Notes and Sources

1 Currently, reformulated gasoline is required to contain at least 2 percent oxygen by weight. Oxygenates are materials with high oxygen content, such as ethers or alcohols. MTBE, which is an ether, generally has been the most economic oxygenate to use. Ethanol, an alcohol, has been used widely in the Midwest, where fuel ethanol is produced. 2 RVP measures the tendency of a material to evaporate. It is measured in pounds per square inch (psi), sometimes just referred to as “pounds.” Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the RVP and requires that further refining adjustments be made, particularly when producing RFG and low-RVP conventional gasolines. The low-RVP requirement in the summer adds more complications to using ethanol during this season than during the winter, in addition to summer being the period of highest demand.

2 RVP measures the tendency of a material to evaporate. It is measured in pounds per square inch (psi), sometimes just referred to as "pounds." Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the RVP and requires that further refining adjustments be made, particularly when producing RFG and low-RVP conventional gasolines. The low-RVP requirement in the summer adds more complications to to using ethanol during this season than during the winter, in addition to summer being the period of highest demand.

3 Toxic emissions are reduced by lowering sulfur content and by removal of toxic components such as benzene.

4 For comparison purposes with prior EIA cost analyses, an 87 percent MTBE ban was used to represent a Federal ban with State waivers. This case assumed that Texas might opt out of the Federal MTBE ban, an assumption provided by Senators Murkowski and Daschle for an earlier analysis.

5 Beginning January 2005, most refiners and importers must meet a 30 ppm average sulfur level, a corporate 90 ppm average and a per gallon cap of 300 ppm. However, the first phase of the Tier 2 gasoline program begins in January 2004, when suppliers are subject to a 300 ppm per gallon cap (close to the national average level) and 120 ppm corporate average.

6 Energy Information Administration, The Transition to Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Effects on Prices and Supply, SR/IOAF/2001-01 (Washington, DC, May 2001).

Supply Impacts of an MTBE Ban

1 Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline that, on average, significantly reduces Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and air toxics emissions relative to conventional gasolines. It is more difficult to produce than conventional gasoline and originally was required only in the nine cities with the worst smog (Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago, Houston, Milwaukee, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Hartford, and New York City). Other areas that also have a history of smog problems joined the RFG program. Today, RFG represents about 1/3 of gasoline consumption.

2 Approximately 95 percent of MTBE is used in RFG. See “MTBE, Oxygenates, and Motor Gasoline,” Energy Information Administration, February 2000, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/special/mtbe.html#Which%20areas%20get%20MTBE .

3 The MTBE and ethanol volume percents will vary slightly depending on the specific gravity of the base gasoline blend to which the oxygenate is being added.

4 40CFR, Part 80, Subpart D.

5 Control of Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources, Final Rule, 40 CFR Part 80, 86.

6When a refiner produces more volume than they did in 1998-2000, the incremental volume is allowed to emit toxics at the industry average.

7 RBOB and CaRBOB are unfinished base blends of reformulated gasolines with properties that meet Federal and California requirements, respectively, after oxygenate is added.

8 Gasoline is a mixture of chemical compounds primarily made from hydrogen (H) and carbon (C). A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon is called a hydrocarbon. The size of these hydrocarbons is usually described by the number of carbon atoms which they contain, represented as C4 or C5, which means 4 carbon atoms or 5 carbon atoms respectively. Butane (C4H10) and butylenes (C4H8), for example, are both considered C4.

9 Energy Information Administration, “Availability of Gasoline Imports in the Short- to Mid-Term: U.S. Perspective,” presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the National Petroleum Council, http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/presentations/2002/npra/index.html .

10 Melissa Graham, Pam Pryor, Michael Sarna,“Refining Options for MTBE-Free Gasoline,” Stratco Inc. and Purvin & Gertz, Inc. Paper presented at the annual NPRA meeting 2000, AM-00-53, and is available on the Stratco web site.

11 The results would be similar for the 87-percent-ban case considered in Factor 2, where 13% of RFG is allowed to continue being produced using MTBE which is assumed to result from the MTBE waiver provision of the proposed Bill. While the U.S. RFG volume losses in Tables 12 and 16 would be slightly less for this case, the major transition issues associated with RFG supply to the East and West Coasts do not reduce the hurdles.

