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Dividends from Wood Research

Cumulative List of Publications from July - December 1999

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Explanation and Instructions

"Dividends From Wood Research" is a semiannual listing of recent publications resulting from wood utilization research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). These publications are produced to encourage and facilitate application of Forest Service research. This issue lists publications received between July 1 and December 31, 2005.

Each publication listed in this brochure is available through at least one of the following sources.

Available from FPL (indicated by an order number before the title of the publication): Quantities limited. Order by sending the item number and your complete mailing address.

Available through Internet: Listed publications are available as PDF documents for viewing or printing through links provided in this document.

Available through sales outlets: Major sales outlets are the Superintendent of Documents, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and various private publishers. Order directly from the outlet.

Available through libraries: Research publications are available through many public and university libraries in the United States and elsewhere. U.S. Government publications are also available through many Government Depository Libraries. Check with a major library near you to determine availability.

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Biodiversity and Biosystematics of Fungi

Decay Processes and Bioprocessing

Durability

  • In-Service Moisture Content of Hardboard Lap Siding in Southern Florida (PDF 152 KB) Carll, C.; TenWolde, A.; Malinauskas, V.; Knaebe, M.; Sotos, P.G. 1999. In: Lacasse, Michael A.; Vanier, Dana, J., eds. Service life and durability of materials and components. Vol. 1. Proceedings, 8th international conference on durability of building materials and components; 1999 May 30-June 3; Vancouver, Canada. Ottawa, Canada: NRC Research Press: 680-692. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/carll99b.pdf
  • Ten-Year Performance of Treated Northeastern Softwoods in Aboveground and Gound-Contact Exposures (PDF 192 KB) Crawford, Douglas M.; DeGroot, Rodney C.; Gjovik, Lee R. 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-578. 9 p. The commercial value of several softwood species of the northeastern United States could be increased if these woods could be treated to meet existing American Wood Preservers' Association Standards and used in durable structures. We evaluated the long-term durability of incised and unincised white pine, red pine, eastern spruce, balsam fir, and eastern hemlock treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) and chromated copper arsenate (CCA-Type C). The treated wood was exposed above ground and in ground contact in the southern and northeastern United States. Simulated decks were tested above ground in Cumberland, Maine, and Amherst, Massachusetts. Stakes were tested in ground contact in Saucier, Mississippi, and Cumberland, Maine. Replicates of all test species and conditions, including untreated controls, were represented in the test plots and decks. Both the stakes and deck material were monitored annually for structural condition and appearance. After 10 years of above ground exposure, all untreated decks (controls) failed as a result of decay. Wood treated with CCA showed somewhat better durability than did wood treated with ACA. Except for white pine, treated incised wood species showed no evidence of decay. Incised white pine treated with ACA failed by excessive checking. Unincised white pine treated with CCA also failed, as a result of transverse scaling and radial checking. In ground-contact field trials, failure patterns of untreated stakes showed more differences than did performance patterns of treated stakes at different exposure sites. Overall, these results suggest that treated northeastern softwood species could be used for durable construction. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp578.pdf
  • Does More Preservative Mean a Better Product? (PDF 256 KB) DeGroot, Rodney C.; Evans, James 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(9): 59-68. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/degro99a.pdf
  • Air Drying of Lumber (PDF 4,5 MB) Forest Products Laboratory 1999. US Forest Service Gen Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-117. 62 p. This report describes how lumber can be air-dried most effectively under outdoor conditions and illustrates the principles and procedures of air-drying lumber that were developed through field investigations and observations of industrial practices. Particular emphasis is placed on the yarding of lumber in unit packages. Included are topics such as why lumber is dried, advantages and limitations of the drying process, properties of wood in relation to drying, layout of the drying yard, piling methods, causes and remedies of air-drying defects, and protection of air-dried lumber. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr117.pdf
