REFERENCES

ASTM (1991) "Standard guide for evaluation of indoor air quality models," D5157-91, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

  1. Sparks, L. E.; IAQ Model for Windows RISK Version 1.0 User Manual, EPA-600/R-96-037 (NTIS PB96-501929), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC., 1996.

  2. Sparks, L. E.; Indoor Air Quality Model Version 1.0, EPA-600/8-88-097a (NTIS PB89-133607), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1988.

  3. Sparks, L. E.; exposure Version 2: A Computer Model for Analyzing the Effects of Indoor Air Pollutant Sources on Individual Exposure, EPA-600/8-91-013 (NTIS PB91-201095), Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1991.

  4. Sparks, L. E.; Tichenor, B. A.; White, J. B.; and Jackson, M. D.; "Comparison of data from an IAQ test house with predictions of an IAQ computer model," Indoor Air, 1991 4, 577-592.

  5. Maldonado, E. A. B.; (1982) "A method to characterize air exchange in residences for evaluation of indoor air quality," Ph.D. Dissertation in Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA., 1982.

  6. Yamamoto, T.; Ensor, D. S.; Lawless, P. A.; Damle, A. S.; Owen, M. K.; and Sparks, L. E.; "Fast direct solution method for multizone indoor air model," in Proceedings of Indoor Air Modeling, Champaign, IL, 1988,

  7. Tichenor, B. A.; Guo, Z.; and Sparks, L. E.; "Fundamental mass transfer model for indoor air emissions from surface coatings," Indoor Air, 1993 3, 263-268.

  8. Sparks, L. E.; Tichenor, B. A.; Chang, J.; and Guo, Z.; "Gas-phase mass transfer model for predicting volatile organic compound (VOC) emission rates from indoor pollutant sources," Indoor Air, 1996 6, 31-40.

  9. Tichenor, B. A.; Sparks, L. E.; White, J. B.; and Jackson, M. D.; "Evaluating sources of indoor air pollution," Journal Air and Waste Management Association, 1990 40, 487.

  10. Tichenor, B. A.; Guo, Z.; Dunn, J. E.; Sparks, L. E.; and Mason, M. A.; "The interaction of vapour phase organic compounds with indoor sinks," Indoor Air, 1991 1, 23-35.

  11. Axley, J. W.; "Adsorption modeling for building contaminant dispersal analysis," Indoor Air, 1991, 147.

  12. Sparks, L. E.; "Modeling indoor concentrations and exposures," in Sources of indoor air contaminants characterizing emissions and health impacts, Tucker, W. G., B. P. Leaderer, L. Mølhave, and W. S. Cain, Editors, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1992 641, 102.

  13. Naugle, D. F.; "Possibilities and limitations of indoor environment risk assessment," Presented at Joint NATO/CCMS-European Cost 613 Project Joint Workshop on Methods of Risk Assessment, Kolster Banz, Bavaria, Federal Republic of Germany, 1991.

  14. Naugle, D. F. and Pierson, T. K.; "A framework for risk characterization of environmental pollutants," Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 1991 41: 1298.

  15. Pierson, T. K., Hetes, R. G., and Naugle, D. F.; "A risk characterization framework for noncancer endpoints," Environmental Health Perspectives, 1991 95, 121.

  16. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; "Indoor air assessment: A review of indoor air quality risk characterization studies, " EPA 600/8-90-044 (NTIS PB92-109107), US EPA, Environmental Criteria Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1991.

  17. Mølhave L., Dueholm, S., and Jensen, L. K; "Health assessment and risk evaluation of emissions from furniture: a case study," Indoor Air, 1997 In press.

  18. Sparks, L. E., Mølhave, L. and Dueholm, S.; "Source testing and data analysis for exposure and risk assessment of indoor pollutant sources," ASTM Symposium on methods for characterizing indoor sources and sinks, Washington DC, 1994.

