fasted for 10 days (fasted) or fed either 10,000
ppm zinc (10 Zn) or 20,000 ppm zinc (20 Zn) for a period of 4 days. A fourth treatment
consisted of feeding 20,000 ppm zinc for 8 days (20 Zn-8). During the rest-inducing period,
hens consumed little of either high zinc diet. Four-day intake by 20 Zn hens averaged 17.6 +/-
.2 g/hen/day compared to 32.6 +/- 1.5 g/hen/day (means +/- SEM) for 10 Zn hens. Those fed
20 Zn-8 consumed the least amount, 12.6 +/- .2 g/hen/day during the 8 days of high zinc
feeding. Body weight loss of hens in this last group was comparable to hens fasted for 10
days (fasted), i.e., 24.6 +/- .3% vs. 27.6 +/- .4%. Weight loss of hens in the remaining two
groups reflected, to some extent, differences in feed consumption. The 20 Zn hens lost
significantly more body weight during the 4-day period when compared with 10 Zn hens
(16.2 +/- .4% vs. 11.9 +/- .5%). Each treatment resulted in a sharp drop in egg production. By
the 5th day, fasted, 20 Zn, and 20 Zn-8 hens had ceased producing eggs. Egg production by
10 Zn hens declined at a slightly slower rate. There were considerable differences in post-rest
egg production among the various treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
WORDS)
Descriptors: *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Fasting; *Oviposition; *Zinc--administration and
dosage--AD; *Zinc Oxide--administration and dosage--AD ; Body Weight; Diet; Time
Factors
Meluzzi A; Franchini A; Giordani G; Bertuzzi S (1986). Induction of moult in laying hens. 1.
Effects of fasting and of zinc oxide. [Induzione della muta nelle galline ovaiole. 1. Effetti
del digiuno e dell'ossido di zinco.] Zootecnica e Nutrizione Animale 12(6): 465-472.
Istituto di Zoocolture, Via San Giacomo 9, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
NAL Call Number: SF1 Z6
360 Warren layers, at 70 wk of age and 66% lay, were subjected to the following treatments:
(1) addition of 2.5% zinc oxide to the diet for 15 days; (2) fasted for 15 days; (3) addition of
1.1% zinc oxide to the diet for 8 days, followed by 1.5% for 7 days; (4) addition of 2.5% zinc
oxide to the diet for 8 days; (5) fasted for 8 days. In the 5 groups resp., zero egg production
was reached in 6, 6, 9, 6 and 5 days, and 30% production in the next cycle after 56, 56, 36, 22
and 22 days. Egg production in the 2nd cycle was 65.3, 65.7, 60.2, 56.4 and 62.0% resp., and
food consumed per kg eggs 3.06, 3.02, 3.32, 3.42 and 3.09 kg (both P<0.01). Egg weight in
the 2nd cycle averaged 67.04, 68.20, 68.06, 67.71 and 68.12 g resp. (P< 0.05), Haugh units
74.59, 73.55, 73.67, 73.64 and 71.35% (P<0.01), and egg shell thickness 347.2, 352.0, 352.7,
349.9 and 348.6 micro m (P< 0.01).
Descriptors: laying performance, moult, zinc, hens, starvation, egg production
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Naber EC (1983). Use of low sodium diets and low sodium-low protein diets for recycling o
f
laying hens fed for intervals of 4, 6 or 8 weeks in a low light environment. Proceedings of
the Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, p.7-12.
Dep. Poultry Science, Ohio State Univ., Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
NAL Call Number: 389.9 UN342
From results of an experiment with 1200 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens initially 70 weeks old, it
was concluded that low-sodium diets can be used to prepare hens for a second period of egg
production with results comparable to those obtained by forced moulting. The low-Na diet is
easy to administer and avoids criticisms from people concerned with animal welfare.
However, this method can be used only when low-Na drinking water is available and the Na
content of the diet can be reduced to 0.05% or less. Results were better with a diet low in Na
only than with a diet low in Na and protein. Maximum egg production response occurred
with diets used for 6 weeks and was not further improved by an 8-week feeding period. 2
ref.
Descriptors: sodium, intake, hen feeding, egg production, protein intake
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Naber EC; Latshaw JD; Marsh GA (1980). Use of low sodium diets for recycling of laying hens.
Poultry Science 59(7): 1643.
Dep. Poultry Science, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Two trials were to study the effect of low-sodium diets on recycling of hens for subsequent
reproductive performance. In the first trial the low-Na diets, with or without KCl
supplements, were tested. The last egg was laid 11 to 15 days following dietary treatment.
For the 6-week period on the experimental diets, feed intake was reduced by 50 or 60%,
bodyweight was reduced by 300 g, and 97% of the hens were in an active molt. Potassium
supplements did not change the effect of the low-Na diet. In the second trial, both a low-Na
and a low Na- low-protein diet were tested in a 6 or 13h daylight environment and compared
to a conventional forced moulting procedure. Both diets stopped egg production, induced
moult, reduced bodyweight, and limited feed intake in a similar manner. The 6h daylight
accentuated these effects when compared to the 13h daylight. During 32 weeks following
treatment, egg production and egg specific gravity were significantly increased by use of the
low-Na diet, the low Na-low protein diet, or the conventional forced moulting procedure over
that of non-recycled controls. Egg weight and albumen thickness were not affected by the
treatment.
Descriptors: sodium, hen feeding
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Naber EC; Latshaw JD; Marsh GA (1984). Effectiveness of low sodium diets for recycling of egg
production type hens. Poultry Science 63(12): 2419-2429.
Dep. Poultry Science, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Egg type hens were recycled by the use of low sodium diet treatments compared to a
conventional forced-molt procedure and an unrecycled control. Use of a low sodium diet
containing .02 to .06% sodium for 6 weeks with reduction in daily photoperiod resulted in
improvements in egg production, egg specific gravity, and albumen thickness similar to those
of a forced-molt group in three separate experiments. Egg production was increased 11 to
13%, egg specific gravity was increased by .002 to .004, and albumen thickness was
increased by 2 to 8 Haugh units over the 32-week post-treatment period for both treatments.
Hens fed the low sodium diet for 3.5 or 4 weeks did not respond as favorably as hens fed this
diet for 6 weeks. Eight weeks on the low sodium diet did not further improve performance.
Results comparable to the forced-molt procedure were achieved with a decline in egg
production at .03 to .07% sodium in the diet, a decline in feed intake at .03 to .07% sodium, a
loss in body weight at .03 to .10% sodium, and an increase in molt score at .03 to .11%
sodium during the experimental period. During the post-treatment period, results comparable
to the forced-molt procedure were obtained for egg production increase at .03 to .08%
sodium, for egg specific gravity increase at .03 to .12% sodium, and for egg albumen
thickness increase at .03 to .12% dietary sodium. Mortality was unchanged.
Descriptors: Animal Feed, Chickens--physiology--PH, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Oviposition ,
Body Weight, Dietary Proteins--administration and dosage--AD
Nesbeth WG; Douglas CR; Harms RH (1976). The potential use of dietary salt deficiency for
the
force resting of laying hens. Poultry Science 55(6): 2375-2379.
Dep. Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Fla. 32611
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Two experiments with a total of 240 laying hens caged individually were to evaluate dietary
salt deficiency as a tool for the forced resting of laying hens. The control group had a maize
and soya diet with 0.25% salt added. Another group had a maize and soya diet with no added
salt for 6 weeks then returned to the control diet. The third group was subjected to the force
moulting technique recommended by Wilson et al. (NAR 40, 4216). The drinking water,
given freely, and the basal diet had Na 26 and 270 mg/kg. Feed intake and bodyweight of
hens on the low-salt diet or force-moulted decreased significantly and egg production ceased
during the moult. The reproductive organs of hens given the low-salt diet regressed to about
25% of the original size. When hens returned to the control feed, recovery was complete with
significant increases in egg weight and egg specific gravity for hens on treatment 2. Egg
production was greater for hens which got low salt and those force-moulted than for the
control hens after the moult period.
Descriptors: egg production, hens, salt deprivation, forced resting
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Oliveira RM de; Bertechini AG; Oliveira AIG de (1997). Egg quality of commercial laying hens
submitted to four methods of moulting induction. [Qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras
comerciais submetidas a quatro metodos de inducao de muda.] Ciencia e Agrotecnologia
21(1): 103-108.
Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), CP 37, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
NAL Call Number: S15 C53
A trial was carried out with 192 commercial laying hens (ISA Babcock B-300), 64 weeks of
age and averaging 75% production, housed in pairs, in wire cages. The following treatments
were applied: (1) 5 days with no ration; (2) 10 days with no ration; (3) 3 days with no ration
followed by feeding with broken corn and sorghum grains for 9 days, and (4) feeding with a
ration with a high level of zinc for 12 days. All treatments gave statistically similar results for
egg specific gravity, egg weight, albumen height and Haugh Units. Shell thickness, shell
weight and specific gravity increased significantly (by 0.29%, 5.35% and 7.37%,
respectively) from 68 to 73 weeks of age. Shell thickness was greatest with treatment (3) and
this treatment is recommended for obtaining the best egg quality in second cycle production.
Descriptors: age, hens, egg quality, egg weight, poultry, egg albumen, eggs, egg shell, diets,
zinc, moulting, feeding, management, plane of nutrition
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Oliveira RM de; Hossain SM; Oliveira AIG de; Bertechini AG (1996). Methods of inducing
molting in commercial laying hens. [Metodos de inducao de muda em poedeiras
comerciais.] Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 20(3): 394-400.
NAL Call Number: S15 C53
To improve performance in the second production cycle of laying hens, a trial was carried out
with six methods of induction of molting. A total of 288 commercial laying hens, 64 weeks
old and averaging 75% of production, housed in pairs in wire cages, were used. The
treatments were the following: five days without ration (T1); ten days without ration (T2);
three days without ration followed by feeding with broken maize and sorghum grains for nine
days (T3); ration without limestone or salt for twelve days (T4); ration with a high level of
zinc for twelve days (T5); and ration with a high level of iodine for 12 days (T6). Maize and
soyabeans were used as the basal diet. Treatments did not differ statistically (P > 0.05) with
regard to egg production. T1 and T4 showed lower feed intake and best feed conversion per
dozen eggs. T2, T4 and T6 showed higher average egg weight. T1 and T4 showed best
performance in the second cycle of egg production.
Descriptors: egg production, egg weight, molting, induction, starvation, maize, grain,
limestone, salt, zinc, iodine, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, poultry
Parsons CM; Ridlen SF (1984). Nutritional comparison of force molting methods. Poultry
Adviser 17(9): 57-60.
Poultry Cooperative Extension Service, USDA, Univ. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1301
West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Ill. 61801, USA.
NAL Call Number: SF481 P622
A short review compares 3 types of diet for forced moulting of laying hens. Those are a
low-protein molting diet based on maize, a pullet-developer moulting diet with protein 14 to
16%, and a low-sodium diet, all used in USA.
Descriptors: moult, diets, hens
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Pavlovski Z; Milovanovic M; Masic B (1992). Periodic induced rest in layers. (Periodicno
indukovanje odmora kod nosilja konsumnih jaja.) Peradarstvo 27(7-9): 64-69.
NAL Call Number: SF481 P4
In a pilot trial Isabrown layers kept in individual cages 80 weeks of production were divided
in 4 groups with 29 birds in each group. Group A was a control group (no induced rest), and
in other experimental groups some rests were induced by low-sodium diet (group B after 40
weeks of production, group C after 28 and 56 weeks of production, group D after 20, 40 and
60 weeks of production). Average number of eggs per hen housed was the highest in group C
(373 eggs), and the lowest in group D (352 eggs), but the difference was not significant. The
results obtained in this pilot trial have suggested that periodic rest induced by low-sodium
diet is not so efficient in improving performance of layers in a longer production period.
Descriptors: layer chickens, rest, eggs, laying performance, animal products, biological
rhythms, birds, chickens, domestic animals, domesticated birds, galliformes, livestock,
performance
Praharaj NK; Rao SVR; Raju MVLN; Chawak MM; Mishra SK; Mohapatra SC (1994). Combined
feeding of zinc, iodine and salt-free diet for inducing moult and its effect on subsequent
performance of layer. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 29(2): 142-145.
Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India.
NAL Call Number: SF481 I5
300 White Leghorn hens, 67 weeks old, were studied. A standard layer diet devoid of salt but
supplemented with iodine 3750 (SFI), zinc 7500 (SFZ) or iodine 2500 + zinc 5000 mg/kg
(SFIZ)and a standard diet with salt and supplemented with iodine 3750 + zinc 7500 mg/kg (IZ)
was used to induce moulting, and compared with a control diet that did not induce moulting.
The results showed a significant decline in egg production in all groups during the 17 days of
moulting. the effect being more pronounced in SFZ hens. Body weight loss during moulting
and gain in weight during the subsequent laying cycle were also highest in SFZ hens, followed
by the SFIZ, SFI and IZ groups. During the post-moult period, hen-housed egg production and
feed conversion efficiency were significantly higher in all the moulted groups compared with
the controls, but with no differences among the moulted groups. Egg weight was significantly
higher in the IZ group followed by the SFI group. Eggs produced by moulted groups were
significantly superior to those from controls for albumen index and Haugh unit score. 12 ref.
Descriptors: zinc, iodine, supplements, moulting, induction, sodium chloride, body weight, egg
production, egg quality, feed conversion efficiency
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ross E; Herrick RB (1979). Forced
rest induced by molt or low-sodium diet on subsequent hen
performance. Poultry Science 58(4): 1101.
Dep. Animal Sciences, Univ. Hawaii, 1800 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: egg production, molting, sodium intake
Ross E; Herrick RB (1981). Forced rest induced by molt or low-salt diet and subsequent he
n
performance. Poultry Science 60(1): 63-67.
