2005 Annual Report 1.What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Heart disease and stroke remain the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. The resulting disabilities can be fatigue, shortness of breath, ankle swelling, decreased mental function, and dementia. These disorders are caused by clogging of the arteries in the heart and the brain by cholesterol, clots, connective tissue and macrophages, - a type of white blood cell. Major risk factors for heart disease and stroke include age, male gender, high blood pressure, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and altered levels of lipoproteins (particles in the blood that contain cholesterol, proteins and other fats such as triglyceride), increased blood levels of total cholesterol (>240 mg/dl), increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (>160 mg/dl), and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (<40 mg/dl in men and <50 mg/dl in women). LDL deposits cholesterol into tissues in the body whereas HDL is important for cholesterol removal, a process known as reverse cholesterol transport. Being obese markedly increases the prevalence of diabetes, high blood pressure, high LDL, and decreased HDL levels. Emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease include increased levels of small, dense LDL, decreased levels of large HDL particles, elevated levels (>30 mg/dl) of lipoprotein (a), a genetically determined lipoprotein. B and blood markers of inflammation and increased white cell activity such as C-reactive protein (CRP). Increased levels of lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2), fibrinogen and serum amyloid A protein are also important risk factors. Prevention of heart disease and stroke by treating the risk factors is by far the most effective treatment strategy. Dietary modification remains the cornerstone of the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Although we know that diet can play an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol, our understanding of the absolute impact of individual dietary components in this process is far from complete. Similarly, our understanding of diet/gene interactions, especially as they contribute to variability in response to dietary modification, is in its infancy. Research conducted in the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory focuses on the types of dietary fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and fiber, as well as cholesterol, and their relationships to cardiovascular risk, obesity, dementia, plasma lipoproteins and their subspecies, and inflammatory markers. By conducting this research we will provide the scientific community with solid research data that justify specific recommendations for dietary modification. These recommendations aim to favorably impact plasma lipoprotein and glucose levels, inflammatory markers, blood pressure, weight, and overall cardiovascular disease risk. The objectives of the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory are: 1. To determine the effect of altering dietary composition by restricting carbohydrates, fats, glycemic load, or total calories on body weight, and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects in the free-living state. 2. To determine the effect of altering fat and carbohydrate level as well as carbohydrate type or glycemic index and load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight or obese subjects, under controlled, ad libitum, and isoweight conditions. 3. To determine the effect of the standard 2005 Pyramid Diet versus a low glycemic load Pyramid Diet on weight loss and heart disease risk factors in overweight and obese subjects in the free-living state. 4. To develop and test an interactive web-based program to provide an optimal diet and exercise program for middle-aged and elderly subjects for weight and heart disease reduction. 5. To observe the interactions of nutritional factors, especially intake of calories, types of fat, types of carbohydrate, level of physical activity, and different genetic factors on lipoprotein subspecies, obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory markers, and heart disease risk in overweight and obese subjects and subjects with premature cardiovascular disease as compared to age- and gender-matched control subjects within populations. 