Preview of Our Changing Planet:
The U.S. Climate Change Science Program for Fiscal Year 2008

A Report by the Climate Change Science Program and The Subcommittee on Global Change Research
A Supplement to the President's Budget for Fiscal Year 2008

References and Endnotes

1)   IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M.C. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (in press).

2)   Dirmeyer, P.A. and K.L. Brubaker, 2006: Trends in the Northern Hemisphere water cycle. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L14712, doi:10.1029/2006GL026359.

3)   Rignot, E. and P. Kanagaratnam, 2006: Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science, 311, 986.

4)   Velicognia, I. and J. Wahr, 2006: Measurements of time-variable gravity show mass loss in Antarctica. Science, 311, 1754.

5)   Climate Forcing is a process that directly changes the average energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system by affecting the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing or “back” radiation.

6)   Stolarski, R.S., A.R. Douglass, M. Gupta, P.A. Newman, S. Pawson, M.R. Schoeberl, and J.E. Nielsen, 2006: An ozone increase in the Antarctic summer stratosphere: A dynamical response to the ozone hole. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L21805, doi:10.1029/2006GL026820.

7)   Jiang, X., S.J. Eichelberger, D.L. Hartmann, and Y.L. Yung, 2007: Influence of doubled CO2 on ozone via changes in the Brewer-Dobson Circulation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (in press).

8)   Wong, T., B.A. Wielicki, R.B. Lee III, G.L. Smith, and K.A. Bush, 2006: Re-examination of the observed decadal variability of Earth radiation budget using altitude-corrected ERBE/ERBS nonscanner WFOV data. Journal of Climate, 19, 4028-4040.

9)   Emanuel, K., 2006: Climate and tropical cyclone activity: a new model downscaling approach. Journal of Climate, 19, 4797-4802.

10) Landsea, C.W., B.A. Harper, K. Hoarau, and J.A. Knaff, 2006: Can we detect trends in extreme tropical cyclones? Science, 313, 452-454.

11) Hoyos, C.D., P. Agudelo, P. Webster, and J. Curry, 2006: Deconvolution of the factors leading to the increase in globalhurricane intensity. Science, 312, 94-97.

12) Santer, B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, P.J. Gleckler, C. Bonfils, M.F. Wehner, K. Achuta Rao, T.P. Barnett, J.S. Boyle, W. Brüggemannk, M. Fiorino, N. Gillett, J.E. Hansen, P.D. Jones, S.A. Klein, G.A. Meehl, S.C.B. Raper, R.W. Reynolds, K.E. Taylor, and W.M. Washington, 2006:Forced and unforced ocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 13905-13910, doi:10.1073/pnas.0602861103.

13) Lau, W.K.M. and K.-M. Kim, 2007: How nature foiled the 2006 hurricane forecasts. Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 88(9), 105-107.

14) Randerson, J. T., H. Liu, M.G. Flanner, S.D. Chambers, Y. Jin, P.G. Hess, G. Pfister, M.C. Mack, K.K. Treseder, L.R. Welp, F.S. Chapin, J.W. Harden, M.L. Goulden, E. Lyons, J.C. Neff, E.A.G. Schuur, and C.S. Zender, 2006: The impact of borealforest fire on climate warming. Science, 314, 1130-1132, doi: 10.1126/science.1132075.

15) Zhou, G., S. Liu, Z. Li, D. Zhang, X. Tang, C. Zhou, J. Yan, and J. Mo, 2006: Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils. Science, 314, 1417, doi: 10.1126/science.1130168.

16) Urbanski, S., C. Barford, S. Wofsy, C. Kucharik, E. Pyle, J. Budney, K. McKain, D. Fitzjarrald, M. Czikowsky, and J.W. Munger, 2007: Factors controlling CO2 exchange on time scales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest. Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, doi:10.1029/2006JG000293 (in press).

17) Fan, Y., G. Miguez-Macho, C. Weaver, R. Walko, and A. Robock, 2007: Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling, part 1: water table observations and the equilibrium water table. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2006JD008111 (in press).

18) Jayawickreme, D.H. and D.W. Hyndman, 2007: Evaluating the influence of land cover on seasonal water budgets using NEXRAD rainfall and streamflow data. Water Resources Research, 43, W02408, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004460.

