| Appendix A | Table of Contents | Appendix C |
Sponsoring agency |
Bureau of the Census Department of Commerce |
Reference date |
April 2000 |
The decennial census is the oldest data collection effort in the United States. Initiated in 1790, and conducted thereafter at 10-year intervals in the year ending in zero, Census 2000 will be the 22nd decennial census. In addition to providing a "snapshot" of the United States, the decennial census provides information at all levels of geography, from the large to the small, ranging from political entities such as states, counties, cities, and local governments, to small areas such as blocks and tracts. The availability of results from past censuses provides historical series for a variety of characteristics, including race/ethnicity, which can be examined and analyzed over time, with allowance for differences in definitions and reporting. Decennial census results (sometimes adjusted for census undercount) either directly or extrapolated to post-census time periods also serve as denominators in the calculation of important social and economic indicators, such as birth and death rates, incidence rates for diseases, and crime rates. The data also are used in the design of population surveys and in adjusting survey results to known population parameters.
For the most part, the decennial effort is collected through self-enumeration. The basic Census 2000 form (short form) to be filled out for each person in the nation as of April 2000, including the institutionalized population and the resident armed forces, will collect information on only seven subjects, including Hispanic origin and race. The Census long-form, to be completed by about 1 household in 6, includes a wide variety of additional questions on the social and economic status of the population. The results from the long-form will begin to become available in 2002.
The race/ethnicity questions in Census 2000 reflect the results of extensive research and testing to develop new standards for collecting, tabulating, and presenting data on race and ethnicity. Census 2000 is one of the first activities to reflect this effort. The standards, when adopted fully, will be incorporated in virtually all surveys or data collection efforts supported by the Federal statistical system, beginning early in the next decade.
The specific questions and responses are as follows:
| [ ] No, not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino | [ ] Yes, Puerto Rican |
| [ ] Yes, Mexican, Mexican-Am., Chicano | [ ] Yes, Cuban |
| [ ] Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino-Print group |
| [ ]White | ||
| [ ] Black, African-Am., or Negro | ||
| [ ] American Indian or Alaska Native—Print name of enrolled or principal tribe | ||
|
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||
| [ ] Asian Indian | [ ] Japanese | [ ] Native Hawaiian |
| [ ] Chinese | [ ] Korean | [ ] Guamanian or Chamorro |
| [ ] Filipino | [ ] Vietnamese | [ ] Samoan |
| [ ] Other Asian—Print race | [ ] Other Pacific Islander—Print race | |
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||
| [ ] Some other race | ||
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As the Nation's oldest data gathering organization, the Census Bureau has long experience in interviewing non-English speaking respondents. The decennial census makes special efforts to hire indigenous interviewers, especially so in areas containing large numbers of non-English speaking respondents. Where a bilingual interviewer is not immediately available and another family member is unable to bridge the language gap, a callback visit is scheduled and the required language skill is located and made available. Partnerships also are established with the local community and with public interest groups in order to ensure the availability of the needed language skills, and to obtain assistance in seeking public cooperation in responding to the census. As in recent censuses, the public will be urged to call if they require assistance. To the extent possible, the Bureau plans to meet such needs, both through its own staff and through the efforts of the local community; the extent of the effort is still in development.
Census questionnaires will be available in five languages other than English--that is, in Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Tagalog, and Vietnamese--and will be provided if requested. In addition, questionnaire assistance booklets will be available in over 30 languages.
The decennial census covers the total population resident in the United States as of April 1, 2000. The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 refer to the respective populations included in the long-form sample.
A wide variety of detailed data will be available from the long-form, including extensive detail for the Hispanic population and subpopulations, for each of the Asian and Pacific Islander populations, and for American Indians or Alaska Natives. The amount of detail, of course, will be more limited for smaller geographic entities, such as towns or rural areas, because the small sample sizes may preclude presenting data, either for the group as a whole or for its components, with sufficient reliability. At the time of publication, Census 2000 will provide the most timely and most extensive national and small area information available for the populations of interest, with regard to demographic and socio-economic characteristics.
As in past censuses, public use micro-record files will be available. Following past practice, they should contain the full race/ethnic detail, including subpopulation identification for both Hispanics and Asians and Pacific Islanders.
Census 2000 will utilize the revised race/ethnic definitions, consistent with the new OMB standards for collecting and presenting race/ethnic data.
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Sponsoring agency |
Bureau of the Census Department of Commerce |
Reference date |
2003 |
The American Community Survey (ACS) is planned as a continuing sample survey designed to replace the Census long form in 2010. It is intended to provide reliable annual estimates of the detailed social, economic, and housing characteristics for all states, and for cities, counties, metropolitan areas, and population groups of 65,000 persons or more. For smaller areas, multi-year average data covering the most recent 2-to-5 years will be used to generate the estimates. For the most part, the survey will be conducted by mail. The sample will interview about 250,000 households per month, or some 3 million different households per year (some 3 percent of all households). Thus, over a 5-year period, the sample will approximate the decennial long-form sample. Currently in the testing and developmental stage, it is planned for implementation in 2003. As part of the inquiry, extensive demographic detail will be collected, including detailed race and Hispanic origin.
The ACS race/ethnicity questions and response categories follow:
What is this persons's race? Mark (X) one or more races to indicate what this person considers himself/herself to be
| [ ] White | [ ] Asian Indian | [ ] Native Hawaiian |
| [ ] Black, African-Am., or Negro | [ ] Chinese | [ ] Guamanian or Chamorro |
| [ ] American Indian, or Alaska Native. Print name of enrolled
or principal tribe.
|
[ ] Filipino | [ ] Samoan |
| [ ] Japanese | [ ] Other Pacific Islander | |
| [ ] Korean | [ ] Some other race | |
| [ ] Vietnamese | ||
| [ ] Other Asian Print race
|
As the Nation's oldest data gathering organization, the Census Bureau has long experience in interviewing non-English speaking respondents. The ACS, however, as a continuing, monthly effort to be conducted principally by mail, does raise a number of new issues, which the Bureau is attempting to address as part of its current research and testing program. Given its large sample size and its dispersion across virtually all counties, it is not feasible to have resident interviewers in all locations. To the extent that follow-up is conducted by telephone, using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI), a variety of language skills will be available. Personal follow-up, however, will be accomplished by travelling interviewers, some of whom may lack the necessary language skills. In a large number of instances, bilingual family members will be able to assist in completing the interview, but in some cases it may be necessary for the Bureau to hire or otherwise recruit the necessary language skills.