6. To determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of dietary fatty acids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, hormone levels, hormonal replacement, B vitamins, cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition on lipoprotein metabolism and gene expression, and inflammation in human liver cells (HepG2) and in human subjects under metabolic ward conditions using stable isotopes. The results of the work of the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory are relevant to the general US population and relate to the following program components within the National Program 107 - Human Nutrition: 3. Nutrition Monitoring; 5. Health Promoting Properties of Plant and Animal Foods; 6. Prevention of Obesity and Disease: Relationship between Diet, Genetics, and Lifestyle; and 7: Health Promoting Intervention Strategies for Targeted Populations. The focus of the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory is to investigate dietary strategies intended to maintain cardiovascular health, develop a screening tool for the early identification of individuals at high-risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and expand our understanding at a biochemical level of how diet alters measures of cardiovascular disease risk. Research is conducted to assess the efficacy of selectively bred and genetically modified vegetable oils, new sources of plant sterols, and soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The laboratory is also working to determine the impact of diet and genotype on cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular health in the Framingham Offspring Study; and to relate diet-induced changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors to functional changes in gene expression and atherosclerotic lesion formation in animal models and cell culture. The objectives are to test novel dietary interventions aimed at improving biological markers of cardiovascular health, defining diet/gene interactions that might mitigate nutrition interventions and determine more accurate approaches to identify high-risk individuals for early and intensive dietary intervention to maintain cardiovascular health with advancing age. The results of this work are relevant to the general United States (US) population and relate to the following program components within the National Program 107 - Human Nutrition: 6 – Prevention of obesity and disease: relationship between diet, genetics, and lifestyle, and 7 – Health promoting properties of plant and animal foods. 2.List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Lipid Metabolism Laboratory 2005 1. To determine the effects of markedly restricting either total fat or total carbohydrate, or increasing protein in the diet versus a more balanced approach of caloric restriction on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in obese subjects in over a 1-year period. (Objective #1) 2006 1. To determine the effect of altering fat and carbohydrate level as well as carbohydrate type or glycemic index and load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight or obese subjects, under controlled, ad libitum, and isoweight conditions. (Objective #2). 2. To assess the interactions of nutritional factors, especially intake of calories, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate and sugar, level of physical activity, and different genetic factors on obesity, insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, lipoprotein subspecies, and heart disease risk in overweight and obese subjects and subjects with premature cardiovascular disease as compared to age- and gender-matched control subjects within populations. (Objective #5) 2007 1. To determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of dietary fatty acids, cholesterol, and different carbohydrates, hormones, hormonal replacement, B vitamins, cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition on lipoprotein metabolism and gene expression, and inflammation in human liver cells (HepG2) and in human subjects under metabolic ward conditions using stable isotopes. (Objective #6) 2008 1. To determine the effects of the standard 2005 Pyramid Diet versus a low glycemic load Pyramid Diet on weight loss and heart disease risk factors in overweight and obese subjects. (Objective #3) 2009 1.To develop and test an interactive web-based program to provide an optimal diet and exercise program for middle-aged and elderly subjects for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction. (Objective #4) Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory 2005 1. Determine the effect of genetically modified and selectively breed soybean oils on cardiovascular disease risk factors. (Objective 1) 2. Determine the effect of plant sterols with and without very long chain omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease risk factors. (Objective 1) 3. Determine the effect of soybean derived foods on cardiovascular disease risk factors. (Objective 2) 4. Begin measures of surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis in case and matched control subjects. (Objective 3) 5. Begin to relate measures of cholesterol homeostasis