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Information Resources on the North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) A Bibliography on Its Natural History and Use in Biomedical Research September 2001 AWIC Resource Series No. 9
Compiled by: William J. Krause, Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences School of Medicine University of Missouri - Columbia Columbia, Missouri 65212 Published by: U. S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Contact us : http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php Web site: http://awic.nal.usda.gov Policies and Links Information on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Collection Services website at http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml. Please read carefully as there are certain restrictions on media and document types. |
In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the use of marsupials as unique models for biomedical research (Tyndale-Biscoe and Janssens 1988; Saunders and Hinds 1997). Of these the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) has received more scientific scrutiny than any other marsupial to date. Didelphis has long been a popular animal model among gastroenterologists (Krause and Cutts 1992) and numerous studies concerned with its reproductive biology (Hartman 1952), early embryology (Hartman 1916, 1919; McCrady 1938), histogenesis/organogenesis (Krause 1998a, 1998b), developmental neurobiology (Martin and Wang 1997) and spinal cord regeneration (Wang et al. 1998a, 1998b; Martin et al. 2000) have been published. In addition, Didelphis virginiana has played a pivotal role not only in predicting the existence of a newly discovered family of guanylyl cyclase stimulating peptides (guanylin, uroguanylin, and lymphoguanylin) but also was the animal model used in the initial discovery, isolation and purification of the most recent members of this family of peptides, uroguanylin and lymphoguanylin (Krause et al.1998, Forte et al. 1999, 2000). Recently, a small protein known as lethal toxin neutralizing factor (LTNF) was isolated from opossum serum. This factor has been shown to be a potent antidote for several animal, plant, and bacterial toxins. An effective, synthetic form of LTNF has been made so that this peptide can be made in abundance without depending upon the natural source, opossum serum. It is believed that the synthetic form of LTNF may become a universal therapy against animal, plant and bacterial toxins ( Lipps 1999, Lipps 2000).
The purpose of this literature survey is to provide an introduction into the literature with regard to the biology of Didelphis virginiana and to gather together a variety of studies that have focused on this particular species. Although numerous studies have been published on Didelphis, these are scattered throughout a very diverse literature with regard both to discipline and time. The primary aim is to gather these references under one cover as a desk reference for those interested either in using Didelphis as a biomedical model for study or in the biology and natural history of this North American marsupial. The bibliography cites the primary references and serves as a guide into the diverse literature where specific topics with regard to Didelphis virginiana are most likely to be encountered. The reference list has been restricted as much as possible to Didelphis virginiana although some confusion does exist in the early literature with regards as to which actual species was used in some studies. According to Gardner (1973), the genus Didelphis contains three distinct species: Didelphis virginiana of North and Central America; Didelphis marsupialis of Central and South America; and Didelphis albiventris of the highlands in South America. Prior to this work, the North American opossum was commonly referred to as either Didelphis marsupialis or Didelphis virginiana. The references cited in this survey are restricted as much as possible to the North American or Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana. The earliest reference is Tyson 1698, the latest includes a few references published in 2001. The references have been organized under 43 subheadings to aid the reader in finding specific references with regard to general areas or topics of interest. In addition to published accounts on the husbandry of Didelphis, videotape also is available on its husbandry and care as well as the establishment of a temporary-breeding colony for the North American opossum (Krause 1999).
References
Forte LR, Eber SL, Fan X, London RM, Wang Y, Rowland LM, Chin DT, Freeman RH, Krause WJ (1999) Lymphoguanylin: Cloning and characterization of a unique member of the guanylin peptide family. Endocrinology 140: 1800-1806
Forte LR, London RM, Krause WJ, Freeman RH (2000) Mechanisms of guanylin action via cyclic GMP in the kidney. Annu Rev Physiol 62: 673-695
Gardner AL (1973) The systematics of the genus Didelphis (Marsupialia:Didelphidae) in North and Middle America. Spec Publ Mus Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX, 4: 1-81
Hartman CG (1916) Studies in the development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. I. History of early cleavage. II. Formation of the blastocyst. J Morphol 27:1-83
Hartman CG (1919) Studies in the development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. III. Description of new material on maturation, cleavage and entoderm formation. IV. The bilaminar blastocyst. J Morphol 32:1-142
Hartman CG (1952) Possums. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, pp 1-147
Krause WJ (1998a) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol I. 143:1-143
Krause WJ (1998b) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol II. 143:1-120
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1992) Development of the digestive system in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 125:1-151
Krause WJ, London RM, Freeman RH, Forte LR (1997) The guanylin and uroguanylin peptide hormones and their receptors. Acta Anat 160:213-231
Krause WJ (1999) Tips on the husbandry and establishment of a temporary breeding colony for the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Videotape presentation. Housed in the Animal Welfare Information Center Audio-Visual Series, National Agricultural Library Collection, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland.
Lipps BV (1999) Anti-lethal factor from opossum serum is a potent antidote for animal, plant and bacterial toxins. J Venom Anim Toxins [Online] 5: 1-16
Lipps BV (2000) Small synthetic peptides inhibit, in mice, the lethalithy of toxins derived from animal, plant and bacteria. J Venom Anim Toxins [Online] 6: 1-10
Martin GF, Terman JR, Wang XM (2000) Regeneration of descending spinal axons after transection of the thoracic spinal cord during early development in the North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Brain Res Bull 53: 677-687
Martin GF, Wang XM (1997) Development and development plasticity of descending spinal pathways in the North american opossum, Didelphis virginiana. In: Saunders NR, Hinds LA (eds) Marsupial biology:recent research, new perspectives. Univ New South Wales Press, Sydney, Chapt 21, pp 358-481
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Saunders NR, Hinds LA (1997) Marsupial biology: recent research, new perspectives. Univ New South Wales Press, Sydney
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Wang XM, Basso DM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1998a) Adult opossums (Didelphis virginiana) demonstrate near normal locomotion after spinal cord transection as neonates. Exp Neurol 151: 50-69
Wang XM, Terman JR, Martin GF (1998b) Regeneration of supraspinal axons after transection of the thoracic spinal cord in the developing opossum, Didelphis virginiana. J Comp Neurol 398: 83-97
