Engineered Properties of Wood, Wood Materials and Structures
FS-FPL-4714

Key Publications Listed by Topic

Glulam General Information

Mechanical Properties

1. Hernandez, R. 1996. Properties of Structural Panel Products, Section 6.7 ¾ Wood, Mark’s Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. McGraw-Hill Publishers.
2. Moody, R.C. and R. Hernandez. 1997. Chapter 1, Engineered Wood Products: A Guide for Specifiers, Designers and Users. PFS Research Foundation.
3. Green, D. and R. Hernandez. 1998. Standards for Structural Wood Products and Their Use in the United States. Wood Design Focus. Fall, 1998.
4. Analytical Approach to Determining the Effects of Incising on Bending Strength and Stiffness of Glued Laminated Beams1: Proceedings of the Ninety-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Wood Preservers' Association; Volume 94; pp. 98-115. (PDF size 1003315 bytes) http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1998/winan98b.pdf

Glulam Utilization

FPL Web Page Literature

1. Moody, R.C., R. Hernandez, J.F. Davalos, and S.S. Sonti. 1993. Yellow Poplar Glulam Timber Beam Performance. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper. FPL-RP-520. Madison, WI. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp520.pdf
2. Janowiak, J.J., H.B. Manbeck, R. Hernandez, Russell C. Moody, P.R. Blankenhorn, and P. Labosky. 1995. Efficient Utilization of Red Maple Lumber in Glued-Laminated Timber Beams. US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper. FPL-RP-541. Madison, WI. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp541.pdf

Literature Not Found on FPL Web Pages

1. Hernandez, R., S.S. Sonti, J.F. Davalos, and R.C. Moody. 1992. Evaluation of Yellow Poplar Glued-Laminated Timber Beams. ASAE Paper No. 924556. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
2. Manbeck, H.B., J.J. Janowiak, P.R. Blankenhorn, P. Labosky, Jr., R.C. Moody, and R. Hernandez. 1996. Efficient Hardwood Glued-Laminated Beams. Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering Conference ’96. Vol.1: 283-290. New Orleans, LA.
3. Manbeck, H.B., J.J. Janowiak, P.R. Blankenhorn, P. Labosky, R.C. Moody, and R. Hernandez. 1993. Performance of Red Maple Glulam Timber Beams. US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper. FPL-RP-519. Madison, WI. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp519.pdf
4. Manbeck, H.B., J.J. Janowiak, P.R. Blankenhorn, P. Labosky, R.C. Moody, and R. Hernandez. 1994. Performance of Red Maple Glued-Laminated Timber Beams. Transactions of the ASAE. 37 (2): 611-615. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
5. Shedlauskas, J.P., H.B. Manbeck, J.J. Janowiak, P.R. Blankenhorn, P. Labosky, R. Hernandez, and R.C. Moody. 1996. Efficient Use of Red Oak Glue-Laminated Beams. Transactions of the ASAE. 39 (1): 203-209. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
6. Janowiak, J.J., H.B. Manbeck, R. Hernandez, and R.C. Moody. 1997. Red Maple Lumber Resources for Glued-Laminated Timber Beams. Forest Products Journal. 47 (4): 55-63.

Glulam Optimization

1. Sonti, S.S., R. Hernandez, J.F. Davalos, R.C. Moody, and Y. Kim. 1994. Response Evaluation of Yellow-Poplar Glulam Reinforced With Pultruded Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic. ASAE Paper No. 944570. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
2. Sonti, S.S., R. Hernandez, H.T.S. Gangarao, R.C. Moody, and S. Upadhyay. 1994. Experimental and Analytical Evaluations of Timber Bulb-T Beams. ASAE Paper No. 944569. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
3. Hernandez, R., and R.C. Moody. 1992. Improved Performance of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber. US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper. FPL-RP-514. Madison, WI.

Glulam Analysis

FPL Web Page Literature

1. Hernandez, R. and R.C. Moody. 1996. Analysis of Glulam Timber Beams with Mechanically Graded (E-rated) Outer Laminations. Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering Conference. Vol.1:144-150. New Orleans, LA.
2. Hernandez, R. 1998. Analysis of strain in finger-jointed lumber. Proceedings of the 5^th World Conference on Timber Engineering. Vol. 1: 145-152. Montreux, Switzerland.
3. Hernandez, R. and D.R. Rammer. 1998. Statistical characterization of non-linear elastic properties. Proceedings of the 5^th World Conference on Timber Engineering. Vol. 2: 834-835, Montreux, Switzerland.
4. Rammer, D.R., Hernandez, R., and Liu, J.Y. 1998. Moiré analysis of the modified Arcan shear specimen. Proceedings of the 5^th World Conference on Timber Engineering. Vol. 2: 840-841, Montreux, Switzerland.
5. Winandy, J.E. and R. Hernandez. 1998. An analytical approach to determining effects of incising on bending strength and stiffness of glued laminated beams. Proceedings of the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Wood Preservers' Association.  Vol. 94: 98-115
6. Hernandez, R., R.C. Moody, and R.H. Falk. 1995. Fiber Stress Values for Design of Glulam Timber Utility Structures. US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper. FPL-RP-532. Madison, WI.

