Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage of an appropriations bill and preparation of the Operating Year Budget (OYB).
EGYPT
FY 1997 FY 1998See footnote 1 FY 1999 Actual Estimate Request Economic Support Funds............. $815,000,000 $815,000,000 $815,000,000
Introduction
Egypt remains a strong ally of the United States and a moderating force in the Middle East. Egypt continues to play a key role in facilitating the Peace Process. However, for Egypt to continue to be a stable regional power, its economy must operate successfully in the global environment with job creation coming from a dynamic private sector.
Development Challenge
Following 40 years of state intervention in resource allocation, Egypt has made significant strides over the past 15 years in its transition to a market-oriented economy. The country has successfully stabilized its economy and initiated numerous structural reforms. It has cut consumer subsidies; reduced trade barriers; initiated public sector reform and privatization; unified and stabilized the foreign exchange rate; reduced the budget deficit from 20% of Gross Domestic Product to under 1.3%; and liberalized interest rates. Egypt has also made impressive gains in health and family planning with USAID assistance: infant and child mortality rates declined by 43% and 55%, respectively from 1980 to 1990; contraceptive prevalence reached 48% in 1995, almost double the 1980 rate; and the total fertility rate declined from 5.3 to 3.6 live births from 1980 to 1995.
Egypt needs to complete the transition to a fully open, efficient economy that generates the 500,000 jobs annually required to absorb new entrants into the job market. This will require continued legal and regulatory reform to encourage private sector investment. Furthermore, Egypt will have to make substantial investments in health, family planning, education, the environment, and other basic services to reach vast segments of the population currently inadequately served. Strong support of the international community will be essential.
To meet this challenge, the USAID program encourages broad-based sustainable development with increased employment and improved quality of life for the Egyptian people. The program is structured around eight strategic objectives (SOs): (1) accelerated private sector-led, export oriented economic growth; (2) increased participation of girls in quality basic education in targeted areas; (3) increased citizen participation in public decision-making; (4) reduced fertility; (5) sustainable improvements in the health of women and children; (6) increased access to sustainable water and wastewater services; (7) reduced generation of air pollution; and (8) natural resources managed for environmental sustainability.
Approximately 25% of the economic assistance program is devoted to policy reform to remove economic and social sector constraints, and 25% to the commodity import program, which benefit s U.S. suppliers by increasing Egyptian private sector access to and use of U.S. goods and technology. The remaining half of the program is project assistance for infrastructure improvements, technical assistance supporting policy reform and programs to improve the well-being of Egypt's population.
USAID-supported reforms have resulted in increased production of major food crops, substantial increases in real farm income and removal of most direct controls and price interventions. Productivity, as measured by real value per hectare and agricultural revenue per unit of water, has increased by 7.0% and 6.2%, respectively since the 1980s. Since USAID began assisting Egyptian small- and micro- enterprises in 1988, about 70,000 jobs have been created. This was possible through 300,000 loans valued at approximately $245 million provided to more than 121,000 borrowers. In 1997, participation in USAID-sponsored micro-enterprise programs was at its highest since 1988, with 70,000 loans valued at $74 million made to approximately 31,000 borrowers.
To provide basic infrastructure essential to economic growth, USAID has financed the generation and installation of 5,000 megawatts of power, amounting to over 40% of the country's total capacity. As a result of the USAID-funded telecommunications projects, over 5 million Egyptians now have reliable telephone service with international connections. Finally, the program has encouraged efforts to promote private sector participation in both the power and telecommunications sectors, leading to specific private sector investments for new infrastructure.
The U.S. economic assistance program has financed construction of approximately 2,000 primary schools serving almost one million students. More than 10,000 teachers and technicians have received USAID-funded training. Female primary school attendance has increased by 30% over the last five years to 74% nationwide and male attendance by 20% to 84%. However, female access to education remains a problem (only 64% of rural girls attend school). Literacy rates clearly show the disparity between female and male access to education: the current literacy rate for women is only between 34% to 38%, compared to 63% for males. USAID is now addressing this problem by providing access to primary education for rural children, especially girls.
USAID health and population programs have helped to decrease morbidity and mortality nationwide. The Egypt child survival program has been successful in improving the health of young children, preventing more than 80,000 child deaths every year. The immunization program, with USAID support, has maintained average child immunization coverage rates above 90%. Due to widespread knowledge and use of oral rehydration therapy, diarrhea is no longer the principal cause of child deaths in Egypt. Infant and child mortality rates declined by 43% and 55% respectively from 1980 to 1990. At the same time, program-financed family planning activities have led to contraceptive prevalence increasing to 53% in 1997, double the 1980 rate; and the total fertility rate declining from 5.2 to 3.6 from 1980 to 1995. With increased contraceptive use, the population growth rate has dropped from 2.9% to 2.1% over the past ten years.
In the environment, USAID is working in water/wastewater, air pollution and natural resource management. To address the shortage of basic services, since 1975, USAID has invested $2.6 billion in urban water and wastewater infrastructure, benefitting about one in three Egyptians. Institutional reforms and service improvements have strengthened the capacity of local utilities to deliver improved services. USAID is also working to reduce air pollution as a critical environmental problem affecting the health of millions of Egyptians. The introduction of unleaded gasoline has already significantly reduced the lead levels in Cairo and Alexandria. Finally, USAID-financed activities are helping Egypt promote sustainable management of one of its key natural resources, the Red Sea coral reefs.
Other Donors
Egypt receives large amounts of aid from many bilateral and multilateral organizations. In 1997, the donor community, including the World Bank, France, Germany, the European Union, and the African Development Bank Fund pledged over $2.5 billion in economic assistance to Egypt. While at least 35 bilateral and multilateral organizations work in Egypt, the United States remains the largest donor with the most comprehensive program.