to the incidence of cardiovascular disease and carotid stenosis. (Objective 3) 6. Determine the effect of dietary fatty acids on mRNA abundance of genes involved with the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Golden Syrian Hamsters. (Objective 4) 2006 Milestone 1. Complete studies on the effect of genetically modified and selectively breed soybean oils on cardiovascular disease risk factors. (Objective 1). Milestone 2. Complete studies on the effect of plant sterols with and without very long chain omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease risk factors. (Objective 1) Milestone 3. Complete studies on the effect of soybean derived foods on cardiovascular disease risk factors. (Objective 2) Milestone 4. Continue work relating measures of cholesterol homeostasis to incidence of cardiovascular disease and carotid stenosis in case and matched control subjects. (Objective 3) Milestone 5. Begin to establish adult normal ranges for phytosterol, cholestanol and cholesterol precursor levels using samples collected during Cycle 6 of the Framingham Offspring Study. (Objective 3) Milestone 6. Continue determining the effect of dietary fatty acids on mRNA abundance of genes involved with the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Golden Syrian Hamsters. (Objective. 4) Milestone 7. Begin to determine the effect of dietary fatty acids on mRNA abundance of genes involved with the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in LDL knockout mice. (Objective 4) 2007 Milestone 1: Complete work on relating measures of cholesterol homeostasis to incidence of cardiovascular disease and carotid stenosis in case and matched control subjects. (Objective 3) Milestone 2: Begin work to define the relationship between phytosterol, cholestanol and cholesterol precursor levels and plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels. (Objective 3) Milestone 3: Begin work to define the relationship between phytosterol, cholestanol and cholesterol precursor levels and selected dietary intake data (macronutrients, cholesterol, fatty acids, fiber and antioxidant supplements). (Objective 3) Milestone 4: Continue work determining the effect of dietary fatty acids on mRNA abundance of genes involved with the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Golden Syrian Hamsters. (Objective. 4) Milestone 5: Continue studies to determine the effect of dietary fatty acids on mRNA abundance of genes involved with the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in LDL knockout mice. (Objective. 4) 2008 Milestone 1: Continue establishing adult normal ranges for phytosterol, cholestanol and cholesterol precursor levels using samples collected during Cycle 6 of the Framingham Offspring Study. (Objective 3) Milestone 2: Continue defining the relationship between phytosterol, cholestanol and cholesterol precursor levels and plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels. (Objective 3) Milestone 3: Continue defining the relationship between phytosterol, cholestanol and cholesterol precursor levels and selected dietary intake data (macronutrients, cholesterol, fatty acids, fiber and antioxidant supplements). (Objective 3) Milestone 4: Continue determining the effect of dietary fatty acids on mRNA abundance of genes involved with the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Golden Syrian Hamsters. (Objective. 4) 2009 Milestone 1: Continue determining the effect of dietary fatty acids on mRNA abundance of genes involved with the metabolism of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in LDL knockout mice. (Objective. 4) 4a.What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Popular Diet Study: Popular diets have become increasingly prevalent. Although some are based on medical advice that recommends restricting calories and portion sizes, a wide variety of alternative diets vary greatly from standard medical advice. To assess the adherence rates and effectiveness of four popular diets (Atkins, Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish), scientists in the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory randomized 160 overweight and obese subjects to one of four popular diets. Subjects were given the respective diet book, attended four diet classes and were followed for one year. Diets restricted in carbohydrate (Atkins), fat (Ornish), or calories (Weight Watchers), or low in glycemic load and enriched in protein were all effective in some subjects in promoting weight loss and reduction in several cardiovascular risk factors over 1 year. The amount of weight loss was mainly dependent on dietary compliance and the amount of caloric restriction rather than type of diet. 4b.List other significant accomplishments, if any. Higher Cholesterol Absorption and