12 Neither scenario is meant to be an upper or lower bound.

13 Energy Information Administration, “Availability of Gasoline Imports in the Short- to Mid-Term: U.S. Perspective,” presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the National Petroleum Council, http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/presentations/2002/npra/index.html and “Petroleum Outlook: Increased Inter-PADD Movements Expected,” presented at API Annual Pipeline Conference, Dallas, Texas, April 2002, http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/presentations/2002/api/index.html .

14 California Energy Commission, “U.S. Ethanol Industry Production Capacity Outlook,” Update of 2001 Survey Results, July 18, 2002.

15 The increase in blender production of 333 thousand barrels per day is not just due to imported RBOB. It also contains the RFG produced from RBOB transported from the Gulf Coast.

16 Conference call between EIA and CEC, July 29, 2002.

17 Melissa Graham, Pam Pryor, Michael Sarna “Refining Options for MTBE-Free Gasoline,” Stratco Inc. and Purvin & Gertz, Inc., NPRA AM-00-53, paper presented at the annual NPRA meeting in 2000. http://www.stratco.com/pdf/RefiningOptionsPaper.pdf

18 Schremp, Gordon, “MTBE Phaseout Update – Costs, Supply, Logistics, & Key Challenges,” California Air Resources Board Hearing, San Francisco, CA, July 26, 2001.

19 Schremp, Gordon, “California Issues – Expanded Use of Ethanol and Alkylates,” LLNL Workshop, Oakland, CA, April 10-11, 2001.

20 Finizza, Anthony J. et al, MTBE Phase Out in California, Draft, Stillwater Associates for the California Energy Commission, March 14, 2002.

21 Conference call between EIA and CEC, July 29, 2002.

Timing of Startups of the Low-Sulfur and RFS Programs

1 Currently, RFG is required to contain at least 2 percent oxygen by weight. Oxygenates are materials with high oxygen content, such as ethers or alcohols. MTBE, which is an ether, generally has been the most economic oxygenate to use. Ethanol, an alcohol, has been used widely in the Midwest, where fuel ethanol is produced.

2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Control Requirements, 40 CFR Parts 80, 85, and 86 (Washington, DC, February 10, 2000).

3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements: Final Rule,” Federal Register, 40 CFR Parts 69, 80 and 86 (January 18, 2001).

4 Energy Information Administration, The Transition to Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Effects on Prices and Supply, SR/IOAF/2001-01 (Washington, DC, May 2001).

5 National Petroleum Council, U.S. Petroleum Refining - Assuring the Adequacy and Affordability of Cleaner Fuels (Washington, DC, June 2000).

6 Energy Information Administration, The Transition to Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Effects on Prices and Supply, SR/OIAF/2001-01 (Washington, DC, May 2001) p 70.

7 Downstream Alternatives Inc., Infrastructure Requirements for an Expanded Fuel Ethanol Industry (South Bend, IN, January 15, 2002), p. ES-10. Note that the investment cost of $0.4 billion does not include investment costs refiners may need to comply with MSAT from adjusting for any toxic increases arising from the addition of the ethanol. Since the industry will likely be at the RFS requirement by 2004 due to State MTBE bans, these costs were not added to the comparisons in this paper.

8 Control of Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources, Final Rule, 40 CFR Parts 80, 86.

9 National Petroleum Council, U.S. Petroleum Refining - Assuring the Adequacy and Affordability of Cleaner Fuels (Washington, DC, June 2000), Summary Section.

10 Distillate refers to both on-road quality low-sulfur diesel fuel and No. 2 distillate fuel oil used in home heating, electricity generators and other off-road applications. Prior to the sulfur requirement for on-road diesel fuel, the two fuels were virtually identical and only needed to be segregated for tax purposes.

11 Energy Information Administration, The Transition to Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Effects on Prices and Supply, SR/OIAF/2001-01 (Washington, DC, May 2001), Chapter 5.

12 Control of Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources, Final Rule, 40 CFR Part 80,86.

13 Ibid., Summary section.

Reformulated Gasoline Use Under the 8-Hour Ozone Rule

1 Letter from Sen. Bingaman to Mary Hutzler, dated June 17, 2002.

2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Potential Schedule for Implementing the 8-Hour Ozone NAAQS and Related Actions, (Washington, DC, February 4, 2002).

3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998-2000 Ozone and 1999-2000 Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Update, (Washington, DC, March 25, 2002).

4 EIA estimate based on U.S. EPA spreadsheet for 8-Hour Ozone NAAQS: Projected 2007 attainment/nonattainment for the Eastern U.S. Based on Heavy-Duty Diesel Rule AZ Modeling and assuming counties failing to meet the 8-hour NAAQS with 1998-2000 data for Western States for which no projections are available.