FY 1999 Program
For FY 1999 USAID requests $815,000,000 in
Economic Support Funds............. (ESF) to support the following agency objectives: $618.7 million in support of Economic Growth and Agriculture; $54.5 million for Population and Health programs; $101.0 million for the Environment; $30.8 million for Democracy; and $10.0 million in Human Capacity Development.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
P ROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Accelerated Private Sector-led, Export-oriented Economic Growth,
263-SO01
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $608,700,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To double the rate of broad-based economic growth by increasing private sector exports and the productivity of private enterprise, accelerating privatization and improving Government of Egypt (GOE) support of competitive markets.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID supports activities to improve the policy environment for private sector business, transfer improved technology, increase access to market information, expand and deepen financial services, and increase access to reliable power and telecommunications services. The program has contributed to increased private sector non-petroleum exports, which rose from $750 million in 1994 to $1,160 million in 1997. Productivity, as measured by real value per hectare and agricultural revenue per unit of water, has increased by 7.0% and 6.2%, respectively. Since 1994, 49 state-owned enterprises have been sold or transferred to employees, 17 have been liquidated and an additional 25 have begun to privatize by transferring minority share holdings. Since USAID began assisting Egyptian small - and micro - enterprises in 1988, about 70,000 jobs have been created. This was possible through 300,000 loans valued at approximately $245 million provided to more than 121,000 borrowers. In 1997, participation in USAID-sponsored micro-enterprise programs was at its highest since 1988 with 70,000 loans valued at $74 million made to approximately 31,000 borrowers. In power and telecommunications, USAID has financed the installation of over 2,500 megawatts of electricity generating capacity and the rehabilitation of an additional 2,500 megawatts, amounting to over 40% of the total generating capacity of the county. The real GDP growth rate has increased from 2.9% in 1993/94 to 5.0% in 1996/1997.
Description: The Sector Policy Reform (SPR) and Agricultural Policy Reform (APR) programs are policy-based cash transfers with an annual budget of $265 million. Disbursements are based on substantive progress against a pre-determined list of policy reforms. SPR focuses on reform in the areas of trade, regulation, privatization and the fiscal and financial sectors. APR emphasizes reforms in five general categories: prices, markets and trade; private investment and privatization; efficiency of agricultural land and water resources utilization and investment; agricultural support services; and food security concerns. USAID provides technical assistance to support and complement SPR activities in such areas as trade and regulatory reform.
Privatization Support finances specific activities critical to creating a policy environment supportive of privatization and completing sales of SOEs. Agriculture Technology Utilization and Transfer assists the Egyptian private sector to increase profitability and export earnings from high value horticulture commodities. Small Enterprise Credit expands access and opportunities for Small and Emerging Businesses. Growth Through Globalization funds activities to enhance the competitiveness of Egyptian firms world-wide and increase private sector exports. Power Sector Support II and Telecommunications Sector Support II target two broad areas: policy/institutional reforms and infrastructure development. Disbursement of funds is conditioned upon GOE implementation of policy and institutional reforms.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is the single largest donor in Egypt. Other principal donors include the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, European Union, and the United Nations Development Program. USAID coordinates its policy reform efforts closely with the IMF and World Bank to maximize our collective policy impact. Egypt has received nearly one billion dollars in financial assistance from several other donors over the past 10 years, mostly in the form of soft loans and/or supplier credits (e.g., France, Germany, Austria, Japan, Italy and Greece) for telecommunications.
The GOE contributes an annual local currency equivalent of between $300 and $400 million. Local currency is used for general or sector budget support, project activities or USAID trust fund expenses.
Beneficiaries: Practically the entire population benefits from increased economic growth. Direct beneficiaries include those private sector businesses and employees who produce goods and services for export and domestic markets. In addition, Egypt's poorest, the approximately four million small farmers, landless laborers and women who produce and process horticultural and agricultural commodities, and as many as three million non-agricultural micro-entrepreneurs in the informal sector are beneficiaries.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Nathan Associates is working on trade and regulatory reform. Chemonics International, the Center for International Private Enterprise and the International Executive Service Corps are working to strengthen private sector market institutions. Arthur Anderson and the International Business and Technology Consultants, Inc. support privatization efforts. The National Cooperative Business Association, Agricultural Cooperative Development International and Environmental Quality International all assist with programs to support small and emerging businesses. Ronco and the Universities of Florida and California (Davis) support horticulture technology transfer activities. Development Alternatives International, ABT Associates, the International Food Policy Research Institute, and DATEX support the agriculture policy reform program. General Electric, Westinghouse Electric, the International Resource Group, Babcock and Wilcox , General Telephone and Electronics, AT&T, and Booz, Allen and Hamilton provide equipment and services for power and telecommunications sector development.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline (1994) 1999 Target (2001) Real GDP growth rate 2.9% 4.5% 6.0% Private Sector share of GDP 61.7% 66.2% 68.2% Private Sector share of non-petrol exports 49.8% 60.7% 66.3%
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Participation of Girls in Quality Basic Education in Targeted Areas, 263-SO02
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $10,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To increase girls' participation in quality basic education. This strategy emphasizes areas where the gender gap in enrollment is greater than 60 girls per 100 boys.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: This program began in early FY 1997. A previous project in this area, Basic Education, financed the construction of almost 2,000 schools, which now enroll almost one million students per year (360,000 of whom are girls). [Female literacy remains at 34% to 38% and it is estimated that 1.6 million school-aged girls are not enrolled. The Government of Egypt (GOE) has declared female education to be one of its highest priorities.] To date USAID has: (1) provided scholarships for 9,620 girls; (2) given life skills training to 1,358; (3) trained 15 facilitators; (4) started an urban school pilot for disadvantaged areas in Cairo; and (5) undertaken the first systematic assessment of primary education.
Description: USAID is addressing three necessary conditions for increasing girls' participation in quality basic education: (1) an appropriate supply of facilities, curriculum and teaching methodologies; (2) an increased demand (awareness of the importance and appreciation of quality) for girls' educational services; and a (3) broader policy support for quality, flexibility and other incentives to girls' attendance. Recognizing that many constraints to girls enrollment are cultural and social, particularly amongst the very poor, USAID has chosen to follow a community school strategy which is built on a promising United Nations (UNICEF) program, and expanding its scale (1,000 schools) and impact on the educational system. Technical assistance supports: a reformulation of the primary school curriculum for multi-grade classrooms to emphasize problem-solving and analytic skills; a training program for facilitators/teachers and school administrators on how to deliver the multigrade curriculum using interactive, student-centered methodologies; a sustainable and replicable small school model that can be launched and sustained by community organizations in areas of greatest need; and a policy reform agenda. Additional technical assistance will organize a national initiative to mobilize religious, political, business, media and community leaders in support of girls' education. Large dropout rates are attributable to uneducated parents and the poor level of school readiness. Consequently, USAID has provided a grant to develop an Egyptian version of the "Sesame Street" educational television program to assist school preparedness and help parents understand the importance of education and gain a foundation for literacy themselves.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOE will contribute a minimum of 20% of total activity costs in cash and in kind. The current five year plan of the Ministry of Education (MOE) (1992-97) increased the share of total government expenditures on education from approximately 10% to approximately 14.5% and allocates $2.06 billion annually for education, of which approximately $760 million is for basic education.