Dep. Animal Sciences, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Four strains of laying hens (1534 birds), were force-moulted by one of 2 procedures when 66
weeks of age. In treatment 1 birds had the feed withheld for 10 days and day length reduced
to 8 h, after which a low-protein diet was given. In treatment 2 birds were fed on a low-salt
diet, containing 0.13% sodium, and subjected to the same lighting as those in treatment 1.
Egg production of hens on treatment 2 decreased gradually to 13% after 38 days whereas
those on treatment 1 were completely out of production in 7 days. After 5 weeks all birds
were restored to the standard layer diet and 14 h light daily. Hen-day egg production of birds
on treatments 1 and 2 was 63.1 and 55.2%, respectively, from 72 to 102 weeks of age, with
feed intakes of 1.90 and 2.19 kg/12 eggs. Bodyweight gain, egg specific gravity and egg
weight for birds on treatment 2 were also less than on treatment 1. The cause was attributed
to a higher dietary Na content than the 0.044% intended.
Descriptors: egg production, moult, sodium, intake, hen feeding, low-sodium diet
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Salyi G (1985). Decrease in egg production caused by insufficient sodium chloride (NaCl)
supply in a commercial laying flock. [Hianyos konyhaso- (NaCl-) ellatas okozta
tojastermeles- csokkenes nagyuzemi tojotyukallomanyokban.] Magyar Allatorvosok
Lapja 40(4): 221-224.
Tabornok u. 2., 1149 Budapest, Hungary.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V644
A significant decrease in egg production, accompanied by cannibalism and molting occurred
in a commercial flock of about 136 000 hens. Sodium in the feed varied between 0.053 and
0.08% and the lowest rate of egg production, varying between 15.8 and 30.6%, occurred 3-4
weeks after consuming this feed. Egg production increased again after supplementation of
diets with NaCl. It is concluded that giving diets low in NaCl is not a safe and effective
method of force-moulting in preparation for a second production cycle. 15 ref.
Descriptors: sodium chloride, deficiency, egg production, nutrient deficiencies
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Santoprete G; Fini MA (1984). Changes in the zinc content of eggs of hens subjected to induced
moult. [Variazioni del contenuto di zinco nelle uova di galline sottoposte a muta
forzata.] Avicoltura 53(3): 45-47.
Cattedra di Merceologia, Pisa Univ., Pisa, Italy.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 R523
In egg yolks of hens given diets with 1% zinc oxide to induce moult, Zn increased from 49.8
to 93.9 mu g/g after 17 days. Zn in albumen was unchanged. 18 ref.
Descriptors: zinc, eggs, moult
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Sarica M; Ozturk E; Karacay N (1996). Effects of different forced molting methods on egg
production and egg quality traits. [Degisik zorlamali tuy dokum programlarinin
yumurta verimi ve yumurta kalitesi uzerine etkileri.] Turk Veterinerlik ve Hayvancilik
Dergisi 20(2): 143-150.
Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi, Zootekni Bolumu, Samsun, Turkey.
NAL Call Number: SF1 D57
This study was conducted to compare fasting or feeding a high-zinc diet as procedures to
induce cessation of laying. Ross Brown hens, aged 68 weeks, were used for the experiment.
Daily light was supplied in the molting period. Three groups were fasted (no feed and water);
2 other groups received a diet with 10 000 or 15 000 p.p.m. zinc for 9 days. For the 5 groups,
body weight loss 10 days after initiation of treatment was 13.72, 15.64, 14.16, 15.39 and
16.37% respectively, egg production during the resting period 7.19, 3.22, 2.61, 4.73 and 5.65,
and egg production in the 2nd laying period 108.30, 109.21, 114.86, 108.63 and 113.06 (in
161 days). There were no significant differences in egg production among the treatments.
Very low mortality was noted in all groups with no apparent differences. For the 5 groups,
survival rate was 94.99, 96.69, 96.23, 98.23 and 96.38% respectively in the resting period,
and 94.88, 96.87, 95.52, 96.92 and 92.77 in the 2nd laying period. For the 5 groups, egg
weight averaged 68.83, 68.10, 68.25, 69.07 and 69.12 g respectively and shell thickness
335.27, 320.72, 337.67, 320.63 and 336.45 micro m. Egg shell strength, shell thickness and
yolk index were different (P<0.05) among groups. It is suggested that any of the procedures
can be used with commercial laying hens.
Descriptors: hens, fasting, zinc, supplements, molting, induction, egg production, egg weight,
egg quality, egg shell, body weight, change, poultry
Setioko AR; Coligado EC (1987).
Effect of forced molting treatments on the productivity of
itik
[mullard] and Tsaiya ducks [Philippines]. Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences 13(4): 46-47.
NAL Call Number: SF1 P53
While molting has been widely employed on commercial duck farms as a production
technique for many years in some countries, very little published information is available
concerning production responses to specific methods of inducing the molt. This study was
designed to investigate the effect of high level of dietary zinc and the system of feed and
water deprivation as specific techniques of forced molting in layer ducks on their production
performance as well as the physiological behavior such as feather shedding, replacement and
growth of new feathers. One hundred forty four layer ducks and 24 drakes were used in this
study. Seventy two ducks and 12 drakes were the Tsaiya (a Taiwan egg type duck) and an
equal number were the itik (local Mallard). Two levels of zinc oxide (15 g/kg and 30 g/kg
diet) and feed and water deprivation methods were compared. Data from this study showed
that forced molted ducks generally had higher total egg production as compared to the
control. The level of 15 g/kg zinc oxide technique was found to be more beneficial method
for forced molting in itik and Tsaiya ducks. The feed and water deprivation technique caused
too serious bodily stress particularly in Tsiaya ducks, so it took a longer time before they
recovered and returned to egg production.
Descriptors: ducks, productivity, molting, zinc, egg production, restricted feeding,
Philippines, agriculture, animal feeding, animal production, animals, anseriformes, Asia ,
biological rhythms, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, elements , feeding, feeding
systems, game, game birds, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, metals,
nutrition, pollutants, poultry, production time, timing, vertebrates, zootechny
Shippee RL; Stake PE; Koehn U; Lambert JL; Simmons RW, III (1979). High dietary zinc or
magnesium as forced-resting agents for laying hens. Poultry Science 58(4): 949-954.
Dep. Nutritional Sciences and Statistics, Univ. Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. 06268
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Single-Comb White Leghorn hens aged 58 weeks in 5 groups of 18 were force-moulted, by
deprivation of water for 48 h and of feed for 9 days then free intake of diet with 10% crude
protein, or by being given in their laying diet for 14 days 1% zinc as acetate or oxide, or 2%
magnesium as acetate or oxide. The Zn as acetate or oxide depressed feed intake and stopped
egg laying within 6 days; then the hens resumed production in the next 24 weeks as they did
after deprivation of feed and water. Mg was less effective; egg laying did not stop completely
and the eggs had lower Haugh units and d and thinner shells. 11 ref.
Descriptors: feed intake, hens, egg production, animal feeding, toxicity, moulting,
magnesium, zinc
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Sloan, DR; Harms, RH (1992). Research note: Effect of removing salt from the diet of broiler
breeder hens. Poultry Science 71(4): 775-777.
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Two 28-day experiments were conducted utilizing 75-wk-old Arbor Acres broiler breeder
hens to determine the effect of removing salt from the diet. Birds in Experiment 2 had been
force-rested at 60 wk of age but were in production (65% hen-day) at experiment initiation.
All hens received a corn-soybean meal diet either with or without added salt. Egg production
was significantly reduced in both experiments by the end of the 4th wk for birds fed the diet
with no added salt. However, egg production did not cease in hens receiving the diet with no
added salt. Egg weights from hens receiving the diet with no added salt were significantly
reduced by the end of Week 2 in Experiment 1 and Week 3 in Experiment 2. Specific gravity
was only intermittently affected by dietary salt removal. Birds receiving no added salt lost
541 and 580 g in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Birds receiving added salt diets gained
55 and 23 g in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Removing salt from the diet was not an
acceptable method of force-resting broiler breeder hens.
Descriptors: broilers, hens, salt, egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, feed intake,
forced rest
Stevenson MH; Jackson N (1984). Comparison of dietary hydrated copper sulphate, dietary zinc
oxide and a direct method for inducing a molt in laying hens. British Poultry Science
25(4): 505-517.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
The experiment lasted for seven 28-d periods. Laying hens of two breeds were allocated to 10
treatments. For the first 28-d period all birds were offered the control diet and then the
following dietary treatments applied: a control group not molted, one group molted
traditionally, 4 groups molted using CuSO4- and 4 using ZnO-containing diets. After the
molting treatments the hens were offered the control diet for the remainder of period 2 and
for a further five 28-d periods. The treatments applied during period 2 significantly reduced
food intake, body weight, egg number, total egg weight and efficiency of food conversion. On
returning to the control diet, there were no significant differences in cumulative food intake
(periods 3 to 7). Body weight had returned to the same value as the control group by the end
of period 3. Dietary treatments significantly reduced the efficiency of food utilisation during
periods 3 to 7 and 1 to 7 inclusive. For periods 1 to 7 inclusive the birds force-molted using
CuSO4 and ZnO gave on average greater egg numbers and total egg weights than those
molted traditionally. The Haugh unit score was significantly improved after molting. Egg Zn
concentrations were increased by the 14-d ZnO treatments. The use of a diet containing
CuSO4 (2 g added Cu/kg for 7 d) was as effective as one containing ZnO (20 g added Zn/kg
for 14 d) and both were superior to a traditional force-molting technique.
Descriptors: hen feeding, molting, zinc oxides, copper sulfate, feed intake, egg production,
egg shell thickness, egg albumen, haugh units
Verheyen G; Decuypere E (1991). Egg quality parameters in a second and third laying year as
a
function of the moulting age, strain and moulting method. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde
55(6): 275-282.
Laboratorium voor Fysiologie der Huisdieren, Kardinal Mercielaan 92, 3030 Herverlee,
Belgium
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AR2
600 White Leghorn Hisex and 600 Warren SSL pullets in battery cages were subjected to
forced moulting by means of starvation or a high-zinc diet at 54, 62, 70 or 78 wk of age. Age
at moulting and strain had a highly significant effect on egg weight in the 2nd year of
production, with hens treated at 54-62 wk and Warren hens showing the best performance.
There was a significant age x strain interaction, but method of moulting did not affect egg
weight. The egg shell quality in the 2nd yr improved after forced moulting for Hisex hens,
irrespective of age, but that of Warren hens did not. The incidence of broken eggs in the 2nd
laying year was 2.64, 2.71. 3.02 and 3.15% in birds forced to moult at the 4 ages resp., and in
the 3rd yr it was 3.19, 3.65 and 4. 08% in groups 1, 2 and 3. Hisex birds produced a
significantly greater percentage of broken eggs than Warren hens. Albumen quality was
generally better in white than in brown eggs, and the Haugh unit score decreased with
increasing age, in particular for Warren birds. Albumen quality appeared to be negatively
correlated with egg weight in older birds subjected to forced moulting.
Descriptors: laying performance, moult, strain differences
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Verheyen G; Helsen J; Decuypere E (1990). Accumulation of zinc in egg yolk, ovarian
follicles
and organs after forced resting by high dietary zinc. British Poultry Science 31(1):
147-154.
Catholic University of Leuven, Laboratory for Physiology of Domestic Animals, Kard
Mercierlaan, Belgium.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
1. Eighteen Warren SSL hens of 71 weeks of age were forced-molted by ad libitum feeding
of a high-zinc diet (10,000 ppm zinc for 2 days followed by 5,000 ppm zinc-supplement diet
for 4 days). From the start of the treatment, eggs were collected and 3 hens were slaughtered
on days 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the study. 2. Zinc analyses were carried out on the different
components of the eggs and on liver, pancreas, kidney, different yolky follicles of the ovary
and various segments of the oviduct. 3. Seven-, six- and threefold increases in zinc
concentration were found in pancreas, liver and kidney, respectively. 4. The shell gland and
isthmus, but not the magnum, also showed slight but significant increases in Zn content. 5.
Zinc accumulation was also high and almost identical in ovarian follicles F1 to F4 but
slightly less in F5 and F6 follicles. 6. In the egg, a significant increase in zinc concentration
was only observed in the yolk.
Descriptors: Chickens--metabolism--ME, Egg Yolk--analysis--AN, Ovarian Follicle
--metabolism--ME, Zinc--pharmacokinetics--PK , Kidney--analysis--AN,
Kidney--metabolism--ME, Liver--analysis--AN, Liver --metabolism--ME, Ovarian
Follicle--analysis--AN, Oviducts--analysis--AN, Oviducts--metabolism--ME,
Pancreas--analysis--AN, Pancreas--metabolism--ME , Tissue Distribution,
Zinc--analysis--AN
Whitehead CC; Sharp PJ (1976). An assessment of the optimal range of dietary sodium for
inducing a pause in laying. British Poultry Science 17(6): 601-611.
ARC Poultry Research Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JS,
UK.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
Laying hens were fed on a diet with Na 0.9 g/kg until 34 weeks of age, then groups were fed
on diets with 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.9 g/kg for 16 weeks before that with Na 0.9 g/kg was
reintroduced for all birds. Egg production and feed intake were depressed by the low-Na diets
in proportion to the Na content. Birds receiving Na 0.3 to 0.6 g/kg diet lost weight initially
but subsequently gained; birds receiving 0.2 g/kg diet lost weight continuously. In birds on
Na 0.2 g/kg diet, the reproductive organs completely regressed, whereas the organs resembled
those of point-of-lay pullets in birds on Na 0.3 or 0.4 g/kg. When the control diet was
reintroduced, birds which had low-Na diets resumed normal egg production and feed intake
and regained bodyweight. The range of dietary Na for inducing a pause in egg laying is 0.3 to
0.4 g/kg.