Literature Not Found on FPL Web Page

1. Hernandez, R., Bender, D.A., Richburg, B.A., and Kline, K.S. 1991. Probabilistic Modeling of Glued-Laminated Timber Beams. 1991. International Timber Engineering Conference. London, England.
2. Richburg, B.A., R. Hernandez, and D.A. Bender. 1991. Machine Stress Grading for Determining Localized Lumber Properties. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Annual Meeting.
3. Taylor, S.E., R. Hernandez, and H.T. Boatwright. 1993. Expanded Stochastic Model for Localized Lumber Properties. ASAE Paper No. 934536. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
4. Hernandez, R. 1993. Probabilistic Modeling of Yellow Poplar Glued-Laminated Timber. ASAE Paper No. 934534. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.
5. Hernandez, R. and R.H. Falk. 1994. Simulation Analysis of Norwegian Spruce Glued-Laminated Timber. CIB-W18: Proceedings of 26th meeting; International council for building research studies and documentation working commission W18 - Timber structures. Athens, GA.
6. Hernandez, R., R.C. Moody, and R. Falk. 1994. Fiber Stresses for Glued-Laminated Timber Utility Structures. Proceedings of the Pacific Timber Engineering Conference. Vol. 2: 639-647. Gold Coast Australia.
7. Hernandez, R., D.A. Bender, B.A. Richburg, and K.S. Kline. 1992, Probabilistic Modeling of Glued-Laminated Timber Beams. Wood and Fiber Science, 24(3):294-306.
8. Falk, R.H. and R. Hernandez. 1995. Performance of Glued-Laminated Timber Beams of European Manufacture. Forest Products Journal. 45(7/8): 27-34.

D. Documented, archived, data bases

Hernandez, R., R.C. Moody, and R.H. Falk. 1995. Fiber Stress Values for Design of Glulam Timber Utility Structures – A Data Base. NTIS Publication No. PB95-219614. This database contains 1318 individual beam tests results from the majority of glulam beam tests conducted in the United States since the late 1960s. The database includes information that could be used by others to conduct an analysis of glulam beam performance. Compilation of the database was initiated by the 2nd and 3rd authors over a span of several years, and completed by Mr. Hernandez when the project was assigned to him. This database was used in formulating ref. (6).

Bio-Pulping

1. New technology for papermaking: commercializing biopulping: TAPPI JOURNAL November 1998, VOL. 81 NO. 11, pp. 220-225. (PDF size 169951 bytes) 
2. New technology for papermaking: biopulping economics: VOL. 81: NO. 12 TAPPI JOURNAL 1998 pp. 153-157 (PDF 95174 bytes)
3. Biokraft Pulping of Kenaf and its Bleachability: North American NonWood Fiber Symposium; February 17-18, 1998, Atlanta, Georgia; pp. 231-238 (PDF size 229435 bytes)
4. Commercialization of Biopulping For Mechanical Pulping: 7th International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Vancouver, BC Canada; June 16 - 19, 1998; pp. A55-A58. (PDF size 117020 bytes)
5. Biomechanical Pulping: A Mill-Scale Evaluation: Proc 1999 TAPPI international mechanical pulping conference; 1999 May 24-26 (PDF size 153650 bytes)
6. Incorporating Biopulping Technology Into Wood Yard Operations: Proc 1998 TAPPI pulping conference; 1998 October 25-29; Montreal, Canada. (PDF size 132479 bytes)
7. Overview of Biomechanical and Biochemical Pulping Research: Enzymes applications in fiber processing Chapter 2; pp. 15-26 (PDF size 147462 bytes)
8. Biopulping: Technology Learned From Nature That Gives Back To Nature: Proc, Competing and Cooperating for Stakeholder Value, July 26-29, 1998, Chicago, Ill. (PDF size 183174 bytes)

Effects of Moisture on Wood Properties

1. Moisture Content. Specific Gravity Relationships for Clear Southern Pine: Proc of the intl wood engineering conference; 1996 October 28-31; New Orleans, LA. (PDF size 284146 bytes)
2. Moisture Content and Tensile Strength of Douglas Fir Dimension Lumber: USDA FS, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper; FPL-RP-497. (PDF size 622313 bytes)
3. Modeling Moisture Content-Mechanical Property Relationships for Clear Southern Pine: Wood and Fiber Science, 28(3) 1996, pp. 320-337. (PDF size 516828 bytes)
4. Moisture content and the properties of clear Southern Pine: FPL-RP-531 (PDF size 347840 bytes)
5. Green, D.W. and  J.W. Evans,. 1989. "Moisture content and the mechanical properties of dimension lumber: decisions for the future".  In:  Proceedings of the Workshop on In-Grade Testing of Structural Lumber, Madison, WI, April 25-26, 1988, Proceedings 47363, Forest Products Research Society, Madison, WI.  44-55. 
6. Green, D.W. 1989.  Moisture content and the shrinkage of lumber. Research Paper FPL-489. USDA, Forest Service.  Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI.  11 p. 
7. Evans, J.W., J.K. Evans, and D.W. Green. 1989. Computer programs for adjusting the mechanical properties of 2-inch dimension lumber for changes in moisture content. General Technical Report GTR-63. US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.  18 p.