USAID is the third largest donor to Egypt in basic education. Donor coordination in education is strong. Donors meet bimonthly to discuss programs and priorities. The World Bank and the European Community have initiated a $200 million program for teacher training, educational technology and increasing access to primary schools. The World Bank, the German Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the multi-donor Social Fund are currently financing school construction. UNICEF and Canada are collaborating with USAID on the innovative community school program, as well as participating in a large primary school assessment.
Beneficiaries: The direct beneficiaries will be girls (approximately 800,000) between the ages of six and thirteen who are currently out-of-school or at risk of dropping out in targeted (high-risk) communities. Additional beneficiaries will be the other primary school students in the targeted areas. The community-based activities should increase girls' enrollment by 50% in the catchment area of USAID small schools. Additional beneficiaries will be illiterate young women and mothers in these communities between the ages of 14 and 35 and six million preschoolers in the age group of three to six reached through "Sesame Street."
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Save the Children Foundation (girls scholarships); Center for Development and Population Activities (adolescent activities); Plan International (urban school pilot); Creative Associates and PACT (community schools), Academy for Educational Development (curriculum and training); and Children's Television Workshop (Egyptian Sesame Street).
Major Results Indicators: Target (2001) Increased girls' primary school enrollment 50% in targeted areas Improved quality of education offered 90% pass rate on MOE third year examsBaselines are being collected through an assessment to be completed March 1998. The first schools are expected to be launched in school year 1998-1999. Targets will be modified, if necessary, after baselines have been calculated.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Citizen Participation in Public Decision-making, 263-SO03
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $25,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2004
Purpose: To increase citizen participation in the formal decision making process by increasing the effectiveness of civil society organizations (CSOs).
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: The ability of CS0s and local government officials to identify their problems, take responsibility for them, and voice them in the public arena is an important focus of USAID assistance. While the pace of democratic change has been gradual, there are promising signs indicating forward movement including recent Government of Egypt (GOE) initiatives in participatory rural governance, emphasizing citizen participation in decision-making at the local level. Under this program the GOE has met initial benchmarks to allow disbursement of the first $10 million of the $30 million sector policy reform program cash transfer. In support of private voluntary organizations (PVOs), in FY 1997 the PVO Development program awarded 26 activity grants for a total of $6.2 million to 10 U.S. PVOs and 14 Egyptian PVOs. In addition, 115 Egyptian PVOs have benefited indirectly as counterpart agencies to the U.S. and Egyptian PVOs receiving direct grants and 40 Egyptian PVOs have received training and technical assistance to improve their own planning and management capabilities.
Description: The program consists of three components that emphasize increasing the effectiveness of selected CSOs through training and technical assistance to develop leadership, planning, management and team building skills. The Non-governmental Organization (NGO) Service Center activity, focuses on special interest groups with specific interests in lobbying and advocacy. This new effort will target more directly USAID specific objectives through grants to Egyptian and U.S. PVOs and CSOs to: (1) improve the capacity of Egyptian CSOs to network among one another and with government agencies at the local, regional and central levels; (2) provide operational support and grants to Egyptian CSOs for activities which contribute to citizen involvement in public decision-making; and (3) establish training and offer technical assistance in areas related to improved advocacy skills. The policy-based Participatory Rural Governance Program (PRGP) program seeks to ensure that over 1,000 village level committees operate in a transparent and accountable manner. The program is designed to enable villagers to have meaningful input into the local decision making process within an organizational structure allowing prioritization of local development projects. The PVO Development activity provides grants to U.S. and Egyptian PVOs to implement their own initiatives in sectors such as credit and micro enterprise, community development, environment, health, and population and in so doing increase popular participation in Egypt's development. Grants also support internal capacity development for Egyptian PVOs to strengthen their capacities to deliver services responding to constituent needs and also to serve as stronger avenues for identifying and channeling citizen's concerns to decision makers.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is the lead donor in this area. Multilateral donors include UNICEF, UNFPA, the European Commission and the Arab Council for Childhood Development. An Egyptian/Swiss Development Fund supports employment generation and environmental and social services projects. Other donors working in rural participation activities include the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the World Health Organization (WHO), Denmark and Switzerland. Under the USAID-supported PRGP, the GOE has budgeted approximately $40 million since 1994 in rural participation and development activities and is committed to substantially increasing this amount over the next five years. Under the PVO Development activity, USAID funds cover up to a maximum of 75% of the total cost of each sub-project. Twenty-five percent (25%) or more is contributed by PVOs from their own funds or from GOE contributions, philanthropic organizations, private businesses,other bilateral and multilateral donors, private individuals and/or beneficiaries.
Beneficiaries: USAID-supported programs will reach several million villagers who will increase their participation in the democratic and developmental process. Also, local CSOs representing millions of citizens will receive training in effective management skills. Under the PVO development program grants have reached over 35,000 direct beneficiaries, 48% of whom are females.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through the National Council of Negro Women, a U.S. PVO. Two firms, Management Sciences International and Development Associates, assist in implementation of PRGP.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline 1999* Target (1996) (2004) Percent of rural villages whose 0% 60% male/female citizens believe that local committees responds to their development needs/priorities. Index of village ownership and 0% 70% responsibility for development management. Significant, well-planned actions 0 350 taken by CSOs to influence public decision-making; e.g., public information and education campaigns, media events, community awareness programs.* Annual targets, including 1999, will be established over the next year based on a reassessment to be conducted in FY 98.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Use of Information Services by the Legislature in Decision-making, 263-SpO B
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $0 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To enhance the quality and impact of legislative, advisory and oversight functions carried out by the legislature by providing relevant and reliable information services and expanding the use of information.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID is supporting the technical and institutional development of the legislature to enhance the quality and impact of its legislative, advisory and oversight functions. To date, 2,824 training opportunities in 217 training programs have been delivered. Targeted staff (committee staffers, researchers, librarians and computer staff) have received in-country and overseas training in economics, political science, law, research methodology, public policy formulation, budgeting and financial analysis, data gathering, use of library and information services, and organizational behavior. In addition, 33 orientation and training opportunities have been offered to members of parliament (MPs). This included an observational study tour to the U.S. Congress and in-country computer training programs. As a result, analysis of parliamentary proceedings, i.e., the minutes, indicate that parliamentary performance is in transition and has moved from the baseline level of 1 to level 2. Legislative discourse is moving from being predominately rhetoric to increasing reliance on facts and figures.