5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Latest Findings on National Air Quality: 2000 Status and Trends, (Washington, DC, September 2001).

6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulatory Impact Analysis--Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Control Requirements, EPA420-R-99-023 (Washington, DC, December 1999), Chapter 4.

7 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Control Requirements, 40 CFR Parts 80, 85, and 86 (Washington, DC, February 10, 2000).

8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulatory Impact Analysis: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Requirements, EPA420-R-00-026 (Washington, DC, December 2000, Chapter IV.

9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Final Emission Standards for 2004 and Later Model Year Highway Heavy-Duty Vehicles and Engines, EPA420-F-00-026 (Washington, DC, July 2000).

10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements: Final Rule, 40 CFR Parts 69, 80, and 86 (Washington, DC, January 18, 2001).

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Summer gasoline requires a lower Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) than winter gasoline and summer is the time of highest demand. RVP measures the tendency of a material to evaporate, and thus its tendency to produce volatile organic compounds (VOC’s). It is measured in pounds per square inch (psi), sometimes just referred to in “pounds.” Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the RVP and requires that further refining adjustments be made, particularly when producing RFG and low-RVP conventional gasolines. The low-RVP requirement in the summer adds more complications to using ethanol during this season than during the winter, in addition to summer being the period of highest demand.

14 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Phase II Reformulated Gasoline: The Next Major Step Toward Cleaner Air, EPA 420-F-99-042, (Washington, DC, November 1999)

15 Calculated from http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/peroleum/data_publications/wrgp/mogas_history.html.

16 Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Chapter 114 - Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles, Rule Log Number 2000-011D-114-AI

17 U.S. EPA spreadsheet, “8-Hour Ozone NAAQS: Projected 2007 Attainment/Nonattainment for the Eastern U.S. Based on Heavy Duty Diesel Rule AQ Modeling” transmitted from Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.

18 Current nonattainment areas in AZ and CO: U.S. EPA 1998-2000 Ozone and 1999-2000 Carbon Monoxide, Table 3, online: http//www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd00/carboz00.html, June 21, 2002.

19 Energy Information Administration, Impact of Renewable Fuels Standard/MTBE Provisions of S. 517 Requested by Senators Daschle and Murkowski, (Washington, DC, April 15, 2002). The legislation does not specify an 87-percent ban; the scenario assumes that a State like Texas would seek a waiver from the ban.

Potential Supply Impacts of Removal of 1-Pound RVP Waiver

1 Because RVP measures the tendency of a material to evaporate, in the case of gasoline, it also measures the tendency to produce volatile organic compounds (VOC’s). It is measured in pounds per square inch (psi), sometimes referred to as “pounds.” Gasoline with a 9.0-psi RVP may be referred to as 9.0-pound gasoline, 9.0-RVP gasoline, or 9.0-psi gasoline.

2 For an overview of Federal and State fuel requirements, EPA provides a summary in Appendix B of the following publication: Environmental Protection Agency, Staff White Paper, Study of Unique Fuel Blends (“Boutique Fuels”), Effects on Fuel Supply and Distribution and Potential Improvements (Washington, DC, October 2001) EPA420-P-01-004, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/p01004.pdf

3 EIA estimates are based on U.S. EPA gasoline-type spreadsheet of 6/21/01. These estimates are derived based on gasoline type (e.g., conventional, RFG, RVP level, etc.) on a county level, and allocating State gasoline consumption across counties based on relative population size.

4 There is a small amount of 7.2-psi gasoline used in Illinois.

5 Section 211(h)(4) of the Clean Air Act Amendments.

6 The Federal waiver applies to Federal 7.8- and 9.0-RVP gasolines. If a State has opted to use 7.0 gasoline, it would have filed a plan with EPA that either allowed or did not allow the waiver. This analysis assumes 7.0-RVP gasoline may be using the waiver and thus may experience volume losses when the waiver is removed. We are aware of at least one 7.0-RVP area (Kansas City) in this situation.

7 Gasoline is a mixture of chemical compounds primarily made from hydrogen (H) and carbon (C). A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon is called a hydrocarbon. The size of these hydrocarbons is usually described by the number of carbon atoms which they contain, represented as C4 or C5, which means 4 carbon atoms or 5 carbon atoms respectively. Butane (C4H10) and butylenes (C4H8), for example, are both considered C4s.

