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Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage of an appropriations bill and preparation of the Operating Year Budget (OYB).

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MALAWI

	FY 1997	FY 1998	FY 1999
	Actual	Estimate	Request
Child Survival and Disease..........	$13,377,000	$10,300,000	$7,300,000
Development Assistance..............	$20,935,000	$25,800,000	$25,161,000
Economic Support Funds.............	$500,000	---	---

Introduction

After 30 years of authoritarian rule, Malawi now has a democratically elected government following its free and fair presidential and parliamentary elections in May 1994. The political transformation has been accompanied by fundamental economic liberalization and structural reform. Its ability to sustain the hard-won political change and to consolidate and make further progress on democratic governance, while promoting broad-based, equitable, economic growth and development will contribute to a more stable country and region, and in the long-term, to a stronger economic relationship with the United States.

The Development Challenge

Malawi's political and economic development has been impeded historically by its narrow economic base, concentrated ownership of assets, limited foreign and domestic investment, authoritarian leadership, high population growth, and low education levels. Life expectancy at birth is under 45 years. The infant mortality rate (134 per 1,000) and malnutrition are among the highest in Africa. Only half the population has access to safe drinking water and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is high and growing. Annual per capita gross domestic product is estimated below $200, and external debt in 1996 was $2.28 billion. The country's food and agricultural problems have been exacerbated by three serious droughts in four years between 1991 and 1995. High population density, disease, small land holdings, traditional agricultural techniques and pervasive poverty contribute to deforestation, overworked soils and low agricultural output. Despite the daunting challenge of managing an open economy that is subject to intermittent droughts and instability while nurturing a young democracy, the government's commitment to economic and political reforms remains strong and it is an excellent partner for U.S. development assistance.

Other Donors

The United States and the United Kingdom are Malawi's largest and most influential bilateral partners. Other major bilateral donors include: Germany, Japan, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden. Multilateral donors include the European Union, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the African Development Bank. Donor coordination is strong in-country, as evidenced by the local donors' leadership in implementing a pilot effort by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to coordinate assistance in participatory development and democracy. The Malawian experience is becoming a model for Africa.

FY 1999 Program

USAID's strategy for helping Malawi achieve broad-based, sustainable economic growth concentrates on raising agricultural incomes. USAID is helping to improve the standard of living of the majority of the population through institutional and policy reforms plus targeted projects to promote competition, liberalize markets, and improve the management of the country's constrained natural resources. Improving access to family planning services, child health programs, primary education, and sexually transmitted disease (STD) services to reduce HIV/AIDS transmission will lead to greater human capacity and contribute to the sustainability of economic growth. Building decentralized public, private

and voluntary institutions for Malawi's democratic future will ensure that more Malawians have a greater say in how their resources are allocated and enable them to participate more fully in the benefits of growth.

USAID's agricultural programs develop market-based service institutions, increase economic opportunities for smallholders, develop public capacity for policy reform, and introduce low-cost agroforestry practices to improve soil fertility and increase crop yields. USAID FY 1999 support, including funds from the Africa Food Security Initiative, will further transform the agricultural sector by expanding smallholder enterprise development, continue development of crop diversification and sustainable agroforestry technologies, and extend food security monitoring and the famine early warning system. USAID/Malawi's activities to strengthen agriculture and food security will expand farmer access to research results for drought resistant root crops such as cassava and sweet potatoes, improve farmer incomes through the development of business-oriented producer associations, and support policy-oriented research and analysis on household level food security concerns.

Malawi's economic growth potential is constrained by high levels of illiteracy. The country's basic education system is weak, schools are overcrowded, teachers are not adequately trained, and teaching materials are inadequate. USAID's support for a community-level social mobilization campaign has resulted in: a marked increase in girls' enrollments; a substantial reduction in the female dropout rate (for the first time the drop-out rate for girls was lower than that for boys); and a dramatic increase in the number of girls entering secondary school. FY 1999 funds will expand social mobilization efforts and continue to support increased efficiency in primary education. Women's economic empowerment, and transparency in economic policy are also elements of this objective.