Descriptors: egg production, nutrient requirements, hens, feed intake, moult, induction,
sodium
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Williams JB; Etches RJ; Rzasa J (1985). Induction of a pause in laying by corticosterone infusion
or dietary alterations: effects on the reproductive system, food consumption and body
weight. British Poultry Science 26(1): 25-34.
Sta. Recherches Avicoles, Centre INRA de Tours-Nouzilly, 37380, France.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
A pause in laying was induced in hens by infusing 30 micro g corticosterone/h, feeding diets
deficient in calcium or sodium, or by food and water withdrawal. In hens infused with
corticosterone, food consumption remained high and body weight was unchanged, although
liver weight doubled. The other treatments were associated with a decline in food
consumption and a loss in body weight, but liver weight was unchanged. Ovary weight was
reduced most severely in hens given corticosterone, but the number of follicles weighing >12
mg was not altered by any of the treatments. A decrease in the number of large yolk-filled
follicles was matched by an increase in the number of small ones. All treatments resulted in
an increase in the number of atretic follicles, an elevation of plasma corticosterone
concentration within the normal physiological range, and a decrease in plasma LH
concentration.
Descriptors: molt, induction, corticosterone, corticoids, feed restriction, nutrition, sodium
deficiency, calcium deficiency, water restriction
Go Back To:
Management Strategies
HORMONAL AND
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUCED
MOLTING
Attia YA;
Burke WH; Yamani KA (1993). Response of
broiler breeder hens to forced molting by
hormonal and dietary manipulations. Poultry Science 73(2): 245-258.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Experiments were conducted to compare dietary and hormonal techniques for molting broiler
breeder hens. In the first experiment, production dropped to 5% 3 wk after hens were
restricted to an intake of one half of their calculated energy requirement (FR). Egg production
levels of hens given a single i.m. injection of the Lupron Depot®) formulation of leuprolide
acetate (LA) in a dose intended to provide 10 microgram/kg BW per d for 30 d dropped to
9.5% whereas production dropped to 33% in hens receiving 5 microgram and was unchanged
by 2.5 microgram. Postmolting fertility and hatchability of eggs from the FR and the 10-microgram LA groups were not different. In the second experiment, postinjection egg
production, oviduct weight, and uterus weight were depressed, in a dose-related manner,
when hens received 0, 10, or 22 microgram LA/kg per d. In a third experiment, egg
production dropped to zero within 2 wk when hens were deprived of feed (FD) or deprived of
feed and light (FD + LR), whereas it reached zero in 4 wk in hens fed only 30 g of wheat
shorts per d (FR). Lupron Depot®) at a dose intended to deliver 30 microgram/kg BW per d,
reduced egg production to 9.5% by the 3rd wk. Twenty-eight weeks postmolting, egg
production ranged from 84 to 98 eggs per hen in the molted groups and 56 eggs per hen in the
unmolted controls. Fertility ranged from 82.1% in the FD + LR groups to 69.8% in the
unmolted controls, whereas chick production averaged 36, 50, 59, 60, and 68 chicks per hen
in the unmolted controls and in hens molted by LA, FR, FD, or FD + LR, respectively.
Descriptors: hens, broilers, molting, feed intake, restricted feeding, fasting, light regime,
molting hormones, laying performance, feed conversion, egg hatchability, weight, organs,
egg shell, specific gravity, blood plasma, fatty acids, dosage ; Identifiers: leuprolide acetate
Burke WH; Attia YA (1994). Molting single comb White Leghorns with the use of the Lupron
Depot formulation of leuprolide acetate. Poultry Science 73(8): 1226-1232.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Reproductive tract regression and cessation of egg production was induced in 80-wk-old
Hy-line W36, strain hens by an i.m. injection of Lupron Depot at a dose calculated to release
60 microgram of leuprolide acetate (LA)/kg of BW for 30 d, by restriction of feed intake (FR)
for 28 d, or by total feed deprivation (FD) for 7 d followed by feed restriction for 21 d. Egg
production in LA and FD groups dropped to 24 and 19% in the first 7 d after initiation of the
treatments and to 3.5 and 0% in the 2nd wk. Production of the FR group dropped to 38%
during the 1st wk and to 1.7% in the 2nd wk. Production of both nutritionally deprived
groups remained near zero through the 5th wk, whereas it increased to 8.2% in the LA group
at that time. Hens injected with LA reached 50% production at about 37 vs 45 d for both
nutritionally deprived groups. Egg production of control groups remained unchanged during
this time. Shell characteristics did not differ significantly among the molted groups
throughout most of the 16 wk of the experiment. However shell weight and shell weight per
unit surface area of eggs from LA-treated hens were significantly (P less than or equal to .05)
lower than those of FR, but not FD, hens at several times. Mean values for shell
characteristics of eggs from unmolted hens were significantly lower than those of molted
hens. There were no differences in albumen quality between any of the groups at any time.
Hens molted by FR and FD lost 23 and 26% of their initial BW, respectively, 4 wk after the
initiation of the experiment. There was no loss of weight in LA-treated or control hens.
Descriptors: hens, molting hormones, controlled release, LHRH, hormones, agonists,
molting, restricted feeding, fasting, laying performance, ovaries, oviducts, weight, body
weight, egg weight, egg albumen, egg quality, egg shell quality , leuprolide acetate
Dickerman RW; Bahr JM (1989). Molt induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist as a
model for studying endocrine mechanisms of molting in laying hens. Poultry Science
68(10): 1402-1408.
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, gonadotropin releasing hormone, molt, molting, laying performance,
weight losses, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, progesterone
Dvorak M; Sevcik B; Hyhlik J (1971). Effect of ICI 33828 on delay of egg production in pullets
and on moulting in hens. [Overeni ucinku latky ICI 33828 na oddaleni snasky u kuric a
prepereni nosnic.] Veterinaria SPOFA 13(5/6): 285-296.
NAL Call Number: SF1 B5
Administration of 30 mg ICI 33828/kg food to 100 White Plymouth Rock pullets aged 130
days for 42 days inhibited egg production in 86.1%. After the withdrawal of treatment, egg
production resumed immediately and in the 30 days following was higher than in untreated
controls. The same dose was given to 264 White Leghorn pullets for 42 days. Over 134 days
from the onset of treatment, egg production/pullet averaged 12.5, egg weight 47.5 g,
hatchability of eggs set 87.1%, and hatchability of fertile eggs 90.0% v 15.8, 44.4 g, 87.4%
and 90.7% resp. in 265 untreated controls. Administration of 100 mg ICI 33828/kg food to
950 White Leghorn hens for 4 days at the end of the 9th mth of lay induced moulting in
80.7% within 20 days.
Descriptors: metallibure, performance, egg production, egg weight, egg hatchability, egg
fertility, moult, induction
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Edens FW; Thaxton JP (1988). Method of Inducing Birds to Molt Us Patent-4761398. August 2
1988. Official Gazzette of the U S Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1093 (1): 271.
Patent Number: US 4761398 Patent Classification: 514015000
NAL Call Number: T223 A21
Descriptors: USCL-514-15, Hens, LHRH
Herremans M; Decuypere E; Chiasson RB (1988). Role of ovarian steroids in the control of moult
induction in laying fowls. British Poultry Science 29(1): 125-136.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: hens, molt, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, progesterone, estradiol, hormonal
control, oviposition
Hoyle CM; Thaxton JP; Morgan GW; Schally AV (1988). Administration of microencapsulated
6-d tryptophan LHRH induces SCWL hens to molt. Poultry Science 67(SUPPL.1): 19.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hormone, egg production, reproductive tract regression
Ishigaki R; Ohori Y; Ebisawa S; Kinbara K; Yamada Y; Nakajo S (1971). Forced molting by
Metallibure (I.C.I. 33, 828), a nonsteroid anti-gonadotropic compound. 1. [Poultry]
Japanese Poultry Science 8(2): 77-81.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Prochazka F; Hyhlik J; Sevcik B; Dvorak M (1971). Effect of the preparation VUFB 7319 on
inhibition of egg production at the end of the laying period and on forced moulting.
[Sledovani ucinku latky VUFB 7319 na preruseni snasky u nosnic na konci snaskoveho
obdobi a na nucene prepereni.] Veterinaria SPOFA 13(5/6): 329-345.
Okresni veterinarni zarizeni, Pisek, Czechoslovakia.
NAL Call Number: SF1 B5
100 mg VUFB/kg food was given to 1260 White Leghorns for 5-6 days at the end of the
laying period (28-33% production). Egg production ceased within 11 days of the beginning of
treatment; moulting started on day 5 and lasted for 20-35 days. 94% of hens moulted. A 50%
resumption of egg production was recorded within 10 wk.
Descriptors: egg production, moult, progestogens, White Leghorn
Ruszler PL; Beane WL; Wolford JH (1984). Corticosterone and feed withdrawal as a forced
rest technique in laying hens. Poultry Science 63(Suppl. 1):
35.
Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Sander H; Speck J (1976).
Regulation of stress-free laying pauses
using chlormadinone acetate. [Steuerung stressloser Legepausen mittels
Chlormadinonacetat.] Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift
83(10): 451-455.
Tierarztliches Institut der Universitat Gottingen, 34 Gottingen, German Federal Republic.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 D482
240 Arbor Acre hens, which had been in lay for 60 wk, were divided into 7 groups and
installed in 3-bird cages. Three groups were given CAP for 10 days (10, 13 or 16 mg/kg food)
and 3 groups for 20 days (7, 10 or 13 mg); a 7th group served as untreated controls. For the 6
treated groups resp., the laying paused lasted 15.1, 20.7, 23.1, 13.8, 25.8 and 26.0 days,
laying rate in the 7th-15th wk after beginning of treatment was 55.2, 62.4, 58.5, 54.4, 59.1
and 62.9%, and egg weight averaged 58.9, 58.2, 57.9, 60.8, 57.7 and 59.2 g. In the control
group, laying rate was 48.9% and egg weight averaged 59.5 g. Egg shell strength improved
after CAP treatment.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance, progestogens, CAP, stress,
chlormadinone, egg production
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Schneider K-H; Gruhn K (1974). The effect of forced moult induced by staggered administration
of methionine on egg production during the second year of laying. [Der Einfluss der
Zwangsmauser unter Einsatz gestaffelter Methioningaben auf die Eiproduktion im
zweiten Legejahr.] Tierzucht 28(2): 83-86.
Sektion Tierproduktion und Veterinarmedizin, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Leipzig, German
Democratic Republic.
NAL Call Number: 49 T443
Moulting was induced in half of 360 White Leghorn hens (A) and half of the hens were
allowed to moult naturally (B). Mortality during the 2nd year of laying averaged 7.2% in
group A v 14.1% in group B, body weight at the beginning and end of the 2nd year averaged
1798 and 1915 g resp. v 1894 and 1903 g, egg production/hen 195.2 v 186.2, and egg mass
11.8 v 11.2 kg. There were no significant differences between the groups in food conversion
or egg shell thickness.
Descriptors: food conversion, egg shell thickness, methionine, moult, induction, egg
production, mortality, body weight, egg mass, hens, moulting.
Sekimoto K; Imai K; Suzuki M; Takikawa H; Hoshino N; Totsuka K (1987). Thyroxine-induced
molting and gonadal function of laying hens. Poultry Science 66(4): 752-756.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, thyroxine, molting, hormonal control, triiodothyronine, luteinizing
hormone, progesterone, body weight, egg production
Sirotkin AV; Golubev AK (1983). Circadian changes in sensitivity of the chicken to exogenous
hormones influencing molt and reproduction. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and
Physiology 19(6): 422-426. [Translated from: Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii I fiziologii, p.
565-570. (QH345.Z5).]
NAL Call Number: QP1.J725
Stake PE; Frederickson TN; Okulicz W; Shippee RL; Fournier DJ (1979). Tamoxifen induced
forced-rest/molt in laying hens. Poultry Science 58(4): 1111.
Dep. Nutritional Sciences, Univ. Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P.
Descriptors: egg production, egg quality, moulting, hens, suppression
Szelenyi Z; Peczely P (1988). Thyroxin induced moult in domestic hen. Acta Physiologica
Hungarica 72 (2) p143-149.
Laboratory of Geese Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Godollo Hungary.
NAL Call Number: QP1 A17
Two identical experiments were carried out in domestic hens treated with a lower (0.2
mg/animal) or a higher (0.4 mg/animal) dose of thyroxin (T4), for 21 consecutive days. The
low dose diminished egg production, but did not result in moulting while the higher dose
stopped egg laying on the 16th day and caused the loss of contour feathers from the 14th day
on. The new plumage was completely developed in this group on about the 42th day. The
plasma progesterone concentration showed an increase in both thyroxin treated groups, but is
was only continuous and significant in the fowls treated with 0.4 mg T4. In this group the
peak value of progesterone was synchronous with the most intensive feather loss. In the other
group the tendency for increased levels of progesterone was of shorter duration and not
significant. Plasma oestrone levels were depressed by the treatment in both groups and
increased significantly only in the moulted fowls after administration of T4 was stopped. This
increase may be associated with feather growth and regeneration of the oviduct. Plasma
17-beta oestradiol and testosterone concentrations did not change in the T4 treated groups.
Plasma corticosterone concentration increased continuously only in the moulting animals.
The results suggest that on one hand thyroxin has a role in the endocrine regulation of
moulting and, on the other, that a thyroxin-progesterone synergism is of significance in the
process.