Description: Activities supported include: (1) Members' activities - observational study tours to the U.S. Congress and possibly other legislatures to provide comparative insights for leadership for the use of information in the decision-making process. In addition, in-country seminars/workshops are being considered in order to reach a wider array of MPs. (2) Public policy information, research and analysis - in-country training and internship opportunities for parliament staff, improved access to policy resources, and provision of computer systems and resources to enable the committee and research staff to carry out research functions. Training and technical assistance are being provided to the parliamentary library to help the library transition to a more proactive, user friendly information source.
(3) Institutional development - activities in this area include providing training, technical assistance and computers in management and automation. On-the-job training is offered to the training unit to help the parliament to institutionalize its activities and functions and ensure sustainablity of activity achievements.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is the major donor currently working with the legislature. The Government of Egypt (GOE) contributes the equivalent of $450,000 to fund travel costs. In 1992 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) granted the parliament $2 million to set up a computer center to service both chambers. The grant, which terminated in 1994, also financed basic hardware, software and preliminary computer literacy training for a limited number of staff. Since 1994, UNICEF, under its Women's Development Program, has been funding consultation workshops on gender issues to parliamentarians. This effort is planned to run through the year 2000.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Associates in Rural Development is the principle contractor implementing this activity.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline 1999 Target (1995) (2000) Parliament's actions indicate that Level 1 Level 4 Level 4 more information is being used in the decision-making processRating scale:
Level 1: Limited access to and impact of information on legislative actions; rhetoric predominates in legislative discourse ; passive acceptance of executive initiatives and budget proposal predominates.
Level 2: Discourse references: Reliable facts and figures on government performance (accountability, integrity) and on the budget (expenditure patterns, multi-year projections, audits) are sought referenced, interpreted and debated.
Level 3: Extensive public policy analysis and simulation modeling used by Members, particularly key committees; legislative discourse references public policy analysis, and analysis of implementation and evaluation.
Level 4: Public policy analysis and modeling integrated into legislative process via committees and debates.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Improved Civil Legal System, 263-SpO C
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $5,800,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: Improve the civil/commercial legal system by improving the efficiency of two pilot court systems and providing training to help judges become more knowledgeable of Egyptian civil law.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's support for the justice sector launched in FY 1996 will improve the efficiency of two pilot court systems, improve judges' knowledge of Egyptian civil law and undertake other judicial strengthening programs. As they are implemented and expanded, these recently-initiated activities are expected to benefit the emerging private sector. To date the following has been achieved: pilot courts assessment completed, strategic plan developed for expediting case processing and an enterprise prototype model developed; plan for streamlining records management and file control developed; court performance and organizational structure analyzed; three judicial fora and information gathering s at various locations around Egypt conducted; four U.S. study tours for 20 judges conducted; two training programs for civil courts judges and the leadership of the National Center for Judicial Studies (NCJS) (20 judges) conducted; NCJS assessment undertaken and strategic development plan completed; administrative/management training provided; and commercial code training program curriculum developed.
Description: The following are planned activities: implementation of streamlined administrative procedures and modern case flow management system; installation of computerized legal information and case processing system; provision of modern judicial training programs.
Host Country and Other Donors: This special objective is completely funded by USAID and the GOE. The GOE contributes approximately $780,000 in local currency to fund training, technical assistance and commodities.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: USAID implements activities through AMIDEAST (a U.S. PVO) and USIA.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline 1999 Target (1997) (2001) Documented pilot court system tested 0 0 1 and accepted for replication by the Ministry of Justice. Measurable improvement in lawyers' 43% 50% 60% perceptions toward court operations from less favorable to more favorable.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced Fertility, 263-SO04
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $22,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To reduce Egypt's total fertility rate from 3.9 in 1992 to 3.55 in 2001 and to support the Government of Egypt's (GOE) goal of reaching replacement fertility by the year 2015.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID has been assisting the GOE in the family planning sector since 1975. Total fertility rates have declined from 5.3 live births per woman in 1980 to 3.6 births per woman in 1995, and contraceptive prevalence (the percentage of married women of reproductive age currently using contraception) reached 48% in 1995 from approximately 24% in 1980. Institutional capacity for management and service provision in both the public and not-for-profit sectors has grown significantly through USAID assistance, establishing a solid foundation for the program's sustainability. Current USAID activities are successfully meeting, and in some cases exceeding, projections for increased couple -years' protection (CYPs), an indicator of increased demand for family planning services and commodities.
Description: The next stage of the program will build on accomplishments to date, but give greater emphasis to increasing the use of family planning services and strengthening the sustainability of family planning systems. To increase use, an enhanced supply of high quality services and contraceptive commodities must be ensured. In addition, new demand must be created, particularly in areas of high unmet need. The program will continue to work to strengthen implementing agencies' institutional capacity for cost-recovery and revenue generation, increase efficiencies in service provision and reduce dependence on donor subsidies. It will do so through human resource development, improved management systems and development of strategic planning systems. Finally, the program will support an enabling policy environment to reduce restrictive regulations and increase budget allocations for the family planning sector.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOE contributes approximately 24% of the total project cost for the current Population/Family Planning III project in cash and in-kind, including salaries and benefits, travel and other costs for participant training, and air time on television and radio. USAID is the lead donor in family planning. Among other donors, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities has also been an important supporter of the Egyptian program, followed by the International Planned Parenthood Federation. The World Bank proposed loan assistance in the population sector, principally for non-governmental organization demand-generating activities, has not yet been signed by the GOE. The European Union, the Dutch and German governments provide limited assistance. Donors meet regularly in a working group on population and effectively coordinate their activities.
Beneficiaries: The entire Egyptian population will benefit from a rate of population growth more commensurate with national development goals and from increased choice in planning their families. More specifically, however, the strategy targets Egyptian married women of reproductive age (15-49) to receive more accessible and high-quality care. The 1996 Egyptian census estimates there are 9.8 million women of reproductive age out of a total population of 61,452,382. Intermediate beneficiaries are the family planning managers and workers in USAID-assisted organizations whose skills, facilities, and services to clients are improved.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: A new contractor is expected to be engaged by May 1999. This contractor will provide a range of technical and management support to GOE implementing agencies involved in USAID's population/family planning activities in support of GOE national fertility
goals.
