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Dividends From Wood Research

Recent Publications From July - December 2001

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Explanation and Instructions

"Dividends From Wood Research" is a semiannual listing of recent publications resulting from wood utilization research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). These publications are produced to encourage and facilitate application of Forest Service research. This issue lists publications received between July 1 and December 31, 2005.

Each publication listed in this brochure is available through at least one of the following sources.

Available from FPL (indicated by an order number before the title of the publication): Quantities limited. Order by sending the item number and your complete mailing address.

Available through Internet: Listed publications are available as PDF documents for viewing or printing through links provided in this document.

Available through sales outlets: Major sales outlets are the Superintendent of Documents, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and various private publishers. Order directly from the outlet.

Available through libraries: Research publications are available through many public and university libraries in the United States and elsewhere. U.S. Government publications are also available through many Government Depository Libraries. Check with a major library near you to determine availability.

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Biodiversity and Biosystematics of Fungi

Decay Processes and Bioprocessing

Durability

Papermaking and Paper Recycling

Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products

  • Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PDF 740 KB) Burdock, Elizabeth; Ritter, Michael; Livingston, Jean; Carnes, Stephanie. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 51(3): 8-14. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/burdo01a.pdf
  • Particleboard Made From Remediated CCA-Treated Wood: Evaluation of Panel Properties (PDF 105 KB) Clausen, Carol A.; Kartal, S. Nami; Muehl, James. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 51(7/8): 61-64. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/claus01a.pdf
  • Dimensional Stability of Composites From Plastics and Cornstalk Fibers (PDF 14 KB) Chow, Poo; Bowers, Tait, C.; Bajwa, Dilpreet, S.; Youngquist, John A.; Muehl, James H.; Stark, Nicole, M.; Krzysik, Andrzej M.; Quang, Li. 1999. In: Proceedings, 5th international conference on wood-fiber-plastic composites; 1999 May 26-27; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 312-313. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/chow99c.pdf
  • Spherulitic Structure in Cellulose-Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene (PDF 12 KB) Clemons, Craig M.; Giacomin, A. Jeffrey; Caulfield, Daniel F. 1999. In: Proceedings, 5th international conference on wood-fiber-plastic composites; 1999 May 26-27; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 300.
    http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/clemo99b.pdf
  • The Effects of Weathering on Wood-Thermoplastic Composites Intended for Outdoor Applications (PDF 434 KB) Falk, Robert H.; Lundin, Thomas; Felton, Colin. 2000. In: Proceedings, 2nd annual conference PATH consortium for wood-frame housing in cooperation with the Forest Products Society; 2000 November 6-8; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 175-179. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2000/falk00c.pdf
  • Evolution of Standardized Procedures for Adjusting Lumber Properties for Change in Moisture Content (PDF 3.0 MB) Green, David W.; Evans, James W. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-127. 50 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr127.pdf

    This report documents the development of procedures in American Society for Testing and Materials standards for adjusting the allowable properties of lumber for changes in moisture content. The report discusses the historical context of efforts to establish allowable properties on a consensus basis, beginning in the 19th century. Where possible, the reasons for proposed changes in the standards are presented. The goal of this work is to foster a better understanding of how current standards have evolved and to promote reconciliation of conflicting property assignment procedures between current standards.

  • Effect of Heart Checks on Flexural Properties of Reclaimed 6 by 8 Douglas-Fir Timbers (PDF 173 KB) Green, David W.; Falk, Robert H.; Lantz, Scott F. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 5(7/8): 82-88. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/green01a.pdf
  • Weathering Characteristics of Fiber-Polymer Composites (PDF 426 KB) Johnson, Donna A.; Johnson, David A.; Urich, James L.; Rowell, Roger M.; Jacobson, Rodney; Caufield, Daniel F. 1999. In: Proceedings, 5th international conference on wood-fiber-plastic composites; 1999 May 26-27; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 203-209. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/johns99c.pdf
  • Effect of Wood Preservatives on Stress-Laminated Southern Pine Bridge Test Decks (PDF 1.6 MB) Kainz, James A.; Yazdani, Nur; Kadnar, Joy. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-599. 12 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp599.pdf