Effects of Temperature on Wood Properties

1. Adjusting Modulus of Elasticity of Lumber for Changes in Temperature: Forest Prod. J. 49(10)82-94 (PDF, 294 KB)
2. Barrett, J.D., D.W. Green, and J.W. Evans. 1989. Temperature adjustments for the North American in-grade testing program.  In:  Proceedings of the Workshop on In-Grade Testing of Structural Lumber, Madison, WI, April 25-26, 1988, Proceedings 47363, Forest Products Research Society, Madison, WI. 27-38.

Statistical Techniques

1. TT: A Program That Implements Predictor Sort Design and Analysis: USDA, Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report; FPL-GTR-101. (PDF, 365088 bytes)
2. Predictor Sort Sampling, Tight t's and the Analysis of Covariance: Theory, Tables and Examples: FPL-RP-558. (PDF, 4863822 bytes)
3. Some Bivariate Distributions for Modeling the Strength Properties of Lumber: GPL-RP-575. FPL- RP- 575 (PDF, 3117889 bytes)
4. Two- and Three- Parameter Weibull Goodness-of-Fit Tests: USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, FPL-GTR-493 (PDF, 682167 bytes)

Visual Grading

1. Standards for Structural Wood Products and Their Use in the United States: Fall 1998, Volume 9, Number 3. pp. 3-12. (PDF  size 268651 bytes)
2. Stress Grading of Recycled Lumber and Timber: 1999 structures congress: structural engineering in the 21st century; 1999 April 18-21. (PDF size 30276 bytes)
3. Monitoring of visually graded structural lumber: FPL-RP-576. (PDF size 1684524 bytes)
4. Colville Study: Wood Utilization for Ecosystem Management, Preliminary Results of Study of Product Potential from Small-Diameter Stands. 1996. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-559. (PDF size 410188 bytes)
5. Ecosystem Management and the Use of Natural Resources: Ecological stewardship A common Reference for Ecosystem Management; Vol. II, pp. 557-582. (PDF size 334954 bytes)
6. Green-Evans. 1988.  Mechanical properties of visually graded lumber:  Volumes 1-8. U.S. Department of Commerce.  National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA PB-88-159-371
7. Green, D.W. and J.W. Evans. 1989.  The specific gravity of visually graded lumber.  U.S. Department of Commerce.  National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.  Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.  105 p.

Mechanical Grading

FPL Web Page Literature

1. New Opportunities for Mechanical Grading of Lumber: WOOD DESIGN FOCUS ,Volume 8, Number 2 ; p. 21-24. (PDF size 148541 bytes)
2. Stress Wave Techniques for Determining Quality of Dimensional Lumber from Switch Ties. 1995. Res. Note FPL-RN-0265 (PDF size 238304 bytes)
3. Relationship Between Log and Lumber Modulus of Elasticity: Forest Prod. J. 47(2)89-92 (PDF size 144927 bytes)
4. Mechanical Grading of Timbers for Transportation Industry: 1996. National Conference on Wood Transportation Structures. FPL-GTR-94. (PDF size 119998 bytes)
5. Properties and Grading of Sourthern Pine Timbers: Forest Prod. J. 47(9)78-85 (PDF size 254060 bytes)
6. Mechanical Grading of Oak Timbers: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering / Vol. 2 / MAY 1999. pp. 91- 97. (PDF size 267066 bytes)
7. Property Relationships for Tropical Hardwoods: Proc of the intl wood engineering conference 1996, October 28-31; New Orleans, LA. (PDF size 151652 bytes)
8. Green, David W.; Kretschmann, David E.  1991.  Lumber Property Relationships for Engineering Design Standards.  Wood and Fiber Science.  23(3): 436-456.
9. Green, David W.; Ross, Robert J.; McDonald, Kent A.  1994. Production of hardwood machine stress rated lumber.  In: Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on nondestructive testing of wood; 1993 September 22-24; p. 141-150.
10. Green, David W.; Kretschmann, David E.; Fantozzi, Jeff A. 1994. Shear and compression perpendicular to grain property estimation for 2400f MSR lumber.  Forest Products Journal.  44(11):  75-81.
11. Green, David W.; McDonald, Kent A.  1997.  Inferences from growing trees backwards. In:  S.Y. Zhang, R. Gosselin and G. Charet, eds.  CTIA/IUFRO international wood quality workshop; 1997 August 18-22;  VI-23-VI-30
12. Focusing on Environmental Sensitivity in Wood Products Research: Proceedings of the Workshop for the 40th Anniversary of Chinese Academy of Forestry; Forestry Towards the 21st Century; 1998; pp. 541-552. pdf1998/hamil98a.pdf size 189186 bytes
13. Wood Properties: Arntzen, Charles J. ed. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science. Orlando, FL: Academic Press: 549-561. (PDF size 204502 bytes)
14. Wood  (PDF size 705124 bytes)
15. Wood Handbook--Chapter 4--Mechanical Properties of Wood (PDF size 1258004 bytes)
16. Engineering Properties of Two Underutilized Cote d' Ivoire species: adjouaba and aniouketi

