Chapter 4: Research and Development: Funds and Technology Linkages

References

Adams JD. 2005. Industrial R&D laboratories: Windows on black boxes? Journal of Technology Transfer 30(1/2):129–37.

Adams JD, Chiang EP, Jensen JL. 2003. The influence of federal laboratory R&D on industrial research. Review of Economic and Statistics 85(November):1003–20.

Anderson TW. 2004. Foreign direct investment in the United States—New investment in 2003. Survey of Current Business June:59–66.

Arrow KJ. 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In Nelson R, editor. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Princeton , NJ: Princeton University Press. pp 609–25.

Bas CL, Sierra C. 2002. Location versus home country advantages in R&D activities: Some further results on multinationals' location strategies. Research Policy 31:589–609.

Bloom N, Griffith R, Van Reenen J. 2002. Do R&D tax credits work? Evidence from a panel of countries 1979–1997. Journal of Public Economics 85:1–31.

Bougheas S. 2004. Internal vs. external financing. Small Business Economics 22:11–17.

Bozeman B, Wittmer D. 2001. Technical roles and success of U.S. federal laboratory-industry partnerships. Science and Public Policy 28(4):169–78.

Branscomb LM, Auerswald PE. 2002. Between Innovation and Innovation—An Analysis of Funding for Early-Stage Technology Development. GCR 02-841.Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology

Brod A, Link AN. 2001. Trends in cooperative research activity. In: Feldman MP, Link A, editors. Technology Policy for the Knowledge-Based Economy . Boston: Kluwer Academic Press.

Bush V. 1945. Science—The endless frontier. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/vbush1945.htm. Accessed April 2005.

Cassiman B, Veugelers R. 2002. Complementarity in the innovation strategy: Internal R&D, external technology acquisition, and cooperation in R&D. Research paper 457; Barcelona, Spain: University of Navarra, IESE. http://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/DI-0457-E.pdf

Carson CS, Grimm BT, Moylan CE. 1994. A satellite account for research and development. Survey of Current Business November: 37–71, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, http://www.bea.gov/bea/pubs.htm.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2005. The World Fact Book 2004, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html. Accessed 31 March 2005.

Commission of the European Communities (CEC), International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations, and World Bank. 1993. System of National Accounts 1993, Brussels/Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, DC. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/toctop.asp.

Cooper RS. 2003. Purpose and performance of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. Small Business Economics 20:137–51.

Crow M, Bozeman B. 1998. Limited by Design—R&D Laboratories in the U.S. National Innovation System. New York : Columbia University Press.

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). 2004. Scattering the Seeds of Innovation: The Globalization of Research and Development. White paper. London. http://www.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=eiu_scattering_seeds_of_invention. Accessed 21 June 2005.

European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT) 2002. Is the "3% R&D for 2010" objective unrealistic? Can the dramatic reappraisal it implies be achieved?". http://www.ert.be/pdf/R&D%20Paper.pdf. Accessed 9 August 2005.

Fraumeni BM, Okubo S. 2004. R&D in U.S. national accounts. Paper prepared by U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis for the 28th general conference of The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth; 22–28 August 2004; Cork, Ireland.

Gilbert BA, Audretsch DB, McDougall PP. 2004. The emergence of entrepreneurship policy. Small Business Economics 22:313–23.

Guenther G. 2005. Research and Experimentation Tax Credit: Current Status Legislative Proposals, and Policy Issues. RL31181. Washington, DC: U.S. Congressional Research Service.

Hagedoorn J. 2002. Inter-firm R&D partnerships: An overview of major trends and patterns since 1960. Research Policy 31:477–92

Hagedoorn J, van Kranenburg H. 2003. Growth patterns in R&D partnerships: An exploratory statistical study. International Journal of Industrial Organization 21:517–31.

Hall B. 2001. Tax incentives for innovation in the United States. Report to European Union submitted by Asesoria Industrial ZABALA-Spain. Contract No: INNO–99–03. http://emlab.berkeley.edu/users/bhhall/papers/BHH01%20EU%20Report%20USA%20rtax.pdf .

Industrial Research Institute (IRI). 2005. IRI's R&D trends forecast for 2005. Research Technology Management 48(1):18-22.

Jankowski J. 2001. Measurement and growth of R&D within the service economy. Journal of Technology Transfer 26(4):323–336.

Kumar N. 2001. Determinants of location of overseas R&D activity of multinational enterprises: The case of U.S. and Japanese corporations. Research Policy 30:159–74.

Link AN, Paton D, Siegel DS. 2002. An analysis of policy initiatives to promote strategic research partnerships. Research Policy 31:1459–66.

Mataloni RJ. 2004. U.S. multinational companies—Operations in 2002. Survey of Current Business July:10–29.