Major Results Indicators: Findings from the "1997 Interim Demographic and Health Survey" will be available the end of January 1998. Preliminary results will include the following indicators. Baseline Target Target (1992) (1999) (2001) Reduced total fertility rate 3.9 3.59 3.55 Increased contraceptive prevalence 47% 48.70 51.6 Decreased extended use failure rate 10% 8.5% 8.3%
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Sustainable Improvements in the Health of Women and Children, 263-SO05
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999 $32,500,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To improve the quality and availability of child and reproductive health services as well as to ensure the sustainability of improved systems through cost recovery and policy reform.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's child survival programs have helped Egypt reduce the infant mortality rate by 43% between 1980 and 1990, and the child mortality rate by 55% in the same period. Efforts to eradicate polio by 2000 have reduced reported confirmed cases from 584 cases in 1992 to nine in 1997. Reported cases of tetanus among newborns dropped from 1,823 in 1992 to 380 in 1997. New tools and approaches developed through applied research have been helpful in reducing the prevalence of schistosomiasis from 40% to 10% in rural Egypt.
Child survival gains cannot be sustained without a national policy environment that prioritizes resources for these programs. The Health Policy Support Program (HPSP) aims to enhance the capacity of the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) to plan, manage, finance, and monitor health services. The World Bank, European Commission, and the Danish have also joined in this collaborative effort. As a result, the MOHP now has, for the first time, a comprehensive and objective health sector policy reform program.
Description: Sustainable improvements in the health of women and children in Egypt are based on three interrelated objectives: improved quality and utilization of maternal and child health care, new tools and approaches to combat selected endemic and emerging diseases, and an improved environment to plan, manage and finance sustained health systems.
Targeted to high risk areas of Upper Egypt, the Healthy Mother/Healthy Child program is developing a basic package of essential reproductive care and child health services, including activities to prevent female genital mutilation. As the primary providers of health for themselves and their families, mothers are the focus of efforts to increase knowledge and improve health behavior in vulnerable households. Strengthening the curricula in medical and nursing schools, combined with practical pre-service training, will further improve the quality of the basic package of essential child and reproductive health care. Ensuring safe delivery care is available to all is the top priority of the program and will save the lives of hundreds of mothers and their newborns each year.
USAID also supports selected research to combat hepatitis C, an emerging disease, prevent the re-emergence of schistosomiasis, and develop activities to keep the prevalence of HIV/AIDS low throughout Egypt.
Host Country and Other Donors: The Government of Egypt (GOE) contribution to these activities approximates $119.2 million, including cash, salaries and operational expenses. Fourteen other donors are supporting health activities in Egypt, together averaging $22 million annually. USAID is currently the largest donor for both health and family planning programs , although both the World Bank and the European Commission will begin major health sector programs in 1998. Donor cooperation is effective, especially in support of the national health reform program.
Beneficiaries: Egyptian women of child-bearing age and children under five are the primary beneficiaries. In addition, doctors and nurses and health sector managers are the recipients of
improved and extended short-term training as well as some long term public health and administration training. USAID will also work with U.S. PVOs to strengthen Egyptian NGO capacity in the health sector.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: U.S. implementing organizations include University Research Corporation, John Snow International, Maximus, Medical Services Corporation International, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Wellstart International. Grants to U.S. PVOs to promote Egyptian NGO involvement in community health are planned.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline 1999 Target (2001) Infant mortality rate 97.4 (1985) 55 53 Under five mortality rate 130.1 (1985) 76 73 Maternal mortality ratio 174 (1992) 155 139
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Access to Sustainable Water and Wastewater Services, 263-SO06
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $50,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2004
Purpose: To increase access to improved and sustainable potable water and wastewater services in selected urban areas.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Since 1975, USAID has invested over $2.6 billion in urban water and wastewater infrastructure, benefitting about one in three (22 million) Egyptians. By the late 1970s , population density, together with long-postponed infrastructure investments, had severely overwhelmed the water and wastewater services of urban areas throughout Egypt, creating numerous environmental health hazards and a severe constraint on Egypt's economic development. By 1997, several of USAID's more recent investments were completed with the following results: two million residents in several poor Cairo neighborhoods are connected to sewage collection lines, and the overall system has benefitted from numerous new or rehabilitated wastewater pumping stations and treatment plants; wastewater conveyance and treatment for over three million people in Alexandria is being provided by two new treatment plants; more than one million residents of Suez, Ismailia, and Port Said are connected to new wastewater treatment plants; three water treatment plants for the communities of Fayoum, Beni Suef and Minia that provide improved water supplies and pressures to over 700,000 residents; and, in Cairo, three major potable water reservoirs were put into service providing improved water supplies and pressures to three million people.
Institutional reforms have focused on strengthening the capacity of local water/wastewater utilities to deliver services. Presidential decrees granting institutional autonomy and decentralized decision -making authorities have been refined for Cairo and Alexandria with new decrees issued for seven governorates, allowing them to operate as economic entities on a cost recovery basis. Revenue collection rates have improved substantially in Alexandria and Aswan through improved billings and accounts functions , and in Fayoum, Beni Suef and Minia through a commercial account metering program (in some cases nearly doubling collected revenues). These improved techniques are now encouraged through each of USAID's ongoing activities with utility organizations. Appropriate tariffs and tariff models continue to be important vehicles for increasing revenues toward cost recovery and sustainability of services.