8 Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, An Overview, DOE/EIA-0585/O (Washington, DC, June, 1994), Table 22.

9 Gibbs, Lee, “Driveability and the Impact of Ethanol,” Paper presented at Clean Fuels 2001 Conference, January 30-February 1, 2001, San Antonio, Texas.

10 Recall that RFG cannot use the 1-pound waiver.

11 EIA National Energy Modeling Sytem run Rfaeo02A.d041002b

12 In 2001, about 85 thousand barrels per day of ethanol were blended into conventional gasoline. This figure is estimated based on an assumption that the Midwest is where all of the ethanol-blended RFG was used in 2001. The Midwest used 277 thousand barrels per day of RFG in 2001, which translates to 28 thousand barrels per day of ethanol, if 10 percent blends are assumed. With a U.S. total of 113 thousand barrels per day of ethanol used in gasoline in 2001, this estimate implies about 85 thousand gallons per day were used in conventional gasoline.

13 This scenario has over 7 million barrels per day of conventional gasoline being consumed. If the share of 9.0-psi gasoline is the same in 2012 as today (75 percent), about 5,250 thousand barrels per day of conventional gasoline would be 9.0 psi. Thus, the assumption that 1,630 thousand barrels per day might be 9.0 psi is not out of line with 9.0-psi gasoline that might be used in 2012.

14 Energy Information Administration paper presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the National Petroleum Council --http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/presentations/2002/npra/index.html

15 The Chevron blending index (RVPI) is calculated as RVPI = RVP 1.25, and is tabulated in James H. Gary, Petroleum Refining, Technology and Economics, (New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975) p. 166.

Gasoline Type Proliferation and Price Volatility

1 For example, where terminals service areas with both RFG and conventional sales, one supplier might agree to carry conventional gasoline, and another RFG, supplying each other’s customers as needed. Such an arrangement reduces the need for duplicate tankage.

2 For an overview of Federal and State fuel requirements, see Appendix B, Environmental Protection Agency, Staff White Paper, Study of Unique Fuel Blends (“Boutique Fuels”), Effects on Fuel Supply and Distribution and Potential Improvements (Washington, DC, October 2001) EPA420-P-01-004, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/p01004.pdf .

3 Small volumes of ethanol-blended conventional gasoline have been produced in the Northeast. The Federal Highway Administration estimates of ethanol-blended gasoline use in 2000 indicate States in the Northeast represented less than 3 percent of ethanol blended into gasoline in the United States that year.

4 Texas, for example, held a conference June 25, 2002, to explore a plan for moving early to ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel.

5 It is easier for a refinery to produce conventional gasoline than RFG. Also, refineries producing at least some conventional gasoline have more flexibility and can be expected to run at higher utilizations. For example, when a specification problem occurs with RFG, the refinery can divert streams to conventional gasoline for a time and keep producing gasoline. If the refinery only produces RFG, it might have to cease gasoline production until the problem is resolved.

6 The RFG case is being used for expediency. The case for moving to CaRFG is more complicated to review historically and to use for illustrative purposes.

7 Energy Information Administration, “1995 Reformulated Gasoline Market Affected Refiners Differently,” Petroleum Marketing Monthly, DOE/EIA-0380(1996/01) (Washington, DC, January 1996).

Renewable Motor Fuel Production Capacity Under H.R.4

1 Letter from Sen. Bingaman to Mary Hutzler, dated June 17, 2002.

2 Hosein Shapouri, James A. Duffield, and Michael Wang, The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update, AER-813 (Department of Agriculture, July 2002), p. 9. (http://www.usda.gov/oce/oepnu/aer-813.pdf).

3 Existing wet mills are assumed to use 80 percent coal and 20 percent natural gas. Existing dry mills are assumed to use 50 percent coal and 50 percent natural gas.

4 Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Market Model input files for Annual Energy Outlook 2002. Estimated dry mill energy use in 2004 is 37,800 Btu per gallon.

5 Energy Information Administration, online version of Annual Energy Outlook 2002, DOE/EIA- 0383(2002) (December 2001), Reference Case Forecast, Annual 1999-2020, Table 3. (http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/pdf/aeo_base.pdf)

6 Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly, DOE-EIA-0109 (2002/06) (June 2002), Appendix D. (http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_supply_monthly/psm_historical.html)

7 Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly, DOE-EIA-0109 (2002/01) (January 2002), Appendix D.