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Russell EM (1984) Social behaviour and social organization of marsupials. Mammal Rev 14:101-154
Ryser J (1992) The mating system and male mating success of the Virginia opossu m (Didelphis virginiana) in Florida. J Zool 228:127-139
Seidensticker J, Lumpkin S (1989) Playing possum is serious business for our only marsupial. Smithsonian 20:108-119
Seidensticker J, O'Connell MA, Johnsingh AJT (1987) Virginia opossum In : Novack M, Baker JA, Obberd ME, Malloch B (eds) Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada, Chapt 23, pp 247-261
Stasiak M, Masterton RB (1996) Auditory quality cues are more effective than auditory location cues in a R no R (go no go) differentiation - the extension of the rule to primitive mammals (American opossum, Didelphis virginiana). Acta Neurobiol Exper 56: 949-953
Tamar H (1961) Taste reception in the opossum and the bat. Physiol Zool 34:86-91
Thexton AJ, Crompton AW (1989) Effect of sensory input from the tongue on jaw movement in normal feeding in the opossum. J Exp Zool 250:233-243
Tilley MW, Doolittle JH, Mason DJ (1966) Olfactory discrimination learning in the Virginia opossum. Perceptual Motor Skills 23:845-846
Tilley MW, Doolittle JH, Mason DJ (1966) Spontaneous alternation in the Virginia opossum. Psychol Rep 19:593-594
Twyver HV, Allison T (1970) Sleep in the opossum Didelphis marsupialis. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 29:181-189
Walker JM, Berger RJ (1980) The ontogenesis of sleep states, thermogenesis, and thermoregulation in the Virginia opossum. Develop Psychobiol 13:443-454
Wiedorn WS (1954) A new experimental animal for psychiatric research: the opossum, (Didelphis virginiana) Science 119:360-361
Wright DD (1989) Mortality and dispersal of juvenile opossums, Didelphis virginiana. MS Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville
Brooks MB (1959) Care and management of opossums: their use in pediatric research. Proc Animal Care Panel 9:167-171
Burns RK, Burns LM (1957) Observations on the breeding of the American opossum in Florida. Rev Suisse Zool 64:595-605
Coghill GE (1939) Studies on rearing the opossum (Didelphys virginiana). Ohio J Sci 39:239-249
Farris, E J (1950) The opossum. In: Farris EJ (ed) The care and breeding of laboratory animals. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Feldman DB, Ross PW (1975) Methods for obtaining neonates of known age from the Virginia opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 25:437-439
Feldman DB, Self JL (1971) Sedation and anesthesia of the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Lab Anim Sci 21:717-720
Feldman DB, Self JL (1973) Establishment of a helminth-free opossum colony. Lab Anim Sci 23:855-857
Fritz HI (1971) Maintenance of the common opossum. Int Zool Yearbook 11:46-49
Funk RS (2000) Opossum medicine. N Am Vet Conf Vet Proc 14: 1003
Harder JD, Fleming MW (1982) Husbandry of a small breeding colony of opossums (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 32:547-549
Heuser CH, Hartman CG (1928) Some old and forgotten observations upon the breeding habits of the opossum. J Mammal 9:61-62
Jurgelski W Jr (1974) The opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) as a biomedical model. I. Research perspective, husbandry, and laboratory technics. Lab Anim Sci 24:376-403
Jurgelski W Jr, Forsythe W, Dahl D, Thomas LD, Moore JA, Kotin P, Falk HL, Vogel FS (1974) The opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) as a biomedical model. II. Breeding the opossum in captivity: facility design. Lab Anim Sci 24:404-411
Jurgelski W Jr, Porter ME (1974) The opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) as a biomedical model. III. Breeding the opossum in captivity: methods. Lab Anim Sci 24:412-425
Krupp JH, Quillin R (1964) A review of the use of the opossum for research-husbandry, experimental techniques and routine health measures. Lab Anim Care 14:189-194
Mizell M, Ramsey DE, Warringer RA, Spencer R (1970) Laboratory development and use of the American opossum, Didelphys virginiana. Am Zool 10: 539
Reynolds HC (1952) Studies on reproduction in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana virginiana). Univ Calif Publ Zool 52:223-283
Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1969) The opossum, Didelphis virginiana, as a laboratory animal. Lab Anim Care 19:494-499
Thomason JJ, Russell AP (1986) A plastic cage for restraint of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Lab Anim Sci 36:547-549
Adzick NS, Longaker MT (1991) Animal models for the study of fetal tissue repair. J Surg Res 51:216-222
Baudinette R, Skinner J (2001) Marsupials as models for biomedical research. ANZCCART News 14(3):1-3
Block M (1960) Wound healing in the new-born opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Nature 187:340-341
Cullen JJ, Maes EB, Aggrawal S, Conklin JL, Ephgrave KS, Mitros FA (2000) Effect of endotoxin on opossum gallbladder motility: A model of acalculous cholecystitis. Ann Surg 232: 202-207
Fleming MW, Tassava RA (1981) Preamputation and postamputation histology of the neonatal opossum hindlimb: implications for regeneration experiments. J Exp Zool 215:143-149
Jurgelski W Jr (1983) An alternative animal model for perinatal carcinogenesis. Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol 4:3-16
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Boyd CW (1972) Induction of seizures in the opossum (Didelphis marsupials virginiana Kerr) with an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis - a new model for experimental epilepsy. Fed Proc 31:304
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Kotin P (1972) Ethyl nitrosourea carcinogenesis in the neonatal marsupial (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr) - a new animal model for oncogenesis. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 13:93
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Kotin P (1976) Embryonal neoplasms in the opossum: a new model for solid tumors of infancy and childhood. Science 193:328-332
Jurgelski, W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Zimmerman LE, Henry JM, Palmer N (1977) Experimentally induced dysontogenetic tumors in the opossum: a clinicopathological and histo-pathological comparison with analogous neoplasms of man and other animals. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 18:104
Kaiser AM, Saluja AK, Sengupta A, Saluja M, Steer ML (1995) Relationship between severity, necrosis, and apoptosis in five models of experimental acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol 269: C1295-C1304
Kelln EE, Komori A (1968) Potential of the opossum in oral research. J Dent Res 47:338
Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Rünzi M, Dawra R, Saluja M, Steer ML (1993) Pancreati c duct obstruction triggers acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum. Gastroentorology 104:853-861
Mizell M, Isaacs JJ (1970) Induced regeneration of hindlimbs in the newborn opossum. Am Zool 10:141-155
Moore CR, Bodian D (1940) Opossum pouch young as experimental material. Anat Rec 76:319-327
New DAT, Mizell M (1972) Opossum fetuses grown in culture. Science 175:533-536
New DAT, Mizell M, Cockroft DL (1977) Growth of opossum embryos in vitro during organogenesis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 41:111-123
Northway MG, Libshitz HI, West JJ, Withers HR, Mukhopadhyay AK, Osborne BM, Szwarc IA, Dodd GD (1979) The opossum as an animal model for studying radiation esophagitis. Radiology 131:731-735
Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693
Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, Farber R, Lynch R, Vogler G (1990) Experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum. I. Renal functional assessment. J Urol144:564-566
Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130
