Most people now get their health care through some form of managed care plan – a health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), or point-of-service option (POS). And most of the time these people receive the care they need. But when a health plan decides that the care a patient or their doctor wants is not medically necessary, or limits the care in some way, or denies payment for the care, the potential for a dispute with the plan arises. The health plan may be justified in refusing to provide or pay for treatment if it is generally not considered medically necessary, or not necessary in the particular situation, or not covered by the policy. The cases most likely to end up in dispute are often not clear-cut, such as treatments that may be new and experimental, whose value is unproven.
Consumers have certain rights under state and federal laws that they can exercise if they disagree with a decision their plan makes about medical coverage. These rights apply to both the “internal review” process and “external review.” The rights depend on the type of health plan the person has and which state they live in.