Descriptors: Chickens--physiology--PH, Feathers--physiology--PH, Thyroxine
--pharmacology--PD , Corticosterone--blood--BL, Estradiol--blood--BL, Estrone--blood--BL,
Feathers--drug effects--DE, Oviposition--drug effects--DE, Reference Values ,
Testosterone--blood--BL
Szelenyi Z; Peczely P; Vadocz E (1988). Hormonal changes during forced moult induced by
progesterone in domestic hen. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 71(1): 69-75.
Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary.
NAL Call Number: QP1 A17
Forced moulting has been induced in domestic hens by progesterone treatment (5 mg/day) for
25 days. Moult happened between the 11th and 19th day after the first treatment. Endocrine
changes were followed during the moult by blood sampling in one week intervals. At the
time of the last sampling, new egg laying cycle was initiated in all birds. Plasma progesterone
concentration increased significantly in response to the treatment then tended to decrease.
Oestrone and testosterone levels were the lowest during the period when feather loss was
most intensive and increased in the course of feathering. This increase was significant in the
case of oestrone. The level of 17-beta-oestradiol did not vary during moult induced by
progesterone treatment. Plasma concentration of thyroxine significantly increased during
feather loss, showing a maximum in the second and/or third week after the beginning of the
treatment, while it decreased when feather growth had begun. Plasma triiodothyronine as well
as corticosterone levels were the highest during the latest phase of moult, at the time of
feather outgrowing. It has been supposed that moulting would be initiated in response to the
synergistic effect on feather follicles of progesterone and thyroxine, which was stimulated by
the progesterone treatment. The atrophic stage of the ovary suggested that progesterone was
probably of adrenal origin. It was assumed that triiodothyronine and oestrone were
responsible for controlling feather outgrowth.
Descriptors: Chickens--blood--BL, Corticosterone--blood--BL, Progesterone
--pharmacology--PD, Sex Hormones--blood--BL, Thyroid Hormones--blood--BL ,
Chickens--growth and development--GD, Feathers--growth and development--GD
Tilbrook AJ; Johnson RJ; Eason PJ; Clarke I.J (1990). Induced pause in egg production using
a
synthetic hypothalamic peptide. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium
p.105.
Animal Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Werribee, Vic.
3030, Australia.
Moulting induced by nutrient restriction is accompanied by a decrease in circulating LH and
reduced sensitivity of the pituitary gonadotrophs to GnRH. To study if treatment with a
GnRH agonist would induce a pause in egg production, laying fowls were (1) injected
subcutaneously with saline for 7 days (controls), (2) nutrient-restricted (by whole oat
feeding), (3) injected with 100 micro g/kg of a GnRH agonist for 7 days, or (4) implanted
with slow-release pellets containing 120 micro g of the agonist. Egg production and LH
concentration were lower in the 2 GnRH agonist treatments than in the controls, but those for
the nutrient-restricted group were lower than for the GnRH agonist-treated groups.
Descriptors: gonadotropins, GnRH, agonists, effects, moult, induction, LH, blood
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Tomita Y; Hayashi K; Honbo T (1977). Effects of citric acid on molting, egg production,
activities of enzymes in liver and mineral levels in serum of natural molting hens.
Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture Kagoshima University 27: 165-170.
NAL Call Number: 107.6 K114B
Verheyen G; Decuypere E; Chiasson RB; Vervloesem J;
Kuhn ER; Michels H (1987). Effect of
exogenous LH on plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol in relation to
the cessation of egg laying induced by different moulting methods. Journal of
Reproduction and Fertility 81(1): 13-21.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222
Artificially induced cessation of egg laying caused regression of the reproductive tract in
hens, as well as changes in circulating concentrations of sex steroids. Hens were bled at
several stages during and after artificial moult induced by fasting or overfeeding a diet low in
calcium or high in zinc. Hens received a single injection of 200 i.u. of horse LH at Day 0, 7,
21, 35 and 77 (Exp. 1) or Day 0, 8, 23, 35 and 71 (Exp. 2) after start of the treatment to
induce moult. Blood samples were taken before and 20, 40 and 60 min (Exp. 1) or 15, 30 and
45 min (Exp. 2) after LH injection. Hens which were fasted or given the diet high in zinc had
low plasma progesterone concentrations and the response to LH was reduced or delayed. In
hens fed low calcium the reduction in plasma progesterone was less pronounced and the
responsiveness to LH was more or less maintained. Conversely, there was no response of
oestradiol to LH in laying hens. However, oestradiol concentrations increased in moulting
hens after LH injection, due to the high oestradiol secretion from the small white follicles,
since all yolky follicles were atretic.
Descriptors: hens, egg formation, laying performance, molting hormones, progesterone,
estradiol, luteinizing hormone
Verheyen G; Decuypere E; Kuhn ER; Herremans M
(1986). Dissociation
of the effect of thyroxine
and triiodothyronine in relation to the halt, egg laying and moult in hens. Archiv fur
Experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 40(2): 250-259.
Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 61, 3000
Leuven, Belgium.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 EX7
Injection of 0.7 mg thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) during 3 consecutive days was
studied in Warren SSL hens at 82 wk of age. In both treatment groups, half the hens were fed
a commercial layer diet ad lib., and half were force-moulted by removing food for 8 days
followed by food restriction (relative to ad lib. intake) for 20 days. Following T4 injections in
ad lib.-fed hens, egg production remained relatively constant, but the effect on feather loss
was rapid and pronounced. The T3 injections, however, decreased egg production in ad
lib.-fed hens, but had only a small effect on moult.
Descriptors: egg production, thyroid hormones, moult, hens
Copyright©
2002, CAB International
Zhvikas EB (1976). Effect of different methods of forced moulting
on reproductive characters
of laying hens. [Vliyanie razlichnykh metodov prinuditel'noi lin'ki na
vosproizvoditel'nye kachestva yaichnykh kur.] Ptitsevodstvu 4: 110-118, 142-143.
Sbornik Rabot. Pribaltiiskaya Zonal'naya Opytnaya Stantsiya po
NAL Call Number: Z5074 P8R4
Nine groups each of 75 Leghorn layers were treated as follows at the end of the 1st laying
season: (1) controls, maintained under 14 h light daily and with access to food and water; (2)
light stress (light period increased to 24 h daily for 10 days, shortened abruptly to 8 h daily
for 1 mth, and then lengthened to 14 h daily) but with access to food and water; (3) light
stress and with access to water but starved for 6 days; (4), (5), and (6) as in (3) but starved for
8, 10 or 12 days resp.; (7) light stress, with access to food and water, and fed 0.7 g thyroid
extract daily; (8) as in (7) but injected with 50 mg progesterone; (9) darkness, and withdrawal
of water and food for 3 and 4 days resp. For the 9 treatments resp., egg production to the
onset of forced moulting at 68 wk of age averaged 247, 247, 244, 238, 246, 238, 250, 250 and
246 v 216, 191, 222, 247, 230, 228, 213, 192 and 226 in the following 52 wk, group 4
producing significantly more and group 2 significantly less than the controls. Production to
43 wk after the onset of forced moulting was significantly better in groups 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9
(201, 230, 217, 216 and 212) and worse in group 2 (156) than in controls (178). Egg fertility
3 and 11 mth after forced moulting was generally higher than in birds aged 15-16 mth, but
hatchability of eggs set was lower (69.4-87.1 and 64.9-73.8 v 88.8-95.1%). Corresponding
values for hatchability in the control group were 87.7 and 80.5% v 92.9.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Selected
Websites
Research proposed and Funded by PEPA for 2001/2002: Use of an aromatase inhibitor to
stimulate molt in laying hens. California Poultry Letter May /June 2001, Cooperative Extension -
University of California at Davis
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/Avian/cpl601.pdf
Top of Document |
Acknowledgements |
How to Use This Document |
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES) Reports |
Review of the Literature |
Salmonella, Other Pathogens, and Immunology |
Poultry Welfare |
Management Strategies |
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes |
Records from the National Agricultural Library
Electronic Catalog
HISTOLOGICAL, METABOLIC,
AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Akayama T; Terashima T; Okamoto T; Ogura K (1989). Effects of "Tori Power", an anti-stres
s
feed supplement for laying hens, following forced molting. JA Zenno Shiryo Chikusan
Chuo Kenkyujo Shiken Kenkyu Hokoku 16(1987): 165-170.
National Federation of Agricultural Co-operative Associations, Central Res. Inst. for Feed
and Livestock
Descriptors: laying hen, chicken raising, formula feed, feed additive, feeding(supply), stress
(physiology), resistance (endure), egg-laying, economy (efficiency), body weight, ovary
(animal organ), chicken egg
Al-Batshan HA; Scheideler SE; Black BL; Garlich JD; Anderson KE (1994). Duodenal calcium
uptake, femur ash, and eggshell quality decline with age and increase following molt.
Poultry Science 73(10): 1590-1596.
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the decline in eggshell quality over
time during egg production, and its improvement after molting, paralleled the rate of calcium
uptake by the duodenum of the laying hen. In vitro duodenal calcium uptake rate and femur
ash (percentage of femur weight) were determined at 37, 45, 51, 58, 68, and 72 wk of age
Percentage shell and shell thickness (millimeters) were determined at 22, 29, 36, 44, 50, 57,
and 71 wk of age. Molt was induced at 63 wk of age. Three commercial strains DeKalb
XL-Link, ISA/Babcock B-300V, and Hy-Line W-36 were compared. There were no
differences in duodenal calcium uptake rate among strains. There was a significant decline (P
< .01) in duodenal calcium uptake from 408 pmol/mg tissue per min at 37 wk of age to 329
pmol/mg per min at 58 wk of age. Femur ash decreased (P < .01) from 50.8% at 37 wk of age
to 47.6% at 58 wk of age. Percentage shell and shell thickness declined (P < .01) from 9.79%
and .403 mm at 22 wk of age to 8.88% and .373 mm at 57 wk of age, respectively. After the
induced molt, duodenal calcium uptake increased (P < .01) to 402 pmol/mg tissue per min,
and percentage shell and shell thickness increased (P < .01) to 10.23% and .389 mm,
respectively. Duodenal calcium uptake increased immediately postmolt, whereas femur ash
did not increase until 72 wk of age (P < .01).
Descriptors: hens, calcium, mineral uptake, duodenum, femur, bone ash, egg shell thickness,
age differences, molting, strain differences
Balthazart J; Verheyen G; Schumacher M; Decuypere E (1988). Changes in progesterone
metabolism in the chicken hypothalamus during induced egg laying stop and molting.
General and Comparative Endocrinology 72(2): 282-295.
Laboratory of General and Comparative Biochemistry, Liege, Belgium.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 G28
In the present study, we have established and validated a radioenzyme assay which permits us
to quantify progesterone metabolism in the chicken brain. Progesterone metabolism was then
studied in five brain areas obtained by microdissection from the telencephalon (part of the
lobus paraolfactorius immediately rostral to the preoptic area), the preoptic area, and the
hypothalamus. Three metabolites of progesterone were produced in large amounts in these
brain regions and were quantified in this study: 5 beta-pregnane-3,20-dione (5 beta-DHP) as
well as its metabolite 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-20-one (5 beta,3 alpha-ol) and 5
alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5 alpha-DHP). The unmetabolized progesterone was also
recovered and quantified. The 5 beta-reduction of progesterone (production of 5 beta-DHP
and 5 beta,3 alpha-ol) was very active but its 5 alpha-reduction (production of 5 alpha-DHP)
was almost absent in the lobus paraolfactorius. An opposite pattern of metabolism was found
in the preoptic area and the hypothalamus (higher 5 alpha- but lower 5 beta-reductase
activity). The changes in progesterone metabolism in these brain areas were then studied in
groups of hens submitted to induced egg laying stop and molting. A significant decrease in
progesterone 5 alpha-reduction was found in the median hypothalamus of hens during the
period of molt. Simultaneously, the experimental procedures induced significant decreases in
the production of 5 beta-DHP by the lobus paraolfactorius, anterior, and medial
hypothalamus but induced a significant increase in the production of this metabolite in the
preoptic area. These changes are likely to be involved in the control of reproductive functions
including sexual behavior and secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and a
number of possible causal mechanisms are presented. These should now be tested
experimentally especially in view of the very limited information which is now available on
the biological effects of the metabolites of progesterone.
Descriptors: Brain--metabolism--ME; Chickens--physiology--PH; Hypothalamus
--metabolism--ME; Oviposition; Progesterone--metabolism--ME ; 3-Hydroxysteroid
Dehydrogenases--metabolism--ME; Kinetics; NADP--metabolism --ME;
Oxidoreductases--metabolism--ME; Pregnanediones--metabolism--ME;
Pregnanolone--metabolism--ME; Progesterone Reductase--metabolism--ME; Tissue
Distribution
Barron LG; Walzem RL; Hansen RJ (1999). Plasma lipoprotein changes in hens (Gallus
domesticus) during an induced molt. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B,
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 123B(1): 9-16.
University of California, Davis, California
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Blood plasma lipoproteins were studied during food and light deprivation or prolactin
injection-induced involution of ovarian follicles (molt) of laying hens. Egg laying stopped 3
days after initiation of either treatment. Food and light-deprived hens lost 29% of initial body
weight during the 10-day experiment (P < 0.05), whereas prolactin-treated hens lost 9% of
body weight. Yolk-directed very low density lipoprotein (VLDLy) concentration in plasma
decreased in both groups, but declined more rapidly in food and light-deprived hens. Very
low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol decreased 40% in food and light-deprived hens by day
2 compared with a 13% decrease in the prolactin-treated hens. By day 5, a lipoprotein particle
21-22 nm in diameter appeared in the d = 1.019-1.046 g/ml density fraction of plasma in both
groups. A similar lipoprotein particle, termed HDL®), developed in overfed hens with
involuting ovarian follicles. In conclusion, hens undergoing ovarian regression due to food
and light deprivation, prolactin treatment or overfeeding display marked decreases in plasma
yolk-directed very low density lipoproteins and the appearance of HDL®). Other lipoprotein
populations varied depending on whether the hens continued to feed or not.
