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Dividends From Wood Research
Recent Publications From January - June 2003
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Explanation and Instructions
"Dividends From Wood Research" is a semiannual listing of recent publications resulting from wood utilization research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). These publications are produced to encourage and facilitate application of Forest Service research. This issue lists publications received between July 1 and December 31, 2005.
Each publication listed in this brochure is available through at least one of the following sources.
Available from FPL (indicated by an order number before the title of the publication): Quantities limited. Order by sending the item number and your complete mailing address.
Available through Internet: Listed publications are available as PDF documents for viewing or printing through links provided in this document.
Available through sales outlets: Major sales outlets are the Superintendent of Documents, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and various private publishers. Order directly from the outlet.
Available through libraries: Research publications are available through many public and university libraries in the United States and elsewhere. U.S. Government publications are also available through many Government Depository Libraries. Check with a major library near you to determine availability.
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- Oxalic Acid Overproduction by Copper-Tolerant Brown-Rot Basidiomycetes on Southern Yellow Pine
Treated With Copper-Based Preservatives (PDF 215 KB) Clausen, Carol A.; Green, Frederick. 2003. Int. Biodeter. & Biodegrad. 51: 139-144.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/claus03a.pdf
- Significant Levels of Extracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by Brown
Rot Basidiomycetes on Cellulose (PDF 140 KB) Cohen, Roni; Jensen, Kenneth A., Jr.; Houtman, Carl J.; Hammel, Kenneth E.
2002. FEBS Letters. 531: 438-488.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/cohen02a.pdf
- Bioconversion of Conifer Wood Chips into Specialty Mushroom Producing Fungal
Growth (PDF 1.1 MB) Croan, Suki C. 2002. Mushroom Int. 90(10): 7-11.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/croan02a.pdf
- Utilization of Treated Conifer Wood Chips by Pleurotus (Fr.) P.
Karst. Species for Cultivating Mushrooms (PDF 1.4 MB) Croan, Suki C. 2003. In: Mushrooms Int. 91(1): 4-7.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/croan03a.pdf
- Copper Tolerance of Brown-Rot Fungi: Time Course of Oxalic Acid Production
(PDF 504 KB) Green, Frederick III; Clausen, Carol A. 2003. Int. Biodeter. & Biodegrad. 51: 145-149.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/green03b.pdf
- An NADH:Quinone Oxidoreductase Active During Biodegratation by the Brown-Rot Basidiomycete
Gloeophyllum trabeum (PDF 259 KB) Jensen, Kenneth A., Jr.; Ryan, Zachary C.; Wymelenberg, Amber Vanden; Cullen, Daniel;
Hammel, Kenneth E. 2002. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(6): 2699-2703.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/jense02a.pdf
- Changing Flux of Xylose Metabolites by Altering Expression of Xylose Reductase
and Xylitol Dehydrogenase in Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PDF 177 KB) Jin, Yong-Su; Jeffries, Thomas W. 2003. Appl. Biochem.
Biotech. 150-108: 277-285.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/jin03b.pdf
- Optimal Growth and Ethanol Production From Xylose by Recombinant Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Require Moderate D-Xylulokinase Activity (PDF 419 KB) Jin, Yong-Su; Ni, Haiying; Laplaza, Jose M.; Jeffries,
Thomas W. 2003. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(1): 495-503.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/jin03a.pdf
- Molecular Characterization of a Gene for Aldose Reductase (CbXYL1) From Candida boidinii
and Its Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PDF 287 KB) Kang, Min Hyung; Ni, Haiying; Jefferies, Thomas W. 2003.
Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 150-108: 265-276.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/kang03a.pdf
- Enzyme Processes for Pulp and Paper: A Review of Recent Developments (PDF 797
KB) Kenealy, William R.; Jeffries, Thomas W. 2003. In: Goodell, Barry; Nicholas, Darrel D.; Schultz, Tor P., eds. Wood deterioration
and preservation: advances in our changing world. ACS symposium series 845. Proceedings, 221st national meeting of the American
Chemical Society; 2001 April 1-April 5; San Diego, CA.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/kenea03a.pdf
- SHAM-Sensitive Alternative Respiration in the Xylose-Metabolizing Yeast Pichia
stipitis (PDF 429 KB) Shi, Nian-Qing; Cruz, Jose; Sherman, Fred; Jefferies, Thomas W. 2002. Yeast. 19: 1203-1220.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/shi02a.pdf
- Providing Moisture and Fungal Protection to Wood-Based Composites (PDF 131 KB) Baileys, Janet K.; Marks,
Brian M.; Ross, Alan S.; Crawford, Douglas M.; Krzysik, Andrzej M.; Muehl, James H.; Youngquist, John A. 2003. Forest Prod. J. 53(1): 76-81.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/baile03a.pdf
- How Variability in OSB Mechanical Properties Affects Biological Durability Testing (PDF 262
KB) Curling, Simon F.; Winandy, Jerrold E.; Carll, Charles; Micales, Jessie A.; Tenwolde, Anton. 2003. Holzforschung. 57(1): 8-12.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/curli03a.pdf
- Update for Combustion Properties of Wood Components (PDF 333 KB) Dietenberger, Mark. 2002. Fire
Mater. 26: 255-267. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/diete02a.pdf
- Environmental Impact of Treated Wood in Service (PDF 326 KB) Lebow, Stan; Brooks, Kenneth;
Simonsen, John. 2002. In: Proceedings, Enhancing the durability of lumber and engineered wood products; 2002, February 11-13;
Kissimmee, FL. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 205-216.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/lebow02a.pdf
- Relationship Between Stress Wave
Transmission Time and Bending Strength of Deteriorated Oriented
Strandboard (PDF 152 KB) Ross, Robert J.; Yang, Vina W.; Illman,
Barbara L.; Nelson, William J. 2003. Forest Prod. J. 53(3): 33-35.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/ross03a.pdf
- Lumber Drying and Heat Sterilizaiton
Research at the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory (PDF 47 KB)
Simpson, William T. 2002. In: Current topics in the processing
and utilization of hardwood lumber. Proceedings, 30th annual hardwood
symposium; 2002 May 30-June 1; Fall Creek Falls, TN. Memphis,
TN: National Hardwood Lumber Association: 73-75.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/simps02a.pdf
- Mechanisms Responsible for the
Effect of Wet Bulb Depression on Heat Sterilization of Slash Pine
Lumber (PDF 211 KB) Simpson, William T. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci.
35(2): 175-186. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/simps03a.pdf
- Heat Sterilization Time
of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Boards and Square Timbers
(PDF 271 KB) Simpson, William T.; Wang, Xiping; Verrill, Steve.
2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-607. 24 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp607.pdf
To prevent the unintentional transfer of insects and pathogens during world trade, wood products are often heat sterilized. The general requirement is that the center of the wood configuration be held at 133�F (56�C) for 30 min. However, many factors can affect the time required to reach this temperature. This study explored several of these factors, including thickness of boards or cross-sectional dimension of square timbers, wet-bulb depression, and stacking method (solid or stickered). The heating temperature used was 160�F (71�C). Heating time increased with increasing board thickness or increasing cross-sectional dimension. It also increased as wet-bulb depression increased because of surface cooling when simultaneous drying occurred at significant wet-bulb depressions. Solid piling increased heating time by a factor ranging from 2 to 10 compared with stickered piling, depending on species and size. This report also looked at developing an analytical method to predict heating time as a function of heating variables. Multiple regression was successful as a prediction tool as a function of wood size, wet-bulb depression, and initial wood temperature as long as the wet-bulb temperature in the heating chamber was higher than the target center temperature. The multiple regression results were used to create 99% upper confidence levels on estimated heating times.
- Kiln Drying Maple for Structural Uses (PDF 114 KB) Wang, Xiping; Simpson, William T.; Brashaw, Brian K.; Ross, Robert J. 2002.