The ACS will be available in paper form in a limited number of other languages. The exact number is yet to be determined, based both on the experience of Census 2000 and the testing of the ACS.
As with the decennial census, the ACS will cover the total resident population, including both the armed forces and the institutionalized. The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 refer to the Hispanic, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Native American populations included in an annual ACS sample.
When fully implemented, the ACS will become a major source of a wide variety of detailed data on the Hispanic population and its subgroups, as well as for each of the API populations, and for American Indians or Alaska Natives. The amount of detail, of course, will be more limited for smaller geographic entities, such as towns or rural areas, because the small sample sizes may preclude obtaining data, either for the group as a whole or for its components, with sufficient reliability. Further, as noted above, information for small demographic groups or for small geographic entities may require the accumulation of from 2-to-5 years of sample, in order to provide acceptable levels of reliability. In sum, however, ACS will provide both timely and extensive national and small area information for the populations of interest.
It is expected that public use files containing micro-records will be made available regularly. Such files undoubtedly will contain the full scope of the race/ethnic information collected on the ACS, including identification of the Hispanic and API subpopulation groups.
When implemented in 2003, the ACS will utilize the revised race/ethnic definitions and categories, including multiple reporting of race, consistent with the new OMB standards for collecting and presenting race/ethnic data.
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Sponsoring agency |
Bureau of the Census Department of Commerce |
Reference date |
March 1998 Average Month 1998 |
The Current Population Survey (CPS) is a monthly survey conducted since 1942 by the Bureau of the Census to produce the official government statistics on the Nation's employment and unemployment. At the present time, some 48,000 households are interviewed. As part of the inquiry, extensive demographic detail is collected about those interviewed, including age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, educational attainment, and marital status. In addition, from time to time, supplementary questions are added to the survey to provide a wide variety of national information on such subjects as school enrollment, multiple job holding, immunization status, fertility, voting behavior, and computer ownership. In March of each year, the survey includes the questions found in the decennial long-form, such as income, work experience, and mobility, in order to provide post-censal updates for the socio-economic detail. The CPS has included questions on Hispanic origin since the early 1970's and, thus, serves to provide historical series for this group; information for subgroups is a more recent occurrence.
Race and Hispanic origin are obtained for each person in the sample. The following series of questions is used currently (November 1999):
I am going to read a list of race categories: What is the race of each person in this household?(If respondent seems unsure or is unable to provide an answer), ask,
Are you (Is he/she) White, Black, American Indian, Aleut or Eskimo, Asian or Pacific Islander, or something else?
I am going to read a list of origin categories: What is (name's/your) origin or descent?
The response categories are listed on flashcards which are handed to the respondent when appropriate. The Race flashcard entry for Asian or Pacific Islander displays parenthetically a number of subgroups (Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Asian Indian, Vietnamese, Hawaiian, Guamanian, Samoan, other Asian) to assist the respondent, but these groups are not recorded. The Origin or Descent flashcard lists a number of the discrete Hispanic subgroups and (Mexican-American, Chicano, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Central or South American). Subgroups for the Asian or Pacific Islanders are not listed on the Origin or Descent flashcard. The detail on the flashcards for Hispanics appears on the tape files, including the Public Use files.
In connection with the extended March supplement, persons identified as Asian or Pacific Islanders are further classified into subgroups (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Asian Indian, Vietnamese, Guamanian, Hawaiian); at the moment, these results appear only on internal records.
Census Bureau has long experience in interviewing non-English speaking respondents. Since a large proportion of CPS interviews use a Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing system (CATI), the Bureau has located one of its telephone centers in Tucson, AZ, to take advantage of its large Spanish speaking population. In areas containing large numbers of non-English speaking respondents, the Bureau generally attempts to locate, hire, and train members of the group who are bilingual, and they are assigned as needed. Where a bilingual interviewer is not available, the interviewer attempts to locate another member of the family who is bilingual to assist in the interview, or arranges to call back when a translator can be obtained.
Since the CPS is a "computer based" survey, it is not available in other languages in paper form, although a Spanish-language version is resident on the CATI/CAPI systems. In a given month, only some 220 of the 3,400 Spanish-origin households (about 6.5 percent) are interviewed using the Spanish-language instrument.
The CPS covers the civilian noninstitutional population. The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3, both for "CPS-March" and for CPS-Monthly cover all ages. As noted earlier, the CPS does identify the Hispanic subgroups; it does identify subgroups of Asian and Pacific Islanders in March. The March CPS oversamples Hispanics by a factor of 2; thus the sample sizes for Hispanics for CPS-March reflect the oversampling.
Data from the March CPS supplement on the socio-economic status of the Hispanic population are published annually in a separate report in the Bureau's P-20 Series. Limited information is provided for the subpopulations. Data for the Asian and Pacific Islander population from the March CPS supplement are contained in the special report by race, issued by the Bureau; no information is provided for Native Americans. Some of the reports on other subject areas contain limited information on Hispanics and the API population. Information on the labor force behavior of Hispanics and Asians is published regularly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Public use micro-data files are available containing data from the monthly CPS, as well as for the supplementary questions asked only in March. The race/ethnic data to be found on these files conforms to the collected detail; that is, Hispanic subpopulations are identified, but only the total Asian/Pacific Islander group is shown.