Wiedorn WS (1954) A new experimental animal for psychiatric research: the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Science 119:360-361
1.12 Experimental Techniques using Didelphis
Feldman DB, Self JL (1971) Sedation and anesthesia of the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Lab Anim Sci 21:717-720
Jackson RK (1971) Experimental talipes in the Virginia opossum. Clin Orthopaed Related Res 81:152-157
Jurgelski W Jr (1971) Administration of test materials to the neonatal North American opossum (Didelphys marsupialis virginiana Kerr). Lab Anim Sci 21:748-751
La Regina MC, Lonigro J, Woods L, Williams GA, Vogler GA (1988) Valvular endocarditis associated with experimental Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 38:159-161
Moore DM (1984) A simple technique for blood collection in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim 18:52-54
Nelsen OE, White EL (1941) A method for inducing ovulation in the anoestrous opossum (Didelphys virginiana). Anat Rec 81:529-535
New DAT, Mizell M (1972) Opossum fetuses grown in culture. Science 175:533-536
Northway MG, Libshitz HI, Szwarc IA (1979) A technique for barium esophagram in the opossum. Lab Anim Sci 29:534-537
Parmelee AH, Brooks MB, Stone RS (1960) The effect of high oxygen concentration s on the opossum pouch young (Didelphis virginiana). Anat Rec 136:73-78
Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693
Spagnoli DB, Fidler SF, Carmichael SW, Culberson JL (1979) Perfusion fixation of the newborn opossum: equipment and techniques. Lab Anim Sci 29:246-248
Steinhardt GF, Salinas-Madrigal L, Farber R, Lynch R, Vogler G (1990) Experimental ureteral obstruction in the fetal opossum. I. Renal functional assessment. J Urol 144:564-566
Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, and LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130
1.13 Experimental (Induced) Pathologies
Amundson TE, Yuill TM, DeFoliar GR (1985) Experimental La Crosse virus infection of red fox (Vulpes fulva), raccoon (Procyon lotor), opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and woodchuck (Marmota monax). Am J Trop Med Hyg 34:586-595
Andrews EJ (1973) Methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1217-1225
Bowen GS (1976) Experimental infection of North American mammals with epidemic Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25:891-899
Box ED, Duszynski DW (1978) Experimental transmission of Sarcocystis from icterid birds to sparrows and canaries by sporocysts from the opossum. J Parasitol 64:682-688
Darling ST (1910) Sarcosporidiosis in the opossum and its experimental production in the guinea pig by the intramuscular injection of sporozites. Bull Soc Path Exot 3:513-518
Fenger CK, Granstrom DE, Gajadhar AA, Williams NM, Mccrillus SA, Stamper S, Langemeier JL, Dubey JP (1997) Experimental induction of equine myeloencephalitis in horses using Sarcocystis sp., sporocysts from the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Vet Parasitol 68: 199-213
Gandolfi R, Culbertson R (1983) Corticosteroid-induced death in an opossum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1277-1279
Johnson JI, Hamilton TC, Hsung J-C, and Ulinski PS (1972) Gracile nucleus absen t in adult opossums after leg removal in infancy. Brain Res 38:421-424
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM (1971) The response of the pituitary-thyroid axis of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr) to chronic neonatal administration of Aminotriazole. Fed Proc 30: 294
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Boyd CW (1972) Rickets associated with triparanol induced intestinal lesions in the marsupial (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr). Anat Rec 172:339
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Falk HL (1979) Tissue differentiation and susceptibility to embryonal tumor induction by ethylnitrosourea in the opossum. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr No 51:123-158
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Falk HL, Kotin P (1976) Embryonal neoplasms in the opossum: a new model for solid tumors of infancy and childhood. Science 193:328-332
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Henery JM, Falk HL (1978) Chemically induced ganglioglioma in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 37: 638
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson PM, Vogel FS (1973) Induction of a chronic somatosensory epilepsy in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) with an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. Brain Res 64:466-471
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Boyd C (1972) Induction of seizures on the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana) with an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. II. Relationship between seizure induction, brain sterol composition, and drug configuration. J Cell Biol 55:126A
Jurgelski W Jr, Hudson P, Zimmerman LE, Falk HL, Kotin P (1974) Induction of malignant intraocular medulloepitheliomas in opossums orally exposed to a chemical carcinogen (ethyl nitrosourea) early in postnatal life. Am J Pathol 74:40A
Jurgelski W Jr, Alderson G, Hudson P (1973) Odontogenic tumor induction in the opossum by a chemical carcinogen. J Dent Res 52:201
Jurgelski W Jr, Palmer NF, Hudson PM, Falk HL (1980) Chemical induction of embryonal renal tumors: an accurate model for pediatric renal neoplasia. Fed Proc 39: 331
La Regina MC, Lonigro J, Woods L, Williams GA, Vogler GA (1988) Valvular endocarditis associated with experimental Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 38:159-161
Larsen F, Schlarman D, Andrus CC, Kaminski DL (1991) The effect of the CCK receptor antagonist CR 1409 on bile reflux pancreatitis in the opossum. Pancreas 6:291-297
Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Dawra R, Ramarao P, Saluja M, Steer ML (1992) Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum: earliest morphological changes involve acinar cells. Gastroenterology 103:205-213
Lindsay DS, Hendrix CM, Blagburn BL (1988) Experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J Wildl Dis 24:157-159
Malek EA (1970) Further studies on mammalian susceptibility to experimental infection with Heterobilharzia americana. J Parasitol 56:64-66
Mizell M (1975) Tumour induction in vivo : major events leading to tumorigenesis in embryos inoculated with oncogenic herpes viruses. IARC Sci Pub No11: 121-132
Moore CG, Schnurrenberger PR (1981) Experimental infection of opossums with Brucella abortus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:1113-1116
Prasad N, Bushong SC, MacIntyre RS (1973) Radiocytogenetic effects on bone marrow cells of opossum in vivo. Can J Genet Cytol 15:123-126
Prasad N, Bushong SC, North LB, Thornby J (1976) Radiation lethality in the opossum. Rad Res 68:514-517
Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC (1973) In vivo and in vitro response of opossum testes to ionizing radiation: morphological and enzymatic studies. J Cell Biol 59:270A
Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC, North LB (1977) Effect of irradiation on electrophoretic properties of enzymes in haemopoietic cells of opossum. Experientia 33: 263-264
Prasad N, Prasad R, Bushong SC, North LB (1977) Effect of irradiation on testicular cells of opossum. Strahlentherapie 153:470-473
Prestwood AK, Nettles VF, Farrell RL (1977) Pathologic manifestations of experimentally and naturally acquired lungworm infections in opossums. Am J Vet Res 38:529-532
Ramirez R, Brems J, Lee T, Kaminski DL (1984) The effect of 16, 16-dimenthyl prostaglandin E2 on experimental bile reflux pancreatitis in the opossum. Surg Gastroenterol 3:60-68
Rowlands DT Jr, Vakilzadeh J, Sherwood BF, LeMay JC (1970) Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). I. Valvular changes following a single injection of bacteria in unmodified adult opossums. Am J Pathol 58:295-304
