A nuclear weapon is a device which derives its explosive energy
from fission or a combination of fission and fusion processes.
The energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom, resulting
in a sustained chain reaction. Most modern nuclear weapons use
a combination of the two processes to create higher energy yields
in smaller bombs. These weapons are the most deadly ever invented,
but also the most difficult to manufacture or acquire. Production
requires a significant technical infrastructure and financial
investment: Obtaining weapons-grade nuclear material is difficult
and production facilities are necessarily large and highly visible.
At the end of the 20th century, only two nuclear weapons had
ever been employed operationally, those detonated over Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, Japan in August 1945. These two bombs resulted
in a combined fatality total of 105,000 human beings. Since then
tens of thousands of nuclear weapons have been built, many of
them a thousand times more powerful than the two used in 1945,
and many of these are ready to use at any time. Today, eight
countries in the world have these weapons and three others are
actively pursuing nuclear programs. At least three dozen nations
are technically capable of producing nuclear weapons. This proliferation
of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction is today considered
the single most serious threat to global security. The Treaty
on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons restrains their spread.
In 1995 this agreement was extended indefinitely by the treaty
members, and was considered a major victory in international
efforts to combat proliferation.
This bibliography provides an overview of reference and research
materials on this topic, with an emphasis on materials available
in the Library of Congress and the World Wide Web. A related
title in the series is Chemical and Biological Warfare, 03-1.
Not intended as a comprehensive bibliography, it is designed
-- as the name Tracer Bullet implies -- to put the reader “on
target.”
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Bull, Stephen. Nuclear, thermonuclear, “atomic” weapons.
In his Encyclopedia of military technology and innovation. Westport,
Conn., Greenwood Press, 2004. p. 192-193.
U24.B85 2004 <SciRR>
Invention and Discovery: Atomic Bombs and Fission.
URL: http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Med/Discfiss.html
Last changed April 1997. Accessed June 1, 2007.
The Nature of an Atomic Explosion. In The Avalon Project at Yale
Law School, The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Chapter
11.
The Lillian Goldman Law Library in Memory of Sol Goldman. New Haven, Conn.
URL: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/abomb/mp11.htm (Accessed June 1, 2007)
TOP OF PAGE
Subject headings used by the Library of Congress,
under which works on nuclear weapons can be located in Library
catalogs, include the following:
Highly Relevant
NUCLEAR WARFARE
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
May be subdivided geographically, e.g., NUCLEAR WEAPONS--KOREA (NORTH), NUCLEAR
WEAPONS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION).
May also be subdivided topically, e.g., NUCLEAR WEAPONS--TESTING, NUCLEAR WEAPONS--ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS.
Relevant
ARMS RACE
ATOMIC BOMB
DIRTY BOMBS
FIRST STRIKE (NUCLEAR STRATEGY)
Non-Proliferation
NUCLEAR FISSION
NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION
NUCLEAR TERRORISM
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DISARMAMENT
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
Related
CIVIL DEFENSE
DETERRENCE (STRATEGY)
NUCLEAR CRISIS STABILITY
NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT
RADIOACTIVITY
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Lambers, William. Nuclear weapons. 4th ed. United States, W.
Lambers, 2006. 175 p.
URL: http://www.lamberspublications.com
U263.L36 2006
Langford, Roland E. Introduction to weapons of mass destruction: radiological,
chemical, and biological. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Interscience, 2004. 394 p.
Bibliography: p. 347-365.
U793.L36 2004 <SciRR>
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Beckman, Peter R., and others. Nuclear weapons, nuclear
states, and terrorism. 4th ed. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY, Sloan Pub.,
2007. 393 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
Rev. ed. of The nuclear predicament: nuclear weapons in the twenty-first
century.3rd ed. c2000.
U263.N7523 2007 <SciRR>
Ferguson, Charles D., William C. Potter, Amy Sands, and others. The
four faces of nuclear terrorism. New York, Routledge, 2005.
376 p.
Bibliography: p. 337-362.
HV6431.F43 2005 <SciRR>
Garrison, Dee. Bracing for Armageddon: why civil defense
never worked. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2006. 242 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
UA947.G35 2006
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Historical
Atomic bomb scientists: memoirs, 1939-1945: interviews with Werner
Karl Heisenberg, Paul Harteck, Lew Kowarski, Leslie R. Groves, Aristid
von Grosse,
C.E. Larson. Conducted and edited by Joseph J. Ermenc. Westport, Conn.,
Meckler, c1989. 385 p.
QC774.A2A86 1989
Badash, Lawrence. Scientists and the development of nuclear weapons: from
fission to the Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1939-1963. Atlantic Highlands, NJ, Humanities
Press, 1995. 129 p.
