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Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Plum pox potyvirus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by H. Kegler and D. Sutic, 1991.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

prunus virus 7, Scharka-Virus, Sarka virus.

Acronym

PPV

ICTV decimal code

57.0.1.0.054

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms persist. Symptoms leaf mottling and fruit malformation.
• Prunus armeniaca - fruits pale rings and deformation; stones pale rings.
• P. cerasifera - latent, occasional mild pale green mottling.
• P. domestica - pale green mottling, light green or yellow rings, spots or lines, some brown necrotic spots; fruits blue, shallow depressions or ringlike discolouration, deeply engraved rings and spots of the skin, flesh turns brown and gum like, fruit drop; shoots split and die back.
• P. glandulosa,
• P. persica - vein clearing, chlorotic blotching and malformation of leaves; fruits develop pale rings and diffuse bands on the skin, some malformation.
• P. insititia, P. spinosa, P. salicina - symptomless.

Transmission

Transmitted by a vector; an insect; Aphis craccivora, A. spiraecola, Brachycaudus helichrysi, B. cardui, Myzus persicae, M. varians, Myzus (Phorodon) humuli; Aphididae. Principal natural vector(s): Brachycaudus helichrysi, Myzus persicae, Myzus (Phorodon) humuli. Not transmitted by Aphophora alni, Edwardsonia plebeja, Hyalopterus pruni, Lecanium corni, Lygus pratensis, Macrosteles laevis, Myzus cerasi, Olianus quinquecostatus, Paratetranychus pilosus, Typhlocyba rosae. Transmitted in a non-persistent manner. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by contact between plants; transmitted by seed (in apricots (Nemet and Kolber, 1983)); not transmitted by pollen.

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Resistant cultivars: Prunus domestica Abundance, Anna Spáth, bessarabische Zwetsche, Bluefre, Büler Frühzwetsche, Burbank, Ccanska lepotica, Cacanska najbolja, Cacanska, Carpatin Czar, Czernowitzer, Chrudimer, Ersinger, Fecunda, Graf Althans, Grose Grüne Reneklode (distinct sources), Herman Jalomita, Kirkes Pflaume, Montfort, Nancymirabelle, Ontariopflaume, Opal, Oullins, Pamjatj vavilova, Pitestean, President, Ruth Gerstetter, Schöne von Löwen, Stanley, St. Hubertus, Tuleu gras, Valor, Valjevka, Vengerka posdnjaja, Zucker pflaume. Prunus armeniaca Stella, Early Orange, Harcot, Nanno, Badami. Prunus persica var. nectarina Crimson gold, Fanthasia, May Grand. Prunus persica TS-1-TS10, Andross, Coronado, June Berta, Ranger, Rio Oso Gem. Krczal and Kunze (1976); Marenaud et al. (1976); Jordovic (1967); Minoiu (1973); Verderevskaja et al. (1983).

Geographical distribution

Probably distributed worldwide. Spreads in the African region, the Eurasian region, and the Mediterranean region; Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the former Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Syria, Turkey, the UK, the former USSR, the former Yugoslavia.

Experimental host range

Many (>9) families susceptible. Experimentally infected plants mostly show chlorotic or necrotic local lesions, mild pale green leaf mottling and leaf malformation.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Chenopodium foetidum - yellow spots, some with necrotic centres or necrotic spots; not systemic.
• Nicandra physalodes - black-brown necrotic local lesions.
• Prunus domestica cvs Italian Prune and Pozegaca - chlorotic rings, bands and spots.
• P. japonica - diffused chlorotic spots.
• P. maritima - chlorotic spots, vein necrosis.
• P. sibirica - green spots and faint line pattern.
• P. tomentosa - epinasty and malformation of young leaves, chlorotic spots, necrotic spots of older leaves.
• Sorbus domestica - yellow spots, leaf chlorosis.

Diagnostically insusceptible host species

Chenopodium amaranticolor, Crataegus monogyna, Malus domestica, Prunus avium, Pyrus communis.

Maintenance and propagation hosts

Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, N. occidentalis, Stellaria media.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Chenopodium foetidum (L), Nicandra physalodes (L), Nicotiana acuminata (W), N. benthamiana (W), N. clevelandii (W), Ranunculus arvensis (L).