Meeks R. 2002. Proposed FY 2003 Budget Would Complete Plan to Double Health R&D Funding, Considerably Expand Defense R&D. NSF InfoBrief 02-326. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.

Miotti L, Sachwald F. 2003. Cooperative R&D: Why and with whom? An integrated framework of analysis. Research Policy 32:1481–99.

Moris, Francisco. 2005. R&D Investments by U.S. MNCs in Emerging and Developing Markets in the 1990s. Background paper prepared for UNCTAD World Investment Report 2005.

Narula R. 2003. Globalisation and Trends in International R&D Alliances. MERIT-Infonomics Research Memorandum 2003-001. The Netherlands: Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology.

National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1995. Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology. Washington , DC: National Academy Press.

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) 1990. Federal Register 55(24)(5 February):3885.

National Research Council (NRC). 2003. Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies. Washington , DC: The National Academy Press.

National Research Council (NRC). 2004. SBIR Program Diversity and Assessment Challenges—Report of a Symposium. Washington , DC: The National Academy Press.

National Research Council.(NRC). 2005. Measuring Research and Development Expenditures in the U.S. Economy . Panel on Research and Development Statistics at the National Science Foundation, Lawrence D. Brown, Thomas J. Plewes, and Marisa A. Gerstein, Editors. Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

National Science Board (NSB). 2004. U.S. and international research and development: Funds and alliances. Science and Engineering Indicators – 2004. Vol. I. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics (NSF/SRS). 2002. Federal Science and Engineering Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions: Fiscal Year 2000. NSF 02–319. Arlington, VA. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf02319/.

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics (NSF/SRS). 2004a. U.S.-China R&D Linkages: Foreign Direct Investment and Industrial Alliances in the 1990s . NSF 04-306. Arlington, VA. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf04306/start.htm.

National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics (NSF/SRS). 2004b. Industrial R&D Employment in the United States and in U.S. Multinational Corporations. NSF 05-302. Arlington, VA. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf05302/start.htm.

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics (NSF/SRS). 2005. The U.S. Research and Experimentation Tax Credit in the 1990s (NSF 05-316). Arlington, VA. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf05316/

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics (NSF/SRS). Forthcoming. National Patterns of R&D Resources 2003 Methodology Report.

Nelson R. 1959. The simple economics of basic scientific research. Journal of Political Economy 49:297–306.

Niosi J. 1999. The internationalization of industrial R&D: From technology transfer to the learning organization. Research Policy 28:107–17.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2001. Measuring Capital: A Manual on the Measurement of Capital Stocks, Consumption of Fixed Capital and Capital Services. Paris . http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/57/1876369.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2005.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2002a. Measuring the Information Economy. Paris .

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2002b. Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Frascati Manual). Paris.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2003. Tax Incentives for Research and Development: Trends and Issues . Paris.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2004. Main Science and Technology Indicators Database.

Red Iberoamericana de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Iberomerican Network on Science & Technology Indicators) (RICYT). 2004. Principales Indicadores de Ciencia Y Tenologia 2003. Buenos Aires , Argentina .

Roosevelt FD. 1944. Letter to Vannevar Bush. 17 November. Washington, DC. http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/vbush1945.htm#letter. Accessed April 2005.

Sakakibara M. 2001. Cooperative research and development: Who participates and in which industries do projects take place. Research Policy 30:993–1018.

Schmookler J. 1962. Economic sources of inventive activity. The Journal of Economic History 2(1):19.

Steelman JR. 1947. Science and Public Policy. Washington , DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Reprinted 1980. New York: Arno Press.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UNESCO/UIS), http://www.uis.unesco.org, accessed 7 April 2005.

U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC), Office of the Secretary. 2004. Summary Report on Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer: FY 2003 Activity Metrics and Outcomes, 2004 Report to the President and the Congress Under The Technology Transfer and Commercialization Act.

U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). 2005. Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System, Department of Defense Budget For Fiscal Year 2006 . http://www.dod.mil/comptroller/defbudget/fy2006/fy2006_weabook.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2005.

U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2001b. Research and Development: Reported Gap Between Data From Federal Agencies and Their R&D Performers: Results From Non-comparable Data. GAO-01-512R. Washington, DC.

U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB). 2005. Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2006 . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/pdf/spec.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2005.

von Zedtwitz M, Gassmann O. 2002. Market versus technology drive in R&D internationalization: Four different patterns of managing research and development. Research Policy 31:569–88.

Vonortas N, Hagedoorn J. 2003. Strategic alliances in the business cycle. Working paper. Center for International Science and Technology Policy, George Washington University; Washington, DC.

Ward M. 1985. Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures in the OECD. Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Zeile WJ. 2004. Operations of U.S. affiliates of foreign companies—Preliminary results from the 2002 benchmark survey. Survey of Current Business August:192–217.

National Science Board.