Senninger N (1992) Bile-induced pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res 24 :(Suppl1), 68-73
Senninger N, Moody FG, Coelho JCU, Van Buren DH (1986) The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the opossum. Surgery 99:688-693
Sevy CE, Cameron TP (1968) Two cases of infection with acid-fast bacteria in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 4:22-23
Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Vakilzadeh J, LeMay JC (1971) Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). III. Comparison of spontaneously occurring endocarditis with that induced experimentally by pyogenic bacteria and fungi. Am J Pathol 64:513-520
Steinhardt GF, Vogler G, Salinas-Madrigal L, LaRegina M (1988) Induced renal dysplasia in the young pouch opossum. J Pediatr Surg 23:1127-1130
Vakilzadeh J, Rowlands DT Jr, Sherwood BF, LeMay JC (1970) Experimental bacterial endocarditis in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). II. Induction of endocarditis with a single injection of Streptococcus viridans. J Infect Dis 122:89-92
Vakilzadeh J, Sherwood BF, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1971) Experimental study of pulmonary adenomas in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim Sci 21:224-228
White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL (1989) A comparison of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum, armadillo and ferret. Lab Anim Sci 39:47-50
White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL (1989) Chemotherapy of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum. J Parasitol 75:176-178
White MR, Chapman WL Jr, Hanson WL, Latimer KS, Greene CE (1989) Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum. Vet Pathol 26:314-321
Yaeger RG (1971) Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection to opossums via the oral route. J Parasitol 57:1375-1376
1.14 Diseases : Natural Pathologies
Almgren CM, McClure DE (2000) Granulomatous pneumonia in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) associated with an intracellular fungal agent. Comparative Med 50: 323-328
Barr TRB (1963) Infectious diseases in the opossum: a review. J Wildl Mgmt 27:53-71
Barrie MT, Snyder RL (1986) Multiple primary neoplasms in an opossum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1160-1161
Brown CC (1988) Endogenous lipid pneumonia in opossums from Louisiana. J Wildl Dis 24:214-219
Finlayson R (1965) Spontaneous arterial disease in exotic animals. J Zool 147:229-343
Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1973) Carcinosarcoma in an opossum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:586-588
Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1974) Epidermoid cysts in opossums. Cornell Vet 64:89-93
Gupta BN, Feldman DB (1975) Renal agenesis in guinea pig and opossum. Lab Anim Sci 25:238-240
Harari Y, Calabuig R, Moody F, Castro G (1991) Immunological sensitization of opossum gallbladder by naturally acquired stomach roundworm infection. Comp Biochem Physiol 99C:531-535
Kaufman E, Pokras M, Jakowski R (1988) Biliary adenocarcinoma in a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Companion Anim Pract 2:38-40
Koller LD (1972) Cutaneous papillomas on an opossum. J Nat Cancer Inst 49:309-313
LaPlante ES, Burrell RG (1966) Bacterial endocarditis in opossums. Bull Widl Dis Assoc 2:10-12
Long GG, Stookey JL, Terrell TG, Whitney GD (1975) Fibrous osteodystrophy in an opossum. J Wildl Dis 11:221-223
Lu Y-S, Rehg J, Lawton G (1982) Acute hepatitis in an opossum (Didelphis virginiana) infected with Salmonella turnidorp. Lab Anim Sci 32:193-194
McConnell EE, Talley FA (1977) Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules in the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals. Vet Pathol 14:435-440
Musher DM, Richie Y (1974) Bacterial clearance and endocarditis in American opossums. Infect Immunol 9:1126-1128
Potkay S (1970) Diseases of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis): a review. Lab Anim Care 20:502-511
Potkay S (1977) Diseases of marsupials. In: Hunsaker D II (ed) The biology of marsupials. Academic Press, New York, Chapt 8, pp 415-506
Prater MR, Duncan RB, Gaydos J (1999) Characterization of metastatic intestinal adenocarcinoma with differentiation into multiple morphologic cell types in a Virginia opossum. Vet Pathol 36: 463-468
Richardson DJ, Barnawell EB (1995) Histopathology of Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa (Oligacanthorhynchidae) infection in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). J Helminthol Soc Wash 62: 253-256
Robinson JA, Johnson D (1974) Evidence of immune glomerulitis complex in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Am J Vet Res 35:543-546
Runkel NS, Rodriguez LF, LaRocco MT, Moody FG (1990) Mechanisms of pancreatic infection in acute pancreatitis in opossums. Current Surg 47:460-462
Runkel NS, Rodriguez LF, Moody FG, LaRocco MT, Blasdel T (1991) Salmonella infection of the biliary and intestinal tract of wild opossums. Lab Anim Sci 41:54-56
Schneider P, Busch U, Meister H, Qasem Q, Wuensch PH (1999) Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). A comparison of MFH in man and animals. A critical review. Histol Histopathol 14: 845-860
Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Hackel DB (1969) Pulmonary adenomatosis in opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1102-1107
Sherwood BF, Rowlands DT Jr, Hackel DB, LeMay JC (1968) Bacterial endocarditis, glomerulonephritis, and amyloidosis in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Am J Pathol 53:115-126
Smith JH, Meier JL, Neill PJG, Box ED (1987) Pathogenesis of Sarcocystis falcatula in the budgerigar. I. Early pulmonary schizogony. Lab Invest 56:60-71
Smith JH, Meier JL, Neill PJG, Box ED (1987) Pathogenesis of Sarcocystis falcatula in the budgerigar. II. Pulmonary pathology. Lab Invest 56:72-84
Snyder DE, Hamir AN, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE (1991) Lung lesions in an opossum (Didelphis virginiana) associated with Capillaria didelphis. J Wildl Dis 27:175-177
Toft JD, Pucak GJ, Bullock BC (1973) Basal-cell tumor in a Virginia opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). Lab Anim Sci 23:431-433
1.15 Parasitology : Bacteriology : Virology
Alden KJ (1995) Helminths of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, in Southern Illinois, with a compilation of all helminths reported from this host in North America. J Helminthol Soc Wash 62: 197-208
Aliff JV (1970) A search for Trypanosoma cruzi in Kentucky opossums. Trans Kentucky Acad Sci 31:104
Amundson TE, Yuill TM (1981) Natural La Crosse virus infection in the red fox (Vulpes fulva), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Am J Trop Med Hyg 30:706-714
Babero BB (1960) Further studies on helminths of the opossum, (Didelphis virginiana), with a description of the new species from this host. J Parasitol 46:455-463
Baker DG, Cook LF, Johnson EM, Lamberski N (1995) Prevalance, acquisition, and treatment of Didelphostrongylus hayesi (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) infection in opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J Zoo Wildl Med 26: 403-408
Barr SC, Brown CC, Dennis VA, Klei TR (1991) The lesions and prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi in opossums and armadillos from southern Louisiana. J Parasitol 77:624-627
Beamer PD, Mohr CO, Barr TRB (1960) Resistance of the opossum to rabies virus. Am J Vet Res 21:507-510
Boeer WJ, Crawford RP, Hidalgo RJ, Robinson RM (1980) Small mammals and white-tailed deer as possible reservoir hosts of Brucella abortus in Texas. J Wildl Dis 16:19-24
Bowman DD, Smith JL, Little MD (1983) Lagochilascaris sprenti sp n (Nematoda: ascarididae) from the opossum, Didelphis virginiana (Marsupialia: didelphidae). J Parasitol 69:754-760
