Disclaimer
UNDERSTANDING THE USER
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1 Guidebook overview
- 1.2 Metric verses English units
- 1.3 Benefits of sidewalks and trails
- 1.4 Legislation and standards
- 1.4.1 Accessibility standards for new construction and alterations
- 1.4.2 Developing accessibility standards for sidewalks
1.4.3 Developing accessibility standards for trails
- Chapter 2: Understanding Sidewalk and Trail Users
- 2.1 Function, activity and participation
- 2.1.1 Function
- 2.1.2 Activity
- 2.1.3 Participation
- 2.1.4 Contextual factors
- 2.2 Different abilities for sidewalks and trails
- 2.3 Designing for all abilities
- 2.3.1 The need for a new approach
- 2.3.2 Accessible environments through universal design
- 2.3.3 Natural and constructed environmental constraints
- 2.4 Barriers create activity and participation limitations
- 2.4.1 Movement barriers
- 2.4.2 Information barriers
- 2.5 Conflicting pedestrian needs
- 2.6 Function, activity, participation and technology
- 2.6.1 Personal technologies
- 2.6.2 Activity-specific technologies
- 2.6.3 Environmental technologies and design
- 2.6.4 How does technology influence design?
2.6.5 Limitations of technology
SIDEWALK DEVELOPMENT
- Chapter 3: Integrating Pedestrians into the Project Planning Process
- 3.1 Recent legislation
- 3.1.1 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
- 3.1.2 Federal transportation legislation (ISTEA and TEA-21)
- 3.2 Prioritizing pedestrian access
- 3.2.1 Sidewalk installation
- 3.2.2 Pedestrian oriented detail
- 3.2.3 National policy
- 3.2.4 State and local sidewalk policies
- 3.3 Local land use and zoning
- 3.3.1 Traditional land use patterns
- 3.3.2 Land use recommendations
- 3.4 Comprehensive planning
- 3.4.1 Pedestrian master plans
- 3.4.2 Pedestrian design guides
- 3.5 Prioritizing resources
- 3.6 Funding strategies
- 3.7 Site development
- 3.7.1 Pedestrian level of service
- 3.7.2 Access management
- 3.7.3 Design constraints
- 3.8 Public involvement
- 3.8.1 Making accessibility provisions at public meetings
- 3.8.2 Outreach strategies for initiating community involvement
- 3.8.3 Public involvement strategies
3.8.4 Community involvement in sidewalk assessments
- Chapter 4: Sidewalk Corridors
- 4.1 Sidewalk corridor width
- 4.1.2 The zone system
- 4.1.2.1 Curb zone
- 4.1.2.2 Planter/furniture zone
- 4.1.2.3 Pedestrian zone
- 4.1.2.4 Frontage zone
- 4.1.3 Protruding objects
- 4.1.4 Improving access on narrow sidewalks
- 4.2 Sidewalk grades and cross slopes
- 4.2.1 Grade
- 4.2.2 Cross slope
- 4.2.2.1 Grade and cross slope construction tolerances
- 4.2.2.2 Elevation difference between street and building
- 4.3 Sidewalk surfaces
- 4.3.1 Surface material
- 4.3.1.1 Firm and stable
- 4.3.1.2 Slip resistant
- 4.3.1.3 Wet or icy surfaces
- 4.3.1.4 Decorative surface materials
- 4.3.2 Changes in level
- 4.3.3 Gaps, grates, and openings
- 4.4 The impact of trees on the sidewalk corridor
- 4.5 Well-lit sidewalks
- 4.6 Grade-separated crossings
4.7 Sidewalks in confined spaces
- Chapter 5: Driveway Crossings
- 5.1 Change in cross slope
- 5.2 Driveway crossings on wide sidewalk corridors
- 5.3 Jogged driveway crossing
- 5.4 Built-up driveway crossing
- 5.5 Parallel ramped driveway crossing
5.6 Rolled curbs
- Chapter 6: Providing Information to Pedestrians
- 6.1 Non-visual information
- 6.2 Pedestrian signs
- 6.3 Detectable warnings
- 6.3.0 Detectable warnings update - May 2002
- 6.3.1 Design specifications for detectable warnings
- 6.3.2 Installation recommendations for detectable warnings
- 6.3.3 Recommended locations
- 6.3.4 Grooves
- 6.4 Directional surfaces
- 6.4.1 Raised directional tiles and pavers
- 6.4.2 Intersection guidestrips
- 6.5 Accessible pedestrian signals
- 6.5.1 Installation recommendations
- 6.5.2 Fixed time signals (pedestrian signal indicators with automated signal phasing)