    For wood to work successfully in external environments, it must be treated with chemical preservatives. This study determined the effect of various oil- and water-based preservatives on the performance of stress-laminated Southern Pine bridge decks. This 2�-year study was limited to one species for the wood laminations and one type of stress-laminated system. Nine half-width, full-length stress-laminated test decks were constructed of Southern Pine lumber. Each test deck was treated with one of seven preservatives and outfitted with one of three bar anchorage types. Moisture content levels did not change significantly throughout the monitoring period, which implies that the wood had achieved moisture equilibrium prior to testing. According to this study, when Southern Pine stress-laminated bridge decks are properly designed, (1) the anchorage system has a negligible effect on bar force retention and (2) water-based preservatives may be successfully used to treat these bridge decks. It is recommended that the design guidelines currently available for stress-laminated decks treated with oil-based preservatives be extended to decks treated with water-based preservatives and constructed with any bar anchorage system. This recommendation is based on the similarity of the behavior of water- and oil-based preservatives in the stress-laminated test decks treated in this study.

  • Medium Density Fiberboard Made From Eucalyptus saligna (PDF 71 KB) Krzysik, Andrzej, M.; Muehl, James H.; Youngquist, John A.; Franca, Fabio Spina. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 5(10): 47-50. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/krzys01a.pdf
  • Formation and Properties of Juvenile Wood in Southern Pines-A Synopsis (PDF 310 KB) Larson, Phillip R.; Kretschmann, David E.; Clark, Alexander III; Isebrands, J.G. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-129. 42 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr129.pdf

    To satisfy the increasing demand for forest products, much of the future timber supply will be from improved trees grown on managed plantations. This fast-grown resource will tend to be harvested in short age rotations and will contain higher proportions of juvenile wood than that of current harvests. In anticipation of this resource, definitive information is needed on the influence of juvenile wood on lumber properties so that grading rules and the associated allowable design stresses can be modified as needed. This document reports the results of an extensive review of the literature on juvenile wood in southern pines. This report defines and discusses the extent, occurrence, and characteristics of juvenile wood. It reviews the effects that environment and silviculture have on the amount of juvenile wood produced. Finally, the impacts that juvenile wood has on mechanical properties were quantified. The results of this quantification are significant to all producers of fast-grown plantations. Research has clearly shown that juvenile wood will have a detrimental impact on allowable design stresses for visually graded lumber. It is critical that methods are developed to more carefully manage fast-grown plantation wood for its most efficient use. This review should serve as an overall collection of knowledge pertaining to juvenile wood research in southern pines and should help in the decision-making efforts to improve seedling selection techniques and silvicultural practices to maximize the potential for fast-grown plantations of southern pines.

  • Weathering Performance of Aspen-Polypropylene Composites (PDF 11 KB) Lange, Sandra E.; Rowell, Roger M. 1999. In: Proceedings, 5th international conference on wood-fiber-plastic composites; 1999 May 26-27; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 317. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/lange99a.pdf
  • Exploring the Uses for Small-Diameter Trees (PDF 436 KB) LeVan-Green, Susan L.; Livingston, Jean. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 51(9): 10-21. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/levan01a.pdf
  • Lumber Recovery From Small-Diameter Ponderosa Pine From Flagstaff, Arizona (PDF 170 KB) Lowell, Eini C.; Green, David W. 2001. In Proceedings, Ponderosa Pine ecosystem restoration and conservation: steps toward stewardship; 2000 April 25-27; Flagstaff, AZ. Proc. RMRS-P-22. Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Research Station: 161-165. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/lowel01a.pdf
  • Effect of Chemical Modification of Wood on the Mechanical and Adhesion Properties of Wood Fiber/Polypropylene Fiber and Polypropylene/Veneer Composites (PDF 378 KB) Mahlberg, R.; Paajanen, L.; Nurmi, A.; Kivist�, K.; Rowell, R.M. 2001. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 55: 319-326. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/mahlb01a.pdf
  • Weathering Performance of Plant-Fiber/Thermoplastic Composites (PDF 146 KB) Rowell, Roger M.; Lange, Sandra E.; Jacobson, Rodney E. 2000. Mol. Cryst. and Liq. Cryst. 353: 85-94. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2000/rowel00c.pdf
  • Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of Lignocellulosic-Polypropylene Composites (PDF 211 KB) Sanadi, Anand R.; Caulfield, Daniel F.; Stark, Nicole M.; Clemons, Craig C. 1999. In: Proceedings, 5th international conference on wood-fiber-plastic composites; 1999 May 26-27; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 67-78. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1999/sanad99a.pdf
  • Effect of Drying Methods on Warp and Grade of 2 by 4's From Small-Diameter Ponderosa Pine (PDF 1.0 MB) Simpson, William T.; Green, David W. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-601. 17 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp601.pdf