USAID's goal in Malawi is to help lower the population growth rate by encouraging the adoption of modern contraceptive methods, promoting technologies to reduce infant and child mortality, morbidity and malnutrition; and encouraging behavioral change to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. Because government adoption of fertility reduction programs has been slow due to a lack of qualified personnel, weak budgeting and management, USAID focuses its support on activities aimed at behavioral change and expanded service delivery. USAID's substantial on-going investments will continue to provide detection and treatment of STDs, and promote the use of condoms, both of which are critically important to fighting the transmission of HIV/AIDS.

USAID environmental efforts focus on developing a unifying, comprehensive policy and legislative framework to govern natural resources management; strengthening human capacity in public and private institutions responsible for managing natural resources and the environment; introducing management systems that improve community-level performance; and ensuring sustainability of financing for private initiatives. Efforts in this area are relatively new, but, build on successful pilot programs in agroforestry. Strong government and donor coordination is now being forged and lends confidence that substantial improvements in the policy and legislative framework will be achieved in the near term. FY 1999 funding will support the expansion of community-based action programs, environmental monitoring, an environmental education program, and wildlife conservation activities.

One of USAID's objectives is to increase Malawian participation in transparent and accountable political and economic institutions. In FY 1999, USAID will provide technical support to Malawi's Electoral Commission in conducting the 1999 presidential and parliamentary elections including voter registration and voter education. USAID also will work with non-governmental organizations and political parties on election monitoring. Work with Parliament will focus on strengthening the committee system and the women's caucus. In addition, USAID will work with local human rights organizations and with the High Court to improve efficiency in the administration of justice.

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MALAWI
FY 1999 PROGRAM SUMMARY
(in Thousands of Dollars)

USAID Strategic Objectives	Economic Growth & Agriculture	Population & Health	Environment	Democracy	Human Capacity Development	Humanitarian Assistance	TOTALS
S.O. 1 Increased ag. incomes on a per capita basis - DA	10,011	---	---	---	---	---	10,011
S.O. 2 Increased sustainable use, conservation and management of renewable natural resources - DA	---	---	8,900	---	---	---	8,900
S.O. 3 Increased adoption of measures that reduce fertility & HIV transmission, while promoting child hlth practices - DA - CSD	--- ---	4,000 3,100	--- ---	--- ---	--- ---	--- ---	4,000 3,100
S.O. 4 Increased access to, and quality and efficiency of basic education, especially for girls - CSD	---	---	---	---	4,200	---	4,200
S.O. 5 Strengthened & broadened Institutional base for democratic participation - DA	---	---	---	2,250	---	---	2,250
Totals - DA - CSD	10,011 ---	4,000 3,100	8,900 ---	2,250 ---	--- 4,200	--- ---	25,161 7,300

USAID Mission Director, Kiertisak Toh

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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: MALAWI
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Agricultural Incomes on a Per Capita Basis, 612-SO01
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $10,011,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000

Purpose: To increase smallholder access to agricultural inputs, markets for crops, and cash crop production alternatives.

USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID focuses on increasing smallholder farmers' cash incomes to ensure that they can purchase agricultural inputs and food. To increase food security, USAID has promoted crop diversification away from the rain-fed staple, corn, to more drought resistant root crops like cassava and sweet potatoes. USAID support also has contributed to liberalization of the agricultural markets which has allowed smallholders to grow and competitively market cash crops including paprika, coffee and spices. Almost 40% of smallholder acreage is now planted in crops other than corn, principally sweet potato, cassava and peanuts. These crops provide both increased food sources and a significant cash return for the smallholder. Whereas in 1991 only 11% of hybrid corn seeds and six percent of the fertilizer was sold through private commercial channels, in 1997 more than 75% of hybrid seed and 70% of the fertilizer was sold through a growing number of commercial entities. USAID support for the credit union movement has resulted in a 93% increase in membership in targeted credit unions in the last 15 months with savings increasing by more than 55% and loans for productivity by more than 133%.