- 6.5.3 Pedestrian actuated signal devices
- 6.5.3.1 Providing information in multiple formats
- 6.5.3.2 Physical design characteristics
6.5.4 Infrared or LED transmitters
- Chapter 7: Curb Ramps
- 7.1 The impact of curb ramps
- 7.1.1 Impact of curb ramps on people with mobility impairments
- 7.1.2 Impact of curb ramps on people with vision impairments
- 7.1.3 Ideal design characteristics
- 7.2 Curb ramp types
- 7.2.1 Perpendicular curb ramps
- 7.2.2 Diagonal curb ramps
- 7.2.3 Parallel curb ramps
- 7.2.4 Combined parallel and perpendicular curb ramp
- 7.2.5 Built-up curb ramps
- 7.2.6 Depressed corners
- 7.2.7 Recommendations for selecting a curb ramp design
- 7.3 Curb ramp specifications
- 7.3.1 Ramp grade
- 7.3.2 Ramp cross slope
- 7.3.3 Ramp length
- 7.3.4 Ramp width
- 7.3.5 Gutter slope
- 7.3.5.1 Gutter slope at diagonal curb ramps
- 7.3.6 Transition detection
- 7.3.7 Change of grade
- 7.3.7.1 Impacts of change of grade on people who use wheelchairs
- 7.3.7.2 Recommendations for maximum change in grade
- 7.3.7.3 Street resurfacing
- 7.3.8 Transition height
- 7.3.9 Sidewalk approach width
- 7.3.10 Landing dimension and slope
- 7.3.11 Returned curbs and flares
- 7.4 Design considerations for curb ramp installation
- 7.4.1 Curb ramp placement at an intersection
- 7.4.2 Influence of turning radii on curb ramp design
- 7.4.3 Determining sidewalk width at pedestrian crossings
- 7.4.3.1 Type of crossing
- 7.4.3.2 Curb ramp design
- 7.4.3.3 Steep terrain
- 7.4.3.4 Volume of pedestrian traffic
- 7.4.4 Curb ramps at high curbs
- 7.4.5 Curb ramps on narrow sidewalks
- 7.4.6 Curb ramps on steep terrain
7.5 Curb ramp drainage
- Chapter 8: Pedestrian Crossings
- 8.1 Barriers to pedestrian access
- 8.1.1 Movement barriers
- 8.1.2 Information barriers
- 8.1.3 Design solutions
- 8.2 Midblock crossings
- 8.3 Turning radius
- 8.4 Right turn on red and turning vehicles
- 8.5 Crosswalks
- 8.5.1 Crosswalk markings
- 8.5.2 Crosswalk research
- 8.5.3 Recommendations for enhancing pedestrian safety and access
- 8.5.3.1 Flashing signals
- 8.5.3.2 Reducing motorist speeds
- 8.6 Crossing times
- 8.7 Medians
- 8.8 Corner islands
- 8.9 Improving sight lines at intersections
- 8.10 Skewed intersections
8.11 Railroad crossings
- Chapter 9: Traffic Calming
- 9.1 Volume control measures
- 9.1.1 Full closures
- 9.1.1.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.1.1.2 Design recommendations for full closures
- 9.1.2 Half closures
- 9.1.2.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.1.2.2 Design recommendations for half closures
- 9.1.3 Median barriers
- 9.1.3.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.1.3.2 Design recommendations for median barriers
- 9.1.4 Forced turn islands
- 9.1.4.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.1.4.2 Design recommendations for forced turn islands
- 9.2 Speed control measures
- 9.2.1 Speed humps
- 9.2.1.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.1.2 Design recommendations speed humps
- 9.2.2 Speed tables and raised crosswalks
- 9.2.2.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.2.2 Design recommendations for speed tables
- 9.2.3 Raised intersections
- 9.2.3.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.3.2 Design recommendations for raised intersections
- 9.2.4 Textured pavement
- 9.2.4.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.4.2 Design recommendations for textured pavement
- 9.2.5 Roundabouts
- 9.2.5.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.5.2 Design recommendations for roundabouts
- 9.2.6 Neighborhood traffic circles
- 9.2.6.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.6.2 Design recommendations for neighborhood traffic circles
- 9.2.7 Chicanes, lateral shifts, and chokers
- 9.2.7.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.7.2 Design recommendations for chicanes, lateral shifts, and chokers