19) Kueppers, L.M., M.A. Snyder, and L.C. Sloan, 2007: Irrigation cooling effect: Regional climate forcing by land-use change. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L03703, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028679.

20) Guo, L. and R.W. Macdonald, 2006: Source and transport of terrigenous organic matter in the upper Yukon River: Evidence from isotope (δ13C, Ä14C, and δ15N) composition of dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB2011, doi:10.1029/2005GB002593.

21) Ovtchinnikov, M., T. Ackerman, R. Marchand, and M. Khairoutdinov, 2006: Evaluation of the multiscale modelingframework using data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. Journal of Climate, 19, 1716–1729, doi:10.1175/JCLI3699.1.

22) Loeb, N.G., B.A. Wielicki, F.G. Rose, and D.R. Doelling, 2006: Variability in global top-of-atmosphere shortwave radiation between 2000 and 2005. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L03704, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028196.

23) Soden, B.J. and I.M. Held, 2006: An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Journal of Climate, 19, 3354-3360.

24) Held, I. and B. Soden, 2006: Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. Journal of Climate, 19, 5686-5699.

25) Stouffer, R.J., J. Yin, J.M. Gregory, K.W. Dixon, M.J. Spelman, W. Hurlin, A.J. Weaver, M. Eby, G.M. Flato, H. Hasumi, A. Hu, J.H. Jungclaus, I.V. Kamenkovich, A. Levermann, M. Montoya, S. Murakami, S. Nawrath, A. Oka, W.R. Peltier, D.Y. Robitaille, A. Sokolov, G. Vettoretti, and S.L. Weber, 2006: Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes. Journal of Climate, 19, 1365-1387.

26) Kiehl, J.T. and C.A. Shields, 2005: Climate simulation of the latest Permian: Implications for mass extinction. Geology, 33, 757-760.

27) Hegerl, G.C., T.J. Crowley, W.T. Hyde, and D.J. Frame, 2006:Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature, 440(7087), 1029-1032, doi: 10.1038/nature04679.

28) Newman, P.A., E.R. Nash, S.R. Kawa, S.A Montzka, and S.M. Schauffler, 2006: When will the Antarctic ozone hole recover? Geophysical Research Letters, 33, doi:10.1029/2005GL025232.

29) Potter, C., S. Klooster, S. Hiatt, M. Fladeland, V. Genovese, and P. Gross, 2007: Satellite-derived estimates of potential carbon sequestration through afforestation of agricultural lands in the United States. Climatic Change, 80, 323-336, doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9109-3.

30) Afforestation is the process of converting open land into forest by planting trees.

31) Carbon Sequestration is the process that removes carbon from the atmosphere, capturing and storing it by natural orartificial means.

32) Erickson, J.E., J.P. Megonigal, G. Peresta, and B.G. Drake, 2007: Salinity and sea level mediate elevated CO2 effects on C3 and C4 plant interactions and tissue nitrogen in a Chesapeake Bay tidal wetland. Global Change Biology, 13, 202-215, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01285.x.

33) Logan, J.A. and J.A. Powell, 2007: Ecological consequences of forest-insect disturbance altered by climate change. In: Climate Warming in Western North America: Evidence and Environmental Effects [Wagner, F.H. (ed.)]. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah (in press).

34) Ducklow, H.W., K. Baker, D.G. Martinson, L.B. Quetin, R.M. Ross, R.C. Smith, S.E. Stammerjohn, M. Vernet, and W. Fraser, 2007: Marine pelagic ecosystems: The West Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1477), 67-94, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1955.

35) Stirling, I. and C.L. Parkinson, 2006: Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 59(3), 261-275.

36) Sun, G., C. Li, C.C. Trettin, J. Lu, and S.G. McNulty, 2006: Simulating the biogeochemical cycles in Cypress Wetland-Pine upland ecosystems at a landscape scale with the wetland-DNDC model. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Hydrology and Management of Forested Wetlands Proceedings of the International Conference 8-12 April 2006, 701P0406.

37) See http://www.cara.psu.edu

38) Marshall, P.A. and H.Z. Schuttenberg, 2006: A Reef Manager’s Guide to Coral Bleaching. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia.

39) Birdsey, R.A., 2006: Carbon accounting rules and guidelines for the United States forest sector. Journal Environmental Quality, 35, 1518-1524.

40) Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program.