Box ED (1983) Recovery of Sarcocystis sporocysts from feces after oral administration. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 50:348-350
Box ED, Duszynski DW (1980) Sarcocystis of passerine birds: sexual stages in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). J Wildl Dis 16:209-215
Box ED, Marchiondo AA, Duszynski DW, Davis CP (1980) Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sporocysts from passerine birds and opossums: comments on classification of the genus Isospora. J Parasitol 66:68-74
Box ED, Meier JL, Smith JH (1984) Description of Sarcocystis falcatula stiles, 1893, a parasite of birds and opossums. J Protozool 31:521-524
Box ED, Smith JH (1982) The intermediate host spectrum in a Sarcocystis species of birds. J Parasitol 68:668-673
Bringham GD (1936) Susceptibility of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) to the virus of endemic typhus fever. Pub Health Rep 51:333-337
Bruning-Fann CS, Schmitt SM, Fitzgerald SD, Payeur JB, Whipple DL, Cooley TM, Carlson T, Friedrich P (1998) Mycobacterium bovis in coyotes from Michigan. J Wildl Dis 34: 632-636
Butterworth EW, Beverley-Burton M (1977) Capillaria didelphis n sp (Nematoda :Trichuroidea) from the opossum, Didelphis virginiana L in Georgia. Can J Zool 55: 616-619
Byrd EE (1941) The opossum, Didelphis virginiana Kerr, a new host forparagonimus in Tennessee. Science 93:542
Byrd EE, Reiber RJ (1942) Mammalian trematodes. I. Trematodes from the opossum, Didelphis virginiana Kerr. Rep Reelfoot Lake Biol Sta 6:130-142
Byrd EE, Reiber RJ, Parker MV (1942) Mammalian trematodes. I. Trematodes from the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, Kerr. J Tenn Acad Sci 17:130-142
Byrd EE, Reiber EJ, Parker MV (1942) The anatomy of a lung fluke from the opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr). Rep Reelfoot Lake Biol Sta 6:116-129
Byrd EE, Ward JW (1943) Observations on the segmental anatomy of the tapeworm, Mesocestoides variabilis, Mueller,1928, from the opossum. J Parasitol 29:217-226
Chandler AC (1932) Notes on Helminth parasites of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in southeast Texas, with descriptions of four new species. Proc U S Natl Mus 81:1-15
Clubb SL, Frenkel JK (1992) Sarcocystis falcatula of opossums: transmission by cockroaches with fatal pulmonary disease in psittacine birds. J Parasitol 78:116-124
Conti-Diaz IA, Turner C, Tweeddale D, Furcolow ML (1970) Besnoitiasis in the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). J Parasitol 56:457-460
Cutler TJ, MacKay RJ, Ginn PE, Greiner EC, Porter R, Yowell CA, Dame JB (1999) Are Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula synonymous? A horse infection challenge. J Parasitol 85: 301-305
Dame JB, Cutler TJ, Tanhauser S, Ellison S, Greiner EC, MacKay RJ (2000) Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: Mystery wrapped in enigma. Parasitol Res 86: 940-943
Denton JF (1944) The occurrence of Eurytrema allentoshi (Foster, 1939) in the opossum in Texas. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 11:54-55
Dickerson LM (1930) A new variety of Harmostomum opisthotrias from the North American opossum, Didelphys virginiana, with a discussion of its possible bearing on the origin of its host. Paristology 22: 37-46
Dikmans G (1931) A new nematode worm, Viannaia bursobscura, from the opossum, with a note on other parasites of the opossum. Proc U S Natl Mus 79:1-4
Dikmans G (1943) The occurrence of Viannaia viannaia Travassos (Nematoda: Heligmosomidae) in opossums in North America. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash 10:6-7
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1.26 Tolerance (Resistance) to Snake Venoms
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Scott JN, Fritz HI, Nagy F (1979) Response to cryptorchidism of the testis and epididymis of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). J Reprod Fert 57:175-178
Scott JN, Fritz HI, Stuhlman R (1980) Aspermatogenesis in a paralyzed opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Lab Anim 14:289-290
Sprando RL, Russell LD (1987) Comparative study of cytoplasmic elimination in spermatids of selected mammalian species. Am J Anat 178:72-80
Tsukise A, Meyer W, Ikeda T (1985) Carbohydrate histochemical investigation in the scrotal skin of the common American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis L). Cell Mol Biol 31:357-364
Winegarner MS (1982) Seasonal changes in the reproductive tract of the male opossum Didelphis virginiana Kerr in Florida. Am Midl Nat 107:258-261
Woolley PA (1987) The seminiferous tubules, rete testis and efferent ducts in didelphid, caenolestid and microbiotheriid marsupials. In: Archer M (ed) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution. Surrey, Beatty and Sons and the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp 217-22
1.36 Female Reproductive System
Anderson DH (1928) Comparative anatomy of the tubo-uterine junction. Histology and physiology in the sow. Am J Anat 42: 255-305
Baxter JS (1933) The development of the lateral vaginal canals in the American opossum. Anat Rec 58:4
Baxter JS (1935) Development of the female genital tract in the American opossum. Contrib Embryol 25:15-38
Blainville MH (1818) Sur les organes femelles de la génération, et le foetus des animaux Didelphes. Bull Sci Soc Phil Paris, 25-28
Burford HJ (1970) Induction of ovulation in the opossum (Didelphis virginian a ). Pharmacologist 12:229
Burns RK (1939) Sex differentiation during the early pouch stages of the opossu m (Didelphys virgianiana) and a comparison of the anatomical changes induced by male and female sex hormones. J Morphol 65:497-547
Burns RK (1939) Effects of female sex hormones in young opossums. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 41:270-272
Burns RK (1939) Effect of testosterone propionate on sex differentiation in pouch young of opossum. Proc Soc Exper Biol 41: 60-62
Burns RK (1939) The effects of crystalline sex hormones upon sex differentiation in the pouch young of the opossum. Anat Rec 73: 61-62
Burns RK (1939) The differentiation of sex in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and its modification by the male hormone testosterone propionate. J Morphol 65: 79-119
Burns RK (1941) Origin and differentiation of epithelium of urinogenital sinus in the opossum. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 47: 106-108
Burns RK (1942) The origin and differentiation of the epithelium of the urogenital sinus in the opossum, with a study of the modifications induced by estrogens. Contrib Embryol 30:65-83
Burns RK (1942) Hormones and experimental modification of sex in the opossum. In: Biological symposia. Jaques Cattel Press, Lancaster, PA, 9: 125-146
Burns RK (1942) Hormones and the growth of the parts of the urinogenital apparatus in mammalian embryos. In: Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 10: 27-33
Burns RK (1945) Bisexual differentiation of the sex ducts in opossums as a result of treatment with androgen. J Exp Zool 100: 119-140
Burns RK (1945) The differentiation of the phallas in the opossum and its reactions to sex hormones. Contrib Embryol 31: 147-162
Burns RK (1945) The effects of male hormone on the differentiation of the urinogenital sinus in young opossums. Contrib Embryol 31: 163-175
Burns RK (1955) Experimental reversal of sex in the gonads of the opossum Didelphis virginiana. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 41: 669-676
Burns RK (1956) Hormones versus constitutional factors in the growth of embryonic sex primordia in the opossum. Am J Anat 98: 35-67
Burns RK (1961) Role of hormones in the differentiation of sex. In: C W Young (ed) Sex and internal secretions.Vol 1, Chapt 2, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 76-158
Cook B, Karsch FJ, Graber JW, Nalbandov AV (1977) Luteolysis in the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. J Reprod Fert 49:399-400