U264.B34 1995
De Groot, Gerard J. The bomb: a life. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard, 2005. 397
p.
U264.D43 2005
Bibliography: p. 370-375.
Gosling, Francis G. The Manhattan Project: making the atomic
bomb. 2005 ed. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2005. 115 p. (National
security history series, v. 1)
Bibliography: p. 106.
"DOE/MA-0002 revised."
QC773.3.U5G67 2005
Hughes, Jeff. The Manhattan Project: big science and the
atom bomb. New York, Columbia University Press, 2002. 170 p.
QC773.3.U5H84 2002
Krugler, David F. This is only a test: how Washington, D.C.
prepared for nuclear war. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 248 p.
Bibliography: p. 195-238.
UA928.5.W3K89 2006
Living under the threat of nuclear war. Edited by Derek C. Maus.
Detroit, Greenhaven Press, c2005. 143 p.
Bibliography: p. 134-137.
U264.L578 2005
Loeber, Charles R. Building the bombs: a history of the nuclear
weapons complex. 2nd ed. Albuquerque, N.M., Sandia National Laboratories,
2005. 266 p.
Bibliography: p. 239-248.
"SAND # 2005-5648 P"
U264.L63 2005
Richelson, Jeffrey. Spying on the bomb: American nuclear
intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea. New York, Norton, c2006.
702 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
UB271.U5R53 2006
United States nuclear tests: July 1945 through September
1992. Las Vegas, Dept. of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, 2000. 162
p.
Bibliography: p. 153.
"DOE/NV-209-REV 15."
U264.3.U56 2000 <SciRR>
Wenger, Andreas. Living with peril: Eisenhower, Kennedy,
and nuclear weapons. Lanham, Md., Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
c1997. 461 p.
Bibliography: p. 439-454.
UA23.W376 1997
Nuclear Security, Arms Control, and Nonproliferation
Avoiding nuclear anarchy: containing the threat of loose
Russian nuclear weapons and fissile material. Graham T. Allison
and others. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, c1996. 295 p. (CSIA
studies in international security, no. 12)
Includes bibliographical references.
HV6431.A96 1996
Cirincione, Joseph, Jon B. Wolfsthal, and Miriam Rajkumar. Deadly
arsenals: nuclear, biological, and chemical threats. 2nd ed. Washington,
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, c2005. 490 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
U793.C57 2005
Diehl, Sarah J., and James Clay Moltz. Nuclear weapons and
nonproliferation: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif., ABC-CLIO, c2002. 375
p.
U264.D53 2002 <SciRR>
Nuclear security. Helen Cothran, book editor. San Diego, Calif.,
Greenhaven Press, 2001. 96 p.
Bibliography: p. 90-91.
U264.N81624 2001 <SciRR>
Nuclear weapons into the 21st century: current trends and
future prospects. Edited by Joachim Krause and Andreas Wenger with the
assistance of Lisa Watanabe. Bern, New York, Peter Lang, 2001.
252 p. (Studien zur Zeitgeschichte und Sicherheitspolitik = Studies
in contemporary history and security policy, v. 8)
U264.N828 2001
Strategy & Policy
Cimbala, Stephen J. First strike stability: deterrence after containment. New York, Greenwood Press, 1990. 213 p. (Contributions in military studies,
no. 101)
Bibliography: p. 197-199.
U263.C484 1990
Cimbala, Stephen J. Military persuasion: deterrence and
provocation in crisis and war. University Park, Penn., Pennsylvania State
University Press, c1994. 307 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
U162.6.C57 1994
Gregory, Shaun. Nuclear command and control in NATO: nuclear
weapons operations and the strategy of flexible response. Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire, Eng., Macmillan Press; New York, St.
Martin's Press, 1996.
251 p.
Bibliography: p. 229-245.
UA646.3.G74 1996
Quester, George H. Nuclear first strike: consequences of
a broken taboo. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
159 p.
Includes bibliographical references.
U263.Q47 2006
TOP OF PAGE
Weapons Effects
The Effects of nuclear weapons. Compiled and edited by Samuel Glasstone
and Philip J. Dolan. Prepared and published by the U.S. Dept. of Defense
and the U.S. Dept. of Energy. 3rd ed. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Defense,
1977. 653 p.
Previous ed. entered under U.S. Defense Atomic Support Agency.
Nuclear bomb effect computer (plastic disc) in pocket.
Includes bibliographical references.
UF767.E33 1977
The Medical implications of nuclear war. Institute of Medicine,
National Academy of Sciences. Fredric Solomon and Robert Q. Marston,
editors. Washington, National Academy Press, 1986. 619 p.