Description: USAID assistance in the water and wastewater sector is focused on urban centers of economic growth where water and wastewater problems are the most critical and where the maximum number of people can benefit from the interventions. Despite significant progress in increasing the numbers of people with access to services, the conventional attitude of the Government of Egypt (GOE) is that water delivery and wastewater collection are essential services provided for humanitarian reasons, with little regard for the customer/supplier business relationships. The GOE takes the initiative in planning, financing, constructing, operating, and collecting user fees with little regard for operating efficiencies, quality of service, and budget needs. The total water/wastewater investment budget for the Government of Egypt over the next decade is estimated to be $5 - $7 billion, a number that overwhelms available national resources. USAID's program supports the introduction of a commercial perspective to water utility management, focusing on competitive utility management practices that rely on adequate cost recovery and improved utilization of assets. This approach features private sector participation models based on private sector financing and operation of older systems , and private sector provision of new infrastructure to meet growing demand.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOE continues to be heavily involved as a major partner in the large urban areas of Alexandria and Cairo. The GOE is also contributing $133 million for the smaller urban centers under our Secondary Cities and Egypt Utility Management programs. USAID remains by far the
major donor in the sector ahead of the European Union in Cairo, Great Britain and Italy on Cairo's east bank, Denmark in Aswan and Qena Governorates, and the Netherlands in Fayoum. Cooperation with the other donors is excellent, particularly for complementary programs in the Upper Egypt Governorates of Aswan and Fayoum.
Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries include some 22 million Egyptians, or one out of every three individuals in the country. The health impact has been noteworthy, especially for children.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: USAID currently implements the program through nine major U.S. firms, including ABB Susa, Morrison-Knudsen Co., Black & Veatch Int'l, Camp Dresser & McKee, CH2M-Hill, Harza Engineering Co., Metcalf & Eddy Inc., Montgomery Watson, and Chemonics. Numerous subcontracts with other U.S. firms and private-sector Egyptian firms strengthen the delivery of services and improve the domestic management, design and construction supervision capabilities in the sector. Major GOE agencies implementing the program include nine quasi-independent economic utility organizations, twelve Governorates and the Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline Target Target (1995) (1999) (2001) Estimated population connected to 18.6 19.8 20.8 improved sewerage systems (in millions of people) Estimated population with access to 22.6 23.3 23.5 improved water supply (in millions of people)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced Generation of Air Pollution, 263-SO07
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $37,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To achieve a sustainable reduction in the generation of air pollution (including airborne lead, total suspended particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide) through policy, regulatory and institutional reform, supported by successful pilot activities and new technology applications.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Collaborating with the Government of Egypt (GOE), USAID has implemented activities related to air pollution reduction since 1988. Thus far, USAID assistance has helped improve the efficiency of energy use and encourage the widespread practice of pollution prevention in industry, through the Energy Conservation and Environment Project (ECEP). The Cairo Air Improvement Project (CAIP) began implementation in late 1997, with initial results including demonstration compressed natural gas (CNG) buses in operation and the first procurement of operational buses made, the major private sector lead smelter was relocated and began reconstruction, and the vehicle emissions testing program began on a pilot basis. Through the U.S.-Egyptian Partnership for Economic Growth and Development, a notable achievement has been nationwide conversion to unleaded gasoline. Over 80% of Egypt's service stations have converted from leaded to unleaded gasoline.
Description: ECEP financed energy conservation and pollution prevention activities through technical assistance, installation of low cost/no cost applications and energy efficiency technology/practices, and training through numerous subactivities. CAIP is the first donor -assisted effort that directly addresses air pollution issues. Immediate and longer term impacts will be achieved through the demonstration of technologically and economically viable environmental solutions.
Activities under CAIP to reduce air pollution include: introduction of CNG fuel technology for Cairo's municipal bus fleet; implementation of a lead smelter action plan to reduce emissions; a city-wide vehicle tune-up, emission inspection and certification program; air quality monitoring and analysis; public awareness and support campaigns; and policy analysis and dialogue regarding other urban air pollution problems.
The Egypt Environmental Policy Program uses both program and project assistance to encourage policy reforms aimed at removing obstacles to sound environmental management. This major new effort builds on USAID's experience in areas such as energy efficiency, industrial pollution, public awareness, private sector and non-governmental organizational cooperation, and environmentally sustainable tourism. It also reflects the increasing capability of the GOE to undertake needed and difficult policy reforms, as seen through successful GOE-USAID collaboration under the U.S. -Egyptian Partnership for Economic Growth and Development. Drawing on a list of policy and institutional reform measures developed through a recent comprehensive Environmental Sector Assessment, the program uses a combination of policy reform initiatives, technical support and institutional strengthening, selected pilot demonstration activities, and a comprehensive public awareness program designed to inform and motivate stakeholder target audiences and customers to support environmental reform.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID enjoys a strong collaborative relationship with the GOE, including several ministries having a role in the environment and with regional Governorates. The Environment and Sustainable Development Subcommittee of the Gore-Mubarak Partnership (Subcommittee III) has proven to be a valuable mechanism that complements USAID's efforts.
USAID is the largest donor focusing on reducing air pollution and gives very high priority to coordinating its environmental program with those of other donors. The Environmental Donor Subcommittee meets regularly to discuss activities, common approaches to perceived environmental problems, and coordination with the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. The environmental coordinating subgroup includes: Finland, Denmark, Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Japan, UNDP, World Bank, and the UK. USAID assisted the World Bank with the design of its Environmental Pollution Abatement Project, coordinated with the United Nations Development Program on its new energy efficiency program, and works closely with ODA, the Danish and the Canadians on pollution prevention, institutional capacity-building and environmental quality monitoring.
Beneficiaries: The health of Egyptians, especially urban dwellers, will be fundamentally affected by USAID activities to improve the management of Egypt's environment. Individuals most vulnerable to the health impacts of air pollution, such as the very old and very young, women, asthmatics, and those with unusual occupational exposure, will enjoy particular benefits. Egypt as a whole stands to gain long-term economic, social, and health benefits from the reduced generation of air pollution.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID presently implements activities with these U.S. contractors: Hagler-Bailly Services, Overseas Bechtel, Inc., Chemonics International, and IRG-led EPIQ consortium.
Major Results Indicators (tons reduced) Baseline 1999 Target (1996) (2002) Lead 519 1,497 1,594 Particulate matter (PM10) 256,000 722,000 1,060,000 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 44,962 275,166 739,674 Sulfur Oxides (SOx) 44,472 248,044 669,726 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 36,681 198,130 571,535
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM:EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Natural Resources Managed for Environmental Sustainability, 263-SO08
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $13,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1998; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To foster sustainable management of tourism resources by protecting the natural sites upon which tourism is based, thereby contributing to long-term economic growth and job creation.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: In collaboration with the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), the Tourism Development Authority (TDA), and the Supreme Council for Antiquities (SCA), USAID initiated a small experimental two-year program in FY 1996 designed to preserve and protect the natural and cultural environment along the Red Sea coast through the promotion of environmentally appropriate tourism activities. Key accomplishments are: (1) development and adoption by the Government of Egypt (GOE) of a policy framework for environmentally sustainable tourism strategy for the Red Sea coast; (2) development of a management plan for the Red Sea Marine Park; 3) installation of 250 mooring buoys in the new Marine Park Protectorates area; (4) development of best practices guidelines for hotel facility construction and management on the coast; (5) training for the newly established ranger corps as well as boat crews and captains; and (6) a solid waste management plan developed which will be implemented with World Bank support.