Literature Not on FPL WebPages:

1. Durbak, I., Green, D. W., Highley, T. L., Howard, J. L., McKeever, D. B., Miller, R. B., Pettersen, R. C., Rowell, R. M., Simpson, W. T., Skog, K. E., White, R. H., Winandy, J. E., Zerbe, J. I. Wood. In: Kirk-Othmer Encylopedia of Chemical Technology, 4^th Edition Volume 25:627-664. John Wiley and Sons. NY, NY.
2. Winandy, J. E. 1995. Effects of waterborne preservative treatment on mechanical properties: A review. Proc. of American Wood Preservers' Association. Granbury, TX. Vol. 91:17-33.
3. Stoker, D.L., J. E. Winandy, E. K. Achi. 1995. Engineering properties of two underutilized Cote de' Ivoire species: Adjouaba and Aniouketti. J. of Tropical Forest Science  2(1):114-124.
4. Ritter, M. and J. E. Winandy. 1990. Chapter 3: The properties of wood and structural wood products IN: U.S. Forest Serv. Timber Bridge Manual. M. Ritter, ed.,  USDA, Washington, DC.
5. Boone, R. S., J. E.Winandy, and B. A. Bendtsen. 1985.  A technique for simulating lumber drying using small clear specimens.  Forest Prod. J. 35(11/12):49-51.
6. Winandy, J. E., R. S. Boone, and B. A. Bendtsen. 1985. Interaction of CCA preservative treatment and redrying on the mechanical properties of Southern Pine. Forest Prod. J. 35(10):62-68.
7. Winandy, J. E., and R. M. Rowell. 1984.  The chemistry of wood strength, Chapter 5 in The Chemistry of Solid Wood.  R. M. Rowell, ed., Advances in Chemistry Series No. 207, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Mechanical Properties

1. Wood Handbook--Chapter 4--Mechanical Properties of Wood: FPL-GTR-113 March 1999. (PDF size 1258004 bytes)
2. Wood Handbook--Chapter 5--Commercial Lumber: FPL-GTR-113 (PDF size 567085 bytes)
3. Wood Handbook--Chapter 6--Lumber Stress Grades and Design Properties: FPL-GTR-113 March 1999. (PDF 339894 bytes)
4. Mechanical properties of salvaged dead yellow-cedar in southeast Alaska: FPL-RP-565 October 1997. (PDF 452359 bytes)
5. Western Hardwoods Value-Added Research and Demonstration Program: FPL-GTR-85. (PDF 647685 bytes)
6. Forest Products Laboratory Research Program on Small-Diameter Material: FPL-GTR-110. (PDF 773518 bytes)
7. Green-Evans. 1988. Mechanical properties of visually graded lumber:  Volumes 1-8. U.S. Department of Commerce.  National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA PB-88-159-371
8. Green, D.W. and J.W. Evans. 1989.  The specific gravity of visually graded lumber.  U.S. Department of Commerce.  National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.  Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.  105 p.
9. Rosales, Augusto, & Morales, Gabriel; Green, David.  1995. Mechanical properties of Guatemalan pine 2 by 4's.  Forest Products Journal.  45(10):  81-84.
10. Moisture Content. Specific Gravity Relationships for Clear Southern Pine: Proc of the intl wood engineering conference; 1996 October 28-31; (PDF 284146 bytes)
11. Mechanical Grading of Timbers for Transportation Industry: 1996. National Conference on Wood Transportation Structures. FPL-GTR-94. (PDF, 120 KB)
12. Modeling Moisture Content-Mechanical Property Relationships for Clear Southern Pine: Wood and Fiber Science, 28(3) 1996, pp. 320-337. (PDF, 517 KB)
13. Effect of Varying Dimensions on Tapered End-Notched Flexure Shear Specimen: Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 29, 1995, pp. 287-293. (PDF, 153 KB)
14. Mechanical Grading of Oak Timbers: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering / Vol. 2 / MAY 1999. pp. 91- 97. (PDF, 267066 bytes)
15. Stress Wave Techniques for Determining Quality of Dimensional Lumber from Switch Ties: 1995. Res. Note FPL-RN-265. (PDF, 238304 bytes)
16. Moisture content and the properties of clear Southern Pine: FPL-RP-531. (PDF, 347840 bytes)
17. Properties and Grading of Southern Pine Timbers: Forest Prod. J. 47(9)78-85. (PDF, 254060 bytes)
18. Wood Handbook--Chapter 6--Lumber Stress Grades and Design Properties: FPL-GTR-113 March 1999. (PDF, 340 KB)
19. Moisture Content and Tensile Strength of Douglas Fir Dimension Lumber: USDA FS, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper; FPL-RP-497. (PDF, 622313 bytes)
20. Wood Handbook--Chapter 4--Mechanical Properties of Wood: FPL-GTR-113 March 1999. (PDF, 126 KB)
21. Lumber Property relationships for Engineering Design Standard. Wood and Fiber Science. 23(3):436-456. July 1991.
22. The effect of moisture content on Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness of Southern Yellow Pine.  1991 International Timber Engineering Conference. Sept. 2-5, 1991. Vol. 3 pages 3.391-3.398
23. Center-split beam as a method for determining Mode II fracture properties. Proceedings of: RILEM fracture mechanics workshop; "Determination of fracture properties of wood". April 7th, 1992. Bordeaux, France.
24. 1994 Shear and Compression Perpendicular to Grain Property Estimation for 2400f MSR Lumber. Forest Products Journal Vol. 44. No. 11/12 pp. 75-81.
25. Determination of Fracture Energy of Wood in Mode II. RILEM TC 133 Report. SP Swedish National Testing and research Institute building technology, SP report 1997:13
26. Developing Allowable properties for a single species under ASTM D1990 and Computer programs useful for the calculations. General Technical Report, FPL GTR xxx, Madison WI, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