Based on papers presented at a Symposium on the Medical Implications of Nuclear
War held at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., Sept. 20-22,
1985 and organized under the auspices of the Institute of Medicine.
Includes bibliographical references.
URL: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309036925/html/
RA648.3.M445 1986
Atomic audit: the costs and consequences of U.S. nuclear
weapons since 1940. Stephen I. Schwartz, editor. Washington, Brookings
Institution Press, 1998. 680 p.
Bibliography: p. 625-652.
U264.3.A874 1998 <SciRR>
Nuclear terms handbook. Washington, Office of Intelligence. Issued
by Dept. of Homeland Security, Office of Science and Technology,
2003-
QC772.N825 <SciRR Dict>
Nuclear test explosions: environmental and human impacts. Edited
by Frederick Warner and Rene J. C. Kirchmann. Chichester, Eng.,
New York, Wiley, 2000. 275 p. (SCOPE report, 59)
Includes bibliographical references.
"Published on behalf of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment
(SCOPE) of the International Council of Science (ICSU).”
U264.N81626 2000
Semler, Eric, James Benjamin, and Adam Gross. The language
of nuclear war: an intelligent citizen's dictionary. New York, Perennial
Library, c1987. 325 p.
Bibliography: p. 319-325.
U263.S44 1987 <MRR>
Weapons of mass destruction: an encyclopedia of worldwide
policy, technology, and history. Eric A. Croddy and James J. Wirtz, editors.
Santa Barbara, Calif., ABC-CLIO, c2005. 2 v.
Includes bibliographical references.
See especially v. 2. Nuclear weapons.
U793.W427 2005 <SciRR>
TOP OF PAGE
Disseratations may be identified by using online
resources or the following indexes located in the Main Reading
Room. Consult any reference librarian about options. Some dissertations
may be available in full text through electronic resources on public
terminals at the Library of Congress
Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement (1973- annual)
Z5053.X47a
Digital Dissertations (1980- )
Electronic format
Dissertation Abstracts International (1938- monthly)
Z5053.D57 and Electronic format
TOP OF PAGE
Bright, Christopher John. "A portent of flaming doom":
Nuclear antiaircraft arms, continental defense, and the Eisenhower
era. Ann Arbor, Mich., UMI, 2006.
UMI publication number AAT 3217542
Collation of the original: 431 p.
Thesis (doctoral) - The George Washington University.
Pomeroy, Steven Anthony. Echoes that never were: American mobile intercontinental
ballistic missiles, 1956-1983. Ann Arbor, Mich., UMI, 2006.
UMI publication number AAT 3215735
Collation of the original: 317 p.
Thesis (doctoral) - Auburn University.
Rezelman, David. "Terror and mystery": The United States and nuclear
fear, 1905-45. Ann Arbor, Mich., UMI, 2006.
UMI publication number AAT 3233466
Collation of the original: 314 p.
Thesis (doctoral) - Temple University.
TOP OF PAGE
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS can be identified and located by going to individual
agency web sites, listed below in the section “Additional Information
Sources,” or by searching the Catalog of U.S. Government Publications, http://catalog.gpo.gov. Government technical report access is described
in the section “Technical Reports.” Older government publications
may be identified by using the Government Reports and Monthly
Catalog indexes;
selected indexes and government publications are listed below.
Government reports announcements and index (1946-1996)
(See also NTIS index on microfiche in SciRR.)
Z7916.G78 <SciRR>
Monthly catalog of United States government publications (1895-)
Z1223.A18 <SciRR> & Electronic Format
URL: http://catalog.gpo.gov/F (Jan.
1994-)
NTIS bibliographic database
Index on microfiche (1964-)
Uncataloged <SciRR> & Electronic Format
URL: http://www.ntis.gov
Scientific & technical information network (STINET) (1974-; Full text
1998-)
URL: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/prodsrvc/stinet.html
TOP OF PAGE
Detecting smuggled nuclear weapons: hearing before the Subcommittee
on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the
Judiciary,
United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session,
July 27, 2006. Washington, U.S. G.P.O., 2007. 93 p.
KF26.J8747 2006a <LLRR>
URL: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS79541
Medalia, Jonathan. The Reliable Replacement Warhead program: background
and current developments. Washington, Congressional Research Service.
Updated Feb. 8, 2007.
URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL32929.pdf
Nuclear weapons: annual assessment of the safety, performance, and reliability
of the nation’s stockpile. Washington, United States Government Accountability
Office, 2007. 21 p.
"GAO-07-243R annual assessment."