Description: Building upon the achievements of the pilot phase, USAID is focusing on nationwide policy changes and technical assistance resources for sustainable tourism development along the Red Sea coast. Key issues being addressed under this program are: cross-cutting policy issues that constrain effective environmental management; policies that provide adequate protection for coral reefs and islands in the Red Sea and critical coastal zones; establishment and implementation of the Red Sea Islands National Park management plan; encouragement of sound development of Red Sea properties; improved environmental analysis and management capacity of selected GOE institutions; management training for the tourism sector; and encouraging policy reforms to allow national park sites to raise and retain revenues for maintenance and operation of the sites. This program supports activities aimed at strengthening linkages among the public sector, private sector, and non-governmental organizations.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is closely collaborating with the European Union (EU) to replicate the EU-funded Marine Park System in the South Sinai in the Red Sea islands and coast. The GOE is contributing staff (park rangers), salaries, housing, basic training, and operational expenses for the new marine park system.
Beneficiaries: The public and private sectors of Egypt as a whole stand to gain long-term economic benefits from sustainable tourism development.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Winrock International, Inc. provides technical support.
Major Results Indicators Baseline Target (1996) (2002) Percent of sites where Coral Reef Index does not degenerate 90% 95% Percentage of sites where 80% 90% environmental safeguards are undertaken to eliminate practice of coastal alterations which threaten fringing reefs and mangroves Revenues collected from Egypt's 5% 100% Marine Parks allocated to fund full O&M costs of the parks
This is a new strategic objective to begin implementation in FY 98. Annual targets and indicators will be established by the end of FY 98.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Use of Egyptian Universities in Quality, Demand-driven Applied Research, 263-SpO A
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $0 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 1999
Purpose: To improve and increase the utilization of Egyptian universities in solving key developmental and technological problems, through joint, demand-driven applied research activities with counterparts from U.S. universities.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's support includes the provision of technical assistance in project and financial management , technical assistance from U.S. universities to Egyptian counterpart universities in the design and conduct of applied research addressing Egyptian end-user problems in various sectors, and the procurement of laboratory equipment needed for research programs. Achievements to date include the establishment of a project and financial management system for operating the grants system , award of 102 seed grants for investigating the technical feasibility of full grants to be awarded in the coming months, and the award of 28 linkage grants funded at $5 million, among eight Egyptian universities, 22 U.S. universities, of which eight are Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). According to an external assessment of the predecessor phase, the project has responded to end -users' needs and has also resulted in new respect for, and confidence in, the ability of Egyptian university scholars to solve "real world" end-user problems.
Description: The project strengthens and institutionalizes the process of utilizing university researchers and encourages long -term relationships between participating Egyptian and U.S. universities. It also develops and sustains a strong relationship between Egyptian universities and end-users by a demand-driven research process , actively involving these end-users in each stage of the applied research process. The project emphasizes assistance to private sector end-users and solving problems related to the private sector growth and development.
Host Country and Other Donors: No other foreign or international donors are involved in this area. The Government of Egypt (GOE) and Egyptian end-users benefiting from the research will contribute an average of 40% of the local currency costs of the activity.
Beneficiaries: The beneficiaries of this activity are the different end-users whose problems will be addressed by funded applied research activities. These include ultimate beneficiaries such as individuals in a health or education research activity or intermediate beneficiaries, who disseminate the results and recommendations of research. Secondary beneficiaries include the implementing agency of the grant system whose capacity to implement a research grant system will be enhanced. The Egyptian researchers participating in applied research are also secondary beneficiaries, as their research capacity will be enhanced through joint applied research activities.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: The main contractor providing technical assistance under this project is Mendez-England and Associates (ME&A), an 8(a) firm, which provides assistance in financial and project management to the principal implementing agency and the Foreign Relations Coordination Unit of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Universities. The grantees are the Egyptian and U.S. universities receiving applied research grants. One third of the grants are devoted to linkages with HBCUs.
Major Results Indicators:
Most indicators below measure success of research activities and will be measurable only after these grants are implemented in 1999. The targets will be modified, if necessary, when baseline data is available.
Base Target Seed Grants 120 (1997) Full Grants 60 (1999) No. of successful research projects undertaken to solve Egyptian development problems N/A 75% of a sample of funded research grants judged successful by external expert evaluation panel (based on evaluation criteria) (1999) No. of implemented research grants with significant end-user cost sharing N/A 50% of a sample of implemented research grants meet cost-sharing requirements (1999) No. of high quality research products: full proposals (technically and economically feasible), adequate research designs and research findings and recommendations collaboratively produced by tripartite linkages N/A Research products of 75% of a sample of implemented linkage grants are judged to be of high quality by expert evaluation team (1999) Economic benefits accruing to end-users implementing research findings and recommendations. Increases in efficiency, productivity, cost savings N/A 25% of a sample of funded/completed grants exhibit significant internal rates of return on USAID investment in the research grant of 30% or more (1999)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Demonstrated, 263-SpO D
STATUS: Continuing
OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $1,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 1999
Purpose: To foster sustainable growth in tourism which protects the natural and cultural sites upon which tourism is based and contributes to long -term economic growth and job creation.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: In collaboration with the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, the Tourism Development Authority, and the Supreme Council for Antiquities, USAID initiated a small experimental two-year special objective in FY 1996 designed to preserve and protect the natural and cultural environment along the Red Sea coast through the promotion of environmentally appropriate tourism activities. Achievements include: (1) a fully equipped and staffed Marine Park Office in Hurghada; (2) 250 mooring buoys installed in the new Red Sea Islands Marine Park along the Red Sea coast and 350 boat crews trained to operate appropriately within the Park; and (3) conservation work at the monasteries of Sts. Anthony and Paul well underway and work at the Quseir Fort and Seti I Tomb antiquities has begun.