Lower Cholesterol Synthesis Characterize Framingham Offspring Study Participants with Coronary Heart Disease and Carotid Stenosis. The Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory completed a case-controlled study designed to assess the relationship of surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis and incidence of heart disease or carotid stenosis. The data suggest that cardiovascular heath is associated with lower absorption rates and high synthesis rates of cholesterol. These surrogate markers of cardiovascular health were better predictors of risk than plasma lipid levels. These data will provide support for using risk factor measures, in addition to those currently in place (i.e., plasma lipids, C-reactive protein [CRP] levels), to assess an individual’s risk for cardiovascular health and will allow better cost effective and targeted diagnostic and treatment modalities. The hypothesis generation and analytical work was done by the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory. The samples and statistical analysis was provided by the Framingham Heart Study Research Group. HDL Subfractions and Heart Disease: HDL is a heterogeneous lipoprotein and there is no consensus of the value of measuring HDL subfractions in assessing coronary heart disease risk. In a case-control study of over 1,000 male participants of the Framingham Offspring Study, scientists in the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory found that decreased levels of large alpha 1 migrating HDL was a a very powerful risk factor for heart disease and is superior to decreased HDL cholesterol levels in risk prediction. This finding has important implications for designing intervention studies to reduce heart disease risk. Substitution of a Commercial Low trans Fatty Acid Cooking Oil for a Conventional Partially Hydrogenated Fat Favorably Alters Plasma Lipoprotein Profile in Moderately Hyperlipidemic Subjects. The new vegetable based oil used to replace a high trans fatty acid vegetable oil in the commercial preparation of savory snacks was assessed in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal females and older males by staff members of the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory. The fats were tested under conditions where they contributed a relatively high amount (20%) of the dietary fat. The alternate vegetable oil, corn oil, resulted in a significant decrease in total and LDL cholesterol levels, both in the fasting and non-fasting states. These results suggest that the approach of encouraging the food industry to displace trans fatty acid-containing hydrogenated fats with fats low in trans fatty acids may have a beneficial effect with respect to cardiovascular health. 4c.List any significant activities that support special target populations. None. 4d.Progress report. None. 5.Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The first major accomplishment of the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory over the life of this project is the documentation that the weight loss associated with popular diets in overweight and obese subjects in the free-living state is not a function of carbohydrate restriction (Atkins diet), fat restriction (Ornish diet), or decreased glycemic load or increased protein (Zone diet), but is a function of caloric restriction (Weight Watchers program). Compliance to any given dietary program that promotes lowering of caloric intake can result in significance weight loss. (Objective 1, Milestone 1, 2005) The second major accomplishment is the finding the decreased levels of large alpha 1 migrating HDL particles in plasma as determined by two dimensional gel electrophoresis is a much better predictor of heart disease than is low HDL cholesterol in the Framingham Heart Study. This finding has important implications for intervention studies. (Objective 5, Milestone 2, 2006) The accomplishments of the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory relate to the following components of the National Program 107 – Human Nutrition Action Plan: 3 - Nutrition monitoring, 4 - Nutrient requirements, 5 - Health promoting properties of plant and animal food, 6 - Prevention of obesity and disease; relationship between diet, genetics, and lifestyle, and component 7 - Health promotion intervention strategies in target populations; and to performance measures 4.1.1 Promote Healthier Individual Food Choices and Lifestyles and Prevent Obesity, 4.1.2 Improve Human Health by Better Understanding the Nutrient Requirements of Individuals and the Nutritional Value of Foods, and 4.1.3 Determine Food Consumption patterns of Americans. The first major accomplishment of the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory over the life of the project