Cook B, Nalbandov AV (1968) The effect of some pituitary hormones on progesterone synthesis in vitro by the luteinized ovary of the common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana). J Reprod Fert 15:267-275
Cook B, Sutterlin NS, Graber JW, Nalbandov AV (1974) Gonadal steroid synthesis in the Virginian opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. J Endocrinol 61: ix
Cook B, Sutterlin NS, Garber JW, Nalbandov AV (1977) Synthesis and action of gonadal steroids in the American opossum Didelphis virginiana. In: Calaby JH, Tyndale-Biscoe CH (eds) Reproduction and evolution. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, pp 253-254
Everett NB (1942) The origin of ova in the adult opossum. Anat Rec 82:77-91
Fleming MW, Harder JD (1981) Effect of pregnancy on uterine constituents of the Virginia opossum. Comp Biochem Physiol 69A:337-339
Fleming MW, Harder JD (1981) Uterine histology and reproductive cycles in pregnant and non-pregnant opossums, Didelphis virginiana. J Reprod Fert 63:21-24
Fleming MW, Harder JD (1983) Luteal and follicular populations in the ovary of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) after ovulation. J Reprod Fert 67:29-34
Fleming MW, Harder JD, Wukie JJ (1981) Reproductive energetics of the Virginia opossum compared with some eutherians. Comp Biochem Physiol 70B:645-648
George FW, Hodgins MB, Wilson JD (1985) The synthesis and metabolism of gonadal steroids in pouch young of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Endocrinology 116:1145-1150
Guraya SS (1968) A comparative histochemical study of the theca interna in the mammalian ovary. Acta Morphol Neerlando-Scand 7:51-68
Guraya SS (1968) Histochemical observations on the granulosa and theca interna during follicular development and corpus luteum formation and regression in the American opossum. J Endocrinol 40:237-241
Guraya SS (1968) Histochemical study of developing ovarian oocyte of the American opossum. Acta Embryol Morphol Exper 10:181-191
Guraya SS (1974) Comparative morphological and histochemical observations on the ovarian stromal compartment in mammals with special reference to steroidogenesis. Acta Anat 90:250-284
Harder JD, Fleming MW (1981) Estradiol and progesterone profiles indicate a lac k of endocrine recognition of pregnancy in the opossum. Science 212:1400-1402
Harder JD, Stonerook MJ, Pondy J (1993) Gestation and placentation in two new world opossums: Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica. J Exp Zool 266: 463-479
Hartman CG (1920) The free-martin and its reciprocal: opossum, man, dog. Science 52: 469-471
Hartman CG (1922) Breeding habits, development, and birth of the opossum. Ann Rep Smiths Instit 1921: 347-369
Hartman CG (1923) Relation of the ovary to the gravid uterus in the aplacental opossum. Am J Physiol 63:423-424
Hartman CG (1923) The oestrous cycle in the opossum. Am J Anat 32:353-421
Hartman CG (1923) The breeding season of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and the rate of intrauterine and postnatal development. J Morph Physiol 40:143-215
Hartman CG (1924) Observations on the motility of the opossum genital tract and vaginal plug. Anat Rec 27:293-303
Hartman CG (1924) Vitamin -A and exercise in relation to follicular atresia in the opossum. Am J Physiol 68:97-101
Hartman CG (1925) Hysterectomy and the oestrous cycle in the opossum. Am J Anat 35:25-29
Hartman CG (1925) Observations on the functional compensatory hypertrophy of th e opossum ovary. Am J Anat 35:1-24
Hartman CG (1925) The interruption of pregnancy by ovariectomy in the aplacenta l opossum: a study in the physiology of implantation. Am J Physiol 71:436-454
Hartman CG (1926) Postpubertal oogenesis in the opossum. Anat Rec 32: 209
Hartman CG (1926) Polynuclear ova and polyovular follicules in the opossum and other mammals, with special reference to the problem of fecundity. Am J Anat 37:1-51
Hartman CG (1927) Observations on the ovary of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Contrib Embryol 101:285-300
Hartman CG (1928) The breeding season of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and the rate of intra-uterine and postnatal development. J Morphol 46:143-215
Hartman CG (1952) Possums. University of Texas Press, Austin, pp 1-174
Hartman CG, Dupre C, Allen E (1926) The effect of follicular and placental hormones upon the mammary glands and genital tract of the opossum. Endocrinology 10:291-300
Hartman CG, Enders RK (1933) Response of the opossum ovary (Didelphis virginiana) to urine of pregnancy (follutein Squibb). Anat Rec 58:68
Hartman CG, League B (1924) The gonads of a sex-intergrade opossum. Anat Rec 29: 114
Hartman CG, League B (1925) Description of a sex-intergrade opossum, with an analysis of the constituents of its gonads. Anat Rec 29:283-297
Hill J, Fraser E (1925) Some observations on the female urogenital organs of the Didelphyidae. Proc Zool Soc Lond 189: 189-219
Krause WJ (1993) Ultrastructural observations on the opossum corpus luteum late in pregnancy Zool Anz 230:249-255
Krause WJ, Sherman DM (1992) Immunohistochemical localization of relaxin in the reproductive system of the female opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Ann Anat 174:341-344
Krause WJ, Sherman DM (1992) Immunohistochemical localization of prolactin in opossum corpus luteum. Zool Anz 229:37-41
Krause WJ, Sherman DM, Samson WK (1992) Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of oxytocin in the opossum corpus luteum. Acta Histochem 92:190-195
Lewis IM (1925) The role of bacteria in the vagina with special reference to the bacterial flora of the lateral vagina canals of the opossum during the oestrus system. Trans Am Micros Soc 44:211-215
Lierse W von (1965) Die wandkonstrukton und das Gefäss-system des Uterus vom Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Acta Anat 69:152-163
Martinéz-Esteve P (1942) Observations on the histology of the opossum ovary. Contrib Embryol 30:17-26
Meigs CD (1847) Memoirs on the reproduction of the opossum Didelphis virginiana. Proc Am Phil Soc 4:327-330
McCrady E (1940) The development and fate of the urinogenital sinus in the opossum, Didelphys virginiana. J Morphol 66: 131-154
Michel M (1850) Researches on generation and development of the opossum - Didelphys virginiana. Proc Am Assoc Adv Sci 3:60-65
Moore CR (1939) Modification of sexual development in the opossum by sex hormones. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 40:544-546
Moore CR (1941) On the role of sex hormones in sex differentiation in the opossum (Didelphys virginiana). Physiol Zool 14:1-47
Moore CR (1943) Sexual differentiation in the opossum after early gonadectomy. J Exp Zool 94: 415-461
Moore CR (1945) Prostate gland induction in the female opossum by hormones and the capacity of the gland for development. Am J Anat 76:1-31
Moore CR, Failor EA (1946) The role of sex hormones in the origin and development of uterine glands in the opossum. J Exp Zool 102:209-235
Moore CR, Morgan CF (1943) First response of developing opossum gonads to equine gonadotropic treatment. Endocrinology 32:17-26
Morgan CF (1941) Opossum ovaries and hormone treatments. Anat Rec 79:93
Morgan CF (1943) The normal development of the ovary of the opossum from birth to maturity and its reactions to sex hormones. J Morphol 72:27-85
Morgan CF (1946) The occurrence of argentaffine cells in the uterus of the opossum. Anat Rec 94:390-391
Morgan CF (1946) The effects of androgens, estrogens and equine gonadotropins on the mucin secreting cells and on glycogen in the reproductive tract of the female opossum. Anat Rec 94:483
Morgan CF (1946) Sexual rhythms in the reproductive tract of the adult female opossum and effects of hormonal treatments. Am J Anat 78:411-463
Nelsen OE (1944) The formation of the early genital rudiment and differentiation of sex in the opossum. J Morphol 75:303-319