  19. Seifert B.; "Guidelines for material and product evaluation," in Sources of indoor air contaminants characterizing emissions and health impacts, Tucker, W. G., B. P. Leaderer, L. Mølhave, and W. S. Cain, Editors, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1992 641, 125.

Sparks, L. E., Tichenor, B. A., and Chang, J. (1995) "Gas-phase mass transfer model for predicting volatile organic compound (VOC) emission rates from indoor pollutant sources," Indoor Air, In Press.

Stolwijk, J. A. J. (1992) "Risk assessment of acute health and comfort effects of indoor air pollution," in Sources of indoor air contaminants characterizing emissions and health impacts, Tucker, W. G., B. P. Leaderer, L. Mølhave, and W. S. Cain, Editors, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 641, 56.

Tancrëde, M. R. Wilson, L. Zeise, and E. A. C. Crouch (1987), "The carcinogenic risk of some organic vapors indoors: a theoretical survey," Atmospheric Environment, 21: 2187.

Tichenor, B. A., Guo, Z., Dunn, J. E., Sparks, L. E., and Mason, M. A. (1991) "The interaction of vapor phase organic compounds with indoor sinks," Indoor Air, 1: 23.

Tichenor, B. A., Guo, Z., and Sparks, L. E. (1993) "Fundamental Mass Transfer Model for Indoor Air Emissions from Surface Coatings," Indoor Air, 3, 263.

Tichenor, B. A. and Sparks, L. E. (1994) "Managing residential sources of indoor air pollution," Presented at 1994 EPA/AWMA Symposium--Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, Durham, NC.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1987) Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986, EPA 600-8-87/045 (NTIS PB88-123997), U. S. EPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington D. C.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1988) "National Air Toxic Information Clearinghouse: Case studies in risk communication," EPA-450/5-88-003 (NTIS PB89-104277) U. S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC

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VanOsdell, D. W. and Sparks, L. E. (1995) "Carbon adsorption for indoor air cleaning," ASHRAE Journal, February 1995, 34.

Wolkoff, P. and Nielsen, P. A. (1996) "A new approach for indoor climate labeling of building materials--emission testing, modeling, and comfort evaluation," Indoor Air In Press.

Figure 1. Risk characterization process.

Concentration

C

Duration

t

Exposure

E=C x t

Dosimetry

factors, F

Dose

D=ExF

Response

Res

Lifetime Risk

LR=ResXD

Population

P

Population Risk

PR = PxLR


Figure 2. Risk calculation framework developed by Naulge and co-workers.

Figure 3. Floor plan of EPA IAQ test house.

Figure 4. Comparison of predicted and measured values for tracer gas experiments in EPA IAQ test house.

Table 1. Carcinogenic potency of some compounds from Tancrëde et al.(1987) .

Chemical Carcinogenic potency (kg-day/mg)
3-methypentane 4.6 x 10-4
Benzene 1.0 x 10-3
Toluene 9.0 x 10-4
p-dichlorobenzene 6.7 x 10-4
Formaldehyde 0.011
passive tobacco smoke 0.3
1,1,1- trichloroethane 1.7 x 10-5

Table 2. ASTM model criteria for tracer gas experiments

Criterion Value Recommended value
NMSE 0.038 <0.25
Correlation coefficient 0.99 >0.9
Fractional bias 0.01 Absolute value <0.25
Regression intercept 0.3 25% of average value
Regression slope 0.98 0.75 to 1.25

Table 3. ASTM model criteria for experiments using sources.

Source NMSE FB Correlation coefficient
Aerosol 0.05 0.094 0.99
Floor wax 0.19 -0.07 0.96
Polyurethane 0.28 0.12 0.96
Wood stain 0.16 0.03 0.95
Wood stain (mass transfer model)
Latex paint (Ethylene glycol) 0.08 0.04 0.97
Latex paint (Texanol) 0.21 -0.25 0.98

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