Archived Information

• The Study includes the first definitive survey of all charter schools, including 90 percent of all schools in operation as of 1995-1996.

• Charter schools are extremely diverse because of state and local factors. Their approaches to education often vary dramatically from one another.

• States play a primary role in defining the possibilities of charter schools, and states vary greatly in their approaches.

• Most charter schools are small, but they serve the great racial and economic diversity of students that make up public education.

• Charter school developers (including educators, parents and community members) say that charters afford them an opportunity to pursue educational goals that they felt they could accomplish more effectively with fewer restrictions and stable financial support.

• New charter schools face challenges encountered by fledgling small business, including start-up costs, creating time for planning, cash flow constraints, and attracting students and staff. Charter schools that were pre-existing schools face different challenges; many have realized autonomy from state regulations but some continue to struggle to resolve local political and administrative situations (various state restrictions still exist in many cases and may be increasing in some states).

Some believe that if charter schools demonstrate educational success, they could provide effective educational models as well as create pressure on local and state public education systems to operate differently, thereby acting as a catalyst for changing public education across the nation. Others believe that public schools should provide more choices to meet the needs of students and parents. It is with these consequences in mind that Congress in 1994 authorized funds, in amendments to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, for a study to assess the impact of charter schools across the country. The first annual report of the Study provides an early indication of how charter schools are progressing.

The Study will monitor the pulse of the charter school movement, addressing research and policy questions in three major areas:

• Implementation. Are charter schools similar to or different from other public schools, and in what ways? What types of students attend charter schools? Do they differ from students in other public schools? What factors influence charter school development and implementation? How do states differ in their approaches to charter schools, and in what ways do charter laws and policies affect charter schools in each state?

• Impact on Students. Do charter schools have an impact on student learning? What are the conditions under which they improve (or fail to improve) student achievement as well as other aspects of student learning?

• Effect on Public Education. How do charter laws and charter schools affect local and state systems of public education? Are charter schools developing models or reform strategies that other public schools might use to improve education? Does their existence pressure other schools to reform? What lessons can be learned from the successes and failures of charter schools?

States Play a Primary Role in Defining the Possibilities of Charter Schools

• How Many Charter Schools Are Permitted? Sixteen of the 25 charter states limit the number of charter schools in the state. Nine states have no limits on the number of charter schools.

• Who Grants Charters? In 12 states, the local school board is the only authority that can grant a charter. In the remaining 13 states and the District of Columbia, however, other--sometimes several--agencies may grant charters.

• Who May Start Charter Schools? All but three of the 25 states and the District of Columbia permit the creation of brand new schools. All states and the District of Columbia have provisions for the conversion of public schools to charter schools, while just six states allow the conversion of private schools.

• Who Sets Personnel Policies? In 15 states and the District of Columbia, charter schools may act as employers in their own right. In the remaining ten states, legislation requires that teachers remain (or in the case of newly created schools, become) employees of the local district. In 13 states, charter schools are subject to state collective bargaining laws; but legislation in six other states is silent as to the status of collective bargaining arrangements. The remaining states and the District of Columbia either exclude charter schools from collective bargaining arrangements or allow schools to address collective bargaining as a part of their charters.

States with Charter School Legislation, by Year of First Enactment and Number of Charter Schools Open as of January 1997

1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Minnesota (19)	California (112)	Colorado (32) Georgia (12) Massachusetts (22) Michigan (76) New Mexico (5) Wisconsin (11)	Arizona (103) Hawaii (2) Kansas	Alaska (3) Arkansas Delaware (2) New Hampshire Louisiana (3) Rhode Island Wyoming	Connecticut District of Columbia (3) Florida (5) Illinois (1) New Jersey North Carolina South Carolina Texas (17)

Charter Schools Are Diverse

The report puts the variation in perspective by comparing charter schools to other public schools in the ten states where charter schools were operating in 1996:

• Most charter schools are small. About 60 percent enroll fewer than 200 students, whereas only 16 percent of other public schools have such small student bodies. No matter what grade levels are served, a higher proportion of charter schools are smaller than other public schools. The difference is most striking at the secondary level. Almost four-fifths of charter schools enroll fewer than 200 students, in contrast to one-quarter of other public secondary schools. Charter schools are more likely than other public schools to serve a wide grade-level span (K-8 or K-12), or to be ungraded.

• Most charter schools are newly created. About 60 percent of charter schools were created because of the charter opportunity; the remainder are pre-existing schools that converted to charter status. About one-tenth of all charter schools were previously private schools. Newly created charter schools tend to be smaller than converted ones--three-fourths of the newly created schools have fewer than 200 students, whereas only half of the conversion schools have fewer than 200.

• Charter schools have, on average, a racial composition roughly similar to statewide averages or they have a higher proportion of students of color. Massachusetts, Michigan, and Minnesota charter schools stand out in that they enroll a higher percentage of students of color than the average of all public schools in their respective states. Aside from Georgia (which has only three charter schools), the average racial composition of charter schools in the other states is similar to their statewide averages.