Description: Achieving broad-based economic growth in Malawi depends on increasing rural agricultural incomes. Rural income growth is restricted first and foremost by the prices farmers receive for their crops. In the past the Government of Malawi (GOM) controlled input and output prices, and maintained policies that inhibited the development of competitive markets and kept a lid on farm gate prices. High transportation costs for imported inputs, such as fertilizers, also constrained agricultural productivity and rural income growth. USAID's primary focus is on increasing per capita rural incomes as the foundation for broad-based economic growth. This will be achieved through activities aimed at: (1) reducing government control of markets for both agricultural inputs and crops, thereby creating a conducive environment for increased production; (2) expanding farmer-owned rural agribusiness and cooperative marketing activities; and (3) reducing the transportation costs of imported agricultural inputs and exports. Funding under the new Africa Food Security Initiative will complement these activities and help to link them directly to national and household-level food security. The initiative will expand farmer's access to new technology for drought-resistant root crops, increase farm household income by supporting and expanding producer associations, and promote direct food security activities such as Malawian-led monitoring and research on household vulnerability and safety net interventions.

Host Country and Other Donors: Other major donors include the World Bank and European Union (EU). The World Bank provides agricultural research, extension services, rural credit assistance and rail transportation assistance. The EU provides assistance in improving household food security through expanded use of fertilizers, improved management of the strategic grain reserve, and agroforestry. While other donors are also involved in the sector, their contributions are more limited and geographically focused. Host country contributions include in-kind and budgetary support.

Beneficiaries: The 2.2 million smallholder farm families with limited access to resources, including 475,000 female-headed families, and all farmers who rely on imported inputs and export markets.

Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through the Harvard Institute for International Development, Agricultural Cooperative Development International, Development Associates Incorporated, the World Council on Credit Unions, Lincoln University, and local non-government organizations.

Major Results Indicators: 				 Baseline		Target

Real per capita incomes for
smallholders in target areas.	 			$153	(1991)		$266	(1999) 

Share of smallholder cultivated
area planted in non-maize crops. 			36%	(1997)		43%	(1999)

Ratio of smallholder root crop 
area to smallholder maize area. 			6.8% 	(1990)		18.5%	(1999) 

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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: MALAWI
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased sustainable use, conservation and management of renewable natural resources, 612-S002
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999; $8,900,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000

Purpose: To increase the sustainable use, conservation, and management of renewable natural resources.

USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID is the lead donor in environmental policy reform efforts which has resulted in the development and approval of Malawi's first national environmental policy and environmental management bill. Both the policy and the bill are critical to establishing a comprehensive framework for governing natural resource use in Malawi. An achievement of the environmental bill was the establishment in 1997 of the National Council for the Environment to coordinate environmental programs and activities. Policy reform efforts are now focusing on harmonizing sectoral legislation with the new national umbrella policy and legal framework. A key issue is ensuring that all new policies and legislation encourage partnerships between government, communities and the private sector in managing the country's natural resources. Thus far, new legislation has been passed in both the forestry and fishery sectors, and revised policies in the irrigation and wildlife sectors have been drafted. In response, commercial operations and cost-sharing arrangements with local communities have been initiated in several of Malawi's protected areas.

In other areas, noteworthy progress has been made on the prototype environmental information system (EIS), a system for which USAID is the lead donor. Specific locations experiencing severe rates of degradation have been identified, causes are being investigated, and the resulting information will be used to efficiently target interventions. A joint program with the European Union (EU) is promoting soil conservation and agroforestry practices on 200 demonstration sites throughout the country. Program efforts also support local capacity building in the areas of environmental monitoring and research.

Description: The major thrust of USAID's involvement in natural resources management has been to promote policy reforms. Increased incomes and food security can only be assured if Malawi protects the natural resource base upon which over 90% of its population depends for food, employment and energy. Failure to undertake policy and institutional reforms or to initiate community-based protection activities entails enormous risks for chronic malnutrition, worsening national incomes, civil strife and long-term donor dependence. Improved natural resource management is also linked to achievement of other U.S. Government objectives in Malawi: improved land management contributes to increased agricultural productivity and hence increased rural incomes. With an increase in rural income, Malawi will solidify gains in economic security and reducing family size.