- 9.2.8 Curb extensions at intersections
- 9.2.8.1 Impact on pedestrian access
- 9.2.8.2 Design recommendations for curb extensions
- 9.2.9 Center island narrowings
- 9.2.9.1 Impact on pedestrian access
9.2.9.2 Design recommendations for center island narrowings
- Chapter 10: Sidewalk Maintenance and Construction Site Safety
- 10.1 Facility maintenance
- 10.1.1 Assessment techniques
- 10.1.2 Sidewalk maintenance problems
- 10.1.3 Maintenance responsibilities
- 10.2 Information maintenance
- 10.3 Citizen reporting
10.4 Construction safety
- Chapter 11: Sidewalk Assessment
- 11.1 Benefits of assessment
- 11.2 Sidewalk Assessment Process overview
- 11.3 Sidewalk access characteristics
- 11.4 Data collection
- 11.4.1 Stroll Sheet station measurements
- 11.4.2 Stroll Sheet feature measurements
- 11.4.3 Stroll Sheet curb ramp measurements
- 11.4.4 Intersection Checklist
- 11.4.5 Sidewalk Element Analysis Forms
11.5 Presentation of sidewalk assessment information
TRAIL DEVELOPMENT
- Chapter 12: Trail Planning
- 12.1 Commitment to universal design
- 12.2 Key players in trail design
- 12.3 Types of trails
- 12.4 Long-range planning
- 12.4.1 Trails versus the built environment
- 12.4.2 Developing accessibility standards for trails
- 12.4.3 New construction
- 12.4.4 Alterations
- 12.4.5 Routine maintenance
- 12.4.6 Long-range planning for multiple trail systems
- 12.5 Providing access and preserving the environment
- 12.5.1 Potential conflicts between access and preservation
- 12.5.1.1 Cultural, historic, religious, or significant natural features
- 12.5.1.2 Nature of the setting or purpose of the trail
- 12.5.1.3 Federal, State, or local regulations or statutes
- 12.5.1.4 Terrain, conditions, or prevailing construction practices
- 12.5.2 Priorities for access to extreme environments
- 12.5.2.1 Single extreme condition limits access
- 12.5.2.2 Cumulative conditions limit access
- 12.6 Trail components
- 12.6.1 Trail corridor
- 12.6.2 Trail element access
- 12.6.3 Trailhead access
- 12.6.3.1 Facilities and amenities at the trailhead
- 12.6.3.2 Directing trailhead traffic
12.6.3.3 Information at the trailhead.
- Chapter 13: Universal Trail Assessment Process
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Benefits of assessment
- 13.3 Trail assessment coordinators
- 13.4 Data collection and processing
13.5 Presenting trail access information
- Chapter 14: Shared-Use Path Design
- 14.1 Background information
- 14.2 Access to shared-use paths.
- 14.2.1 Rail trails
- 14.3 Conflicts between multiple user groups
- 14.4 Shared-use path surfaces
- 14.4.1 Surface material
- 14.4.2 Surface firmness, stability, and slip resistance
- 14.4.3 Changes in level
- 14.4.4 Openings
- 14.5 Shared-use path grade and cross slope
- 14.5.1 Grade
- 14.5.2 Rest areas
- 14.5.3 Cross slope and drainage
- 14.6 Shared-use path width
- 14.6.1 Passing space
- 14.6.2 Protruding objects
- 14.7 Railings
14.8 Signs
- Chapter 15: Recreation Trail Design
- 15.1 Background information
- 15.2 Outdoor recreation access routes.
- 15.3 Trail conflicts between multiple user groups
- 15.4 Trail surfaces
- 15.4.1 Surface material
- 15.4.2 Surface firmness, stability, and slip resistance
- 15.4.3 Changes in level and tread obstacles
- 15.4.3.1 Changes in level
- 15.4.3.2 Tread obstacles
- 15.4.4 Openings
- 15.5 Trail grades and cross slopes
- 15.5.1 Grade
- 15.5.1.1 Recommended grade specifications.
- 15.5.1.2 Grades that do not meet accessibility recommendations
- 15.5.1.3 Grade transitions and rest intervals
- 15.5.1.4 Trails through steep terrain
- 15.5.1.5 Change of grade
- 15.5.1.6 Curvilinear trails
- 15.5.1.7 Trails with steps
- 15.5.2 Cross slope and drainage
- 15.5.2.1 Recommended cross slope specifications
- 15.5.2.2 Cross slopes that do not meet accessibility recommendations
- 15.5.2.3 Change of cross slope
- 15.5.2.4 Minimizing erosion through natural drainage patterns
- 15.5.2.5 Waterbars
- 15.5.2.6 Trails in regions with heavy rain
- 15.5.3 Rest areas
- 15.6 Trail tread width
- 15.6.1 Trails with vegetation
- 15.6.2 Passing space
- 15.6.3 Protruding objects and vertical obstructions
- 15.7 Edge protection
15.8 Signs
- Chapter 16: Trail Crossings
- 16.1 Trail crossing another trail
- 16.2 Bridges
- 16.3 Trail intersecting a roadway
- 16.3.1 Use of curb ramps on trails at intersections
- 16.4 Grade separated crossings
16.5 Trail intersecting a railroad
- Chapter 17: Specialized Trails
- 17.1 Viewpoints
- 17.2 Beach trails
- 17.2.1 Beach access route specifications
- 17.2.2 Selecting surface materials
- 17.2.3 Considering temporary paths
- 17.2.4 Providing beach wheelchairs
- 17.3 Trails in extreme climates
17.4 Interpretive trails
- Chapter 18: Trail Maintenance
- 18.1 Facility maintenance.
- 18.1.1 Assessment techniques
- 18.1.2 Shared-use paths maintenance
- 18.1.3 Recreation trail maintenance
- 18.2 Information maintenance
18.3 Citizen reporting
Chapter 19: Research Recommendations
APPENDICES
- Appendix A: Sidewalk Assessment Process Forms
- Stroll Sheet
- Intersection Checklist
- Curb Ramp Element Analysis Form
- Driveway Crossing Element Analysis Form.
- Cut-Through Median Element Analysis Form.
Ramped Median Element Analysis Form.
Appendix B: Sidewalk Accessibility Checklist
Appendix C: Contact Information
Appendix D: Detectable Warning Manufacturers
Appendix E: Slope Conversion Chart
Appendix F: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Appendix G: Glossary
Appendix H: Bibliography