The new OMB standards for collecting race/ethnic data will be introduced in the CPS in 2003. Current thinking suggests a separate item on Hispanic origin, by subgroups, followed by the question on race, which would have separate entries for Asian and Pacific Islander subgroups. Allowance will be made for multiple reporting. At the moment, the Bureau is not planning to extend the detail published, either for Hispanics or for the API population group.
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Sponsoring agency |
Bureau of the Census Department of Commerce |
Reference date |
Wave 1, 1996 Panel |
The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), initiated in late 1983, is a major continuing household survey, providing information on the detailed sources of income, on participation in a wide range of government programs, and on program eligibility. Extensive demographic detail is collected about the persons interviewed, including age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, educational attainment, and marital status. In addition to a core set of questions concerning labor market activity, earnings and income, and program participation and eligibility, from time to time, supplementary questions or topic modules are added to the survey to provide a wide variety of national information on such subjects as assets and liabilities, housing costs and energy usage, child care, welfare history, and disability. The current sample panel consists of some 40,000 households, which are interviewed at 4-month intervals. Longitudinal surveys, such as SIPP, are subject to cumulative nonresponse, which must be taken into account in using data derived over the life of a panel. Prior to 1996, the typical panel length was 32 months; the survey was redesigned in 1996, at which time the panel length was extended to 4 years.
Because of specific congressional mandates on how moneys flow to immigrants, SIPP has included subject modules on Migration History and Immigrant Status, topics which are particularly relevant for analysis of program participation.
The questions shown are the current items for race/ethnicity (1996 Panel). Race is categorized into four major groups -- White; Black; American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut; and Asian and Pacific Islander. The interviewer provides the respondent with a flashcard containing the categories, and asks,
"Which of the categories on this card best describes ....'s race?"
The race as reported by the respondent is entered. If the person reports a race not listed, the response is entered in the "other race" category, and subsequently edited into one of the four groups. If more than one race is reported or the respondent is uncertain, the interviewer next asks,
"Which race does...most closely identify with?"
and records the race reported. If the respondent is unable to provide a single response, the race of the person's mother is reported. If the respondent reports a multiple race for the mother, the first race originally mentioned is recorded.
A separate flashcard is used in connection with the question on ethnicity. This card lists 34 different ethnic categories as options, including nine categories for Spanish origin, one for American Indians, Eskimo or Aleut, and one for African-American. None of the specific subgroups comprising Asians or Pacific Islanders is listed. The flashcard question is,
"Which of the categories on this card best describes ....'s origin or descent?"
The instructions state:
Enter the origin as reported by the respondent. If the person reports more than one origin, ask him/her to select only one choice, and enter that code.
The Hispanic categories listed on the flashcard are:
| Mexican | Mexican-American | Chicano |
| Puerto Rican | Cuban | Central American |
| South American | Dominican Republic | Other Hispanic |
All of these detailed codes are recorded on the public use file.
In areas containing large numbers of non-English speaking respondents, the Census Bureau generally attempts to locate, hire, and train members of the group who are bilingual, and they are assigned as needed. Where a bilingual speaker is not available, the interviewer attempts to locate another member of the household who is bilingual to assist in the interview, or arranges for a callback with a bilingual interviewer (or translator).
The survey is administered through a computer assisted personal interview (CAPI). A computerized Spanish-language version of the questionnaire is available.
Since SIPP covers the civilian, noninstitutional population, the sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 are persons' counts for all ages. SIPP identifies the Hispanic subgroups; but tabulates data only for the Hispanic total; it does not collect (nor present) data for the separate API subgroups. SIPP does not oversample any of these race/ethnic groups. However, persons in poverty are oversampled, including some who are in these race/ethnic groups.
Only very limited data are made available either for Hispanics or APIs; no information is provided for Native Americans. At the moment, SIPP has no plans for extending the detail published, either for Hispanics or for APIs.
SIPP public use micro-data files identify the individual Hispanic subgroups; for the API group, however, only the API total is identified.
Current thinking calls for introducing the new categories, including allowance for multiracial reporting, in 2003 or 2004, consistent with the revised OMB standards for collecting and presenting race/ethnic data.
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Sponsoring agency |
Bureau of the Census Department of Commerce |
Reference date |
1998 |
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is an important source of national information on American health indicators, health care access and use, and health-related behaviors. Initiated in 1957, NHIS is a continuous survey of about 41,500 households per year, with data collected throughout the year from weekly subsamples. The survey covers the civilian non-institutionalized population of the United States through personal interviews with household members.
The questionnaire consists of two basic parts: a set of family, adult, and child core questions on health and demographic items, and one or more sets of questions on current health topics. The core items provide continuous information on basic health variables, such as limitations of activity, injuries, health insurance, access to health care, health care utilization, conditions, and behaviors such as tobacco use, physical activity, alcohol use and immunizations. Extensive demographic information for household members, including race/ethnicity, also are collected. Questions on special topical modules change from year to year, but examples of past interest include prevention, dental care, physician services, health insurance, cancer risk factors, child adoption, and functional limitations.
The race/ethnic questions, used in the Calendar 1998 NHIS were as follows:
| Puerto Rican | Mexican/Mexicano | Hispanic |
| Cuban | Mexican-American | Other Latin American (specify) |
| Cuban American | Chicano | Other Spanish or Hispanic (specify) |
(Show Flashcard) What race {do} consider {yourself} to be?
| White | Vietnamese |
| Black/African American | Japanese |
| Indian (American) | Asian Indian |
| Eskimo | Samoan |
| Aleut | Guamanian |
| Chinese | Other Asian, Pacific Islander (specify) |
| Filipino | Other (specify) |
| Hawaiian | |
| Korean |
(If multiple entries in Race) which one of these groups, that is (Read Groups) would you say BEST represents {your} race?