    Two studies were performed to characterize and control warp in nominal 2- by 4-in. (standard 38- by 89-mm) dimension lumber sawn from small-diameter ponderosa pine trees. One study was conducted at a commercial sawmill with trees harvested in central Arizona. The other study was conducted at the US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, in small experimental kilns with lumber from trees harvested in central Idaho. The three main variables in the studies were top loading, presteaming, and a high-temperature kiln schedule. A limited study of hot press drying was also included. The high-temperature kiln schedule in the experimental kilns reduced drying time to about half that of the conventional temperature schedule. Press drying time was slightly more than 3 h. Crook and bow caused most of the warp and the grade loss from warp. There was no evidence that presteaming affected warp or grade loss from warp. Top loading had a modest effect in reducing warp and grade loss from warp. High-temperature drying did not affect measured warp compared with the conventional temperature schedule. Grade loss from warp was less in high-temperature than in conventional temperature dried lumber. This might be explained by differences in moisture content change during storage. Press drying did not reduce warp or grade loss from warp.

  • Manual Analysis Tools (PDF 363 KB) TenWolde, Anton. 2001. In: Trechsel, Heinz R.; ed. Moisture analysis and condensation control in building envelopes. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials: 107-115. Chap. 7. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/tenwo01b.pdf
  • Weather Data (PDF 1.3 MB) TenWolde, Anton; Colliver, Donald G. 2001. In: Trechsel, Heinz R.; ed. Moisture analysis and condensation control in building envelopes. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials: 16-28. Chap. 2. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/tenwo01a.pdf
  • JMFA--A Graphically Interactive Java Program That Fits Microfibril Angle X-ray Diffraction Data (PDF 894 KB) Verrill, Steve P.; Kretschmann, David E.; Herian, Victoria L. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0283. 44 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn283.pdf

    Because much of our future timber resource is expected to come from short rotation plantations, we need to develop silvicultural practices that will improve the quality of the timber coming from these plantations. Short rotation plantations tend to produce timber with a higher percentage of juvenile wood, which has substantially lower mechanical property values than does mature wood. Measuring the microfibril angle (MFA) of wood gives important clues about the characteristics of the wood and can be used as a silvicultural tool to improve the quality of a plantation. In this report, a graphically interactive Java computer program that permits a user to estimate MFA from X-ray diffraction profiles is discussed. Given an MFA and a wood cell rotation pair (m, a), this program makes use of Cave's theory to predict the locations of the eight high intensity X-ray spots on the back plane. Nonlinear least squares techniques are then used to find the (m, a) pair that yields a broadened form of the eight spots that best fits the empirical X-ray diffraction data. The program can be run as an applet over the World Wide Web, or it can be downloaded and run as an application on a user's own machine. Because this program is based on a more complete physics model than earlier programs, it is expected that it will yield more accurate MFA estimates. Preliminary comparisons of the new program's MFA estimates with microscopy based estimates are encouraging. A complete evaluation of the accuracy of the program's estimates will appear in a subsequent paper.