Juvenile Wood

1. Properties of Juvenile Wood: Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products. (PDF, 12655 bytes)
2. The influence of juvenile wood on the mechanical properties of 2x4's cut from young southern pine plantations. Published in Wood and Fiber Science, 24(2), 1992, pp. 189-203. (PDF, 333637 bytes)
3. The effect of juvenile wood on Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL). FPL-Research Paper-521, Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. July 1993 31p. Reviewed by Les Groom, Evangelos J. Biblis, and Ted Laufenberg. (PDF, 674 KB)
4. Longitudinal shrinkage in fast-growth loblolly pine plantation wood. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 44 No. 1 pp. 58-62.
5. Effect of juvenile wood on shear parallel and compression perpendicular to grain strength for loblolly pine.  In Proceedings of CTIA/IUFRO International Wood Quality Workshop, "Timber Management Toward Wood Quality and End Product Value", Quebec City. VI 23-30.

Wood Quality

1. Monitoring of visually graded structural lumber: Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL-RP-576. (PDF, 169 KB)
2. Structural Lumber Properties of Hybrid Poplar: Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL-RP-573 (PDF, 595 KB)
3. Longitudinal shrinkage in fast-growth loblolly pine plantation wood. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 44 No. 1 pp. 58-62.
4. Stress class systems: An idea whose time has come? FPL-RP-500  December 1990.
5. Stress wave techniques for determining quality of dimensional lumber from switch ties. 1995. FPL Research Note 0265. USDA Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI, August 1995.
6. Properties and grading of Southern Pine timbers, Forest Products Journal, Vol. 47, No. 9, September 1997, pp. 78-85
7. Variations of microfibril angle in wood.  B.G. Butterfield editor.  International Association of Wood Anatomists.  University of Canterbury.  Pp. 157-176.
8. Mechanical grading of oak timbers, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. Vol 11. No. 2. May 1999. pp. 91-97

Non-Destructive Evaluations

1. Controlling Moisture in Deck Lumber, Porches, decks & outbuildings: The Best of Fine Homebuilding.
2. Softwoods of North America,   Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report FPL-GTR-102 September 1997.
3. Stress Wave Techniques for Determining Quality of Dimensional Lumber from Switch Ties, 1995. Res. Note FPL-RN-0265. 12 p. size 238304 bytes 
4. Maximum cutting Yields for 6/4 Ponderosa Pine shop Lumber, FPL-RP-437. none. size 263751 bytes
5. Sawing and Related Processes List of Publications, December 1994. PDF Documents. size 30925 bytes
6. Relationship Between Log and Lumber Modulus of Elasticity, Forest Prod. J. 47(2)89-92. none. size 144927 bytes
7. Veneer Yields From Lake States Quaking Aspen, FPL 59, May 1966. size 213528 bytes
8. Grading Options for Western Hemlock "Pulpwood" Logs From Southeastern Alaska, FPL-RP-583. none.  size 261881 bytes
9. Wood Handbook--Chapter 5 Commercial Lumber, FPL-GTR-113. size 567085 bytes

Wood Microstructure

1. Variations of microfibril angle in loblolly pine: comparison of iodine crystallization and x-ray diffraction techniques: Proc of the IAWA/IUFRO Intl Workshop on the Significance of Microfibril Angle to Wood Quality; Westport, New Zealand, November 1997; pp. 157-177. (PDF, 225043 bytes)

Wood Decay

FPL Web Page Literature

1. Relationship between incipient decay, strength, and chemical composition of Douglas-fir heartwood: Wood and Fiber Science, 25(3) 1993, pp. 278-288. (PDF, 316127 bytes)
2. Controlling Moisture in Deck Lumber Many problems associated with deck deterioration can be traced to the original moisture content of the lumber (PDF, 280369 bytes)
3. Simon Curling, Jerrold E. Winandy, Carol A. Clausen. An experimental method to simulate incipient decay of wood by basidiomycete fungi. Intl Research Group on Wood Preservation; IRG/WP 00-20200
4. J.E. Winandy. Serviceability modeling--Predicting and extending the useful service life of FRT-plywood roof sheathing. Intl Research Group on Wood Preservation; IRG/WP 00-20210; pp. none. (PDF, 497151 bytes)
5. Larsen, M. J., J. E. Winandy, F. Green. 1995. A proposed model of the tracheid cell wall having an inherent radial ultrastructure in the S₂ layer. Materials and Organism 29(3): 197-210.
6. Simon Curling, Jerrold E. Winandy, Carol A. Clausen. An experimental method to simulate incipient decay of wood by basidiomycete fungi. Intl Research Group on Wood Preservation; IRG/WP 00-20200.