  • Effect of Prestain on the Release Rate of Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic From Western Hemlock (PDF 166 KB) Lebow, Stan T.; Evans, James W. 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0271. 6 p. To enhance appearance, stains are often sprayed onto western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) lumber prior to treatment with chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C). Recently, concerns have increased that prestaining may affect the rate of leaching of CCA-C components from the treated wood and that leaching data generated with prestained material may not reflect the rate of release from nonstained wood. A secondary concern is that copper naphthenate field treatments applied to wood exposed during construction may contribute to the amount of copper released from CCA-C-treated structures. This paper describes a study in which the release of copper, chromium, and arsenic was compared with end-matched nonstained and prestained CCA-C treated specimens exposed to artificial rainfall. The effect of copper naphthenate end coating on release of copper was also evaluated. The application of prestain prior to CCA-C treatment reduced the release rate of arsenic from the treated wood by approximately 28%. Most of the decrease in leaching appeared to occur early in the test, during the time when arsenic release was greatest. The prestain also appeared to slightly decrease the release of copper and chromium, but these differences were not statistically significant. The application of a copper-naphthenate end coating did significantly increase the amount of copper detected in the leachate. Results from this study indicate that release rate data generated from nonstained CCA-C-treated wood may overestimate the release of arsenic from wood that has been prestained. In addition, results suggest that the application of a prestain may be a valuable tool in minimizing the release of arsenic from CCA-C-treated wood. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn271.pdf
  • Release of Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic From Treated Southern Pine Exposed in Seawater and Freshwater (PDF 254 KB) Lebow, Stan T.; Foster, Daniel O.; Lebow, Patricia K. 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(7/8): 80-89. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/lebow99b.pdf
  • Inverse Determination of Diffusion Coefficient for Moisture Diffusion in Wood (PDF 153 KB) Liu, Jen Y.; Simpson, William T. 1999.In: Heat and mass transfer in porous media. Proceedings, 33rd ASME national heat transfer conference; 1999 August 15-17; Albuquerque, NM. New York, NY: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers: NHTC999-40: 5 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/liu99c.pdf
  • An Improved Shear Test Fixture Using the Iosipescu Specimen (PDF 169 KB) Liu, Jen Y.; Flach, Dwight D.; Ross, Robert J.; Lichtenberg, Gary J. 1999. In: Perkins, Richard, ed. Mechanics of cellulosic materials-1999. Proceedings, ASME joint applied mechanics and materials division meeting; 1999 June 27-30; Blacksburg, VA. New York, NY: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers: AMD-Vol. 231/MD-Vol. 85: 139-147. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/liu99b.pdf
  • A Stress Wave Based Approach to NDE of Logs for Assessing Potential Veneer Quality. Part 1. Small-Diameter Ponderosa Pine (PDF 89 KB) Ross, Robert J.; Willits, Susan W.; von Segen, William; Black, Terry; Brashaw, Brian K.; Pellerin, Roy F. 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(11/12): 60-62. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/ross99b.pdf
  • Biocide Protection of Field-Drilled Bolt Holes in Red Oak, Yellow-Poplar, Loblolly Pine, and Douglas-Fir (PDF 179 KB) Silva, A.A.; Love, C.S.; Morrell, J.J.; DeGroot, R.C. 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(6): 61-66. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/silva99a.pdf
  • Effect of Moisture Content on Warp in Hardwood 2 by 6's for Structural Use (PDF 568 KB) Simpson, William T.; Forsman, John W. 1999. US Forest Service Res. Pap. FPL-RP-580. 8 p. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) 2 by 6's were dried and evaluated for warp as it affects ability to meet softwood dimension lumber grading rule requirements for warp. In the first part of the study, sugar maple was kiln-dried to three levels of final moisture content: 27%, 19%, and 12%. Warp during kiln drying increased as final moisture content decreased. Following kiln drying, the lumber was planed and then equilibrated in 12% equilibrium moisture content conditions. Warp during equilibration generally increased as the final moisture content after kiln drying increased. Crook, bow, and twist did not increase enough during equilibration to cause much structural lumber grade loss from warp. However, the percentage of boards still meeting structural lumber grade limits for cup fell to about 80%. In the second part of the study, sugar maple, red maple, and yellow birch 2 by 6's were air- and predried to 27% moisture content and, in general, did not suffer much grade loss during equilibration. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp580.pdf
  • Air Pressures in Wood Frame Walls (PDF 290 KB) TenWolde, Anton; Carll, Charles G.; Malinauskas, Vyto 1998. In: Proceedings, Thermal performance of the exterior envelopes of buildings VII; 1998 December 6-10; Clearwater Beach, FL: 665-675. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1998/tenwo98a.pdf
  • Comparison of Test Protocols for the Standard Room/Corner Test (PDF 197 KB) White, Robert H.; Dietenberger, Mark A.; Tran, Hao; Grexa, Ondrej; Richardson, Les; Sumathipala, Kuma; Janssens, Marc 1999. Fire Mater. 23: 139-146. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1998/white98a.pdf