In: Current topics in the processing and utilization of hardwood lumber. Proceedings, 30th annual hardwood symposium; 2002 May 30-June
1; Fall Creek Falls, TN. Memphis, TN: National Hardwood Lumber Association: 63-68.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/wang02d.pdf
- Fire Resistance of Engineered Wood Rim Board Products (PDF 1.2 MB) White, Robert H. 2003.
USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-610. 22 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp610.pdf
Engineered wood products, such as oriented strandboard, laminated veneer lumber, and other composite wood products, are being used more often in construction. This includes use as rim boards, which are the components around the perimeter of a floor assembly. This situation has increased the need for information about the fire resistance of these products. In this study, we evaluated different engineered wood products for fire resistance using both the ASTM E119 standard for fire exposure and a modified time-temperature curve. We looked at unprotected, gypsum-board-protected, and double gypsum-board-protected rim boards. Using the data from this study, we evaluated possible construction options for achieving certain levels of fire resistance of engineered wood products in use as rim boards. We also developed a simple analysis method for evaluating the protection provided by the rim board.
- Bending Strength of Chilean Radiata Pine Poles (PDF 189 KB) Cerda, Gina; Wolfe, Ronald W. 2003.
Forest Prod. J. 53(4): 61-65.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/cerda03a.pdf
- Effect of Drilled Holes on the Bending Strength of Large Dimension Douglas-fir Lumber (PDF 210 KB)
Falk, R.H.; DeVisser, D.; Plume, G.R.; Fridley, K.J. 2003. Forest Prod. J. 53(5): 55-60.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/falk03a.pdf
- Effect of Low Relative Humidity on Properties of Structural Lumber Products (PDF 518 KB) Green,
David W.; Evans, James W. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(2): 247-265.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/green03c.pdf
- On Fracture-Related Causes for Reduction in Tensile Strength of Southern Pine Lumber at Low Moisture
Content (PDF 379 KB) Green, David W.; Cramer, Steven M.; Suryoatmono, B.; Kretschmann, David E. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(1): 90-101.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/green03a.pdf
- Improving Engineered Wood Fiber Surfaces for Accessible Playgrounds (PDF 1.3 MB)
Laufenberg, Theodore; Krzysik, Andrzel; Winandy, Jerrold. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-135. 15 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr135.pdf
Some engineered wood fiber surfaces are uneven, tend to shift, and have low density. The goal of our research was to develop a playground surface material that cushions impact and is accessible to people with disabilities. In the initial screening phase, we evaluated a variety of in situ surface treatments and mixtures of wood particles combined with various binders. Engineered wood fiber (EWF) was prepared from three species, red maple, ponderosa pine, and one-seed juniper, which have a wide range of densities and bonding properties. In the scale-up phase, we evaluated commercially available EWF and several promising binding systems from the screening phase trials. Seventeen test configurations were formed in plywood boxes, using different levels of EWF compaction, fiber moisture content, surface layer thickness, and types of binders. Binder systems that show promise for surface stabilization and satisfactory impact behavior are polyurethane, latex, and silicone. These binders were chosen on the basis of processing ease, flexibility (elongation to failure), cost, and safety in application and use. In this report, we identify the strengths and weaknesses of the surface treatments, review the viability of the systems and the testing concepts we have developed, and identify further research needs.
- Effects of Wood Fiber Characteristics on Mechanical Properties of Wood/Polypropylene Composites
(PDF 264 KB) Stark, Nicole M.; Rowlands, Robert E. 2003. Wood Fiber Sci. 35(2): 167-174.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/stark03a.pdf
- Confidence Bounds for Normal and Lognormal Distribution Coefficients of Variation (PDF 426 KB) Verrill, Steve. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-609. 13 p. www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp609.pdf
This paper compares the so-called exact approach for obtaining confidence intervals on normal distribution coefficients of variation
to approximate methods. Approximate approaches were found to perform less well than the exact approach for large coefficients of variation
and small sample sizes. Web-based computer programs are described for calculating confidence intervals on coefficients of variation for
normally and lognormally distributed data.