Nelsen OE, Maxwell NE (1942) The structure and function of the urogenital regio n in the female opossum compared with the same region in other marsupials. J Morphol 71:463-491
Nelsen OE, Swain E (1942) The early development of the gonadal rudiment in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Anat Rec 84:513
Nelsen OE, Swain E (1942) Certain effects of gonadatropic hormones on the developing ovary of the opossum. Anat Rec 84:522
Nelsen OE, Swain E (1942) The prepubertal origin of germ-cells in the ovary of the opossum (Didelphys virginiana). J Morphol 71:335-355
Nelsen OE, White EL (1941) A method for inducing ovulation in the anoestrous opossum (Didelphys virginiana). Anat Rec 81:529-535
Owen R (1847) Note on Dr. Meig's memoir on the reproduction of the opossum. Ann Nat Hist 20:324-328
Owen R (1848) On the generation of Didelphys. Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 1:178-179
Padykula HA (1976) Cellular mechanisms involved in cyclic stroma renewal of the uterus. III. Cells of the immune response. Anat Rec 184:49-71
Padykula HA, Taylor JM (1971) Ultrastructural differentiation of the endometriu m of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana) during pregnancy. Anat Rec 169:394-395
Padykula HA, Taylor JM (1976) Cellular mechanisms involved in cyclic stromal renewal of the uterus. I. The opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Anat Rec 184:5-25
Pappenheim, M (1847) Notices préliminaires sur l'anatomie du Sarigue femelle (Didelphis virginiana). Paris Acad Sci Compt Rend 24:186-190
Ratcliffe HL (1941) A median vaginal canal and other anomalies of the genital tract of the opossum, Didelphys virginiana. Anat Rec 80:203-209
Renfree MB (1974) Ovariectomy during gestation in the American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana. J Reprod Fert 39:127-130
Renfree MB (1975) Uterine proteins in the marsupial, Didelphis marsupialis virginiana, during gestation. J Reprod Fert 42:163-166
Reynolds HC (1952) Studies on reproduction in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana virginiana). Univ Calf Publ Zool 52: 223-283
Risman GC (1947) The effects of estradiol and progesterone on the reproductive tract of the opossum, and their possible relation to parturition. J Morphol 81:343-397
Rodger JC, Bedford JM (1982) Induction of oestrus, recovery of gametes, and the timing of fertilization events in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. J Reprod Fert 64:159-169
Rubin D (1943) Embryonic differentiation of Cowper's and Bartholin's glands of the opossum following castration and ovaiotomy. J Exp Zool 94: 463-475
Rubin D (1944) The relation of hormones to the development of Cowper's and Bartholin's glands in the opossum (Didelphys virginiana). J Morphol 74: 213-285
Scharman GB (1970) Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Science 167:1221-1228
Stefenson A, Owman C, Sjöberg N-O, Sporrong B, Walles B (1981) Comparative study of the autonomic innervation of the mammalian ovary, with particular regard to the follicular system. Cell Tissue Res 215:47-62
Sunquist ME, Eisenberg JF (1993) Reproductive strategies of female Didelphis. Bull Florida Mus Nat Hist Biol Sci 36: 109-140
Tyson E (1698) Carigueya, fur marfupiale americanum or, the anatomy of an opoffum. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond 20: 105-164
Bedford JM, Calvin HI (1974) Changes in -S-S- linked structures of the sperm tail during epididymal maturation, with comparative observations in sub-mammalian species. J Exper Zool 187:181-204
Bedford JM, Rodger JC, Breed WG (1984) Why so many mammalian spermatozoa- a clue from marsupials? Proc Roy Soc Lond B 221: 221-233
Biggers JD, Creed RFS (1962) Conjugate spermatoza of the North American opossum . Nature 196:1112-1113
Biggers JD, DeLamater ED (1965) Marsupial spermatozoa pairing in the epididymis of American forms. Nature 208:402-404
Calvin HI, Bedford JM (1971) Formation of disulphide bonds in the nucleus and accessory strucures of mammalian spermatozoa during maturation in the epididymis. J Reprod Fert (Suppl) 13: 65-75
Dandekar P, Mate KE, Talbot P (1995) Perivitelline space of marsupial oocytes: extracellular matrix of the unfertilized oocyte and formation of a cortical granule envelope following the cortical reaction. Mol Reprod Devel 41: 368-373
Elder FFB, Hsu TC (1981) Silver-staining patterns of mammalian epididymal spermatozoa. Cytogenet Cell Genet 30:157-167
Elder FFB, Hsu TC (1982) Observations on the argentophilic properties of mammalian spermatids. Cytogenet Cell Genet 34:48-54
Fawcett DW (1970) A comparative view of sperm ultrastructure. Biol Reprod Suppl 2:90-127
Guraya SS (1968) Histochemical study of developing ovarian oocyte of the American opossum. Acta Embryol Morphol Exper 10:181-191
Guraya SS (1971) Comparative histochemical observations on the contributions of the acrosomal vesicle and granule to the acrosomal cap in the spermatozoa of mammals. Z Zellforsch 114: 321-330
Guraya SS (1971) Morphological and histochemical changes in the mitochondria during spermiogenesis in the opossum. Acta Anat 79:120-125
Hartman CG (1924) Observations on the viability of the mammalian ovum. Am J Obstet Gynec 7: 40-43
Hartman CG (1926) Polynuclear ova and polyovular follicles in the opossum and other mammals, with special reference to the problem of fecundity. Am J Anat 37: 1-51
Holstein A-F (1965) Elektronenmikroskopische untersuchungen am Spermatozoon des opossum (Didelphys virginiana Kerr). Z Zellforsch 65: 904-914
Jordan HE (1911) The spermatogenesis of the opossum (Didelphys virginiana) with special reference to the accessory chromosome and chondrisomes. Arch Zellforsh 7: 41-86
Kelce WR, Krause WJ, Ganjam VK (1987) Unique regional distibution of delta-4-3-ketosteroid 5-alpha-oxidoreductase and associated epididymal morphology in the marsupial, Didelphis virginiana. Biol Reprod 37: 403-420
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1979) Pairing of spermatozoa in the epididymis of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): a scanning electron microscopic study. Arch Histol Jpn 42:181-190
Olson GE (1980) Changes in intramembranous particle distribution in the plasma membrane of Didelphis virginiana spermatozoa during maturation in the epididymis. Anat Rec 197:471-488
Olson GE, Orgebin-Crist M-C (1982) Sperm surface changes during epididymal maturation. Ann New York Acad Sci 383: 372-391
Olson GE, Lifsics M, Fawcett DW, Hamilton DW (1977) Structural specializations in the flagellar plasma membrane of opossum spermatozoa. J Ultra Res 59:207-221
Phillips DM (1972) Comparative analysis of mammalian sperm motility. J Cell Biol 53:561-573
Rafferty-Machlis G, Hartman CG (1953) Early death of the ovum in the opossum with observations on moribound mouse eggs. J Morphol 92:455-485
Rattner JB (1972) Nuclear shaping in marsupial spermatids. J Ultra Res 40:498-512
Retzius G (1909) Die Spermien von Didelphys. Biolog Untersuch 14: 123-126
Rodger JC, Bedford JM (1982) Separation of sperm pairs and sperm-egg interactio n in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. J Reprod Fert 64:171-179
Rodger JC Bedford JM (1982) Induction of oestrus, recovery of gametes, and the timing of fertilization events in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. J Reprod Fert 64:159-169
Rodger JC, Young RJ (1981) Glycosidase and cumulus dispersal activities of acrosomal extracts from opossum (marsupial) and rabbit (eutherian) spermatozoa. Gamete Res 4: 507-514
Smith SC (1925) Degenerative changes in the unfertilized uterine eggs of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), with remarks on the so-called parthenogenesis in mammals Am J Anat 35:81-103
Sprando RL, Russell LD (1987) Comparative study of cytoplasmic elimination in spermatids of selected mammalian species. Am J Anat 178: 72-80