Description: Based upon successes to date, USAID decided to extend the program from December 1997 to June 1999 to allow for the orderly completion of activities. Natural resource activities will be phased out of this objective and folded into 263-SO08 (Natural Resources Management for Environmental Sustainability).
This special objective supports a variety of activities which are aimed at strengthening linkages among the public sector, private sector, and non-governmental organizations (NGO). Major elements include: (1) site development and management; (2) sustainable tourism strategy development (Red Sea Tourism Action Plan, Solid Waste Action Plan, Comparative Advantage Review of Red Sea Tourist Industry); (3) creation of a new coral reef protectorates area with training for park rangers; (4) touristic facility support (improvement of Sinai decompression chamber, environmental management for hotels); (5) regional and international cooperation activities (International Coral Reef Initiative conferences); and (6) NGO development (Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association).
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is currently collaborating with the European Union to replicate the Marine Park System in the South Sinai, funded by the European Commission, in the Red Sea islands and coast. The Government of Egypt (GOE) is contributing staff (park rangers), salaries, housing, basic training, and operational expenses for the new marine park system.
Beneficiaries: The public and private sectors of Egypt as a whole stand to gain long-term economic benefits from sustainable tourism development.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: This program is executed by a $2.6 million grant to the American Research Center in Egypt for cultural site development; a $4.2 million contract to Winrock International, Inc; and a $540,000 contract with IRG International for promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism development and protection of fragile natural resources (coral reefs) along the Red Sea coast and islands.
Major Results Indicators Baseline Target Target (1996) (1997) (1999) Effective Models Achieved 0 4 6 Effective Models Created 5 6 6
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: EGYPT
TITLE AND NUMBER: Improved Human Capacity Development System Linked to Strategic Priority Areas, 263-SpO E
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $10,000,000 ESF
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To strengthen the management and technical capabilities and enhance the professional performance of individuals and groups serving in Egyptian governmental and private sector entities, including universities, non-governmental and private voluntary organizations (NGOs/PVOs), and other key development institutions.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Since the mid-1970s, USAID has provided in-country training to tens of thousands of Egyptians and U.S.-based education and training opportunities to over 15,000 Egyptians. The knowledge and skills acquired by these individuals have contributed to development across all sectors. However, critical human resource constraints still persist across USAID's priority areas, which must be addressed with strategically linked training. We are strengthening systems to effectively plan for, monitor, follow up and evaluate the development impact of training.
Description: Through the Development Training II (DT2) activity, this special objective addresses two development problems: (1) the need for customer-focused training opportunities that fully support strategic priority areas and (2) the need for a consolidated, focused training management system that effectively plans and implements training activities while concurrently demonstrating strategic results. DT2 consists of three activities: training; in-country English language testing and training (ELTT) to prepare trainees for overseas training in English; and evaluations and audits.
The DT2 training activity has put into place a centralized training management system, under a USAID direct contract, to fund and implement all overseas participant training as well as in-country training that directly supports achievement of results under all strategic and special objectives (SOs/SpOs). DT2 works directly with SO/SpO teams and their Egyptian partners to conduct training needs assessments to determine where training is an appropriate intervention to achieve results under the Sos/SpOs. Based on the needs assessments, training plans, budgets, and training results indicators are developed for each SO/SpO. The DT2 training management system also provides consistent and adequate pre-departure orientation for all participants traveling overseas for training, places participants in appropriate training programs, monitors their progress, and follows up and evaluates returned participants to ensure the application of the knowledge and skills acquired. The ELTT activity provides in-country English language training to assist participants in reaching required levels of English proficiency.
Host Country and Other Donors: The Government of Egypt (GOE) contributes the local currency equivalent to pay for international travel and pre-departure medical clearance examinations. In-kind contributions are estimated to be at least $5.6 million in the form of office space, utilities, and salaries and benefits of participant and in-country trainees while in training. Other donors provide in-country and overseas training opportunities for Egyptians to support the development activities they finance.
Beneficiaries: The direct beneficiaries of DT2 are Egyptians who work in the various USAID partner institutions involved in achieving results under the SOs/SpOs. Other beneficiaries include clients served by partner institutions through improved services and programs.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: A U.S. contractor, the Institute of International Education, is the implementing contractor for this activity.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline (1997) Target (1999) Strategically linked training plans developed; 0 25 (training needs assessments and plans prepared) Positive partner institution feedback on 0 85% relevance (percent of partner and delivery of training institutions indicating satisfaction)
EGYPT
FY 1999 PROGRAM SUMMARY
(in thousands of dollars)
USAID Strategies and Special
ObjectivesEconomic
Growth &
Agriculture
Population &
Health
Environment
DemocracyHuman
Capacity
Development
Humanitarian
Assistance
TOTALSS.O 1. Accelerated Private Sector-led, Export-oriented Economic Growth
- ESF
608,700
----
---
---
---
---
608,700
S.O. 2, Increased Participation of Girls in Quality Basic Education
-ESF
---
---
---
---
10,000
---
10,000
S.O. 3. Increased Civil Society Participation in Public Decision Making
-ESF
---
---
---
25,000
---
---
25,000
S.O. 4. Reduced Fertility
-ESF
---
22,000
---
---
---
---
22,000
S.O. 5. Sustainable Improvements in the Health of Women and Children
-ESF
---
32,500
---
---
---
---
32,500
S..O. 6. Increased Access to and Sustainability of Water and Wastewater Service
-ESF
---
---
50,000
---
---
---
50,000
S.O. 7 Reduced Generation of Air Pollution
-ESF
---
---
37,000
---
---
---
37,000
USAID Strategies and Special
ObjectivesEconomic
Growth &
Agriculture
Population &
Health
Environment
DemocracyHuman
Capacity
Development
Humanitarian
Assistance
TOTALSS.O. 8. Natural Resources Managed for Environmental Sustainability
-ESF
---
---
13,000
---
---
---
13,000
SpO. C. Improved Civil Legal System Research
---
---
---
5,800
---
---
5,800
SpO. D. Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Demonstrated
-ESF
---
---
1,000
---
---
---
1,000
SpO. E. Improved Human Capacity Development System Linked to Strategic Priority Areas I
-ESF
10,000
---
---
---
---
---
10,000
Totals
-ESF
618,700
54,500
101,000
30,800
10,000
0
815,000
USAID Mission Director:John Westley
Footnote: 1 The program described does not reflect the funding levels under discussion, for which plans are not yet completed; details on the program will be provided if and when approved.
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