• Charter schools serve, on average, a slightly lower proportion of students with disabilities, except in Minnesota and Wisconsin. In eight states, the typical charter school serves a somewhat lower percentage of students with disabilities than the average public school in its state. In Minnesota and Wisconsin this is reversed; the typical charter school serves a higher percentage of students with disabilities. A number of charter schools are designed specifically to serve special needs students. Fifteen of the 225 charter schools responding to the survey had student bodies that were more than 25 percent special education students; two of them enroll only students with disabilities.

• Charter schools serve, on average, a lower proportion of limited-English-proficient (LEP) students, except in Minnesota and Massachusetts. The averages mask some statewide differences. Minnesota and Massachusetts charter schools enroll a larger percentage of LEP students than the average of other public schools in their states. And 21 charter schools serve student populations composed of more than 25 percent LEP students. In the remaining states, the average percentage of LEP students in charter schools is lower than the statewide average. Georgia's three charters enroll a small percentage of LEP students, but the statewide average is also very low.

• Charter schools enroll approximately the same proportion of low-income students, on average, as other public schools. About one-third of charter school students were eligible for free and reduced price lunch, which is about the same proportion as in all public schools. Approximately one-half of the surveyed charter schools reported that their school participates in the National School Lunch Program.

Charter School Enrollment by Race, 1995-96

LEP Students, Students with Disabilities, and Students Eligible for Free or a Reduced Price Lunch in Charter Schools, and All Public Schools

• Most charter schools are eligible for Title I funding. This finding holds for all states except for Colorado, Hawaii (which has two charter schools) and Wisconsin (which has five). For most states, about half or more of the schools reporting eligibility receive funding. However, in Michigan, only 25 percent of this group receives funding; in Colorado and Wisconsin, none receive funding. Further study is needed to determine why schools that are eligible to receive Title I funds do not receive them. Commentators have suggested that this problem may be due to administrative issues or to difficulties that charter schools may experience in understanding the complexity of Title I eligibility requirements.

The Most Common Reasons for Founding Charter Schools Are to Pursue an Educational Vision or Gain Autonomy

• Almost all newly created charter schools seek to realize an educational vision and /or serve a special student population. Two out of three newly created charter schools founded the charter to "realize an educational vision." Another 20 percent were developed to serve a special population of students, including "at-risk," language minority, disabled, or ethnic and racial minority students.

• The vast majority of schools chartered in order to gain autonomy are pre-existing public schools. Four out of five charter schools that sought autonomy from districts, state regulations or collective bargaining agreements were public school conversions.

• Most private schools convert to charter status in order to offer their educational vision to additional or more diverse students using public funds. In addition to realizing an educational vision, pre-existing private schools cited attracting more students and seeking public funding as most important reasons for converting to charter status.

Reasons for Founding Charter Schools

Most important reason for founding charter school	Percent of charter schools that cited reason as most important
	All sites	Newly created	Pre-existing public	Pre-existing private
Realize a Vision	51.0% n=105	66.9%	27.9%	35.0%
Autonomy	20.8% n=43	7.7%	50.1%	0%
Special Population	12.6% n=26	19.6%	2.9%	5.0%
Financial Reasons	5.8% n=12	.8%	10.3%	20.0%
Parent Involvement	4.9 n=10	4.2%	5.9%	5.0%
Attract Students	4.9% n=10	.8%	2.9%	35.0%
Total Number	n=206	n=118	n=68	n=20

Nearly All Charter Schools Face Implementation Obstacles

• Resource limitations cause the most pervasive problems, especially lack of start-up funds. Lack of start-up funds was mentioned more frequently than any other single problem, by 59 percent of charter schools. Among newly created schools, 68 percent said lack of start-up funds was a problem. More than one-third of all Charter schools cited a problem with lack of planning time. Similar percentages cited inadequate operating funds and inadequate facilities. In all, seven out of ten charter schools named at least one area where resource limitations produced some difficulty.

• Some charter schools experience problems with other entities. Between 15 percent and 25 percent of charter schools cited each of the following difficulties, (listed with the difficulties receiving the highest percentage first): state or local board opposition, state education agency resistance or regulation, internal conflicts or local education agency resistance or regulation, or union or bargaining unit resistance. In all, three out of five pre-existing schools experienced at least one of these problems. No one of these difficulties was common across many charter schools, but rather each problem tended to arise largely based on unique local situations.

• Regulatory issues were cited less frequently. Only one out of four charter schools, whether newly created or pre-existing, encountered one or more problems involving regulatory barriers. For each type of regulatory barrier, only ten percent or fewer of responding schools cited the problem. Regulatory issues include restrictions on hiring teaching staff, health and safety regulations, other state regulations (including financial, liability, and retirement issues), and state accountability requirements.

Barriers to Developing and Implementing Charter Schools

Next Steps

[Acknowledgments]

[I. Charter Schools in Perspective]