The NHIS policy regarding the use of bilingual interviewers parallels that of the Bureau of the Census, given that the survey is conducted for NCHS by the Bureau. Bilingual interviewers are recruited routinely for those areas known to be predominantly non-English speaking, with Spanish as the most important second language. Where feasible, other members of the household who are bilingual are asked to assist. Other language skills are provided, as the situation requires.
The NHIS oversamples blacks and Hispanics, and the sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 reflect the oversampling. Numbers shown are for all ages.
Reports prepared from the NHIS present limited data for the major race/ethnic groups; the relatively small samples for the subgroups, however, preclude the presentation of data for these individual groups. On occasion, NCHS has prepared special reports for a major race/ethnic group (e.g., Health Status of Asian Americans: United States, 1992-1994) by using multi-year average data.
Public use micro-record files are provided annually from the survey; the full race/Hispanic origin detail is among the items included on the individual record.
All of the subgroups of interest were identified in the race/ethnic questions included in the 1998 NHIS. The Calendar 1999 NHIS race/ethnicity questions have been modified to reflect the changes introduced in the revised OMB standards for collecting race/ethnic data.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
1997 |
The birth component of the national vital statistics system in the United States is comprehensive, covering all political jurisdictions in the country, as well as Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. National statistics derived from the system include the 50 states and the District of Columbia, and data are available for the other jurisdictions as well. The system is cooperative in the sense that local registration offices receive notices of vital events and are responsible for issuing certified copies of vital records (e.g., birth and death certificates), which are state adaptations of the model certificates (U.S. Standard Certificates) developed jointly by the states and the Public Health Service. The states, having received copies of the certificates from the registration officials, process and send them to the National Center for Health Statistics for consolidation into a national database. The standard certificate of birth contains a wide variety of information about the mother and child, including maternal and infant health characteristics, information on tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy, obstetric procedures, method of delivery, and abnormal conditions of the newborn. The race or national origin of the mother and father also is obtained and, beginning in 1989, the certificate added a Hispanic identifier for the mother and father. This information is not obtained for the child.
The following two items, completed separately for the mother and the father, appear on the Certificate of Live Birth:
Race—American Indian, Black, White, etc. (specify)
For statistical purposes, the following categories for race are separately identified:
| White | Japanese |
| Black | Hawaiian |
| American Indian | Filipino |
| Chinese | Other Asian or Pacific Islander |
At present, a total of nine states, which contain about two-thirds of the U.S. population of these additional API groups, code births as Vietnamese, Asian Indian, Korean, Samoan, Guamanian, and other API groups. Subgroup data for Hispanics are available for all states and are tabulated.
Registration of births is an administrative system, thus not requiring the use of interviewers.
The data shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 represent the total numbers of births reported for the respective race/ethnic group.
Data on births, by selected race/ethnic group, are released regularly in published and electronic form, including the Internet. NCHS has issued reports dealing with births of Hispanic origin, which show subgroup detail for Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Central and South American mothers. More limited data are available for the API populations because population data are available only in Census years, not annually. However, numbers and percent distributions of births by all characteristics are available for the API subgroups. A public use file is provided annually, which includes the demographic information from all unit records.
NCHS has convened a panel of experts to develop a revised, standard certificate to serve as a model for states. It is hoped that this effort will result in race/ethnic detail consistent with the revised OMB standards for collecting race/ethnic data. The timing of the revision is yet to be determined.
[ Go to List of Data Bases ]
Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
1997 |
The death component of the national vital statistics system in the United States is comprehensive, covering all political jurisdictions in the country, as well as Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. National statistics derived from the system include the 50 states and the District of Columbia, and data are available for the other jurisdictions as well. The system is cooperative in the sense that local registration offices receive notices of vital events and are responsible for issuing certified copies of vital records (e.g., birth and death certificates), which are state adaptations of the model certificates (U.S. Standard Certificates) developed jointly by the states and the Public Health Service. The states, having received copies of the certificates from the registration officials, process and send coded statistical information without individual identification to the National Center for Health Statistics for consolidation into a national database. The standard certificate of death contains medical and demographic information about the deceased, including age, race, sex, Hispanic origin, marital status, occupation and industry, educational attainment, place of death, and causes of death.
The following two items appear on the Standard Certificate of Death, and are completed for the decedent:
Race-American Indian, Black, White, etc. (specify)
For statistical purposes, the following categories for race are separately identified:
| White Black American Indian (incl. Eskimo and Aleut) Chinese |
Japanese Hawaiian Filipino Other Asian or Pacific Islander |
At present, a total of nine states, which contain about two-thirds of the U.S. population of these additional API groups, code deaths to additional API subgroups, including Vietnamese, Asian Indian, Korean, Samoan, Guamanian, and other API groups. Subgroup data for Hispanics are available for all states and are tabulated.
Death registration is an administrative system, thus not requiring the use of interviewers.
The data shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 represent the total numbers of deaths reported for each race/ethnic group.
Data on deaths, by selected race/ethnic group, are released regularly in published and electronic form, including the Internet. NCHS has issued reports dealing with deaths of Hispanic origin, which show subgroup detail for Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Central and South American decedents, as well as a report on deaths for API subgroups. A public use file, containing the universe of death records is provided annually, including the demographic and medical information from the unit records.
NCHS has convened a panel of experts to develop a revised, standard certificate to serve as a model for states. It is hoped that this effort will result in race/ethnic detail consistent with the revised OMB standards for collecting race/ethnic data. The timing of the revision is yet to be determined.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
1995 |
The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) is focused on factors affecting pregnancy--including sexual activity, contraceptive use, and infertility--the use of family planning and other medical services such as prenatal care, and the health of women and infants. The survey is conducted at periodic intervals among a national probability sample of some 12,000 civilian noninstitutionalized women 15 to 44 years of age. Beginning with the next cycle (Cycle VI, scheduled for calendar 2001), the study also will include some 7,200 completed interviews with men 15 to 49 years of age. A variety of demographic and socio-economic information also is included in the interview.