Literature not on FPL Web Pages

1. McDonald, K. A., R. H. Falk, R. S. Williams, J. E. Winandy. 1995. Residential Wood Decks: Materials, Construction, and Finishing. Forest Products Society. Madison, WI. 93 pg.
2. Green, F., M. J. Larsen, J. E. Winandy, T. L. Highley 1991. The role of oxalic acid in brown rot decay. Materials und Organism 26(3):191-213.
3. Winandy, J. E., J. J. Morrell. 1990. Protection of wood designs in adverse environments. In: Suprenant, Bruce S. ed. Serviceability and durability of construction materials. Proc. of the 1st Material Engineering Congress, August 13-15, 1990. Denver, CO. New York, NY. American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol 1:303-313.
4. Williams, R. S., J. E. Winandy, and W. C. Feist. 1987. Adhesion of paint to weathered wood. For. Prod. J. 37(11/12):29-31.
5. Williams, R. S., J. E. Winandy, and W. C. Feist. 1987. Paint adhesion to weathered wood. J. of Paint and Coatings Technology 59(749):43-49.
6. Winandy, J. E. 1984.  Evaluation of live oak submerged underwater for 50 years and proposed for use in rebuilding the USS Constitution. Forest Prod. J. 34(51):61-63.
7. S. Curling (1997) The durability of wood based board materials to basidiomycete decay fungi. In: Proceedings of the COST Action E2: Wood durability, meeting of WG1 and WG2, Dublin, Ireland March 19th – 21st 1997, European Commission.
8. S. Curling and R. Murphy. (1999) The effect of artificial aging on the durability of wood based board materials against basidiomycete decay fungi. Wood Science and Technology 33 (4) 245-257.

Fire Retardant / Serviceability

Literature on FPL WebPages:

1. Serviceability modeling--Predicting and extending the useful service life of FRT-plywood roof sheathing. Intl Research Group on Wood Preservation; IRG/WP 00-20210; pp. none. (PDF, 497 KB)
2. Effect of fire-retardant treatment on plywood pH and the relationship of pH to strength properties: Wood Science and Technology 33 (1999) 285-298. (PDF, 241 KB)
3. Influence of Degree of Polymerization of Cellulose and Hemicellulose on Strength Loss in Fire-Retardant-Treated Southern Pine: Holzforschung / Vol. 53 / 1999 / No. 3, 53 (1999) 311-317. (PDF, 165 KB)
4. Verification of the kinetics-based model for long-term effects of fire retardants on bending strength at elevated temperatures S: Wood and Fiber Science, 31(1) 1999, pp. 49-61. (PDF, 203 KB)
5. Durability of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood: Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products. (PDF, 11 KB)
6. The Role of Grade and Thickness in the Degradation of Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood: Forest Prod. J. 48(6) 88-94 (PDF, 226 KB)
7. Effects of Fire-Retardant Treatments on Wood Strength at Elevated Temperatures: Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products. (PDF, 183 KB)
8. Predicting bending strength of fire-retardant-treated plywood from screw-withdrawal tests: FPL-RP-568 February 1998. (PDF, 813 KB)
9. Using Kinetics-Based Models to Address Serviceability Concerns for Fire Retardant Treated Wood at Elevated In-Service Temperatures: Proc 5th World Conference on Timber Engineering, August 17-20, 1998 Montreux, Switzerland. (PDF, 551 KB)
10. FPL Roof Temperature and Moisture Model--Description and Verification: FPL-RP-561 (PDF, 479 KB)
11. Effects of fire retardant retention, borate buffers, and re-drying temperature after treatment on thermal-induced degradation: Forest Prod. J. 47(6)79-86. (PDF, 309 KB)
12. Kinetic models for thermal degradation of strength of fire-retardant-treated wood: Wood and Fiber Science, 28(1) 1996, pp. 39-52. (PDF, 265 KB)
13. Serviceability Modeling of Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood Roof Sheathing: Proceedings of the third wood building/architecture technical seminar, Nov. 14, 1996, p.47-63. (PDF, 198 KB)
14. Preliminary development of remedial treatments for thermally degraded fire-retardant-treated wood: Forest Prod. J. 45(2) 51-52. (PDF, 29 KB)
15. Effects of fire retardant treatments after 18 months of exposure at 150°F (66°C). March 1995. Forest Products Laboratory Research Note FPL- RN- 0264. (PDF, 449 KB)
16. Roof Temperatures in Simulated Attics: FPL-RP-543. (PDF, 574 KB)
17. Thermal Degradation of Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood...Development and Evaluation of a Test Protocol: FPL-RP-501. (PDF, 368 KB)
18. Fire-Retardant-treated wood. Proceedings of the 1991 International Timber Engineering Conference; 1991 September 2-5; London. London: TRADA; 1991: 4.69-4.74. Vol. 4. (PDF, 496 KB)
19. Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood: Effects of Elevated Temperature and Guidelines for Design: Wood Design Focus, 1990, pp. 8-10. (PDF, 74 KB)
20. Effects of Fire Retardant Chemicals on the Bending Properties of Wood at Elevated Temperatures: FPL-RP-498. (PDF, 450 KB)