    Characteristics of Ten Tropical Hardwoods From Certified Forests in Bolivia-Part I Weathering Characteristics and Dimensional Change (PDF 233 KB) Williams, R. Sam; Miller, Regis; Gangstad, John. 2001. Wood Fiber Sci. 33(4): 618-626. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/willi01d.pdf

    Derivation of Nominal Strength for Wood Utility Poles (PDF 306 KB) Wolfe, Ronald W.; Bodig, Jozsef; Lebow, Patricia K. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-128. 11 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr128.pdf

    The designated fiber stress values published in the American National Standards Institute Standard for Poles, ANSI O5.1, no longer reflect the state of the knowledge. These values are based on a combination of test data from small clear wood samples and small poles (less than 55 ft (less than 17 m)) and field experience up to the time of adoption of the standard in 1965. A number of changes over the past 35 years require that the wood pole industry update the basis for the ANSI fiber stress values if it is to maintain a lead role in the utility pole market. Changes that will impact wood pole design include new data for larger wood poles, increased pressure from competing materials, and the evolving transition from Allowable Stress Design (ASD) to a reliability-based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format. This report presents an approach to updating the basis for deriving fiber stress values for wood poles, which will provide uniform reliability across class sizes as well as species. We review the current basis for ANSI fiber stress values and recent pole test data. Our work suggests that adjustments such as those for load sharing and moisture effects be considered load factors rather than material factors and recommend a method of calibrating the new LRFD format to the ASD approach.

Surface Chemistry

Timber and Fiber Demand and Technology Assessment

  • U.S. Forest Products Annual Market Review and Prospects, 1999-2002 (PDF 69 KB) Howard, James L. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note. FPL-RN-0282. 5 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn282.pdf

    This report provides general and statistical information on forests products markets in terms of production, trade, consumption, and prices. The current state of the United States economy is described. Market developments are described for sawn softwood, sawn hardwood, softwood log trade, wood-based panels, paper and paperboard, fuelwood, and forest product prices. Detailed information and projections for the year 2002 are presented.

  • United States Paper, Paperboard, and Market Pulp Capacity Trends by Process and Location, 1970-2000 (PDF 982 KB) Ince, Peter J.; Li, Xiaolei; Zhou, Mo; Buongiorno, Joseph; Reuter, Mary. 2001. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-602. 36 p. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp602.pdf

    This report presents a relational database with estimates of annual production capacity for all mill locations in the United States where paper, paperboard, or market pulp were produced from 1970 to 2000. Data for more than 500 separate mill locations are included in the database, with annual capacity data for each year from 1970 to 2000 (more than 17,000 individual data records). Numeric code, company name, city, state, region, and local postal ZIP code are included in the database. Capacity estimates are given for each of 12 principal categories of paper or paperboard commodities as well as different categories of market pulp. Capacity data at each mill location are further differentiated by process type within each category of paper or paperboard; for example, capacity based on recycled fiber is differentiated from capacity based on wood pulp. Estimates of mill capacity by process were derived from industry directories, corporate reports, trade journal articles, and other sources. This report provides documentation of the capacity database and a summary of capacity trends by commodity category, process, and region. The report includes tabulations and charts of annual capacity trends and also maps of capacity by commodity, process, and location for 1970 and 2000. By illustrating shifts in capacity, the report describes some of the more significant changes that have occurred in pulp and paper technology during the past several decades.

  • Use and Production of Solid Sawn Timbers in the United States (PDF 208 KB) Jackson, Gerry; Howard, James; Hammett, A.L. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 5(7/8): 23-28. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/jacks01a.pdf
  • Efficacy of Curtailment Announcements as a Predictor of Lumber Supply (PDF 27 KB) Spelter, Henry. 2001. Forest Prod. J. 5(7/8): 44-46. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/spelt01a.pdf

Wood Chemistry
  

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