Talbot P, DiCarlantonio G (1984) Ultrastructure of opossum oocyte investing coats and their sensitivity to trypsin and hyaluronidase. Dev Biol 103: 159-167
Temple-Smith PD (1987) Sperm structure and marsupial phylogeny. In: Archer M (ed) Possums and opossums: studies in evolution. Surrey Beatty and Sons and Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, pp 171-193
Temple-Smith PD, Bedford JM (1980) Sperm maturation and the formation of sperm pairs in the epididymis of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. J Exp Zool 214:161-171
Winkfein RJ, Nishikawa S, Connor W, Dixon GH (1993) Characterization of a marsupial sperm protamine gene and its transcripts from the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). Eur J Biochem 215: 63-72
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1983) Ultrastructural observations on the shell membrane of the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Anat Rec 207:335-338
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1984) Scanning electron microscopic observations on the opossum yolk sac chorion immediately prior to uterine attachment. J Anat 138:189-191
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1985) The allantois of the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) with preliminary observations on the yolk sac endoderm and trophectoderm. Anat Rec 211:166-173
Osborn HF (1883) Observations upon the foetal membranes of opossum and other marsupials. Quart J Micr Sci 23:473-484
Osborn HF (1887) The foetal membranes of the marsupials: the yolk-sac placenta in Didelphys. J Morphol 1:373-382
Selenka E (1887) Studien über Entwichelungsgeschichte der Thiere. Viertes heft. Das opossum (Didelphys virginiana). C W Kreidel's Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp 101-172
Semon RW (1894) Beschreiung der Embryonalhüllen der Monotremen und Marsupialier. In: Semon R (Gustav Fischer, Jena), Zool Forsch Austr Malay Arch 2: 17-58
Harder JD, Stonerook MJ, Pondy J (1993) Gestation and placentation in two new world opossums: Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica. J Exp Zool 266: 463-479
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1984) Scanning electron microscopic observations on the opossum yolk sac chorion immediately prior to uterine attachment. J Anat 138:189-191
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1985) Placentation in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Acta Anat 123:156-171
Saint-Hilaire MEG (1824) Sur des vestiges d'organisation placentaire et d'ombilic, découverts chez un trés-petit foetus du Didelphis virginiana. Ann Sci Nat 2: 121-126
1.40 Embryology and Early Development
Bachman J (1848) Notes on the generation of the Virginian opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Proc Phila Acad Nat Sci 4:40-47
Bachman J (1851) Remarks on Michel's paper on the generation of Didelphis virginiana. Proc Am Assoc Adv Sci 4:60-67
Barnard WS (1875) Didelphys virginiana : observations on its development. Proc Am Assoc Adv Sci 24:145-147
Cutts JH, Krause WJ, Leeson CR (1978) General observations on the growth and development of the pouch young opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Biol Neonate 33:264-272
Hartman CG (1916) Studies in the development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. I. History of early cleavage. II. Formation of the blastocyst. J Morphol 27:1-83
Hartman CG (1919) Studies in the development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. III. Description of new material on maturation, cleavage and entoderm formation. IV. The bilaminar blastocyst. J Morphol 32:1-142
Hartman CG (1928) The breeding season of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and the rate of intra-uterine and postnatal development. J Morphol 46: 143-215
Heuser CH (1919) The anatomy of the 7-mm opossum embryo. Anat Rec 16:150-151
Hulsey TK, Palotay JL, Dhindsa DS (1975) Development of the neonate opossum ( Didelphis virginiana). Biol Neonate 27:177-183
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1984) Scanning electron microscopic observations on the 9-day opossum (Didelphis virginiana) embryo. Acta Anat 120:93-97
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1985) Morphological observations on the mesodermal cells in the 8 day opossum embryo. Anat Anz 158:273-278
Krause WJ, Cutts JH (1986) Scanning electron microscopic observations on developing opossum embryos: days 9 through 12. Anat Anz 161:11-21
Krause WJ (1998) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol I 143: 1-143
Krause WJ (1998) A review of histogenesis/organogenesis in the developing North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol Vol II 143: 1-120
Langworthy OR (1925) The development of progression and posture in young opossums. Am J Physiol 74: 1-13
McCrady E Jr (1937) The significance of the embryonic area in the opossum. Anat Rec 67 (Suppl 3):35
McCrady E Jr (1938) The embryology of the opossum. Am Anat Mem 16:1-233
McCrady E Jr (1940) The development and fate of the urogenital sinus in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. J Morphol 66: 131-154
McCrady E Jr (1944) The evolution and significance of the germ layers. Tenn Acad Sci 19: 240-251
Minot CS (1911) Note on the blastodermic vescile of the opossum. Anat Rec 5:295-300
Müller F (1967) Zum vergleich der ontogenesen von Didelphis virginiana und Mesocricetus auratus. Rev Suisse Zool 74:607-613
New DAT (1973) Studies on mammalian fetuses in vitro during the period of organogenesis. In: Austin CR (ed) The mammalian fetus in vitro. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 15-65
New DAT, Mizell M (1972) Opossum fetuses grown in culture. Science 175:533-536
New DAT, Mizell M, Cockroft DL (1977) Growth of opossum embryos in vitro during organogenesis. J Embryol Exper Morphol 41:111-123
Patterson JT, Hartman CG (1917) A polyembryonic blastocyst in the opossum. Anat Rec 13:87-95
Petrides GA (1949) Sex and age determination in the opossum. J Mammal 30: 364-378
Saint-Hilaire MEG (1823) Memoire sur la generation des animaux a bourse et le developpement de leur foetus. Ann Sci Nat 1:392-408
Selenka E (1885) Uber die Entwicklung des Opossum (Didelphys virginiana). Biol Centralblatt 5:294-295
Selenka E (1887) Studien uber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere. Viertes Heft. Das Opossum (Didelphys virginiana). CW Kreidel's Verlag, Weisbaden, pp 101-172
Selwood L (1994) Development of early cell lineages in marsupial embyros: an overview. Reprod Fert Develop 6: 507-527
Spurgeon CH, Brooks RJ (1916) The implantation and early segmentation of the ovum of Didelphis virginiana. Anat Rec 10:385-395
Dickerson LM (1928) Observations on parturition in the opossum, Didelphys virginiana. Science 68:111-112
Hartman CG (1920) Studies in the development of the opossum Didelphys virginiana L. V. The phenomena of parturition. Anat Rec 19:251-261
Hartman CG (1921) Breeding habits, development, and birth of the opossum. Ann Rept Smithsonian Inst 1: 347-364
Hill JP (1917) Parturition in marsupials and external characters of new-born young. Proc Zool Soc Lond 24:337-338
Enders RK (1937) Panniculus carnosus and formation of the pouch in Didelphids. J Morphol 61: 1-26
Langworthy OR (1932) The panniculus carnosus and pouch musculature of the opossum, a marspuial. J Mammal 13: 241-251
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The National Opossum Society
Post Office Box 21197
Catonsville, MD 21228
Opossum Society of the United States
P.O. Box 16724
Irvine, CA 92623
http://www.opossumsocietyus.org/
The Animal Welfare Information Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Ave.
Beltsville, MD 20705-2351
Phone: (301) 504-6212
FAX: (301) 504-7125
Contact us: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php
January 28, 2002
This page's URL is http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/opossum.htm