includes work related to Milestone 4: Cholesterol homeostasis. In a case-controlled study of Framingham Offspring Study participants with coronary heart disease and carotid stenosis, cardiovascular health was associated with lower absorption rates and paradoxically higher synthesis rates of cholesterol. These surrogate markers of cardiovascular health were better predictors of risk than plasma lipid levels. These data provide support for using surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis as risk factor measures, in addition to those currently in place (i.e., plasma lipids, C-reactive protein [CRP] levels) to assess an individual’s risk for cardiovascular health and will promote cost effective and targeted diagnostic and treatment modalities. Corn oil (low in trans fatty acid) is currently being use in the commercial preparation of savory snacks as a replacement for hydrogenated fat (high trans fatty acids). The impact of these two oils was assessed in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal females and older males. The fats were tested under conditions where they contributed a relatively high amount (20%) of the dietary fat and were incorporated into various food items throughout the day. Scientists observed a significant decrease in total and LDL cholesterol levels, in both the fasting and non-fasting states among subjects consuming diets prepared with the test corn oil relative to the hydrogenated fat. These results suggest that encouraging the food industry to displace trans fatty acid-containing hydrogenated fats with fats low in trans fatty acids may have a beneficial effect with respect to cardiovascular health. This work was related to Milestone 1: Dietary variables that alter cardiovascular disease risk. Metabolic study of selectively bred and genetically modified oils. These accomplishments will have the following potential benefits by providing a basis with which to formulate more efficacious public health dietary guidelines to maintain cardiovascular health for both the general population and high-risk individuals. They can also be used to design more accurate tools for identifying individuals at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease at an early age, thereby fostering an economically sound model of prevention and maintenance of cardiovascular health rather than treatment of disease. This information can be used to relate cholesterol homeostasis regulation to dietary intake data and specific genotypes associated with lipoprotein metabolism to provide a better understanding of the environmental and genetic influences determining cardiovascular health, and to increase our understanding at a basic level of how specific dietary modifications alter the metabolic parameters that favor cardiovascular health at the genetic level. These accomplishments relate to the National Program 107 - Human Nutrition component 6 - Prevention of Obesity and Disease: Relationship between Diet, Genetics, and Lifestyle and to Performance Measure 4.1.2 Improve Human Health by Better Understanding the Nutrient Requirements of Individuals and the Nutritional Value of Foods. 6.What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end-user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? The major methodologies developed in the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory over the past year that have been transferred to other laboratories are: two dimensional gel electrophoresis for the analysis of HDL subfractions from whole plasma or serum; and human apolipoprotein metabolic study methodology with stable isotopes in the fed state to examine endogenous labeling of apolipoproteins and their metabolism. These findings have been presented at national meetings and have been reported in the literature. There are no constraints on the use of this technology. These research findings of the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Research accomplishments have also been presented to the scientific community at a number of meetings including the NIH Conference on Dietary Supplements, Coagulation and Antithrombotic Therapy, Washington, DC, January 13, 2005 and the Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences, Woods Hole, MA, June 29, 2005. There are no constraints to the adoption and durability of the technology products. 7.List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Lipid Metabolism Laboratory Magazine Interviews: Popular Diets for Weight Loss - interviews with Dr. ML Dansinger and Dr. EJ Schaefer Time, US News and World Report, Consumer Reports, Prevention, Health, Cardiology Today, 2004, 2005. Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC, invited speaker, “Strategic Eating and Popular Diets”, October, 2004 Journal of American Medical Association video press release, televised nationally on NBC, CBS, ABC, CNN news, Popular diet study results, January 4 & 5, 2005 National Public Radio, Morning Edition, CBS morning radio news, January 5, 2005 Nutracon Annual Food Industry Conference, Invited Speaker and Session Moderator. “Nutrition Research” March 2005. Seafood Industry Annual Conference, Invited speaker “Health benefits of Fish Oil for Heart Disease” April 2005. Indiana University School of Medicine, Diabetes Conference Keynote Speaker “Best Diet for Diabetes” May 2005. Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory “Women and Cardiovascular Disease”. Yankee Dental Congress, Boston, MA. January 26, 2005 “Beyond Mac ‘n’ Cheese: What kids really need to grow”. Newton Mother’s Forum. Newton, MA. February 4, 2005 “Taking Your Health to Heart” Retiree Association at Harvard University Health Services. Cambridge, MA. February 14, 2005 “Heart Disease and Women, What’s All the Fuss?” JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA. February 14, 2005 “New U.S. Dietary Guidelines: are They the Fix We Needed?” Longwood Nutrition Conference, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. April 5, 2005 “Challenges to Public Nutrition”. Public Lecture, University of Kuopio, Finland, June 8, 2005 “Fine Tuning Dietary Guidance For CVD Risk Reduction: From Novel Vegetable Oils to Soy Protein”. Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Finland. June 9, 2005 “The Role of Diet in the Statin Era”. Cardiovascular Disease: State of the Art 2005, Lahey Clinic, Brewster, MA. June 28, 2005 Erkkilä AT, Lichtenstein AH. Fish and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Athero.org October 2004 LA Times October 4, 2004, The lure of fish oils Omega-3 fatty acids are linked to healthy hearts, but their benefits may stretch beyond. Nation's Restaurant News October 4, 2004, Ruby's Diner 'FitFries' rollout signals growing movement to shed trans fat. HealthDay, October 11, 2004 Folate Lowers High Blood Pressure Risk for Women Associated Press October 14, 2004, Survey: U.S. finally holds line on weight The Washington Post November 9, 2004, Olive Oil: The Slippery Details The Washington Post November 12, 2004, High Doses of Vitamin E Found to Raise Risk of Dying Newsweek November 22, 2004, Go Easy on the ‘E’ HealthDay November 23, 2004, Study Finds Health Benefit in Low-Glycemic Diet Nutrition Action Healthletter December 2004, 10 Myths that Won't Quit. (food to prevention disease) The Saginaw News December 20, 2004, Heart Patient Using Cinnamon Still is Convinced Newsweek Dec 20, 2004, Travel: Getaways with Ganache Health: Go Easy On The 'E' WebMD December 21, 2004, Food-aceuticals: Drink - and Eat - to Your Health No. 6 of the Top 10 Stories of 2004: Every day there seems to be another story touting the amazing health benefits found in everyday foods. Is the recipe for better health found in the pantry instead of the medicine cabinet? The Mail Tribune January 5, 2005, Fish oil: A good health catch? These omega-3 fatty acids that make for strong hearts could show up in a wide array of foods soon. Mattoon Journal January 7, 2005, Focus on Trans Fat Specialists have said, however, that honing in on trans fat will only touch a portion of the task to reduce heart disease LA Times January 10, 2005, New year, new diet studies Newsday January 13, 2005, SCALING THE PYRAMID: Daily exercise and specific food measures highlight guidelines for Americans to lose weight and eat healthy The Philadelphia Inquirer January 13, 2005, Oranges, greens, and keep moving The Boston Globe January 25, 2005, Eating right. More guidelines add up to less food. WebMD January 26, 2005, Wine: How Much Is Good for You? Studies show wine is heart healthy, but what about the calories? Associated Press Jan 31, 2005, Additive may help chips lower cholesterol Prevention Magazine February 2005, Are These Foods Really Healthy? MSN February 2, 2005, An Insurance Break for Margarine? The Baltimore Sun February 4, 2005, Health and Science, Pg. 1E, The gray area between food and drug; Red yeast rice, an ancient remedy, has fans, skeptics; Greenwich Times February 8, 2005, Facts and myths Nature February 24, 2005, Food FAQs MSN February 25, 2005, Fish and Your Heart, Eating more of it is good for you — but there's a catch Worcester Telegram & Gazette March 2, 2005, ABC of Nutrition The Washington Post March 8, 2005, Salted Away CBS 4 Boston March 8, 2005, Healthy Restaurants Associated Press March 30, 2005, Diet studies chime in on fast food WebMD April 7, 2005, Mediterranean Diet Linked to Longer Life Reuters April 26, 2005, Study: 3 percent follow health advice USA Today May 10, 2005, Bumble Bee joins swarm in fish oil aisle The Washington Post May 24, 2005, Less Fat, More Protection? LA Times