General

Papermaking and Paper Recycling

Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products

Recycling of Wood Products

Surface Chemistry

Timber and Fiber Demand and Technology Assessment

  • Softwood Lumber Prices for Evaluation of Small-Diameter Timber Stands in the Intermountain West (PDF 173 KB) Chmelik, John T.; Fight, Roger D.; Barbour, R. James 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0270. 4 p.This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small- diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing Idaho and Montana and land east of the Cascade Mountain range in Oregon and Washington. Price data are reported for Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Forest managers can use the grade aggregations in conjunction with the Financial Evaluation of Ecosystem Management Activities software to evaluate silvicultural treatments for small-diameter timber stands. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn270.pdf
  • Building Codes--Obstacle or Opportunity? Goetzl, Alberto; McKeever, David B. 1999. Forest Prod. J. 49(9): 12-22. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/goetz99a.pdf
  • North American Paper Recycling Situation and Pulpwood Market Interactions (PDF 384 KB) Ince, Peter J. 1998. In: US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Hillring, B., Dr., compilers. Recycling, energy, and market interactions. Proceedings, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Timber Committee workshop; 1998 November 3-6; Istanbul, Turkey. Turkey: Ministry of Forestry: 61-72. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1998/ince98a.pdf
  • Paper Recyling Legislation and Programs in the USA (PDF 67 KB) Ince, Peter 1998. In: US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Hillring, B., Dr., compilers. Recycling, energy, and market interactions. Proceedings, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Timber Committee workshop; 1998 November 3-6; Istanbul, Turkey. Turkey: Ministry of Forestry: 53-55. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1998/ince98b.pdf
  • United States Pulpwood Receipts--Softwood and Hardwood, Roundwood and Residues, 1950-1996 (PDF 298 KB)
  • Ingram, C. Denise; Ince, Peter J.; Mehlberg, Ryan L. 1999. US Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-115. 34 p. Pulpwood receipts at wood pulp mills in the United States for the period 1950 to 1996 are shown in this report. It is an update of the General Technical Report FPL-GTR-73, "United States Pulpwood Receipts: Softwood and Hardwood, Roundwood and Residues, 1950-1989," published in 1993. This report continues as a compilation of published and estimated data based on information from various sources, including the American Pulpwood Association and the US Forest Service. Data are presented for the Northeast, North Central, total north, Southeast, South Central, total south, and total west regions of the United States, in both cords and cubic meters. Trends are also shown in the use of hardwoods compared with softwoods and residues compared with roundwood. These historical data were compiled to help develop new pulpwood supply functions for the North American Pulp and Paper Model of the US Forest Service. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr115.pdf
  • U.S. Timber Production, Trade, Consumption, and Price Statistics 1965-1997 (HTML 4.0 KB) Howard, James L. 1999. US Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-116. 76 p. Statistical information on production, trade, consumption, and prices of forest products in the United States are presented in this report. Although national statistics are dealt with for the most part, some statistics are given for regions, states, and Canada. The tables contain information collected from industry trade associations and government agencies. Some of the tables show data that were derived from mathematical calculations, and some show conversions from different units of measurement. These data are intended for use by anyone associated with the wood-using industry. One of the major uses of this data series is tracking technological change over time. One of the major technology shifts occurring in the wood using industry is the substitution of oriented strandboard for plywood in the structural panel sector. Some of the data show this shift. United States production of structural panels totaled 28.5 billion square feet in 1997. Oriented strandboard production increased from less than 3 billion square feet in 1985 to 10.5 billion square feet in 1997. Plywood production was 20.1 billion ssquare feet in 1985 before falling to 17.9 billion square feet in 1997. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr116/fplgtr116.htm
  • Profile 1999: Softwood Sawmills in the United States and Canada (PDF 2.4 MB) Spelter, Henry; McKeever, Tim 1999. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-579. 76 p. More than 1,200 sawmills produce the bulk of U.S. and Canadian softwood lumber. The maps and tables in this report show the location and size of these mills by State and Province. Analysis of timber inventories in relation to use shows a close correspondence between pricing and use intensity. In some Southern States, the intensity of use is approaching recent growth levels, but the adoption of more intensive management coupled with maturing of large areas of newly established forests should increase supply over the next two decades. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp579.pdf

Wood Anatomy and Identification

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