URL: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07243r.pdf
Not in LC
Iran's political/ nuclear ambitions and U.S. policy options: hearings before
the Committee on Foreign Relations. Washington, U.S. G.P.O., 2007. 109th
Congress, 2nd Session, May 17 and 18, 2006. 126 p.
URL: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS79545
TOP OF PAGE
Technical Reports are indexed and archived by several government clearinghouses
and many are available online in full-text. For many reports in
the LC Technical
Reports Collection
the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) index provides
access.
The LC Electronic Resources web page has an extensive list of both
subscription and open-access indexes for identifying
Technical
Reports & Standards.
With a few exceptions, most of the indexes are open-source. Database
descriptions include details on coverage and availability of copies.
For more information
ask a reference librarian for assistance, or contact the Technical
Reports Section.
Selected Technical Reports
Bunn, Matthew, and Anthony Wier. Securing the Bomb 2006. Cambridge, Mass.,
Washington, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
July 2006.
Commissioned by the Nuclear Threat Initiative.
http://www.nti.org/e_research/stb06webfull.pdf
Wuest, Craig R. and others. Applying Science and Technology to Combat
WMD Terrorism. Livermore, CA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, May 5,
2006. UCRL-PROC-221144. SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, Orlando, FL,
United States, Apr 07 - Apr 21, 2006.
http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/333562.pdf
TOP OF PAGE
Abstracting and Indexing Services services that index relevant
journal articles and other periodical literature, conference papers
and proceedings, government reports, as well as technical reports
and other ‘grey literature,’ are listed below. Additional
targeted search engines, online indexes and e-print archives are
listed under the section “Additional Online Resources.” For
the current status of LC online subscription indexes, go to web
page http://www.loc.gov/rr/ElectronicResources/. (Selected open-source
indexes are also listed on this web page.) For more information
consult a reference librarian.
Abstracts in New Technologies and Engineering (1997- )
Z7913.B7 <SciRR> & Electronic Format
(See also Current Technology Index (1981-1997) and British
Technology Index (1963-1981).
Air University Index to Military Periodicals (1949-1999)
Z6723.U27 <SciRR> & Electronic Format
URL: http://aulimp.au.af.mil/ (1987- )
Applied Science & Technology Index (1913- )
Z7913.I7 <SciRR> & Electronic Format
Cumulated Index Medicus (1960-1970)
Z6660.I422 & Electronic Format
General Science Index (1978- )
Z7401.G46 & Electronic Format
MEDLINE/PubMed (1965- )
Electronic Format
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
TOP OF PAGE
Journals that are frequently good sources of articles on nuclear
weapons technologies and related issues include the following:
Arms control today: a publication of the Arms Control Association. Washington,
Arms Control Association. 1974-
JX1974.A76928
URL: http://www.armscontrol.org/act/
Bulletin of the atomic scientists. Chicago, Atomic Scientists
of Chicago, 1946-
TK9145.A84
URL: http://www.thebulletin.org
Defense & security analysis. Basingstoke, Hants, Eng., Philadelphia,
Carfax Pub., Taylor & Francis Ltd., c2002- (Mar. 2002)-
UA11.D383
URL: http://www.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=1475-1798
URL: http://www.swetswise.com/link/access%5Fdb?issn=1475-1798
The Nonproliferation review. Monterey, Calif., Program for Nonproliferation
Studies, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 1993-
JX1974.73.N645
URL: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/556
URL: http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/index.htm
Los Alamos research quarterly. Los Alamos, N.M., Los Alamos National
Laboratory, 2002-
URL: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57308
TOP OF PAGE
Selected materials in the Nuclear Weapons pamphlet box include
journal and newspaper articles and other miscellaneous items of
interest and are located in the Science & Business Reading
Room.
Cirincione, Joseph. Controlling Iran’s nuclear program.
Issues in science and technology, v. 22, Spring 2006: 75-82.
Delegitimizing nuclear weapons: the United States should take
the lead in making the use of nuclear weapons unacceptable under
any but the most extenuating circumstances. Issues in science
and technology, v. 22, Spring 2006: 67-74.
Ferguson, Charles D., and Lisa Obrentz. Make it or break it.
Bulletin of the atomic scientists, v. 63, March/April 2007: 46-52.
Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945-2006. Bulletin of the atomic
scientists, v. 62, July-Aug. 2006: 64-67.
Gusterson, Hugh. Understanding the Reliable Replacement Warhead.
Bulletin of the atomic scientists, 26 March 2007: http://www.thebulletin.org/columns/hugh-gusterson/20070326.html
The next nuke (Reliable Replacement Warhead). Nature, v. 442,
July 6, 2006: 18-22.