The Cycle V survey, conducted in 1995, used the NHIS as the sampling frame. Thus, the NHIS race/ethnicity in detail is available for NSFG; although all the information is not on the public use tape. The Cycle V survey includes questions relating to Hispanic origin, as well as for selected subpopulations, such as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Other. Specific wording follows:
| YES | NO |
Is (….)
| Puerto Rican Cuban |
Mexican Or a member of some other group (specify) |
The item on race instructs respondents to mark all that apply, but also to indicate the race that best describes the respondent, as follows:
| Alaskan Native or American Indian Asian or Pacific Islander |
Black White |
Some Spanish-English bilingual interviewers are hired and made available as needed. Respondents who cannot be interviewed in English or in Spanish are classified as eligible, but non-respondents. Because of the sensitive content of the interview, family members or other third party translators are not allowed to be present during the interview. Thus, if an eligible person speaks only other than English or Spanish, that person cannot be interviewed in the NSFG.
The next cycle plans to oversample both Black and Hispanic men and women 15 to 44 years of age and Hispanic men 15 to 49 years of age, as well as Hispanic women 15 to 44 years, as in recent cycles The exact amount of oversampling is yet to be determined. The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 toA-3 are for Hispanic women 15 to 44 years who were included in Cycle 5. The emphasis in this study has been on Black and Hispanic reproductive health.
All reports contain data cross tabulated by race and ethnicity. The oversampling of black and Hispanic women, however, provides both greater reliability and greater detail for this group. The detail in the reports includes the number of children women have had and the number they expect in the future, intended and unintended births, sexual intercourse, marriage and cohabitation, contraceptive use, infertility, health insurance coverage, family planning, smoking, HIV testing, and sex education.
Public use data files, containing individual records for respondents, are produced for each Cycle; the race/Hispanic data are included on the record.
Cycle VI, scheduled for Calendar 2001, will reflect the revised OMB standards for race/ethnic detail.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
1999 |
The National Immunization Survey (NIS) is conducted quarterly by telephone among about 9,000 households, in order to collect specific vaccination data for children 19 through 35 months of age. The sample is spread through some 78 areas, of which 28 are urban places participating in Immunization Action Plans (IAPs), and the remainders is located in the 50 States or partial states. For example, data for Texas might represent information collected from 4 IAPs in Texas, plus a sample in "the rest of" Texas.
Beginning with the third quarter of 1999, the questions used to collect information on the race/ethnicity of the children and the mother were changed, consistent with the revised OMB standards. The current wording follows:
| Mexican Mexican-American Central American South American |
Chicano Puerto Rican, or Cuban |
Is the person
| White Black or African-American Native American Alaska Native Asian |
Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander, or Another race (specify) |
| (Check all that apply) | Don't Know, Refused |
(If more than one answer, ask) which do feel best describes the person's race?
(Categories as above)
English- and Spanish-speaking interviewers are used to collect the information. In addition, selected other language skills are available. A Spanish-language version of the questionnaire is available, when required. Where the required language skills are not available, an effort is made to obtain the assistance of an English-speaking family member or the AT&T language line translators are used.
The information in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 is for children 19 to 35 months of age. Even though subpopulation detail is collected the subpopulations are not identified on the data files.
Historically in general, the race/ethnicity detail shown in publications has been restricted to the total Hispanic, White, and Blacks. Occasionally, additional detail was provided for American Indians/Alaskan Native, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. The race/ethnic detail to be made available from the questions introduced in late 1999 is yet to be determined. Public use files are not yet available, but are under consideration.
As noted, as of the third quarter of 1999, NIS is consistent with the revised OMB standards for collecting race/ethnic data. Since the results are published annually, a full four quarters of information is required before publication. However, as indicated in the Task 3 report, the sample sizes for many of the subpopulations are too small to permit meaningful analyses.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
1999 |
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) obtains information about the health and nutritional status of a representative national sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of all ages through direct interviews, physical examinations which obtain a wide variety of standardized medical information, and selected laboratory analyses. Data collected through NHANES assist in understanding and evaluating new public health issues and technology; risk factors for specific diseases; the relationship between diet, nutrition, and health; trends in risk behaviors and environmental exposures; the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of selected diseases; the number and percent of persons in the population and specific subgroups with diseases and risk factors; and in establishing a national probability sample of genetic and other materials.
Examples of the subjects covered in NHANES included prenatal care, birthweight, preschool/child care, current medical conditions, reported pain, physical functioning, immunization status, presence of selected diseases (TB, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, kidney conditions, respiratory health), blood pressure, vision, audiometry, balance, oral health, diet behavior and nutrition, weight history, smoking and tobacco use, and use of dietary supplements and prescriptions. The medical examination includes a diagnostic interview, body measurements, bone desistometry, a dental examination, vision, hearing, physical fitness, physical functioning, and selected laboratory tests. Extensive demographic and socio-economic information also is collected.
Currently (1999), each year a new sample of 5,000 individuals of all ages is interviewed and examined; results can be aggregated across years to improve reliability of the estimates.
The questions concerning race/ethnicity are consistent with the proposed OMB guidelines; that is, the item on Hispanic origin precedes the race question, and one or more categories may be selected. The specific questions are as follows:
| Please give me the number of the group that represents (your) Hispanic original ancestry. Please select one or more categories. (Hand card) | ||
| Puerto Rican | Mexican/Mexicano | Other Latin American (specify) |
| Cuban/Cuban American | Mexican-American | Other Hispanic (specify) |
| Dominican (Republic) | Chicano | |
| What race (do you) consider (yourself) to be? Please 1 or more of these categories. | ||
| White | Guanmanian | Filipino |
| Black/African American | Samoan | Japanese |
| Indian (American) | Other PI (specify) | Korean |
| Alaska Native | Asian Indian | Vietnamese |
| Native Hawaiian | Chinese | Other Asian (specify) |
| Some other race (specify) | ||
| (If more than 1 entry, continue) which one of these groups, that is (display responses) would you say best represents (your) race? | ||
| Enter race code | ||
| Cannot choose 1 race | ||
| Refused | ||
Given the large extent of oversampling of Mexican-Americans, NHANES both ensures the availability of Spanish-speaking interviewers and (as required) makes special efforts to conduct the interview in Spanish. The basic survey form also is available in Spanish. Consequently, about half of all Hispanic households are interviewed in Spanish. If an interviewer encounters a respondent who speaks neither English nor Spanish, a bilingual member of the family, if available, is enlisted as a translator. As needed, other language skills are provided. Most NHANES interviewers are bilingual.
