Summary
Eligible working families are believed to participate in the Food Stamp Program at a lower rate than the eligible population as a whole. As a result, many federal, state, and local officials believe the program is not living up to its potential as a component of the nation's work support system. This report examines: (1) what proportion of eligible working families participate in the program and what family characteristics are associated with a family's participation; (2) what factors may be acting as impediments to a working family's decision to participate in the program; and (3) what steps are being taken, or have been suggested, to help eligible low-income working families participate in the program while ensuring program integrity.
In 2001, an estimated 52 percent of eligible individuals in working families participated in the Food Stamp Program compared with about 70 percent of eligible members of nonworking families. Participating working families are more likely to receive greater food stamp benefit amounts than those eligible working families that do not participate. Also, participating working families were more likely to participate in other government assistance programs and to rent rather than own their home. Factors that can impede an eligible working family's participation in the program include whether the family is aware of the program's existence and eligibility criteria and whether a family considers the program's administrative process--including having to make frequent trips to a food stamp office during working hours and providing documentation of income--overly burdensome. However, there are some potentially significant benefits, including error and fraud prevention, to some of the administrative requirements. Evidence also suggests that some families weigh the perceived burdens of participation against the benefits of doing so and perceive a stigma attached to receiving food stamps. The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) and several states and localities have taken or suggested steps to address the impediments to participation in the program for working families, while also considering ways to balance easier participation with program integrity. These efforts include increasing food stamp outreach, adopting new administrative processes to ease participation and reduce program error, developing tools to help families estimate food stamp benefit amount, and re-naming the program to reduce the stigma associated with food stamps. Compiling a complete picture of these steps was not possible, however, because FNS does not systematically track these efforts, and the outcomes of their use are still largely unknown.
Recommendations
Our recommendations from this work are listed below with a Contact for more information. Status will change
from "In process" to "Implemented" or "Not implemented" based on our follow up work.
Director:
Team:
Phone:
Sigurd R. Nilsen
Government Accountability Office: Education, Workforce, and Income Security
(202) 512-7003
Recommendations for Executive Action
Recommendation: To better target federal, state, and local outreach efforts; maximize the benefits of the available outreach dollars; and identify and eliminate impediments to food stamp participation, the Secretary of Agriculture should direct FNS to encourage states to collect and report on the results of their outreach and other efforts to increase participation among eligible working families.
Agency Affected: Department of Agriculture
Status: Implemented
Comments: In response to the recommendation, FNS developed a forum on its web site for states to post and share information on best practices for conducting food stamp outreach to working families and others. Currently, 13 profiles of state best practices are posted in the forum. As the states continue to add information on successful best practices to the site, it will guide other states in their efforts to increase participation among eligible working families and help to maximize the benefits of the available outreach dollars.
Recommendation: To better target federal, state, and local outreach efforts; maximize the benefits of the available outreach dollars; and identify and eliminate impediments to food stamp participation, the Secretary of Agriculture should direct FNS to disseminate the lessons learned from those efforts to other states and localities.
Agency Affected: Department of Agriculture
Status: Implemented
Comments: In response to the recommendation, FNS developed a forum on its web site for states to post and share information on best practices for conducting food stamp outreach to working families and others. Currently, 13 profiles of state best practices are posted in the forum. As the states continue to add information on successful best practices to the site, it will guide other states in their efforts to increase participation among eligible working families and help to maximize the benefits of the available outreach dollars.