TOP OF PAGE
International Organizations
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
P.O. Box 100
Wagramer Strasse 5
A-1400 Vienna, Austria
Tel: (+431) 2600-0
Fax: (+431) 2600-7
URL: http://www.iaea.org/
Originally the world´s "Atoms for Peace" organization in 1957
within the United Nations. It is a leading publisher in the nuclear field.
Its scientific and technical publications, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/publications.asp,
cover fifteen subject areas. They include proceedings of major international
conferences, as well as international guides, codes, and standards.
Nongovernmental Organizations
Arms Control Association
1313 L Street, NW, Suite 130
Washington, D.C. 20005
Tel.: (202) 463-8270
Fax.: (202) 463-8273
Email: aca@armscontrol.org
URL: http://www.armscontrol.org/
Founded in 1971, ACA is a national nonpartisan membership organization dedicated
to promoting public understanding of and support for effective arms control
policies. Publishers of Arms Control Today. Web site resources include many
links to Fact Sheets on a range of topics, such as Current U.S. Strategic
Nuclear Forces, and Current
Strategic Nuclear Forces of the Former Soviet Union.
Center for Nonproliferation Studies
460 Pierce Street
Monterey, CA 93940
Tel.: (831) 647-4154
Fax: (831) 647-3519
Email: cns@miis.edu
URL: http://cns.miis.edu/
Located at the Monterey Institute of International Studies CNS is the largest
nongovernmental organization in the United States devoted exclusively to research
and training on nonproliferation issues. Publishers of , The Nonproliferation
Review, The
Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations & Regimes,
and other periodicals and papers, as well as the WMD databases, in conjunction
with the Nuclear Threat Initiative (see next).
Nuclear Threat Initiative
1747 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, 7th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20006
Fax: (202) 296-4811
Email: contact@nti.org
URL: http://www.nti.org
The Nuclear Threat Initiative is working to reduce the global threats from
nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and is co-chaired by Ted Turner and
Sam Nunn. The Web site offers a number of resources, including the “Global
Security Newswire,” daily news on nuclear, biological and chemical weapons terrorism and related
issues; “Country Profiles,” overviews and in-depth profiles of selected countries' weapons programs; “Securing
the Bomb,” comprehensive threat reduction budget data and program analysis; “Source
Documents,” publications on nonproliferation issues by government agencies
and non-governmental organizations; and “WMD411,” an information resource on the threats from nuclear, biological and chemical
weapons and a range of policy options to reduce these threats.
Archives & Information Repositories
Atomic Archive
The National Science Digital Library
URL: http://www.atomicarchive.com/index.shtml
See especially the section “Science” and subsection “Effects
of Nuclear Weapons,”
The Nuclear Weapon Archive
Current host is the Membrane Domain (as of March 2007).
URL: http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/
A major resource with information on history, weapons developments, arsenals,
FAQ, reference articles, links, and more.
Nuclear Weapons
Union of Concerned Scientists
URL: http://www.ucsusa.org/global_security/nuclear_weapons/
The leading science-based nonprofit working for a healthy environment and a
safer world.
Nuclear Weapons Archive
Nuclear Age Peace Foundation
URL: http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/resources/archives/nuclear-weapons.htm
The Nuclear Age Peace Foundation is a non-profit, non-partisan international
education and advocacy organization. It has consultative status to the United
Nations Economic and Social Council and is recognized by the UN as a Peace
Messenger Organization.
Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century
Federation of American Scientists
URL: http://www.fas.org/main/content.jsp?formAction=325&projectId=7
See especially the Nuclear Weapons Effects Calculator.
TOP OF PAGE
The swords of Armageddon: U.S. nuclear weapons development since 1945. Edited by Chuck Hansen. San Jose, Calif., Chukelea Publications, 1995. CD-ROM
and User’s Guide.
URL: http://www.uscoldwar.com/
Disc includes a complete technical glossary, descriptions of weapons physics,
postwar technological innovations in fission weapons design, a history of American
thermonuclear weaponry, individual warhead histories, a history and description
of warhead arming and fuzing techniques and equipment plus three detailed appendices
summarizing the objectives and results of U.S. nuclear tests between 1945 and
1962, warhead specifications, and typical nuclear weapons accidents between 1950
and 1981.
Not in LC
Chun, Stephen B. T. Iran nuclear program: U.S. options. Bibliography. Maxwell
AFB, Ala., Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center. March 2007.
URL: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/irannuclear2007.htm
Nuclear Files
Nuclear Age Peace Foundation
URL: http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/weapons-basics.htm
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