Both NHANES III and current NHANES oversample Mexican-Americans and blacks in order to permit separate analyses of these two race/ethnic groups. NHANES III produced reasonably reliable statistics for a set of 52 age-sex-race/ethnicity groups; 14 for both Mexican-Americans and blacks, and 24 for whites and all other persons. The current NHANES will provide similar detail when several years of data collection are combined. In order to achieve these goals, approximately equal size samples in the 52 groups are required. Superimposed on this was an oversampling of Mexican-Americans in geographic areas containing high concentrations of Mexican-Americans. The combination of these two features of the sample resulted in sampling rates for Mexican-Americans varying in a range from 7.5 to 1. Asian and Pacific Islanders were sampled at the same rate as white persons and their sampling varied in a range of 20 to 1. The range among all age-sex-race/ethnicity groups was over 120 to 1. This diversity in sampling rates contributed significantly to the design effects for NHANES on statistics for all age-sex groups combined and the effective sample size is much lower than the nominal sample size, which was already very small for the API’s.
In spite of the diversity in sampling rates, the NHANES III sample sizes provide data with fairly good precision for Mexican-Americans in each of the 14 age-sex domains designated by NCHS for separate analysis. On the other hand, the sample size for even the total API population and for Native Americans is quite low, and it was trivial for individual age-sex groups. The current NHANES is expected to follow a similar pattern for combined years of data.
Given the relatively small overall sample size, separate data are not shown for any of the subgroups, other than for Mexican-Americans and Blacks. However, an examination of the feasibility of conducting studies on specific subpopulations in future surveys, to be called "Designated Population HANES," is currently underway. Public use micro-data files are released for each cycle with the race/Hispanic data grouped into categories for analytic purposes.
As noted, the current NHANES utilizes the revised OMB standards for collecting race/ethnic data.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Health Statistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
1999 |
The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a nationally representative survey of health care use, medical expenditures, sources of payment, and insurance coverage for both the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population and nursing homes and their residents. Both individual and family level information on health care utilization and expenses are collected.
MEPS comprises four component surveys: the Household Component (HC), the Medical Provider Component (MPC), the Insurance Component (IC), and the Nursing Home Component (NHC). The HC serves as the core survey from which the MPC sample and part of the IC sample are derived. Data from the HC survey are then linked with additional information collected from medical providers, employers, and insurance providers. Respondent panels are drawn from persons interviewed in the National Health Interview Survey; currently, they are interviewed for five rounds over a 2 ½ year period.
The detailed demographic characteristics collected from households include race/ethnicity, health conditions, health status, use of medical care services, charges and payments, access to care, satisfaction with care, health insurance coverage, income, and employment. The MPC contacts medical providers identified by respondents to supplement and validate information on reported medical care events. The IC collects data on health insurance plans obtained through employers, unions, or other private health insurance sources. Lastly, the NHC develops information on the characteristics, health care use, and expenditures by nursing home residents and the characteristics of nursing home facilities.
Since MEPS currently (1999) draws its sample from persons interviewed previously in the National Health Interview Survey, the race/ethnicity data collected during the NHIS interview are available. However, the information is also obtained directly during the initial interview. Potentially, then, MEPS has available to it the full race/ethnic detail collected in the NHIS, which is consistent with the revised OMB standards. MEPS currently provides data for selected Hispanic subpopulations, but none for the API subpopulations groups.
Bilingual interviewers, especially Spanish-speaking, are used regularly. Other language skills are located as required. The CAPI system contains a Spanish-language version of the interview form.
The MEPS sample introduced in 1999 contained 18,028 persons of all ages, selected from the 1998 NHIS. The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 include both the 1999 Panel (and reflect the oversampling of Hispanics and Blacks in the responding NHIS households) and some 12,000 persons from the 1998 panel, which was in its second year of data collection and overlapped the first year for the 1999 panel. Further, "peak" years, with larger sample sizes are planned at 5 year intervals. Because of the planned variation in sample size from year to year, users of these data should verify the appropriate sample sizes for the years to be studied.
Data from MEPS are provided for the major race/ethnicity groups. Subpopulation data are not available. Public use data files, containing information for individual respondents, are issued regularly; Hispanic subpopulations (except for the category "Central or South American") are identified, but not API subpopulations.
Since, as noted, the MEPS sample is drawn from the NHIS, the revised OMB standards for collecting race/ethnicity will be introduced concurrent with their adoption by NHIS. The detail to be available on the tape file is yet to be determined.
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Sponsoring agency |
Health Care Financing Administration Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
Early 1998 |
The Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) is a continuous, multipurpose survey of a representative national sample of 16,000 beneficiaries, representing the Medicare population. The objective of the study is to determine expenditures and sources of payment for all services used by Medicare beneficiaries, including co-payments, deductibles, and noncovered services; to ascertain all types of health insurance coverage and relate coverage to sources of payments; and to trace processes over time, such as changes in health status, spending down to Medicaid eligibility, and the impacts of program changes.
MCBS covers the entire Medicare population, whether aged or disabled, living in the community or in institutions; oversampling selected age groups; and following and reinterviewing the sample to obtain a continuous longitudinal picture. Other features include collecting a wide variety of data on each sample person, including topical supplements; combining survey and administrative data; and being able to retrieve data to respond to urgent Medicare policy issues. Sampled beneficiaries are interviewed in person three times a year through the use of CAPI, over a 4-year period. The study was initiated in late 1991.