Descriptors: hens, molting, blood lipids, lipoproteins
Barron L; Walzem R L; Hansen R J (1992). Appearance of novel lipoprotein in plasma of
force-molted Single Comb White Leghorn hens. FASEB (FED AM SOC EXP BIOL)
Journal 6(4): A1390.
Dep. Physiol. Sci., Sch. Vet. Med., Univ. California, Davis, Calif. 95616.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 F31P
Berry WD; Brake J (1991). Research note: induced molt increases eggshell quality and
calbindin-D28k content of eggshell gland and duodenum of aging hens. Poultry Science
70(3): 655-657.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Aged laying hens, which were induced to molt by fasting to a 30% loss of their original body
weight or by administration of a diet containing 2% zinc as zinc oxide, experienced
reproductive involution and cessation of egg production. Both of the molting treatments
resulted in improvement of eggshell density by time of oviposition of the 10th egg after the
return to egg production postmolt. Both molting treatments significantly increased the
amount of calbindin in the shell gland and duodenum of molted hens as compared with
control hens at the 10th egg after return to egg production postmolt.
Descriptors: hens, aging, egg shell quality, molt, calbindin, shell gland, zinc, fasting,
duodenum, weight losses
Berry WD; Gildersleeve RP; Brake J (1984). Hens induced to molt by fasting or high dietary
zinc
exhibit hematological and splenic changes. Poultry Science 63(Suppl.1): 64.
Dep. Poultry Sci., N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, North Carolina
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin
Brake JT (1978). The physiology
of forced molting (hen). Dissertation Abstracts International, B
39(2): 575.
NAL Call Number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: feathers; haematology; blood chemistry; moulting
Brake J; Baker M; Morgan GW; Thaxton P (1982). Physiological changes in caged layers during
a
forced molt. 4. Leucocytes and packed cell volume. Poultry Science 61(4): 790-795.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Packed cell volume and circulating leucocyte numbers in force-molted, Single Comb White
Leghorn (SCWL) hens were examined. Two groups of SCWL hens, reared under commercial
conditions, were subjected to force molting (FM) at 70 (Trial 2) and 72 weeks of age (Trial
1). The force molting procedure consisted of a reduced photoperiod (6 hr), feed removal for
12 days (Trials 1 and 2), and water withdrawal for 1 day (Trial 1 only). Cessation of egg
production was achieved in 6 days. Control (CON) hens were maintained in each trial with
no change in daylength, and feed and water were available ad libitum. The FM hens exhibited
a significant increase in packed cell volume (PCV) from the time of feed removal until
immediately prior to resumption of egg production. This effect was not associated with water
deprivation. The FM hens exhibited numerically increased numbers of total leucocytes
(TWBC) and monocytes throughout the nonlaying period. However, the increase was
significant on Day 14 of both trials for TWBC and on Days 21 and 35 (Trial 1) and Days 14
and 48 (Trial 2) for monocytes. A significant eosinophilia was observed on Days 7 and 14 of
both trials. Changes associated with lymphocytes, heterophils, and basophils were
inconsistent. Lymphocytes were increased significantly in the FM hens of Trial 2 from Day
21 to Day 48, but no significant difference occurred in Trial 1. A heterophilia was exhibited
by the FM hens of Trial 1 on Days 7 and 14, but not in Trial 2. Conversely, a significant
basophilia was observed on Days 7 and 14 in Trial 2, but not in Trial 1. These data suggested
that an increased PCV, eosinophilia, and possibly increased TWBC and monocyte numbers
were associated with a forced molt in caged SCWL hens.
Descriptors: Chickens--physiology--PH; Hematocrit; Housing, Animal; Leukocyte Count
--veterinary--VE ; Chickens--blood--BL; Eosinophils--cytology--CY;
Lymphocytes--cytology--CY; Monocytes--cytology--CY; Oviposition
Brake J; Berry WD; Thaxton P (1985). Cellular changes in the spleen during an induced molt.
Poultry Science 64 (5): 1031-1034.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Agranulocytes proliferated in spleens of molted hens and both leucocytic and erythrocytic
cells exhibited decreased numbers of pyknotic nuclei. These changes were confined to the
period when the reproductive tract regressed. It was concluded that there is a relationship
between the physiological status during an induced molt and the cellular population of the
spleen.
Descriptors: Chickens--physiology--PH; Spleen--cytology--CY ; Chickens--anatomy and
histology--AH; Fasting; Lymphocytes--cytology--CY
Brake J; Morgan GW; Thaxton P (1981). Recrudescence of the thymus and repopulation of
lymphocytes during an artificially induced molt in the domestic chicken: proposed
model system. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 5(1): 105-12.
NAL Call Number: QR180 D4
Descriptors: *Feathers--physiology--PH; *Lymphocytes--physiology--PH; *Models,
Biological; *Thymus Gland--physiology--PH ; Chickens; Lymphocytes--immunology--IM;
Thymus Gland--immunology--IM; Time Factors
Brake J; Thaxton P (1979). Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 1. Body
temperature and selected blood constituents. Poultry Science 58(3): 699-706.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Brake J; Thaxton P (1979). Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 2. Gross
changes in organs. Poultry Science 58(3): 707-716.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The effects of forced molting on body weight and the absolute and relate weights of the liver,
ovary, oviduct, right adrenal, and spleen were studied. White Leghorn hens which were
reared and maintained under commercial conditions were force molted by reducing daylength
as well as by withdrawing feed and water. This procedure induced a pause in egg production
within one week of the initiation of feed removal. Four trials were conducted. In Trial 1 the
hens were sampled at weekly intervals for 56 days beginning at the time feed was removed.
In Trials 2, 3, and 4 the hens were sampled either daily or on alternate days for up to 22 days
beginning at the time of feed removal. The absolute and relative weights of the liver, ovary,
and oviduct were decreased significantly. Body weight decreased consistently. No consistent
trend over the four trials was found in the absolute or relative weights of the right adrenal or
the spleen.
Descriptors: Chickens--physiology--PH; Feathers ; Adrenal Glands--anatomy and
histology--AH; Animal Feed; Body Weight; Chickens--anatomy and histology--AH; Light;
Liver--anatomy and histology --AH; Organ Weight; Ovary--anatomy and histology--AH;
Oviducts--anatomy and histology--AH; Spleen--anatomy and histology--AH
Brake J; Thaxton P (1976). Changes in blood metabolites and body temperature during a forced
molt. Poultry Science 55(4): Abstract 1588.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: chicken, protein, calcium, inorganic phosphate, glucose
Brake J; Thaxton P; Benton EH (1979). Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced
molt. 3. Plasma thyroxine, plasma triiodothyronine, adrenal cholesterol, and total
adrenal steroids. Poultry Science 58(5): 1345-1350.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The effects of forced molting on plasma levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and
adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroid content were studied. Commercially available
strains of Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens, reared and maintained under
commercial conditions, were used in the three trials. The hens were moved to
environmentally modified facilities prior to the forced molt which was accomplished by
reducing daylength and by withdrawing feed and water. Egg production ceased within one
week of initiation of this procedure. The hens were sampled either daily or an alternate days for
up to 22 days beginning at the time of feed removal. Plasma T4 initially decreased upon
removal of feed, but increased above control levels by the sixth day of feed withdrawal. Plasma
T3 levels remained relatively constant throughout the feed withdrawal period. Resumption of
feeding with a fortified ground corn ration resulted in a decrease in T4 and concomitant
increase in T3. Changes in adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroids were not consistent.
However, there was a trend toward increased total adrenal steroids during feed withdrawal, and
an increase in adrenal cholesterol upon the resumption of feeding.
Descriptors: Adrenal Cortex Hormones--metabolism--ME; Adrenal
Glands--metabolism--ME; Chickens--physiology--PH; Cholesterol--metabolism--ME;
Thyroxine--blood --BL; Triiodothyronine--blood--BL ; Animal Feed;
Chickens--metabolism--ME; Housing, Animal
Brake J; Thaxton P; Pardue SL; Morgan GW (1977). Changes in specific organs of laying hen
s
during a forced molt. Poultry Science 56(5): 1697-1698.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: liver, ovaries, oviducts, adrenal glands, spleen, light, moulting
Cheshmedzhieva S; Dimov V (1994). Metabolism of free fatty acids associated with albumin and
lipoproteins in plasma of laying hens, subjected to forced molting. [V"rkhu
metabolizma na svobodnite mastni kiselini, sv"rzani s albumina I lipoproteinite v
plazmata na kokoshki nosachki podlozheni na prinuditelno lineene]. Zhivotnov"dni
Nauki [Animal Science] 31(5-6): 161-164.
Institut po Zhivotnov"dstvo, Kostinbrod Bulgaria and Selskostopanska Akademiya, Sofia
Bulgaria
NAL Call Number: 49 Z65
Descriptors: layer chickens, forced moulting, free fatty acids, lipoproteins, triacylglycerol
lipase, blood plasma, statistical analysis , acids, biological development, birds, blood,
chickens, domestic animals, domesticated birds, enzymes, esterases, fatty acids, galliformes,
hydrolases, livestock, moulting, organic acids, poultry, proteins
Cheshmedzhieva S; Dimov V (1989). Cholesterol metabolism during induced moulting in layin
g
hens. Zhivotnov'dni Nauki 26(8): 57-62.
Institute of Animal Breeding, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria.
NAL Call Number: 49 Z65
Moulting was induced in 12 100 hybrid laying hens 11 months old and blood was taken
during the first month after moulting which lasted for 17 days. Egg laying percentage was up
to 70, 30 days after moulting. Induced moulting inhibited endogenous cholesterol synthesis
and decreased cholesterol concentration of eggs.
Descriptors: egg production, moulting, cholesterol metabolism, hens
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Chotinski D; Aleksandrov M; Milkov V; Andreev M (1990). Changes in the concentration of
thyroxine, triiodothyronine and prolactin in blood plasma during induced moulting in
hybrid laying Hisex White hens. Zhivotnov'dni Nauki 27(6): 54-58.
Institute of Poultry Breeding, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria.
NAL Call Number: 49 Z65
Hisex White hens (numbers not given) were subjected to starvation for 4 days, partial water
and light restriction (2 h) on days 3 and 4, partial restriction of feed (40 g), water and light (5
h) on days 5-7, and to 60 g feed and 12-h water and light on days 8-21, followed by a gradual
weekly increase to a normal level of nutrition and light (16 h). The concentration of thyroxine
decreased from 13 nmol/litre on day 0 to 9 nmol/litre on day 3, increased to 18 nmol/litre on
day 22, decreased to 10 nmol/litre on day 52, and returned to normal by day 109. Similar
timing of peaks and returns to normal occurred for triiodothyronine and prolactin. 21 ref.
Descriptors: moult, induction, thyroid hormones, blood, prolactin
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Chowdhury VS; Yoshimura Y (2002). Cell proliferation and apoptosis in the anterior pituitary
of chicken during inhibition and resumption of laying. General and Comparative
Endocrinology 125(1): 132-141.
Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
NAL Call Number: 444.8 G28
White Leghorn laying hens were subjected to inhibition of laying by feed withdrawal to
determine whether tissue rejuvenation of the anterior pituitary with cell proliferation and
apoptosis occurs during inhibition and resumption of egg-laying. Feeding was resumed on the
4th day after cessation of egg-laying, and bromodeoxyuridine [broxuridine] was
intraperitoneally administered (40 mg/kg body mass) an hour before anterior pituitary tissue
samples were collected. The sizes of pituitary glandular cells were observed to change during
inhibition and resumption of laying. There was no statistically significant correlation between
changes in the immunopositive cell population and their sizes within each cell type.
However, the sizes of FSH-like cells in anterior pituitary glands collected 10 days after
cessation of laying and on the day that laying was resumed, as well as LH-like cells in the
glands collected on the day of resumption of laying were larger than those collected around
the time that laying was stopped. Thus, the population of gonadotrophs as well as their sizes
may be increased around the time that laying is resumed. The results suggest that during
inhibition and resumption of laying, the anterior pituitary is likely to be remodeled by
proliferation and apoptosis of cells, which occur in association with the changes in the
population of hormone-producing cells. Tissue remodeling may result in the rejuvenation of
anterior pituitary cells by replacing older cells with new cells and may contribute to the
improvement of the function of the anterior pituitary.
Descriptors: anterior pituitary, apoptosis, broxuridine, egg production, gonadotropic cells,
hens, laying performance, moulting, pituitary hormones, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Chowdhury VS; Yoshimura Y (2002). Changes of lysosomal hydrolase activity in the anterior
pituitary of hens during induced molting. Japanese Poultry Science 39(1): 22-26.
Hiroshima Univ., Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
The goal of this study was to determine whether lysosomal hydrolase activity changes during
induced molting in the hen pituitary. White Leghorn aged laying hens were subjected to
induced molting by feed withdrawal. Gradual feeding was started on 4th d of egg-laying
cessation. The anterior pituitaries were collected from hens of pretreatment, 3 d and 5 d after
starvation, 3 d and 10 d after cessation of egg-laying (6 d after resumption of feeding), on day
of and 7 d after resumption of egg-laying. They were processed for the detection of acid
phosphatase (AcPase) activity by enzyme histochemistry. Sections were then examined under
a light microscope with an image analysis computer system. The AcPase activity was
observed in the cellular cytoplasm in both cephalic and caudal lobes of the anterior pituitary
in all groups of hens. In the both lobes the positive area increased significantly in the group of
3 d after cessation of egg-laying when compared with pretreatment group. These results
suggest that lysosomal enzyme activity in the anterior pituitary of chicken was enhanced a
few days after cessation of laying, which may be responsible for the digestion of unusable
hormonal granules at this phase. (author abst.)