Under this USAID-supported program initiated in FY 1995, the Government of Malawi (GOM) is developing and implementing an ambitious policy and institutional reform agenda leading to a unified national policy and legal framework governing natural resource management. In addition, the GOM will strengthen the capacity of Malawians to coordinate and monitor natural resource use, including implementing a prototype EIS in the critical watershed which is the source of drinking water for Malawi's major urban area and is key to the generation of the country's electric power. The program also will work toward sustainable financing of environmental initiatives through the creation of a privately managed endowment fund. Finally USAID support will strengthen community capacity to manage natural resources with an emphasis on soil conservation and agroforestry on a sustainable basis.

Host Country and Other Donors: The World Bank, European Union, United Nations, and the British and Danish governments are implementing assistance programs to address environmental constraints that complement the USAID program. It is widely acknowledged that USAID's focus on policy reform will enhance the feasibility, success and sustainability of all GOM and donor-financed programs in this sector. To promote improved donor coordination among a wide variety of stakeholder organizations, including Malawian government agencies, donor organizations, communities and private sector entities, USAID chairs monthly meetings of the Natural Resource Management Donor Coordination Group.

Beneficiaries: The 90% of Malawi's population who live and work in rural areas, particularly women, who are responsible for 70% of the farming practices and most household chores such as collecting firewood. Overall, improved natural resource management contributes to increased agricultural productivity and sustained rural incomes and food security.

Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: University of Arizona, Clark University, Washington State University, and local non-governmental organizations.

Major Results Indicators:				Baseline		Target

Sectoral policies revised and upgraded         	 	0%	(1996)		100 %	(1999)

Prototype EIS developed & applied			10%	(1996)		100%	(1999)

Hectares under soil improving technologies   		2,850 	(1996)		10,100	(1999)

Protected areas and neighboring communities 	
with revenue sharing programs			0	(1996)		12	(1999)

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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: MALAWI
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased adoption of measures that reduce fertility and HIV transmission including improved child health practices 612-SO03
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999; $4,000,000; DA $3,100,000 CSD
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000

Purpose: To reduce fertility and HIV transmission by supporting the Government of Malawi (GOM) and private sector in family planning, HIV/AIDS and child survival programs.

USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Malawi's total fertility rate declined from 7.2 to 6.7 between 1984 and 1992. In a five year period, the under-five mortality rate dropped from 246 to 234 deaths per 1,000, while the infant mortality rate remained about the same, at 134 deaths per thousand. Since 1992, USAID efforts contributed to a doubling of the contraceptive prevalence rate from seven percent to 14% in 1996. With the support of USAID, a national family planning policy has been issued, thousands of health workers have been trained, and family planning and child health services have been expanded from hospitals to health centers and into communities. USAID-funded private voluntary organizations (PVOs) will soon complete water systems to serve over 200,000 villagers. The revised malaria treatment that was pioneered with USAID assistance is still effective and is being made more accessible to communities as medicines are being supplied through community drug revolving funds. USAID-funded efficacy studies help to ensure the continued effectiveness of the malaria treatment program. Although the prevalence of HIV has not decreased, there has been a significant increase in the numbers of condoms distributed and sold through a USAID-funded social marketing program, and an increase in the number of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) cases treated under the new syndromic management approach.

Description: USAID-funded activities focus on increasing access to family planning and child health services. USAID's implementing agencies provide prevention and treatment of STDs and sponsor activities that promote behavior change to reduce the risk of HIV transmission. This includes: increasing access to condom and related education messages; providing greater access to family planning information and services through public, non-governmental and private agencies; and, expanding family planning and HIV prevention services at the community level. USAID partners work directly with health districts to increase their management capacity, strengthen support systems, and improve the delivery of maternal, child, and reproductive health care services to the health centers and village levels, including supplying water and sanitation, malaria treatment, and oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea.