Historically, the survey asked about race in five large groups--White, Black or Afro-American, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian, and Other. This was followed by a single question on Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Beginning in Fall 1998, however, the questions were revised, consistent with the current OMB guidelines, as follows:
| YES NO |
Refused Don't Know |
Looking at this card, what is (your) race?
(Code all that apply)
The interviewing staff includes resident, bilingual interviewers, especially in highly concentrated Spanish-speaking populated areas, such as California, Florida, Texas and Puerto Rico. The basic questionnaire is available in Spanish in hardcopy form, which is used as a guide, with responses entered into the CAPI instrument, which appears only in English. An item at the end of the interview captures whether the interview was conducted in Spanish. When the necessary language skills are not immediately available, translators are obtained. Experience has shown that the need for language skills other than Spanish is quite limited.
The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 are for Medicare beneficiaries as of early 1998, and cover all ages. However, sampling rates vary by age, with overrepresentation of the disabled (generally those under 65 years of age) and the oldest-old (85 or more years of age).
There are no separate publications by race. A number of the regular reports contain distributions and cross classification by the major groups. Public use files are released regularly; the collected race/ethnic detail is available on the files.
Consideration has not yet been given to any further revision of the race/ethnic standards, consistent with the revised OMB standards, in order to provide additional subpopulation detail.
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Sponsoring agency |
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Department of Health and Human Services |
Reference date |
1998 |
The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) provides statistical information on the use of illegal drugs, collected through interviews with a national household sample of persons 12 years old and older. A self-administered portion of the inquiry includes questions on recent use and frequency of use of various licit and illicit drugs, opinions about drugs, problems associated with drug use, perceived need and demand for drug abuse treatment, and drug abuse treatment experience. The interviewer-administered questions include the demographic characteristics and socio-economic background items, as well as health status, adult mental issues, health insurance, utilization of services, and access to health care. Data are collected throughout the calendar year.
The sample size in 1998 was about 24,500 persons; in 1999, the sample size will approach 70,000 CAPI interviews and as many as 15,000 "paper and pencil" interviews. In future years, plans call for limiting the survey to about 70,000 CAPI interviews.
The survey includes the following questions concerning race/ethnic origin:
| YES | NO |
Which best describes you? (Mark all)
| Mexican Mexican-American Mexicano Chicano Puerto Rican |
Central/South American Cuban Cuban/American Other (specify) |
Which group best describes you? (Mark all)
| White Black American Indian/Alaskan Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander Chinese |
Filipino Japanese Asian Indian Korean Vietnamese Other (specify) |
The CAPI system displays both English and Spanish language versions of the interviewer form, and the staff contains interviewers with English/Spanish language capability. Other household members are asked to assist when bilingual capability is not available, or arrangements are made to callback in order to obtain the interview.
The NHSDA sample design used in 1998 oversampled Blacks and Hispanics. Further, the 1998 survey oversampled residents of Arizona and California in order to provide direct survey estimates for these States. The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 are for 1998, and reflect the oversampling of Hispanics.
Data are presented for three major race/ethnic groups: white, blacks, and Hispanics. A fourth category, Other, includes Asian and Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaskan Natives, and other groups. The Agency recently issued a special report containing extended detail for Hispanics, and may provide additional special reports for individual racial groups in the future. Public use micro-record data files are available; these records contain the detailed information on race/Hispanic origin.
The current series of questions is consistent with the proposed OMB race/ethnic standards.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Education Statistics Department of Education |
Reference date |
1996 |
The National Household Education Survey (NHES) is designed to provide information on selected educational issues that are best addressed by contacting households directly, rather than schools or other educational institutions. NHES, a national telephone survey of the civilian noninstitutional population, has been conducted at varying periods since 1991 to address such topics as early childhood education, adult education, school readiness, school safety and discipline, parent and family involvement in education, library use, and civic involvement. Between 45,000 and 64,000 households were screened for each of these surveys, and individuals within households who met the predetermined criteria were interviewed to collect the desired information. Beginning in 1996, the potential of the screener was enhanced by an expansion which added a brief set of questions on issues of interest to education program administrators and policymakers. Members of all screened households also were asked to provide educational and demographic information, including race/ethnic detail, thus providing national and state estimates of household characteristics.
The following questions are used currently to develop the information on race/ethnicity:
| White | Asian or Pacific Islander |
| Black | Some other race |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | |
| Hispanic/Latino/Mexican/Spanish | |
| Puerto Rican | |
| More than one race/biracial/multiracial | |
| Other (specify) | |
Are you of Hispanic origin?
| YES | NO |
A test of the proposed, revised race/ethnic questions was conducted in NHES:1999, using the following items:
Please tell me, are you of Hispanic or Latino origin?
| YES | NO |
Now I am going to read you a list of racial groups. After you have heard the list, you may choose one or more that apply to you. Are you…
| White Black or African American American Indian or Alaska Native |
Asian, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Other (specify) |
NHES is conducted in English and in Spanish, as required. The questionnaires are available on the CATI system in a Spanish language version, with bilingual interviewers trained to complete the interview in either English or Spanish. Telephone surveys may be answered by someone who does not speak English; if the interviewer is not bilingual in the language of the respondent, such cases are noted by the interviewer as "language problem" and, if the language is recognized, it is recorded. If the initial interviewer is functional in the respondent's language (usually Spanish), the interview is immediately carried out. In cases involving "language problem," efforts are made to identify and locate an English (or Spanish) speaking household member to assist with the interview; failing that approach, translators or persons with the unique language skill are used to complete the interview. In NHES: 1996, only about 2 percent of the almost 56,000 screeners were not conducted in English.
The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 are for the 1996 screening operation.
Key statistics are presented by the major race/ethnicity categories. Public use micro-record data files are prepared for each survey cycle; the race/Hispanic origin detail, as collected, is included on the public use file.