Cleaver WT; Christensen VL (1981). Effect of forced molting on plasma glucose and plasma
total protein in turkey hens. Poultry Science 60(7): 1597.
Dep. Of Poultry Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, North Carolina.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: large white breed, feed consumption, light effects, seasonal effects, tissue
regeneration
Cleaver WT; Christensen VL; Ort JF (1981). Gross changes in organ weights due to a force molt
in turkey hens. Poultry Science 60(7): 1639-1640.
Dep. Poultry Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, North Carolina 27650.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: large white, ovary, oviduct, liver, heart, spleen, light
Dickerman RW; Wise TH; Bahr JM (1992). Effect of ovarian regression and molt on plasma
concentrations of thymosin beta 4 in domestic hens (Gallus domesticus). Domestic
Animal Endocrinology 9(4): 297-304.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Urbana
NAL Call Number: QL868 D6
Molt induced by infusion of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-A,
([D-leu6,Pro9]-GnRH –ethylamide]) or feed withdrawal (FW) has been used as a model to
study interactions between ovarian activity and thymosin beta 4 during molting in domestic
hens. Thirty-three laying hens were divided into three groups: 1, controls, 2, GnRH-A
infusion induced molt (GnRH-A), or 3, FW induced molt. All groups had reduced daylength.
Blood was sampled weekly and assayed for concentrations of thymosin beta 4 and
progesterone (P4). Plasma P4 concentrations were significantly depressed in both treatment
groups compared to controls, indicating ovarian regression. Plasma P4 concentrations had
returned to control values in the GnRH-A group by 28 d after the start of treatment, while P4
was still depressed in the FW group at day 42 when the experiment ended. Plasma
concentrations of thymosin beta 4 were elevated relative to controls from day 7 through day
14 in the GnRH-A group and from day 7 until day 28 in the FW group. It is concluded that
plasma concentrations of thymosin beta 4 are elevated during molting in domestic hens, but
the elevation is not attributable to depressed P4 concentrations.
Descriptors: *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Feathers--physiology--PH; *Ovary--physiology
--PH; *Thymosin--analogs and derivatives--AA ; Feathers--drug effects--DE; Food
Deprivation--physiology--PH; Leuprolide --pharmacology--PD; Ovulation--physiology--PH;
Progesterone--blood--BL; Thymosin--blood--BL
El-Aroussi MA; El-Tantawy SMT; El-Barkouky EE; El-Said MA; Goher NE (1996). Effect of
forced molting on blood components of laying hens. Fayoum Journal of Agricultural
Research and Development 10(2): 44-56.
Descriptors: layer chickens, forced moulting, blood composition, egg production, liver,
spleen , animal husbandry methods, animal production, birds, blood, body parts,
cardiovascular system, chickens, digestive system, domestic animals, galliformes, livestock,
poultry, production
Fontana EA; Ruszler PL; Beane WL; Magar V (1991). The effect of two feed withdrawal and two
corticosterone supplementation programs on overall performance body weight and
reproductive organ weights of force-rested layers. Poultry Science 70(SUPPL.1): 159.
Poultry Sci. Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, VA. 24061-0332.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Copyright© 2002, Biosis
Garlich J; Brake J; Parkhurst CR; Thaxton JP; Morgan GW (1984).
Physiological profile of caged
layers during one production year, molt, and postmolt: egg production, egg shell
quality, liver, femur, and blood parameters. Poultry Science 63(2): 339-343.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
A longitudinal study of a flock of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets was initiated at 19
weeks of age (preproduction) and continued through a production year, a forced molt, and for
4 months of postmolt production. A representative sample of hens was obtained at 12-week
intervals during the first year and at subsequent selected times. Liver lipid, femur weight,
femur volume, femur density, egg weight, shell weight, percent shell, milligrams shell/square
centimeter of shell surface area, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum alkaline
phosphatase were determined. Percent hen-day production peaked at 90% and then declined
by .6 to .7% each week during the first production year. After molting, percent hen-day egg
production peaked at 80% and declined .9% per week over the subsequent 20 weeks. Egg
weight increased continually during the first production year. Shell weight was greatest
immediately postmolt; thereafter it declined. Shell thickness was greatest at 31 weeks of age
and declined throughout the first year. After molting, the shell thickness of 83-week-old hens
was similar to values of hens about 37 weeks of age. Serum calcium and phosphorus of
laying hens were influenced by age, feed intake and environmental temperature. The lowest
values occurred during hot weather. Liver lipid was lowest in nonlaying hens (17 to 20%) and
was approximately 42% of dry weight in laying hens. Femur density was greater in laying
than nonlaying hens.
Descriptors: *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Egg Shell--analysis--AN;
*Femur--physiology--PH ; *Liver--metabolism--ME; *Oviposition ; Alkaline
Phosphatase--blood--BL; Calcium--blood--BL; Housing, Animal; Lipids--metabolism--ME;
Organ Weight; Phosphorus--blood--BL; Seasons
Garmatina, SM; Novikov BG; Danilova OV (1978). Function of neurosecretory centres in the
hypothalamus of hens with forced moulting. [Sostoyanie neirosekretornykh yader
gipotalamusa]. Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal, Kiev, USSR 24(5): 681-686.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 F58
Descriptors: hens, stress, central nervous system, physiology, moulting
Gildersleeve RP (1980). Physiological rhythms in laying hens and in hens before a forced molt.
Dissertation Abstracts International, B 40(12): 5556.
Louisiana State University, USA.
NAL Call Number: Z5055.U49D53
Leghorn layers in the 12th mth of production were placed in 2 sets of environmentally
controlled cages, and were exposed to long or short photoperiods in order to maintain egg
production or to prepare for moulting resp. Beginning at the onset of moult, 4 hens from each
group were killed every 2 h for 2 days. In layers, av. hen-day egg production was 75 plus or
minus 5% v 6 in the premoult hens when sampling began. The premoult hens had regressed
ovaries, greater body weight losses, and lower hormone levels than layers. A single-peak,
daily rhythm of plasma progesterone was seen only in layers. Progesterone level varied with
egg location in the oviduct of layers. Episodic progesterone secretion occurred in premoult
hens.
Descriptors: moult, induction, body weight, blood, ovaries, size, feathers, hormones,
progesterone, glucocorticoids, light, physiology, moulting, egg production
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Gildersleeve RP; Johnson WA; Satterlee DG; Scott TR (1980). Serum biochemical rhythms in
laying hens and in hens before a forced molt. Poultry Science 59(7): 1563.
Poultry Science Dep., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Leghorn hens were housed in 2 climatic chambers under 19 h light and 5 h dark (19L:5D) or
6 h light and 18 h dark (6L:18D) photoperiods to decrease egg production and to prepare for
moulting. After 2 weeks, feed was withdrawn from the 6L:18D hens for 2 days to initiate
moulting; 3 days later, 4 hens from each group were bled and killed every 2 h during 48 h.
Serum total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alanine aminotransferase and albumin were
depressed in the 6L:18D hens, whereas, serum alkaline phosphatase, lactic acid
dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose and cholesterol were increased. Daily
rhythms or significant fluctuations over time in serum total Ca, glucose, total protein and
albumin were found in both groups. Alanine aminotransferase correlated positively with liver
cellular corticosteroid and negatively with plasma corticosterone in 19L:6D hens; aspartate
aminotransferase correlated (positively?) with liver cellular corticosteroid in the 6L:18D
hens.
Descriptors: blood composition, lighting, hens
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Gildersleeve RP; Johnson WA; Satterlee DG; Scott RR (1979). Daily rhythms of plasma
progesterone in hens during egg production and before a forced molt. Poultry Science
58(4): 1013-1014.
Poultry Science Dep., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: progesterone; blood plasma; hens; diurnal variation
Gildersleeve RP; Satterlee DG; Johnson WA; Scott TR (1983). The effects of forced molt
treatment on blood biochemicals in hens. Poultry Science 62(5): 755-762.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Gildersleeve RP; Satterlee DG; Johnson WA; Scott TR (1982). The effects of forced molt
temperature on selected steroids in hens. Poultry Science 61(12): 2362-2369.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Gregory NG; Wilkins LJ; Kestin SC; Belyavin CG; Alvey DM (1991).
Effect of husbandry system
on broken bones and bone strength in hens. Veterinary Record 128(17): 397-399.
Department of Meat Animal Science, University of Bristol.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
The effects of rearing system, forced moulting and three different layer housing systems on
broken bones and bone strength, were examined in hens at the end of lay. Weak bones and
broken bones were more common in battery hens which had been reared to point of lay on
deep litter rather than in cages. The incidence of old breaks was greater in perchery birds (14
per cent) than in tiered terrace birds (5 per cent), and there was also a difference between
their incidence in two types of perchery design (17 per cent and 11 per cent). Moulting was
associated with a transient decline in bone strength, followed by an increase in strength
during the second lay.
Descriptors: *Animal Husbandry; *Bone Density; *Chickens--injuries--IN; *Fractures
--veterinary--VE; *Housing, Animal ; Chickens--physiology--PH; Fractures--etiology--ET
Gulyamov KKh; Komilov DK; Chugunkin DN; Akhmadov T (1977). Productivity, respiratory gas
exchange and heat production in hens force-moulted by different regimes of starvation
and water availability in a hot climate. [Produktivnost' I gazoenergeticheskii obmen u
kur-nesushek, podvergnutykh lin-ke pri razlichnom rezhime golodaniya I dostupa k
vode v usloviyakh zharkogo klimata.] Zhivotnovodstva 9: 139-148.
Tematicheskii Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov. Tadzhikskii Nauchno-Issledovatel' skii Institut
NAL Call Number: 49 Z6
In the experiment, groups 1-4, each of 1840 line 18 Katman crossbred fowls weighing, on
average, 1272-1548 g before the experiment, were force-moulted by withdrawing food for 5,
8, 10 and 12 days resp., after which ad lib. feeding was progressively reintroduced over a
6-day period. Two subgroups of each group were, resp., (a) deprived of water for 3 days at
the start of the experiment, and (b) given water ad lib. Egg production traits were recorded for
212 days after starvation. For the 8 subgroups resp. (i.e. 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, etc.), egg weight
averaged 60.1, 60.1, 60.5, 59.5, 59.8, 60.2, 60.9 and 59.9 g v 58.6 for all hens before the
forced moult, shape index 1.38, 1.38, 1.40, 1.38, 1.38, 1.38, 1.40 and 1.38 v 1.36, egg sp. gr.
1.081, 1.078, 1.081, 1.081, 1.079, 1.081, 1.079 and 1.082 v 1.068, percentage of albumen in
the egg 52.77, 52.33, 51.58, 52.43, 52.49, 53.01, 52.86 and 52.62 v 58.56, percentage of yolk
36.06, 36.33, 36.90, 37.06, 36.36, 36.72, 35.90 and 36.10 v 31.39, shell thickness 327, 329,
336, 341, 336, 334, 337 and 335 v 309 mu , albumen index 0.086, 0.086, 0.085, 0.086, 0.086,
0.086, 0.084 and 0.085 v 0.086, yolk index 0.431, 0.426, 0.428, 0.423, 0.426, 0.426, 0.422
and 0.429 v 0.418, percentage of hens culled 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 5.6, 5.3, 5.1, 5.4 and 5.7 v 2.3,
number of eggs laid during the experiment 84.08, 87.34, 87.80, 91.27, 83.61, 83.52, 89.82
and 97.27, and weight of food consumed/kg eggs laid 4.14, 3.96, 3.90, 3.76, 4.19, 4.01, 3.84
and 3.47 v 6.16 kg.
Descriptors: moult, induction, laying performance, nutrition, food restriction, water
deprivation
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Harimurti S; Yuwanta T; Astuti P; Gunali S (2000). Hormone profiles and reproductive tract
in
induced moulted Indonesian quail hens. British Poultry Science 41(Supplement): S64-S65.
Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
Hart LE; Pang SF; Nichols CR; Cheng KM (1990). Plasma melatonin concentrations during force
resting of SCWL layers. Poultry Science 69(SUPPL. 1): 60.
Dep. Animal Sci., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C V6T 2A2, Canada
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: laying hens, poultry industry, lighting, molting, estradiol, feed withdrawal
Herremans M (1988). Age and strain differences in plumage renewal during natural and
induced moulting in hybrid hens. British Poultry Science 29(4): 825-835.
KU Leuven, Landbouwfaculteit, Laboratorium voor Fysiologie der Huisdieren, Heverlee,
Belgium
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: hens, hybrids, molting, plumage, age, strain differences
Herremans M; Verheyen G; Decuypere E (1988). Effect of temperature during induced moultin
g
on plumage renewal and subsequent production. British Poultry Science 29(4): 853-861.