Susceptible host species

• Capsella bursa-pastoris
• Celosia argentea
• Chenopodium ambrosioides
• Chenopodium capitatum
• Chenopodium foetidum
• Chenopodium foliosum
• Chenopodium murale
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
• Emilia sagittata
• Gomphrena globosa
• Humulus lupulus
• Hyoscyamus niger
• Lupinus albus
• Lycopersicon esculentum
• Melilotus albus
• Melilotus officinalis
• Nicandra physalodes
• Nicotiana acuminata
• Nicotiana benthamiana
• Nicotiana bigelovii
• Nicotiana clevelandii
• Nicotiana debneyi
• Nicotiana glutinosa
• Nicotiana megalosiphon
• Nicotiana occidentalis
• Nicotiana rustica
• Nicotiana sylvestris
• Nicotiana tabacum
• Petunia × hybrida
• Physalis floridana
• Physalis peruviana
• Pisum sativum
• Prunus armeniaca
• Prunus cerasifera
• Prunus domestica
• Prunus glandulosa
• Prunus insititia
• Prunus japonica
• Prunus mahaleb
• Prunus maritima
• Prunus persica
• Prunus salicina
• Prunus sibirica
• Prunus spinosa
• Prunus tomentosa
• Ranunculus arvensis
• Ranunculus sardous
• Senecio vulgaris
• Sesbania exaltata
• Sorbus domestica
• Stellaria media
• Trifolium pratense
• Trifolium repens
• Vicia sativa
• Vicia villosa
• Zinnia elegans

Insusceptible host species

• Chenopodium amaranticolor
• Crataegus monogyna
• Cucumis sativus
• Cucurbita pepo
• Datura stramonium
• Malus domestica
• Malus sylvestris
• Prunus avium
• Prunus serrulata
• Pyrus communis
• Solanum nodiflorum
• Solanum rostratum

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Amaranthaceae (2/2)
• Cannabidaceae (1/1)
• Caryophyllaceae (1/1)
• Chenopodiaceae (6/7)
• Compositae (3/3)
• Cruciferae (1/1)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (10/10)
• Ranunculaceae (2/2)
• Rosaceae (14 /20)
• Solanaceae (17/20)

Families containing insusceptible hosts

• Chenopodiaceae (1/7)
• Cucurbitaceae (2/2)
• Rosaceae (6/20)
• Solanaceae (3/20)

Sources of host-range data

Kassanis and Sutic (1965); Kegler (1977); Kegler and Proll (1989); Kröll (1975); Németh (1963 and 1986); Van Oosten (1970); Sutic (1961 and 1983); Zawadska and Smolarz (1978).

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 52-58 °C. LIV: 3-4 days. DEP: log₁₀ minus 8 (× 10^{- 3}). Infectivity of sap increased by treatment with di-ethyl ether, or decreased by treatment with di-ethyl ether. Leaf sap contains few virions, or contains many virions. Electron microscopy: see Bovey (1973).

Purification method

Rankovic and Jordovic (1970); Schade (1969); Van Oosten (1972); Sutic et al. (1981).

Particle morphology

Virions filamentous; usually flexuous; with a clear modal length; of 660-770 nm; 12.5-20 nm wide.

Physical properties

Sedimentation coefficient 180 S. A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratio 0.77-0.87.

Biochemical properties

Virions contain 7 % nucleic acid.

Genome consists of RNA; single-stranded; linear. Additional factor not required for infectivity.

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• D00298 Em(40)_vi:PPVCP Gb(84)_vi:PPVCP Plum pox potyvirus (PPV), capsid protein gene (3´ region of PPV RNA). 4/90 1,232bp.
• D00424 Em(40)_vi:PPV Plum pox virus, complete genome. 4/90 9,741bp.
• D13751 Em(40)_vi:PPV1 Gb(84)_vi:PPV Plum pox virus, complete genome. 11/92 9,741bp.
• M21847 Em(40)_vi:PPVCPOL Gb(84)_vi:PPVCPOL Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) capsid protein and RNA polymerase genes, complete cds. 3/91 2,854bp.
• M26965 Em(40)_vi:PPVNIAPRO Gb(84)_vi:PPVNIAPRO Plum pox potyvirus ORF containing NI-a-like protein mRNA, partial cds. 4/92 1,695bp.
• M55164 Em(40)_sy:AGPPVRC Gb(84)_sy:SYNPPVRC Synthetic bacteriophage T7/Plum pox potyvirus recombined polymerase gene, 5´ flank. 7/91 57bp.
• M92280 Em(40)_vi:PPVPOLPRO Gb(84)_vi:PPVPOLPRO Plum pox potyvirus polyprotein, complete cds. 5/93 9,786bp.
• S57404 Em(40)_vi:S57404 Gb(84)_vi:S57404 polyprotein (3´ region) plum pox virus PPV, o6, mRNA Partial, 1768 nt. 1/94 1,768bp.
• S57405 Em(40)_vi:S57405 Gb(84)_vi:S57405 polyprotein (3´ region) plum pox virus PPV, PS, mRNA Partial, 1768 nt. 1/94 1,768bp.
• U27652 Em(44)n:Pp27652 Gb(90)_vi:Ppu27652 Plum pox virus coat protein gene, partial cds. 7/95 993bp.
• X16415 Em(40)_vi:PPVCG Gb(84)_vi:PPVCG Plum pox virus RNA genome. 9/93 9,787bp.
• X56258 Em(40)_vi:PPVPGP Gb(84)_vi:PPVPGP Plum Pox Virus partial genome polyprotein mRNA for CI, 6K, NIa, NIb and coat protein genes. 8
• X57975 Em(40)_vi:PPCOAPROA Gb(84)_vi:PPCOAPROA Plum pox potyvirus mRNA for coat protein. 11/92 1,270bp.
• X57976 Em(40)_vi:PPCOAPROB Gb(84)_vi:PPCOAPROB Plum pox potyvirus mRNA for coat protein. 11/92 1,270bp.
• X81073 Gb(84)n:PPSHCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (SH). 8/94 1,228bp
• X81074 Gb(84)n:PPNLCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (NL). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81075 Gb(84)n:PPNEBCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (NEB). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81076 Gb(84)n:PPHBCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (HB). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81077 Gb(84)n:PPOB1CP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (OB1). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81078 Gb(84)n:PPALCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (AL). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81079 Gb(84)n:PPSLCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (SL). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81080 Gb(84)n:PPGSPCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (GSP). 8/94 1,270bp
• X81081 Gb(84)n:PPLIHCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (LI/H). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81082 Gb(84)n:PPCGCP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (CG). 8/94 1,270bp.
• X81083 Gb(84)n:PPPVCG Plum pox potyvirus complete genomic RNA. 8/94 9,786bp.
• X81084 Gb(84)n:PPDOH1CP Plum pox potyvirus gene for coat protein (DOH1). 8/94 1,270bp.
• L42470 Em(43)_vi:Ppvp1hc Gb(89)_vi:Ppvp1hc Plum pox virus P1 and helper component (HC) gene, partial cds. 5/95 261bp.
• L42471 Em(43)_vi:Ppvhcg Gb(89)_vi:Ppvhcg Plum pox virus helper component (HC) gene, partial cds. 5/95 180bp.
• L42472 Em(43)_vi:Ppvnib Gb(89)_vi:Ppvnib Plum pox virus coat protein (CP) and NIb gene, partial cds. 5/95 366bp.
• L42473 Em(43)_vi:Ppvniba Gb(89)_vi:Ppvniba Plum pox virus coat protein (CP) and NIb gene, partial cds. 5/95 411bp.