Host Country and Other Donors: The GOM is currently revising its approach to delivery of health services with emphasis on decentralization and efforts to improve coordination of donor programs. Other donors include the European Union, the World Bank, Great Britain, the United Nations Children's Fund, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Family Planning Agency (UNFPA), the United Nations Development Program, and Germany. UNFPA supports a number of training and family planning service initiatives. British assistance is working with a non-governmental organization (NGO) to expand the availability of quality reproductive health services to urban and semi-urban areas. Great Britain and UNFPA assist USAID with provision of contraceptives and support for the logistics system. The World Bank supports training of health workers, clinic facility improvement and provision of drugs and supplies. Germany co-funds the condom social marketing program with USAID and works in two districts strengthening management and services delivery.

Beneficiaries: Women of reproductive age, infants and children under five, youth and men.

Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Principal U.S. organizations involved in implementation include: John Snow, Incorporated; Africare; Population Services International; Save the Children; Project HOPE; International Eye Foundation; University Research Corporation; and the Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception. Malawian implementing agencies include local NGOs, the Ministry of Health and Population at all levels, the National Family Welfare Council, and the Ministry of Education.

Major Results Indicators:				Baseline		Target
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
(% married women using modern methods)		7.4%	(1992)		17%	(1999)

Percentage of condom use reported-male
with last non-regular partner				7.0%	(1992)		47%	(1999)

Percentage of condom use reported-female
with last non-regular partner				1.4%	(1992)		27%	(1999)

Oral rehydration therapy use rate of under 5
with diarrhea (fluids, food, oral rehydration salts)	63%	(1992)		77%	(1999)
 

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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: MALAWI
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased access to, and quality and efficiency of basic education, especially for girls, 612-SO04
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999; $4,200,000 CSD
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000

Purpose: To increase children's attainment, especially that of girls, in basic education by increasing access to and quality and efficiency of primary education.

USAID Role and Achievements to Date: With USAID's assistance, and in spite of its fiscal problems, the Government of Malawi (GOM) has demonstrated its strong commitment to primary education by allocating more resources to this subsector. Since 1992, the share of the GOM budget allocated to education has risen from 12% to nearly 21%, and primary education received approximately 56% of the total recurrent budget for the education sector in 1997. USAID assistance has resulted in progress in reducing the pupil/teacher ratio from 68 in 1992 to 61 in 1996 by hiring approximately 22,000 new teachers. The total education budget devoted to learning materials has increased from about one percent in 1993/1994 to 8.6% in 1994/1995. USAID provides technical expertise to the GOM to introduce more efficient and better quality teaching methodologies. The USAID program's focus on girls has paid off as all measures indicate rising numbers and proportions of girls in school at both the primary and secondary levels. This is reflected through increases in girls' enrollment which is now 47% of total enrollment in first grade and persistence -- girls' enrollment in the eighth grade is now 39% compared to 35.6% in 1991. Girls' overall repetition in grades one to eight has also declined from 20% in 1991 to 15.5% in 1996. The utilization of Malawi's teacher training college has been improved. Nationwide registration of all primary pupils is now done regularly, providing basic planning and management data for school administration. A pilot social mobilization campaign was completed, and the campaign was launched nationwide in October 1997.

Description: USAID's program focuses on three areas: increasing the long-term financial resource base for primary education; improving the quality, availability, and efficiency of primary education; and improving the relevance of primary education for girls. Technical assistance, training, research, limited commodities, and support of policy reform help to: improve education sector planning and budgeting; construct schools; recruit and train teachers; privatize distribution of learning materials; develop gender-sensitive curriculum and train teachers in its use, and establish a girls' scholarship fund. Among USAID's innovative programs are its social mobilization campaign to develop community action programs for increasing girls' enrollment and retention and a grant to a private voluntary organization to test new approaches for community governance of schools.