KU Leuven, Landbouwfaculteit, Laboratorium voor Fysiologie der Huisdieren, Heverlee,
Belgium
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: hens, temperatures, molting, plumage, poultry feeding, feed conversion
Heryanto B; Yoshimura Y; Tamura T (1997). Cell proliferation in the process of oviductal tissue
remodeling during induced molting in hens. Poultry Science 76(11): 1580-1586.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Tissue remodeling and calcium binding protein-D28K (CaBP-D28K) dynamics were
examined in the oviduct relative to induced molting. The oviductal tissues of premolting, 7,
10, 13, and 16 d after cessation of laying, and postmolting hens were examined. Frequency of
proliferating cells and immunoreactive CaBP-D28K molecules were identified by
immunocytochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Western blot for
CaBP-D28K. The relative frequency of PCNA-positive cells in the mucosal epithelium of the
magnum, isthmus, and shell gland was low in premolting and 7 d after the cessation of egg
laying. ln the magnum and isthmus it was markedly increased in 10 and 13 d after cessation,
followed by a slight decrease at 16 d after cessation. The frequency in the shell gland was
kept high 10, 13, and 16 d after cessation. The frequency of PCNA-positive cells in each
segment was decreased when the birds resumed laying. In the stroma of magnum and isthmus
where the tubular glands were located, the frequency of PCNA-positive cells was
significantly increased 10 d after the cessation of egg laying relative to premolting and 7 d
after cessation. In postmolting hens and in hens 16 d after cessation, the frequency was
decreased to a same level to that of premolting hen. In the shell gland, the frequency
PCNA-positive cells was high at 10, 13, and 16 d, and diminished in postmolting hen. Single
immunoprecipitate band for CaBP-D28K was observed in the shell gland of premolting,
postmolting, and younger hens, whereas the density of bands was greater in postmolting hens
and younger hens than in premolting hens. We suggest that the oviductal tissues are
remodeled by replacing the old glandular cells with new ones that are derived from the
mucosal epithelium and uninvoluted glandular cells. Such rejuvenation of shell gland tissue
may lead the improvement of CaBP-D28K induction.
Descriptors: hens, molting, oviducts, mucosa, shell gland, cell division,
immunocytochemistry, antigens, nuclei, calcium binding proteins
Ingram DR; Wilson HR; Mather FB (1982). The response of the oviduct of white leghorn hens to
2 methods of induced resting. Poultry Science 61(7): 1482-1483.
Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: low sodium diet, low protein diet, photoperiod, shell gland, water and feed
restriction
Karapetyan SK; Arutyunyan LA (1977). Changes in processes of ammonia formation in chicken
kidney tissue sections after artificially induced molting. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii
30(1): 3-6.
NAL Call Number: 20 Er4
Klingensmith PM; Hester PY (1985). Effects of an induced molt and shell quality on the physical
dimensions and mineral composition of eggs and intrauterine pH. Poultry Science
64(12): 2368-2376.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: hens, molting, soft shelled eggs, shell-less eggs, dimensions, pores, water vapor
movement, mineral content, uterus, pH
Meluzzi A; Primiceri G; Giordani R; Farabegoli F (1991). Forced molt of laying hens. 1: Changes
in blood constituents. [Muta forzata di galline ovaiole. 1: Modificazioni dei parametri
ematochimici]. Proceedings of the 9th National Congress of the Scientific Association for
Animal Production [Atti 9. Congresso nazionale Associazione Scientifica di Produzione
Animale], Istituto Studi, Ricerche e Informazioni Mercato Agricolo: Rome (Italy) , May
1991, v.2: 895-903.
Bologna Univ, Italy, Istituto di Zoocolture
Descriptors: layer chickens, forced moulting, blood sampling, blood composition, rations ,
statistical analysis, oviposition, biological analysis, biological development, birds, blood,
chickens, domestic animals, domesticated birds, feeding, galliformes, livestock, moulting,
physiological functions, poultry , reproduction, sexual reproduction
Rodin VV (1980). Sulfur content
in the blood and tissues of chickens after forced molting.
Nauchnye trudy - Stavropol'skii sel'skokhoziaistvennyi institut. 4 (pt.43): 57-60.
Stavropol’skii Institut.
NAL Call Number: 106 ST27
Rodrigues GA; Moraes VMB; Cherici I; Furlan RL; Macari M (1991).
Effects of previous protein
intake on rectal temperature, blood glucose, plasma thyroid hormone and minerals by
laying hens during a forced molt. Ars Veterinaria 7(2): 78-86.
Depto. de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Fac. de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias, UNESP
Rod. Carlos Tonnani, km 5, 14870-000 Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
NAL Call Number: SF604 A78
The effect of forced moulting induced by starvation on blood glucose, rectal temperature and
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and minerals in plasma was studied in 3 groups of
Hy-line W-36 hens, 78 weeks old, previously fed on diets equal in energy with 14, 17 or 20%
crude protein. Blood glucose, rectal temperature and minerals decreased during starvation
irrespective of previous protein intake. Before moulting plasma T4 was greater in hens given
diets with 17 or 20% protein than in those given diets with 14% protein. Starvation decreased
T4 and T3 concentrations in hens given diets with 17 or 20% protein. In hens given 14%
protein T4 increased and T3 decreased. Results indicate that previous protein intake does not
interfere with metabolic changes during forced moult.
Descriptors: thyroid hormones, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, glucose, blood, body
temperature, blood chemistry, starvation, moulting, metabolism, protein intake, hens
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Sirotkin AV; Korovin KF (1984). [Participation of sympathetic-adrenal system catecholamines
in regulating the reproduction and molting of the hen] Uchastie katekholaminov
simpato-adrenalovoi sistemy v reguliatsii razmnozheniia I lin'ki kury. Zhurnal
evoliutsionnoi biokhimii I fiziologii ( USSR ) 20 (1): 38-42 , ISSN 0044-4529
NAL Call Number: QH345 Z5
Studies have been made of diurnal changes of adrenalin and noradrenalin content of the
blood plasma in egg laying and molting hens. In laying hens at night time, as compared to
daily period, the level of both catecholamines decreased, whereas that in molting
ones--increased. In laying hens kept under illumination, catecholamine content did not
undergo significant diurnal changes. Differences between laying and non-laying hens were
absent during the daytime. In laying hens, noradrenalin content of the blood exhibited
negative correlation with their egg productivity. Reduction of photoperiod from 14 to 6 h per
day resulted in a sharp decrease of egg laying and the development of molting. Under these
conditions, artificial increase of adrenalin content of the blood at night time (by means of
repetitive injections) prevented the decrease in egg laying. Daily injection of this hormone
did not produce this effect. Exogenous adrenalin inhibited molting irrespectively of the time
of its injection. Noradrenalin injections did not affect the molting rate and egg laying in hens.
The data obtained reveal possible role of natural adrenalin in regulation of egg laying and
molting in hens at night time.
Descriptors: Adrenal Glands, Catecholamines, Chickens, Feathers, Reproduction;
Sympathetic Nervous System, Circadian Rhythm, Epinephrine, Epinephrine
--pharmacology--PD; Feathers--drug effects--DE; Norepinephrine--blood--BL;
Norepinephrine--pharmacology--PD; Oviposition--drug effects--DE; Reproduction--drug
effects--DE CAS Registry No.: 0 (Catecholamines); 51-41-2 (Norepinephrine); 51-43-4
(Epinephrine)
Stremousov VM (1992). Morphological transformation in oviduct sections of laying hens
under
the effect of forced molt. [Morfologicheskaya transformatsiya v otdelakh yajtsevoda
kur-nesushek pod vozdejstviem prinuditel'noj lin'ki]. In Physiological fundamentals of
development, resistance and productivity of animals. [Fiziologicheskie osnovy razvitiya,
rezistentnosti I produktivnosti zhivotnykh]. Kazan' (Russian Federation), p. 106-110
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, forced moulting, ovaries, animal glands, animal
morphology, biological development, birds, chickens, domestic animals, domesticated birds,
endocrine glands, female genital system, galliformes, genital system, livestock, moulting,
poultry, urogenital system
Stremousov VM (1989). Variation
in yolk follicle gradation in laying hens under conditions
of
artificial moulting. [Izmenenie gradatsii zheltkovykh follikulov yaichnikov
kur-nesushek v usloviyakh prinuditel'noj lin'ki ]. In Biological fundamentals and
technological methods for poultry breeding intensification. [Biologicheskii osnovy I
tekhnologicheskie metody intensifikatsii ptitsevodstva]. Moscow (USSR), p. 49-53.
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, ovulation, ovarian follicles, forced moulting, animal
glands, animal morphology, biological development, biological rhythms, birds, chickens,
domestic animals, domesticated birds, endocrine glands, female genital system, galliformes,
genital system, livestock, moulting, oestrous cycle, ovaries, physiological functions, poultry,
reproduction, sexual reproduction, urogenital system
Suzuki T; Takahashi M; Ishida K (1978). Histological changes of hen's uropygial glands by
forced moulting. Journal: Bulletin of Research - Toyama College of Technology 11: 77-81.
Toyama College of Technology, Kosugi, Japan
Szelenyi Z; Pethes G; Peczely P (1983). Changes in the plasma concentration of sexual steroids
in domestic hens during forced and hormonally-induced molt. Acta Veterinaria
Hungarica 31(1/3): 57-63.
Budapest : Akademiai Kiado
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AC83
Thangavel A; Gomathi VS; Rao RG (1991). Changes in the plasma proteins, haemoglobin and
cholesterol during different periods of forced molting. Cheiron 20(2/3): 54-58.
NAL Call Number: SF604 C56
Descriptors: laying hens, husbandry, blood proteins, cholesterol, hemoglobin, blood
chemistry, molting, egg production
Turkmen G; Mengi A (1994). Effects of forced moulting on serum lactate dehydrogenase,
alkaline phosphatase, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and glucose in caged layers.
[Zorlamali tuy degistirmenin yumurta tavuklarinda serum LDH, ALP, Ca, Pi ve glikoz
duzeylerine etkileri.] Turk Veterinerlik ve Hayvancilik Dergisi vol. 18 ( 6 ): p.321-329.
NAL Call Number: SF1 D57
Descriptors: hens, molting, induction, blood chemistry
Uyanik F; Mengi A (1993). Effects of forced moulting on the serum
gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, and albumin
and globulin levels in caged layers. [Zorlamali tuy degistirmenin yumarta tavuklarinda
serum gama-GT, GOT, GPT, albumin ve globulin duzeylerine etkisi.] Veteriner
Fakultesi Dergisi (Istanbul) 19(2): 245-256.
NAL Call Number: SF1 I78
Descriptors: hens, light regime, starvation, molting, blood chemistry, poultry
Vanmontfort D; Berghman LR; Rombauts L; Verhoeven G; Decuypere E (1994). Changes of
immunoreactive inhibin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and
progesterone in plasma after short-term food deprivation and during the ovulatory
cycle of the domestic hen. General and Comparative Endocrinology 95(1): 117-124.
Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of
Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 G28
The interrelationship between immunoreactive inhibin and follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) was measured in laying hens after short-term food deprivation and during the
ovulatory cycle. Plasma inhibin was estimated by a heterologous radioimmunoassay validated
for use in chicken. FSH was measured by a recently developed homologous
radioimmunoassay. Ten hens were deprived of food for 10 days (a method to induce artificial
moult or to stop egg laying). Blood samples were taken daily via the brachial vein for 10
consecutive days starting on the day of food withdrawal. The data are expressed in relation to
the last day of oviposition. Short-term food deprivation, followed by ovarian atrophy,
significantly depressed the plasma inhibin and progesterone (P4) concentration. Plasma FSH
concentrations significantly increased, while luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations
slightly but not significantly decreased. In another experiment, 6 hens were induced to moult.
The control hens (n = 6) were fed ad libitum. On Day 17, the hens were killed and follicular
distribution was studied. The atrophy of the large yolky follicles in restricted hens was
associated with a significant increase in the number of white follicles. In a third experiment,
serial blood samples were taken from hens (n = 15) at 2-hr intervals for 36 hr via a brachial
cannula. Plasma immunoreactive inhibin and FSH concentrations did not vary during the
ovulatory cycle. LH and P4 increased simultaneously from basal levels to preovulatory peak
values 6 hr before ovulation.
Descriptors: Chickens--physiology--PH; Estrus--physiology--PH; FSH--blood--BL; Food
Deprivation--physiology--PH; Inhibin--blood--BL; LH--blood--BL;
Progesterone--blood--BL; Oviposition--physiology--PH; Radioimmunoassay
Verheyen G; Decuypere E (1983). Cessation of laying by induction in the hen. Effect of different
methods on some production parameters and on the concentrations of thyroid
hormones, prolactin, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and proteins in the blood serum
(Force molting). [Arret de la ponte par induction chez la poule. Effet de differentes
methodes sur certains parametres de production et sur les concentrations en hormones
thyroidiennes, en prolactine, en Ca, P, Na et en proteines dans le serum sanguin.] Revue
de l'agriculture 36(5): 1535-1559.
NAL Call Number: 13 R322
Yamauchi K; Kamisoyama H; Isshiki Y (1997). Effects of fasting and refeeding on structures
of
the intestinal villi and epithelial cells in White Leghorn hens. [Erratum: May 1997, v.
38(2), p. 225-228.] British Poultry Science 37(5): 909-921.
Laboratory of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa-ken,
Japan.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
The fine structural alterations of villi and epithelial cells in each part of the small intestine
were investigated in layer-type hens fasted for 12 h to 20 d or refed for one day after each
fasting period. 2. Within the first 2-h-fasting, villi of the duodenum showed a remarkable
reduction in height and those of the jejunum revealed a gradual decrease; such a significant
reduction of the villus height was not obtained in the ileum. After 36-h-fasting, villus height
in each part gradually decreased with days of fasting. 3. All intestinal villus heights increased
after only 1-d-refeeding of various kinds of diets following 3-, 10-, or 20-d-fasting. The
duodenum especially rapidly recovered even after long-term fasting of 20 d but the ileum
showed very slow recovery, suggesting that the ileum seems to be inactive in absorptive
function. 4. These variable alterations of villus height in the proximal intestine suggest that
the higher intestinal absorptive ability is under the normal feeding, the more rapidly villus
height is influenced by nutritional conditions. 5. Cell area and cell mitosis decreased after
fasting, the latter showing a marked reduction. However, in spite of a remarkable decrease of
cell mitosis in the proximal intestine after fasting, refeeding activated cell renewal and it soon
reached control levels, demonstrating that the villus height mainly varied with the numbers of
epithelial cells. 6. In the epithelial cells of the proximal intestine in chickens fasted for 20 d,
large lysosomal autophagous vacuoles including mitochondria and dense bodies were
observed. These were reduced in size by refeeding for only one day, suggesting that fasting
may cause intracellular digestion through lysosomal autophagy. 7. These results lead to the
conclusion that long-term fasting for force moulting is possible, that a high protein and high
energy diet can be fed immediately after fasting and that a cell undergoing lysosomal
autophagy in normal chickens indicates undernutrition.