8 The scenario assumptions for these cases are similar to those used in Energy Information Administration, Impact of Renewable Fuels Standard/MTBE Provisions of S. 517 Requested by Senators Daschle and Murkowski, (Washington, DC, April 15, 2002).

9 Ibid.

10 Conversation with Mike and Kathy Bryan, Bryan and Bryan International. At International Fuel Ethanol Workshop and Conference, Springfield, Illinois, June 26, 2002.

11 World Fuels Today, June 3, 2002. Hart Publications, Potomac, Maryland.

Review of Transportation Issues and Comparison of Infrasturture Costs for a Renewable Fuels Standard

1 Letter from Sen. Bingaman to Mary Hutzler, dated June 17, 2002.

2 Less ethanol than MTBE is required to achieve oxygen content requirements under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, because ethanol contains nearly double the amount of oxygen as MTBE.

3 California Energy Commission, Quarterly Report Concerning MTBE Use in California Gasoline: January 1 through March 31, 2002 - Report to the Legislature, P300-02-002V1 (Sacramento, CA, May 2002).

4 Personal communication with author of DAI study, Bob Reynolds July 31, 2002.

5 Personal Communication with author of DAI study, Bob Reynolds on July 31, 2002.

6 Downstream Alternatives, Inc., Infrastructure Requirements for an Expanded Ethanol Industry (South Bend, IN, Jan. 15, 2002), p. F-19, and Storage Distribution Requirements for an Expanded Ethanol Industry presented at EIA NEMS/AEO Conference March 12, 2002. See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo02/conf/reynolds/NEMS.ppt

7 California Energy Commission, MTBE Phaseout Update – Costs, Supply, Logistics & Key Challenges, presented at California Air Resources Board Hearing in San Francisco, CA, July 26, 2001.

8 Ethanol Logistics Colloquies Overview and Observations, June 1, 2001, Phase II – ORNL, included as an appendix in DAI’s January 2002 study.

9 Under the proposed RFS, required renewable fuel use would be about 5 BGY by 2012.

10 Shell Oil Corporation estimated additional costs for freight of 12.5 cents/gallon in a recent work. Oil Price Information Service, Vol. 22, No. 26 (July 1, 2002), p.2.

11 National Petroleum Council, U.S. Petroleum Refining: Assuring the Adequacy and Affordability of Cleaner Fuels, (Washington, DC, June 2000).

12 Energy Information Administration, Renewable Motor Fuel Production Capacity Under H.R. 4 Requested by Senator Bingaman, (Washington, DC, August 2002).

Timing for Startup of the Renewable Fuel Standard

1 Summer gasoline requires a lower Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) than winter gasoline and summer is the time of highest demand. RVP measures the tendency of a material to evaporate, and thus, in the case of gasoline, its tendency to produce volatile organic compounds (VOC’s). It is measured in pounds per square inch (psi), sometimes just referred to as “pounds.” Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the RVP and requires that further refining adjustments be made, particularly when producing RFG and low-RVP conventional gasolines. The low-RVP requirement in the summer adds more complications to using ethanol during this season than during the winter, in addition to summer being the period of highest demand.

2 Currently, RFG is required to contain at least 2 percent oxygen by weight. Oxygenates are materials with high oxygen content, such as ethers or alcohols. MTBE, which is an ether, generally has been the most economic oxygenate to use. Ethanol, an alcohol, has been used widely in the Midwest, where fuel ethanol is produced.

3 MTBE restrictions are currently scheduled in the following States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, Washington. Maine has not banned MTBE, but set a State goal to do so.

4 States with regions using or planning to use RFG are: Arizona (requires very clean burning gasoline, which is frequently satisfied with California RFG referred to as CaRFG), California (which uses CaRFG that is cleaner burning than Federal RFG), Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana (Baton Rouge will soon be using RFG), Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin.

5 California gasoline consumption in 2001 was 791 thousand barrels per day. If all of this were blended with 5.8% ethanol, over 46 thousand barrels per day or 0.7 billion gallons of ethanol per year would be needed. More than that may be needed by 2004, taking into consideration gasoline demand growth.

6 McLean, Brian J., “Evolution of Marketable Permits: The U.S. Experience With Sulfur Dioxide Allowance Trading,” Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/articles/mclean/index.html

7 Chevron has a website primer on gasoline characteristics that affect volatility, including the distillation profile and driveability index: http://www.chevron.com/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/motorgas/ch1a.shtml