May 30, 2005, The Lean Plate Club, Does less fat mean less cancer risk? Prevention Magazine June 2005, “You asked us” section eDiets.com June 2, 2005, Best Food: Cut Yourself Some Flax WebMD June 8, 2005, Study Challenges Dairy's Weight Loss Claim MaineToday.com June 10, 2005, No-Fad Diet: First diet book by the American Heart Association U.S. News & World Report June 13, 2005, Katy Kelly, Health & Medicine Food & Fitness: Coconut oil fans battle back in cholesterol war Coconut oil—a key to happiness? USA Today June 15, 2005, Fish oil is found to set off irregular heart rhythms WebMD June 17, 2005, Research Links Coffee to Heart Risks for Some But Heart Disease Risk Still Affected by Many Other Factors LA Times June 20, 2005, Medicine, Fish oil may not help all hearts Review Publications Gordon, L., Harten, I., Patti, M., Lichtenstein, A.H. 2005. Reduced adiponectin and HDL cholesterol without elevated C-reactive protein: Clues to the biology of premature cardiovascular disease in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics. 146(3):334-31. 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Phylloquinone intake as a marker for coronary heart disease risk but not stroke in women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Sep 29:1-9. Erkkila, A.T., Lichtenstein, A.H., Mozaffarian, D., Herrington, D.M. 2004. Fish intake is associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80(3):626-632. Kris-Etherton, P.M., Lichtenstein, A.H., Howard, B.V., Steinberg, D., Witztum, J.L. 2004. Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 110:637-641. Review. Lichtenstein, A.H. 2004. What factor has a greater influence on the risk of developing heart disease, total dietary fat or the type of fat?. Scientific American [Serial Online-Ask the Experts: Medicine]. Available: http://www.sciam.com/askexpert_question.cfm?articleID=000818E8-2778-10EC-A77883414B7F0000&catID=3 Lichtenstein, A.H., Matthan, N.R., Jalbert, S.M., Schaefer, E.J., Ausman, L.M. 2005. Impact of soybean oils modified in fatty acid profile on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 25(5):E101. Matthan, N.R., Jalbert, S.M., Ausman, L.M., Schaefer, E.J., Lichtenstein, A.H. 2005. Impact of differently processed forms of soybean based foods on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in hypercholesterolemic women [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 25(5):e51. Asztalos, B.F., Cupples, A.L., Demissie, S., Horvath, K.V., Cox, C.E., Batista, M.C., Schaefer, E.J. 2004. High-density lipoprotein subpopulation profile and coronary artery disease prevalence in male participants of the Framingham Offspring Study. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 24:2181-2187. Asztalos, B.F., Horvath, K.V., Kajinami, K., Nartsupha, C., Cox, C.E., Batista, M., Schaefer, E.J., Inazu, A., Mabuchi, H. 2004. Apolipoprotein composition of HDL in cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency. Journal of Lipid Research. 45(3):448-455. Gleason, J.A., Bourdet, K.L., Koehn, K., Holay, S., Schaefer, E. 2002. Cardiovascular risk reduction and dietary compliance with a home-delivered diet and lifestyle modification program. Journal Of The American Dietetic Association. 102(10):1445-1451. Li, Z., Lamon-Fava, S., Otvos, J., Lichtenstein, A.H., Velez-Carrasco, W., Mcnamara, J.R., Ordovas, J.M., Schaefer, E. 2004. Fish consumption shifts lipoprotein subfractions to a less atherogenic pattern in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 134:1724-1728. Jenner, J.L., Seman, L.J., Miller, J.S., Lamon-Fava, S., Welty, F.K., Dolnikowski, G., Marcovina, S.M., Lichtenstein, A.H., Barrett, P.H., Deluca, C., Schaefer, E. 2005. The metabolism of apolipoproteins (a) and B-100 within plasma lipoprotein(a) in humans. Metabolism. 54(3):361-369. Asztalos, B.F. 2004. High-density lipoprotein metabolism and progression of atherosclerosis: New insights from the HDL Atherosclerosis Treatment Study. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 19(4):385-391. Webb, N.R., De Beer, M.C., Asztalos, B.F., Whitaker, N., Van Der Westhuyzen, D.R., De Beer, F.C. 2004. Remodeling of HDL remnants generated by scavenger receptor class B type I. Journal of Lipid Research. 45(9):1666-1673. Yancey, P.G., Asztalos, B.F., Stettler, N., Piccoli, D., Williams, D.L., Connelly, M.A., Rothblat, G.H. 2004. SR-BI- and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to serum from patients with Alagille syndrome. Journal of Lipid Research. 45(9):1724-1732. Vega-Lopez, S., Yeum, K., Lecker, J.L., Ausman, L.M., Johnson, E.J., Devaraj, S., Jialal, I., Lichtenstein, A.H., 2005. Plasma antioxidant capacity in response to diets high in soy or animal protein with or without isoflavones. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 81(1):43-49.