Host Country and Other Donors: The World Bank provides support to primary and secondary education. While Great Britain has traditionally concentrated on secondary and tertiary education, it has recently launched a community schools project at the primary level. The United Nations Children's Fund has been involved in several small projects supporting adult literacy, pre-school and out-of-school youth. The United Nations Development Program and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization support curriculum development and the Ministry of Education's efforts to decentralize planning and management. The European Union provides assistance for school construction, and equipment. Germany has supported teaching of science in primary schools and is about to launch a basic education project. The African Development Bank supports building and equipping primary and secondary schools, and is developing a new education sector credit.

Beneficiaries: All children in Malawi's primary school system, estimated at over three million students.

Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through the U.S. firm,

Creative Associates as well as through local non-governmental organizations, local firms, and three government ministries.

Major Results Indicators: 				 Baseline		Target

Net enrollment rate in Primary School - overall	55%	(1991)		87%	(1999)

Net enrollment rate in primary schools  - girls    	52.4%	(1991)		87%	(1999)

Primary repetition rate  - overall  			20.2%	(1991)		15%	(1999)

Primary repetition rate - girls      			20.4%	(1991)		15%	(1999)

Primary pupil teacher ratio       			72	(1992)		60	(1999)

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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: MALAWI
TITLE AND NUMBER: Strengthened and broadened institutional base for democratic participation, 612-SO05
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $2,250,000 DA
I NITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000

Purpose: To establish and consolidate democratic and civic institutions in Malawi by supporting efforts to establish and strengthen participatory and transparent governance.

USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID has incorporated activities throughout its portfolio aimed at the development of indigenous organizations important to civil society. These organizations promote human rights, civic education, services to smallholder agricultural families, primary education and basic health services. USAID played a significant role in supporting the remarkable political transition that began in 1992 and ended with the successful multiparty democratic elections in 1994. Following the elections, USAID has assisted in building and supporting much needed democratic institutions, from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to Parliament, the judiciary and the electoral commission.

Description: USAID focuses on strengthening newly-formed and weak institutions to ensure that Malawians will benefit from the democratic transition. USAID supports a local human rights NGO to pioneer a paralegal program in Malawi and to begin a program of free legal assistance and education using the trained personnel. The use of paralegals will be adopted as an approach to assist the chronically overstretched legal personnel in the ministry of justice. USAID's support for the high court will help the dispensation of justice to become more uniform and informed. Additional activities will contribute to a participatory process of dialogue towards an enabling environment for NGOs. The first of the women's bills prepared by the parliamentary women's caucus have been enacted and parliamentary committees are increasing their contact with civil society by holding consultations with stakeholders about legislation. USAID is also working with key financial institutions to make the economic policy making and budget process more transparent. USAID will support the country's second national election in 1999 through activities such as voter education and election administration.

Host Country and Other Donors: Donor coordination has been effective in promoting political liberalization in Malawi. The United Nations Development Program supports constitutional and legal reform. The European Union has developed a project focused on reform of the legal system, and human rights. The United Kingdom helps the Ministry of Justice improve administration, by providing lawyers to reduce the current backlog of cases and training for court interpreters. It is also providing support to police reform. Donors continue to work together and with the Ministry of Justice and other stakeholders on a strategy for overall legal reform. The Germans are providing support for civic education and government decentralization.

Beneficiaries: All Malawians will benefit from a more transparent and responsive political and governance system. Direct beneficiaries include court users, civil society organizations, the judiciary, women, parliament, disadvantaged citizens, and local NGOs.

Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: U.S. organizations include the International Foundation for Election Support, National Democratic Institute, World Learning International, Harvard Institute for International Development. Local partner are various local NGOs, other key government institutions, Parliament, the judiciary, and the electoral commission.

Major Results Indicators:				Baseline		Target

Number of occasions parliamentary committees
consult with non-governmental and/or private sector
associations.      					1	(1996)	5	(1999)
	
Percentage of Ist and 2nd tier court decisions 
set down for review by the High Court   		20%	(1996)	45%	(1999)
	
Number of laws discriminating against women
amended or overturned by parliament.    		0 	(1996)	5	(1999)

Percentage of elections judged free and fair by
independent observers         				100%	(1996)	100%	(1999)

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