Features of proteins

Virion protein(s) three; M_r of the largest 43500. M_r of 2nd largest 29000. M_r of 3rd largest 27000. Amino acid sequence: Kerlan and Dunez (1976); Rankovic (1976).

Replication

Genome replicates probably in cytoplasm. Replication does not depend on a helper virus.

Cytopathology

Virions found in leaves, roots, mesophyll, xylem, flowers, buds, fruits, bark and young shoots; in cytoplasm. Inclusions present in infected cells; are amorphous X-bodies, pinwheels, and unusual in shape; needle shaped (Plese et al., 1969) and are protein paracrystals (Bovey, 1971); they do not contain virions. Other cellular changes: firstly paracrystals appear, then they become surrounded polysomal membranes. Evaginations of external nuclear envelope (Bovey, 1971). Chloroplasts may become invaginated. Increased nucleoprotein synthesis and numbers of ribosomes (Rankovic, 1974).

Taxonomy and relationships

Potyvirus: Potyviridae

Virus(es) with serologically related virions

Potato Y virus, but distantly (Grüntzig and Fuchs, 1979).

Differences between type strain and others

Various strains have been distinguished by symptoms in Chenopodium foetidum: yellow strain, intermediate strain, necrotic strain (Sutic et al., 1971). Pathotypes are distinguished by their ability to infect systemically resistant genotype K4: CG strain, D1 strain (Kegler et al., 1991). In France, the south-western ecotype is more virulent than the south-eastern one (Marenaud et al., 1976). Two serotypes closely related have been reported (Kerlan and Dunez, 1979).

Best tests for diagnosis

Serological tests, local lesion hosts and Petri dish test. Plums are commonly also infected with prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRV), prune dwarf (PDV), apple chlorotic leaf spot (ACLSV) and plum line pattern virus (PLPV). The following differential host reactions allow the mixtures to be sorted: + = symptoms appear - = latent 0 = no infectable host
• Chenopodium foetidum: PPV +, PNRV 0, PDV 0, ACLSV +, PLPV -
• C. quinoa: PPV 0, PNRV +, PDV 0, ACLSV +, PLPV +
• Celosia argentea: PPV 0, PNRV 0, PDV 0, ACLSV +, PLPV 0
• Cucumis sativus: PPV 0, PNRV +, PDV +, ACLSV 0, PLPV +
• Sesbania exaltata: PPV 0, PNRV -, PDV +, PLPV -
• Prunus serrulata: PPV 0, PNRV +, PDV +, ACLSV -, PLPV -.

Comments and References

References

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• Bovey, R. (1971). Annls. Phytopath. 225.
• Bovey, R. (1973). Plant Virology, Prague 91, p. 125.
• Casper, R. (1975). Acta Hort. 44: 171.
• Casper, R. and Meyer, S. (1981). Nach. dtsch. Pflanzenschutzd. 33: 49.
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Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.