Descriptors: hens, villi, epithelium, fasting, refeeding, histopathology, cell ultrastructure,
animal nutrition
Zigic L; Srajber L; Masic B; Marinkovic V (1970). The effect of forced molting on the physical
properties and inner quality of eggs layed by New Hampshire hens. Veterinaria
(Sarajevo) 19(1): 66-71.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V6494
Descriptors: albumin, yolk, shell
Top of Document |
Acknowledgements |
How to Use This Document |
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES) Reports |
Review of the Literature |
Salmonella, Other Pathogens, and Immunology |
Poultry Welfare |
Management Strategies |
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes |
Records from the National Agricultural Library
Electronic Catalog
Records from the
National Agricultural Library Electronic
Catalog
NAL CALL NO: 100 W52 (1) no.83
Author: Stewart, J. H. (James H.)
Title: Poultry experiments / by J.H. Stewart and Horace Atwood.
Publisher: Morgantown, W.V. : West Virginia University Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902.
Description: p. [443]-465, [3] leaves of plates : ill. ; 22 cm.
Series: Bulletin / West Virginia University Agricultural Experiment Station ; 83
Note: Cover title.
Note: A comparison of beef scraps, ground fresh meat and bone and milk albumen as sources of
protein for laying hens -- Ground grain compared with whole grain, and mash fed in the morning and
at night, for laying hens -- An experiment to determine the importance of keeping hens warm at night
by means of curtains surrounding their perches -- A trial of the VanDreser method of producing an
early and uniform moult.
LC Subject: Poultry -- Feeding and feeds.
LC Subject: Poultry -- West Virginia.
NAL CALL NO: Fiche S-70 no.186 (also at 1 Ag84F no.186)
Title: Experiment station work, XXIII compiled from the publications of the agricultural experiment
stations: losses in manure, apple pomace for cows, macaroni wheats, rations for laying hens,
sterilizing greenhouse soils, early molting of hens, tomatoes under glass, evaporation from incubator
eggs, protection of peach buds, the keeping quality of butter, dandelions in lawns, curing cheese in
cold storage / prepared in the Office of Experiment Stations. -- [microform] :
Publisher: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1904.
Description: 32 p. : ill. --
Series: Farmers' bulletin / United States Department of Agriculture; no. 186
Note: Includes bibliographical references.
Note: NAL document copy also located in 1 Ag84F no.186
NAL CALL NO: 100 N48C (1) no.258
Author: Rice, James E. (James Edward), 1865-
Title: The molting of fowls / by James E. Rice, Clara Nixon and Clarence A. Rogers.
Publisher: Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University, 1908.
Description: p. 20-68 : ill. ; 23 cm.
Series: Bulletin; 258
LC Subject: Molting.
Other Author: Nixon, Clara.
Other Author: Rogers, C. A. (Clarence Arthur), 1882-
Series: Bulletin (Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station) ; 258.
NAL CALL NO: Fiche S-70 no.412
Title: Experiment station work, LVIII compiled from the publications of the agricultural experiment
stations: fertilizers for pineapples, the forced molting of fowls, wart disease of the potato, a portable
panel fence, the typhoid or house fly, pasteurization in butter making, rice and its by-products as
feed-stuffs, milling and baking tests with durum wheat / prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations. -- [microform] :
Publisher: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1910.
Description: 32 p. : ill. --
Series: Farmers' bulletin / United States Department of Agriculture; no. 412
Note: Includes bibliographical references.
Note: NAL document copy also located in 1 Ag84F no.412
NAL CALL NO: 100 M38H (1) no.264
Author: Hays, F. A. (Frank Alfred), 1888- 4n
Title: Duration of annual molt in relation to egg production / by F.A. Hays and Ruby Sanborn.
Publisher: Amherst, Mass. : Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, 1930.
Description: p. [73]-85 ; 23 cm.
Series: Bulletin / Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station; no. 264
Note: Bibliography: p. 85.
Note: Cover title.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
LC Subject: Molting.
NAL CALL NO: 100 N48C (1) no.503
Author: Marble, Dean R. (Dean Richmond), 1892-
Title: The molting factor in judging fowls for egg production / Dean R. Marble.
Publisher: Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 1930.
Description: 42 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Series: Bulletin ; 503
Note: Bibliography: p. 42.
LC Subject: Molting.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
Series: Bulletin (Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station) ; 503.
NAL CALL NO: 100 Ar4 no.143
Gov Doc No.: AES 1.3:B 85/143
Author: Embleton, H. (Harry), 1888- 4n
Title: Poultry feeding experiments / by H. Embleton ; Moulting and housing experiments / by H.B.
Hinds.
Publisher: Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, [1933]
Description: p. 80-120, [3] folded leaves : ill. ; 23 cm. Series: Bulletin / Arizona Agricultural
Experiment Station ; no. 143
Note: Running title: Poultry feeding, moulting, housing experiments.
Note: "April 1, 1933."
LC Subject: Poultry -- Arizona -- Feeding and feeds.
LC Subject: Poultry -- Arizona -- Feed utilization efficiency.
LC Subject: Poultry -- Housing -- Arizona.
LC Subject: Molting.
NAL CALL NO: 100 AL1S (2) no.64
Author: King, D. F. (Dale Franklin), 1906-
Title: Force-molting of hens and all-night lighting as factors in egg production / by D.F. King and
G.A. Trollope.
Publisher: Auburn : Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1934.
Description: 7 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Series: Circular / Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute ; no. 64
Note: Bibliography: p. 7.
Note: Cover title.
Note: "April 1934."
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
LC Subject: Chickens, Effect of light on.
LC Subject: Chickens -- Housing -- Lighting.
NAL CALL NO: 100 Or3 no.119
Author: Knowlton, Frank L. (Frank Lester), 1894-1940.
Title: Force-molting of white leghorn hens / [by Frank L. Knowlton].
Publisher: [Corvallis, Or.] : Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Agricultural College,
1936.
Description: 8 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Series: Station circular / Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Agricultural College ; 119
Note: Cover title.
LC Subject: Leghorns (Poultry)
LC Subject: Molting.
Other Title: Force molting of white leghorn hens.
Series: Station circular (Oregon State Agricultural College. Agricultural Experiment Station) ; 119.
NAL CALL NO: 100 Ar4 no.177
Gov Doc No.: AES 1.3:B 85/177
Author: Embleton, H. (Harry), 1888- 4n
Title: Poultry feeding experiments / by H. Embleton ; Moulting and housing experiments / by H.B.
Hinds.
Publisher: Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, [1941]
Description: p. 331-365 : ill. ; 23 cm.
Series: Bulletin / University of Arizona. College of Agriculture. Agricultural Experiment Station ;
no. 177
Series: Bulletin / University of Arizona. College of Agriculture. Agricultural Experiment Station ;
no. 143 (1941)
Note: Includes bibliographical references.
Note: Title from cover.
Note: Running title: Poultry feeding and housing experiments.
Note: "Revised Bull. No. 143."
Note: "December, 1941."
LC Subject: Poultry -- Arizona -- Feeding and feeds.
LC Subject: Poultry -- Arizona -- Feed utilization efficiency.
LC Subject: Poultry -- Housing -- Arizona.
LC Subject: Molting.
NAL CALL NO: 41 W32
Author: Watmough, Harry.
Title: French moult.
Publisher: [Shipley, Eng., s.n., 1943]
Description: [10] p.
LC Subject: Molting.
NAL CALL NO: 100 M38H (1) no.429
Author: Hays, F. A. (Frank Alfred), 1888-
Title: Annual molt in Rhode Island Reds / by F.A. Hays and Ruby Sanborn.
Publisher: Amherst, Mass. : Massachusetts State College, 1945.
Description: 24 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Series: Bulletin / Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station; no. 429
Note: Bibliography: p. 24.
Note: Cover title.
LC Subject: Rhode Island reds.
LC Subject: Molting.
NAL CALL NO: 413 Se4
Author: Seibert, Henri Cleret, 1915-
Title: The relation of photoperiod and temperature to food and water consumption, variations in
weight, and molt in birds.
Publisher: Urbana, 1947.
Description: [8] p. 23 cm.
Note: Abstract of thesis--Univ. of Illinois.
Note: Vita.
LC Subject: Birds.
LC Subject: Temperature -- Physiological effect.
LC Subject: Light -- Physiological effect.
NAL CALL NO: 100 F66S (1) no.728
Title: Forced molting of laying hens / H.R. Wilson ... [et al.].
Publisher: Gainesville, Fla. : Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Florida, 1969.
Description: 22 p. ; 23 cm.
Series: Bulletin / University of Florida. Agricultural Experiment Station; no. 728
Note: Bibliography: p. 22.
Note: Cover title.
LC Subject: Molting.
LC Subject: Chickens -- Experiments.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
NAL CALL NO: 100 Or3S no.112
Author: Parlour, James W. (James Wilson)
Title: A study of the economics of force molting in commercial egg production / [James W. Parlour
and A.N. Halter].
Publisher: Corvallis : Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University, 1970.
Description: 74 p. ; 23 cm.
Series: Technical bulletin / Oregon State University, Agricultural Experiment Station; 112
Note: Bibliography: p. 66-69.
Note: Cover title.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
LC Subject: Molting.
NAL CALL NO: SF487 M8
Transl Title: Moulting of layers and breeders.
Title: La Mue chez les pondeuses et reproductrices. -
Publisher: Paris : ITAVI, 1977.
Description: 52 leaves ; 30 cm. -
Series: Cahiers techniques de l'ITAVI
Note: Taken from a session held Nov. 17, 1976 at Rennes.
Bibliography: leaves 19-21.
LC Subject: Molting.
LC Subject: Poultry -- Behavior.
Other Author: Institut technique de l'aviculture.
Series: Cahiers techniques de l'ITAVI.
NAL CALL NO: 100 M28S (1) no.755
Author: Gerry, Richard Woodman, 1914-
Title: The effect of forced molting (resting) on the performance of chickens laying brown eggs /
R.W. Gerry.
Publisher: Orono, Me. : University of Maine, Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station,
1979.
Description: 19 p. ; 23 cm.
Series: Bulletin / Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station; 755
Note: Bibliography: p. 18-19.
Note: Cover title.
Note: Tables.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
LC Subject: Molting.
NAL CALL NO: 100 H313P no.245
Author: Herrick, R. B. (Raymond B.), 1926- cn
Title: Postmolt performance of four strains of laying hens in open and enclosed housing in Hawaii /
R.B. Herrick and E. Ross.
Publisher: [Honolulu] : Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Tropical Agriculture and
Human Resources, University of Hawaii, [1980]
Description: 12 p. ; 23 cm.
Series: Research report / Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, 0073-0998 ; 245
Note: Bibliography: p. 12.
Note: Cover title.
Note: "February 1980."
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
LC Subject: Chickens -- Housing.
LC Subject: Molting.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production -- Economic aspects -- Hawaii.
LC Subject: Chickens -- Hawaii.
NAL CALL NO: 100 H313P no.225
Author: Herrick, R. B. (Raymond B.), 1926- cn
Title: Postmolt performance of two strains of laying hens in open and enclosed housing in Hawaii /
R.B. Herrick and E. Ross.
Publisher: Honolulu, Hawaii : Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources,
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, [1982]
Description: 15 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Series: Research report / Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, 0073-0998
; 225.
Note: Bibliography: p. 12.
Note: Cover title.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production.
LC Subject: Chickens -- Housing.
LC Subject: Molting.
LC Subject: Eggs -- Production -- Economic aspects -- Hawaii.
LC Subject: Chickens -- Hawaii.
NAL CALL NO: 105.8 B644 1990 [no.26]
Author: Kalayci, Ugur Menderes, 1963-
Transl Title: Effects of breeding intensity and methods of molting preparations on the performance
of light and medium weight laying hens in the second laying season. -- eng
Title: Auswirkungen der Aufzuchtintensitat und der Methodik der Mausereinleitung auf die
Leistungen leichter und mittelschwerer Legehennen in der zweiten Legeperiode / vorgelegt von Ugur
Menderes Kalayci.
Publisher: Bonn : [s.l.], 1990.
Description: 137 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.
Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [103]-121).
Note: Vita.
Note: Thesis (doctoral)--Universitat Bonn, 1990.
NAL CALL NO: 275.29 G29C No.668
Author: Ruszler, Paul L.
Title: Vacation in the hen house A guide for force molting layers
Publisher: Athens
Description: [6] p.
Series: Georgia. University. Cooperative Extension Service. Circular 668
Series: University of Georgia. Cooperative Extension Service. Circular, 668.
Top of Document |
Acknowledgements |
How to Use This Document |
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES) Reports |
Review of the Literature |
Salmonella, Other Pathogens, and Immunology |
Poultry Welfare |
Management Strategies |
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes |
Records from the National Agricultural Library
Electronic Catalog
The Animal Welfare Information Center,
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/molting.htm
Updated June 27, 2008