As noted above, a test of the revised race/ethnic questions has been conducted. It is expected that this approach will be introduced into the cycle of NHES scheduled for 2001.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Education Statistics Department of Education |
Reference date |
2000 |
The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), is designed to track the development of 15,000 children born in the year 2000 through their first grade year of school. To be initiated in Fall 2000, its objective is to study the "whole child," including health, early learning, physical, cognitive, social, emotional and early educational experiences of young children. In sum, the primary objectives of ECLS-B are:
Multiple types of data will be collected at multiple points, with the first data collection taking place some 9 months after birth. Subsequent data collection will occur at 18 months, 30 months, 48 months, kindergarten, and first grade. In all, six data collection methods are planned--use of information contained on the birth certificate, a parent/guardian interview in the home at each data point, administration of a battery of assessments to the child, and information from care providers, preschool teachers, first grade teachers, and school administrators. During the study, information also will be obtained from residential fathers about their interaction with the children.
Initially, race/ethnicity for the parents will be collected directly from the Birth Certificate. Since the certificate does not record the child's race, the child will be assigned the mother's race. At the first interview with the parent, race/ethnicity will be obtained directly. The specific questions and response categories are not yet available. However, it is expected that, for the most part, the response items are expected to be the same as those used in ECLS-K.
Given that the study is still in an early stage, the exact policy for dealing with each of the groups to be contacted has not yet been finalized. As a general policy, however, bilingual staff will be used as needed to obtain information from non-English speaking respondents. At a minimum, both Spanish- and Chinese-speaking interviewers will be recruited; other language skills will be available as required. All CAPI instruments will be available in Spanish, as will paper instruments. A paper instrument in Chinese is under consideration.
The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 refer to new births selected for the Year 1 sample. As noted above, the initial detail on race/ethnicity will be drawn from the birth certificate; since the information is not available for the child, the mother's detail will be ascribed to the child, and updated at the time of the first interview with the parent/guardian. The first interview also will obtain the subgroup detail for both Hispanics and Asian and Pacific Islanders (API). The API group as a whole was oversampled by about 10 percent, whereas the Chinese were oversampled by a factor of 3, in order to provide a sufficient sample for separate analysis.
Plans for tabulation and publication are still being developed, but it is expected that limited data will be available for Hispanics and Asians, as well as for Mexican-Americans, Pacific Islanders, and those who classify themselves in more than one racial category. It is too early to speculate about the availability of public use micro-date tapes.
Given the longitudinal nature of this effort, the sponsor, NCES, will face the need to reflect the proposed revised OMB race/ethnic standards. The questions and response categories currently planned for use in this effort, however, appear consistent for the most part with the expected guidelines, including an allowance for the reporting of multiple racial/ethnic categories.
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Sponsoring agency |
National Center for Education Statistics Department of Education |
Reference date |
Fall 1998 |
The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K) is designed to track the performance of some 22,000 children from kindergarten through the fifth grade. Initiated in Fall, 1998, its objective is to study the "whole child," including health, social and emotional development, and educational experiences. The study will explore the many factors, such as school, family, and child characteristics, and explain the differential levels of school success for specific subgroups. The conceptual model, collaboratively designed by health, human services, and education experts, frames the study. Information from this longitudinal effort will provide insight into the multiple ways that the family, child, school, and community interact to explain the progress and development in children as they progress from kindergarten through the third grade.
The study has three primary purposes and four issues of interest: To understand the roles of families and schools in collaboratively supporting children's education; to understand how teachers work with children from diverse backgrounds; to investigate teacher and school expectations. The issues of specific interest are: describing the levels of school skills and knowledge that children possess when they enter kindergarten; examining three crucial transitions--from home to kindergarten, from kindergarten to first grade, and from first to later grades; inspecting how kindergarten experiences relate to later school performance; and, describing growth in mathematics, reading, and general knowledge as it relates to teacher practices.
Information will be collected on four levels--from the child; from parents and guardians; from teachers; and from school administrators.
The following questions develop the detail on race/ethnic origin:
Is (name) of Hispanic or Latino origin? YES NO
First Grade Spring Parent Interview
In the last interview, you indicated that (child/you/child's mother/child's father)(was/were) Hispanic. Which Spanish/Hispanic/Latino group best describes (child/you/child's mother/child/s father)?
In our last interview, you indicated that (reference person) was/were Asian. Which Asian group best describes (appropriate reference)?
| Asian Indian | Japanese | |
| Chinese | Korean | |
| Filipino | Vietnamese | Other |
In our last interview, you indicated that (reference person) was/were a Pacific Islander. Which Pacific Islander group best describes (reference person)?
| Native Hawaiian | Samoan |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | Other |
Language minority children will be identified through a Home Language Survey; classroom teachers also will be asked questions about the child's home language. Children with home language other than English will complete the Oral Language Development Scale (OLDS). Above a given score, children will be assessed in English; Hispanic children below the score will be assessed using Spanish language subtests. Current plans call for bilingual interviewers to be available as needed for all other interviews and, to the extent possible, in the required languages. A Spanish language version of the questionnaire is available in paper format; for other languages, the interviewer does direct translation for the respondent.
The sample sizes shown in Appendix Tables A-1 to A-3 refer to children of kindergarten age. As noted above, the subgroup detail on race/ethnicity is not yet available, but will be collected as part of the First Grade interview. The Asian/PI group was oversampled by a factor of 3.
The initial phase of data collection has just been completed; plans for tabulation and publication are still being developed, but it is expected that limited data for Hispanics and Asians will be made available. The availability of data for subpopulations is yet to be determined. The availability of public use micro-data tapes is yet to be determined.
Given the longitudinal nature of this effort, the need to reflect the proposed revised OMB race/ethnic definitions will be faced as directed by NCES and OMB. The questions and response categories planned for use in this effort, however, appear consistent for the most part with the expected guidelines, including an allowance for the reporting of multiple racial/ethnic categories.
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