2006 Annual Report 1.What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? This work is consistent with the ARS Human Nutrition Action Plan and addresses three components "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease (3.1.1.1)," "Nutrition Monitoring (3.1.2.1)," "Health Promoting Intervention Strategies for Targeted Populations (3.1.1.2)." The 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicated that approximately 64% of adults 20 years of age or older are considered overweight. The prevalence of overweight individuals increased from 56% in NHANES III (1988-94) and 47% in NHANES II (1976-80). Approximately 300,000 deaths occur yearly due to obesity-related causes, and the economic cost to the United States is approximately $70 billion per year. A sedentary lifestyle, and the abundance and diversity of food in Western societies have been identified as principal factors contributing to an increase in excess body fat of the American population. Regardless of the causative factor or factors, the fundamental defect is the inability of the individual to match energy intake with energy expenditure over the long-term. Both alterations in macronutrient intake and regular exercise have been identified as ways for individuals to achieve a healthy weight. The debate over how diet composition and physical activity impact voluntary food intake and energy balance has been a focus of the USDA (such as the Great Diet Debate in March 2000), the public, and the scientific community. Popular publications such as "Sugar Busters," "Dr. Atkins Diet Revolution," and "Eat More Weigh Less," have provided conflicting recommendations, and resulted in public confusion. This project addresses one of the central tenets of recent public health recommendations, that increasing daily physical activity will help individuals maintain healthy weight. However, there is little supporting data for this tenet beyond that extrapolated from epidemiological and cross-sectional studies. This work will provide unambiguous data collected under controlled conditions regarding the effect of increasing daily activity on food intake and long-term weight maintenance. The results of this work are intended to reduce public confusion regarding the conflicting diet and lifestyle recommendations for the maintenance of a healthy weight. 2.List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) FY 2005 Milestone 1: (0 – 12 months)-Completion of design and construction of energy metabolism laboratory building 307B. This includes construction of calorimeters, exercise training and testing equipment and physical activity monitoring systems. • Milestone 1 was fully met in FY 2005. FY 2006 Milestone 2: (12 – 24 months)-Plan and conduct Pilot Study with 20 subjects to assess the impact of physical activity on food selection, energy balance, and change in body weight in sedentary, moderately overweight subjects. FY 2007 Milestone 3: (24-36 months) - Plan and conduct first cohort from main study with samples size based on results of pilot study. FY 2008 Milestone 3: (36-48 months) - Conduct second cohort of study. FY 2009 Milestone 4: (48-60) – Conduct third cohort and summarize and publish results. 4a.List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. • Addresses National Programs "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease (3.1.1.1)," "Nutrition Monitoring (3.1.2.1)," "Health Promoting Intervention Strategies for Targeted Populations (3.1.1.2)." Analyzed data on physical activity collected from 90 free living individuals six times over 6 months in order to examine the relationship between physical activity and body weight. 4b.List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. • Addresses National Programs "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease (3.1.1.1)," "Nutrition Monitoring (3.1.2.1)," "Health Promoting Intervention Strategies for Targeted Populations (3.1.1.2)." • Developed processing and evaluation algorithms for interpreting the results of activity monitor data in the prediction of daily physical activity. These algorithms were developed using data collected from repeated measures of daily physical activity of 24 individuals who wore physical activity monitors for at least 20 h per day. 4c.List significant activities that support special target populations. None. 5.Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. Two major accomplishments of this project to date are the completion of the energy metabolism facilities and the development and implementation of comprehensive methods for the collection, processing and interpretation of physical activity monitoring data from free living individuals. The development of these core assets have attracted funding for cooperative projects with two industry groups and the Medical School at the University of Maryland. The results of these cooperative efforts will be to provide data in support of Food and Drug Administration Labeling Requirements and the Dietary Guidelines references to physical activity. 6.What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end-user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? This project will provide data on the impact of physical activity on food intake and maintenance of daily weight. In addition this work will provide substantially improved methods for assessing physical activity levels in free living people. The first results of this project should become available in 2009. 7.List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Paul, D.R., Kramer, M., Rumpler, W.V., Stote, K.S., Clevidence, B.A., Harris, G.K., and Baer, D.J. Variability in the physical activity of free-living adults. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Conference. San Francisco, CA, April 2006. Baer, D.J., Stote, K.S., Clevidence, B.A., Harris, G.K., Paul, D.R., and Rumpler, W.V. Whey protein decreases body weight and fat in supplemented overweight and obese adults. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Conference. San Francisco, CA, April 2006. Review Publications Rumpler, W.V., Rhodes, D.G., Paul, D.R. 2006. Covert manipulation of macronutrient intake has little impact on long term voluntary food intake and macronutrient selection in men. International Journal of Obesity. 30(5):774-781.