- Cold Temperature Effects on Stress-Laminated Timber Bridges--A Laboratory Study (PDF 1.3 MB) Wacker, James
P. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-605. 22 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp605.pdf
Stress-laminated bridges perform well if adequate bar force is maintained to provide the interlaminar friction and load transfer between adjacent deck laminations. Stress-laminated decks are made of both wood and steel components; therefore, different material thermal properties may cause bar force to change as the temperature changes. In response to concerns about the performance of stress-laminated bridges in extremely cold climates, a cooperative research project between the University of Minnesota, the US Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, and the Federal Highway Administration was initiated to evaluate system performance at temperatures ranging from 21.1�C to -34.4�C. Stress-laminated bridge deck sections, constructed of red pine lumber and high-strength steel stressing bars, were placed in cold temperature settings of -12.2�C, -17.8�C, -23.3�C, -28.9�C, and -34.4�C, while bar force measurements were collected. Testing was completed at three different moisture contents: >30%, 17%, and 7%. At -34.4�C, bar force losses were high when the deck moisture content was above fiber saturation and were moderate to low when the moisture content was below 18%. In all cases, bar force loss was fully recovered after temperatures rose to 21.1�C.
- Evaluation of a Boron-Nitrogen, Phosphate-Free Fire-Retardant Treatment. Part I. Testing of Douglas-Fir
Plywood per ASTM Standard D 5516-96 (PDF 221 KB) Winandy, Jerrold E.; Richards, Michael J. 2003. J. Testing Eval. 31(2):
133-139. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/winan03a.pdf
- Evaluation of a Boron-Nitrogen, Phosphate-Free Fire-Retardant Treatment. Part II. Testing of Small
Clear Specimens per ASTM Standard D 5664-95, Methods A and B (PDF 412 KB) Winandy. Jerrold; Herdman, Douglas. 2003. J. Testing Eval. 31(2): 140-147.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/winan03b.pdf
- Evaluation of a Boron-Nitrogen, Phosphate-Free Fire-Retardant Treatment. Part III. Evaluation
of Full-Size 2 by 4 Lumber per ASTM Standard D 5664-95 Method C (PDF 215 KB) Winandy, Jerrold E.; McNamara, William. 2003.
J. Testing Eval. 31(2): 148-153. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/winan03c.pdf
- Challenges in Converting Among Log Scaling Methods (PDF 615 KB) Spelter, Henry. 2003. USDA
Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-611. 8 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp611.pdf
The traditional method of measuring log volume in North America is the board foot log scale, which uses simple assumptions about how much of a log's volume is recoverable. This underestimates the true recovery potential and leads to difficulties in comparing volumes measured with the traditional board foot system and those measured with the cubic scaling systems used in most of the world. The relationships among these different scaling systems vary systematically with log diameter, as well as length, taper, defects, and measurement and utilization conventions. As average log size has declined in North America due to the replacement of virgin wood by plantation-grown timber, the discrepancies have become larger. This article deals with the factors that affect the translation of traditional board foot log volumes to cubic volume and weight equivalents.
- Profile 2003: Softwood Sawmills in the United States and Canada (PDF 930 KB) Spelter,
Henry; Alderman, Matthew. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-608. 79 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp608.pdf
About 160 fewer softwood sawmills are operating in the United States and Canada than were 8 years ago. Nevertheless, the combined capacity of the remaining mills has increased by 16%, to over 173 million cubic meters. Of the approximately 1,140 mills, about 470 characterize their output as dimension lumber, accounting for 67% of capacity; 136 list studs as their primary output, representing 16% of the industry's volume; and 139 are primarily board mills, making up a little over 5%. The others make a variety of specialty products. In this report, the location and relative size of sawmills by State and Province are described in maps and tables. The data show that growth in capacity over the past 8 years has exceeded growth in demand, leaving the industry with excess capacity of at least 3%. This has contributed to volatile pricing and narrow profit margins within the past 3 years, a condition aggravated by the dispute over Canadian lumber imports.
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