Literature Not on FPL WebPages:

1. Winandy, J. E., H.M. Barnes 2000. Temperatures of Wood Roof Materials and Attics in Mississippi and Wisconsin.USDA, For. Serv. Res. Paper FPL-RP-___, Madison, WI. pg. 26. (In-press).
2. Winandy, J. E. Thermal degradation of fire-retardant-treated wood: Predicting residual service life. Forest Products Journal (submitted).
3. Winandy, J. E. 1994. Serviceability Modeling of Fire-retardant treated plywood roof sheathing. IN: Proc. of the Pacific Timber Engineering Conference. Gold Coast, Queensland, AUSTRALIA. July 11-15, 1994. Vol.2:292-297.
4. Winandy, J. E. Impact of preservative and fire-retardant treatments on allowable design stresses for wood. Wood Design Focus 2(1):8-10.
5. Winandy, J. E., S. L. LeVan, R. J. Ross 1991. Combined effects of fire-retardant treatments and extended exposure to elevated temperature. Proc. of Amer. Wood Preservers' Assoc. 87:121.
6. LeVan, S. L., J. E. Winandy. Effects of fire retardant treatments on wood strength: A review. Wood and Fiber Science 22(1):113-131.
7. Winandy, J. E., S. L. LeVan, E. L. Schaffer, and P. W. Lee. Effect of fire retardant treatment and redrying on the mechanical properties of Douglas fir and Aspen plywood. USDA, For. Serv. Res. Paper FPL-485, Madison, WI.

Preservation

FPL Web Page Literature

1. Effect of Incising and Preservation Treatment on Shear Strength of Nominal 2-Inch Lumber: Wood and Fiber Science, 30(4) 1998. pp. 374-381. (PDF, 171 KB)
2. Analytical Approach to Determining the Effects of Incising on Bending Strength and Stiffness of Glued Laminated Beams1: Proceedings of the Ninety-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Wood Preservers' Association; Volume 94; pp. 98-115. (PDF, 1003 KB)
3. Effects of Incising on Lumber Strength and Stiffness: Relationships Between Incision Density and Depth, Species, and MSR Grade: Wood and Fiber Science, 30(2) 1998. pp. 185-197. (PDF, 217 KB)
4. Effects of Waterborne Preservative Treatment on Wood Strength: Properties and Use of Wood, Composite, and Fiber Products. (PDF, 194 KB)
5. Effects of Treatment, Incising, and Drying on Mechanical Properties of Timber : National Conference on Wood Transportation Structures. (PDF, 262 KB)
6. Treatment-processing Effects Model for WBP-Treated Lumber: Proceedings of the international wood engineering conference; 1996 October 28-31; New Orleans LA; Louisiana State University: Vol. 3: 125-133.
7. Effects of Redrying Schedule on Preservative Fixation and Strength of CCA-Treated Lumber: Forest Products Journal, Vol. 45, no. 9, Sept. 1995, pp. 65-73. (PDF, 297 KB)
8. Effects of Waterborne Preservative Treatment on Mechanical Properties: A Review: Proceedings 91st Annual Meeting of the American Wood-Preservers' Association; May 21-24, 1995, Volume 9, p. 17-34. (PDF, 459 KB)
9. Influence of short-term load duration and moisture content on the strength of CCA-treated lumber: Proceedings of the Wood Engineering Division sessions at the 1993 annual meeting of the Forest Products Society; 1993 June 20-23;Madison, WI. (PDF, 53 KB)
10. Effects of long-term elevated temperature on CCA-treated southern pine lumber: Forest Prod. J. 44(6) 49-55. (PDF, 207 KB)
11. Effects of Waterborne Preservative Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Wood. Forest Products Society [1988] (PDF, 18 KB)

Literature Not on FPL Web site:

1. Winandy, J. E., S. T. Lebow. 1997. Effects of ammoniacal copper citrate preservative treatment and redrying on bending properties of two grades of Southern pine 2 by 4 lumber.  Forest Products Journal 47(7/8):91-99.
2. Anderson, M., J. J. Morrell, and J. E. Winandy. 1997. Effect of incising depth and density on treatability of Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber with ACZA, CCA, and ACQ. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Doc. No. IRG/WP/97-40093. Stockholm, Sweden. 8 pg.
3. Winandy, J. E., J. J. Morrell, and S. T. Lebow 1995. Review of Effects of Incising on Treatability and Strength. IN: Proc. of Wood Preservation in the 90's and beyond. Savannah, GA. Sept 26-28, 1994. Forest Products Society. Madison, WI. p.65-69.
4. Winandy, J. E. 1995. Effect of moisture content on strength of CCA-treated lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 27(2):25-34.
5. Winandy, J. E.  1995. Influence of time-to-failure on strength of CCA-treated lumber. Forest Products Journal 45(2):82-85.
6. Winandy, J. E. 1994. Influence of short-term load duration and moisture content on the strength of CCA-treated lumber. In: Systems approach to wood structures, Editors K. J. Fridley and J. D. Dolan. FPS Proc. #7314, Forest Products Society, Madison WI. pg 97-99.
7. Winandy, J. E., K. A. McDonald. 1993. Material Selection and Preservative Treatment for Outdoor Wooden Structures. Wood Design Focus 4(3):8-13.
8. Winandy, J. E., H. M. Barnes, Technical Editors. 1993. Chromium-containing Waterborne Wood Preservatives: Fixation and Environmental Issues. Proceedings of a 1991 Plenary Session on Chemical Fixation of Waterborne-preservative Treated Wood and related 1991 and 1992 Technical Forums. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. 55 pp.
9. Winandy, J. E., D. A. Bender 1992. Treat Wood Right. Framebuilders News. May/June 1992 p.8-11.
10. Winandy, J. E. 1992. The effects of rate-of-loading and moisture content on effects of CCA preservatives on bending strength.  Proc. of Amer. Wood Preservers' Assoc. 88:86.
11. Winandy, J. E., H. M. Barnes, P. H. Mitchell. 1992. Effects of CCA treatment and drying on tensile strength  of lumber.  J. of Materials in Civil Engineering 4(3):240-251.
12. Winandy, J. E., H. M. Barnes. 1991. Influence of initial kiln drying on CCA-treatment effects on strength. Proc. of the American Wood Preservers' Assoc. V87:147-152.
13. Morrell, J. J., S. M. Smith, J. J. Winandy 1991. Effects of incising on preservative treatment of Douglas-fir lumber. Proc of the Canadian Wood Preservers' Assoc. 12:263-276.
14. Barnes, H. M., J. E. Winandy, P. H. Mitchell. 1990. Effect of initial and post-treatment drying temperatures on the bending properties of CCA-treated Southern Pine.  J. of the Institute of Wood Science 11(6):222-230.
15. Winandy, J. E. and D. E. Kretschmann. 1989. The effect of CCA preservative treatment and redrying on the fracture toughness of loblolly pine.  Proc. of the Int'l. Conf. on Timber Engineering, R. Y. Itani, ed. Seattle, WA., Sept. 19-22, 1988, by FPS, Madison, WI. ,Vol. 2 pg 576-583.
16. Winandy, J. E. 1989. CCA preservative treatment and redrying effects on the bending properties of Southern Pine 2 by 4's. Forest Products Journal 39(9):14-21.
17. Winandy, J. E., R. S. Boone, L. R. Gjovik, P. L. Plantinga 1989. The effects of ACA and CCA preservative treatment and kiln-redrying after treatment on the mechanical properties of Douglas-fir.  Proc. of the American Wood Preservers Assoc. 85:106-118.
18. L. A. Soltis, J. E. Winandy. 1989. Long-term strength of CCA-treated lumber. Forest Products Journal 39(5):64-68.
19. Ostmeyer, J. G., T. J. Elder, J. E. Winandy. 1989. Spectroscopic analysis of southern pine treated with chromated copper arsenate: Part 2. Diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J. of Wood Chemistry and Technology 9(1):105-122.
20. Barnes, H. M., J. E. Winandy. 1989. Mechanical properties of CCA-treated Southern Pine after post-treatment kiln drying. International Research Group on Wood Preservation Document No. IRG/WP/3543, Stockholm, SWEDEN.
21. Smith, S. M., J. J. Morrell, and J. E. Winandy. 1989. Measuring retention of chromated copper arsenate using x-ray densitometry.  J. of Wood Chemistry and Technology 10(1):21-38.
22. Ostmeyer, J. G., T. J. Elder, D. M. Littrell, B. J. Tatarchuk, and J. E. Winandy. 1988. Spectroscopic analysis of southern pine treated with chromated copper arsenate: Part 1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. of Wood Chemistry and Technology 8(3):413-439.
23. Morrell, J. J. and J. E. Winandy. 1987. Incising practices used to improve preservative treatment in western species: A preliminary survey. Amer. Wood Pres. Assoc. Proc. 83:400-404.
24. Winandy, J. E., and R. W. Boone. 1987.  The effects of CCA preservative treatment and redrying on the bending properties of 2 x 6 southern pine dimension lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 20(3):350-364.
25. Bendtsen, B.A., W.J. James, C.C. Gerhards, J.E. Winandy, D.W. Green, M. Chudnoff, P.J. Giese. 1987. Chapter 4: Mechanical Properties of Wood, USDA Ag. Hdbk. #72, Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, Madison, WI.
26. Winandy, J. E., and B. H. River. 1986. Evaluation of a method for testing adhesive-preservative compatibility. Forest Prod. J. 36(1):27-32.
27. Barnes, H. M., and J. E. Winandy. 1986. Effects of seasoning and preservatives on the properties of treated wood. Amer. Wood Pres. Assoc. Proc. 82:95-104.
28. Winandy, J. E. 1983.  Precipitation of CCA solutions for waste disposal. International Journal of Wood Preservation. V3(2):83-88.
29. Winandy, J. E., B. A. Bendtsen, and R. S. Boone. 1983. Effect of delay between treatment and drying on the toughness of CCA-treated southern pine. Forest Prod. J. 33(6):53-58.